ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURE By: Ayu
MODUL 1: SYNONYMS, ANTONYMS, HOMONYMS, HYPONYMS SYNONYMS: kata-kata yang memiliki arti sama Example: fast = rapid (arti: cepat); heaven = paradise (arti: surga); trust = believe (arti: percaya) ANTONYMS: kata-kata yang memiliki arti berlawanan Example: fast >< slow (arti: lambat); heaven >< hell (arti: neraka); believe >< doubt (arti: tidak percaya/ragu) HOMONYMS: kata-kata yang memiliki bunyi pengucapan yang mirip tapi ejaan dan artinya ar tinya berbeda Example: tea tee; to two too; write right HYPONYMS: kata-kata yang merupakan bagian dari satu kelas yang sama Example: furniture chair, table, cupboard
MATERI TAMBAHAN: BASIC GRAMMAR SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE FUNGSI: hal-hal yang terjadi berulang-ulang/sering/ berurutan, hal-hal umum (informasi umum), fakta KETERANGAN WAKTU (ADVERB): every day, sometimes, always, often, usually, seldom, never STRUCTURE:
Subject + Verb 1 (+s/es for She/He/It) (+ Object) Subject + to be + Object (Adjective/Noun)
FORM
FORM
EXAMPLE Kalimat positif She/He/It works They/We/I/You work She drinks coffee I like apple I am hungry Kalimat negatif She/He/It does not work They/We/I/You do not work I am not hungry Kalimat tanya Does she/he/it work? Do they/we/i/you work? Am I hungry?
MODUL 2: ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION AKHIRAN BAHASA INGGRIS (SUFFIX ) Akhiran pembentuk KATA BENDA Akhiran pembentuk KATA KERJA Akhiran pembentuk KATA SIFAT Akhiran pembentuk KATA KETERANGAN AWALAN BAHASA INGGRIS (PREFIX ) AKAR KATA BAHASA INGGRIS (ROOTS )
SUFFIX SERING MUNCUL: PEMBENTUK KATA BENDA: -ance, -ence, -ancy, acy, -cy, -ation, -sion, -tion, -ator, -or, -er, -ery, -ory, ism, -ist, -is t, -ity, -ity, -ive, -ly, -ly, -ment, -ness, -ship -shi p PEMBENTUK KATA KERJA: -en, -ify, -fy, -ize, -ise PEMBENTUK KATA SIFAT: -able, -ible, -ful, -ish, ive, less, -y
KAT TA KETERANGAN: K ETERANGAN: -ly PEMBENTUK KA
PREFIX & ROOTS
PREFIX SERING MUNCUL: a-, an-. Co-, dis-, e(n), extra-, i(n)-, inter-, mis-, multi-, non-, re-, sub-, super-, un-, under-, up-, well
Bahasa Inggris merupakan gabungan dari akar ROOTS kata yang berasal dari Bahasa Yunani dan Bahasa Latin
MATERI TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS TENSE FUNGSI: sesuatu yang terjadi pada/sekitar saat percakapan berlangsung; sesuatu yang sudah diputuskan atau dirancang untuk dilakukan (fixed plan) KETERANGAN WAKTU: now, at the moment, look!, listen! STRUCTURE:
Subject + to be + Verb-ing EXAMPLE: She/He/it IS working They/We/You ARE working I AM working
FORM
MODUL 3: Reference KATA PENUNJUK: this, that, those KATA GANTI: it, he, she, we, they, I, you, them, him, her, us KATA KEPUNYAAN: its, his, her, our, their, my, your LAIN-LAIN
MATERI TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR SIMPLE PAST TENSE FUNGSI: aktivitas/kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau KETERANGAN WAKTU: last…, …ago, in 1990, yesterday STRUCTURE: Irregular Subject + Verb 2 (+Object) Regular Subject + Verb + ed (+ Object)
FORM
FORM
FORM
MODUL 4 Sensitizing Purpose: learn how to understand relations within a sentence as well well as between between parts of a text. TIPS: Highlight “To be” (am, is, are) & Reference (that, who, which, whom, where etc – MODUL 3) FIND THE SUBJECTS
VERB/ARTICLES ES FIND THE VERB/ARTICL (am,is,are,were,was) FIND THE OBJECTS FIND THE ADVERBS (keterangan: waktu, tempat etc) Common english structure: S+Verb+O
Modul 4: Sensitizing (cont’d) Understanding relations within complex sentences TIPS: Get the clue from Before and After sentence! (Antonym~ Synonyms~ Hyponyms) (Pemecahan emecahan kalimat) Fragmentation (P DICTIONARY! Linking Sentence and Ideas: Reference TIPS: ALL TIPS ABOVE Perhatikan REFERENCE (it, this, that, which)
paragraf dan pahami pahami Baca seluruh paragraf
MATERI TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR FUTURE TENSE
1. SUBJECT + WILL + VERB (kata kerja) Example: I will work tomorrow “Will” dipakai untuk menunjukkan prediksi (tingkat kepastiannya rendah)
2. SUBJECT + TO BE + GOING TO + VERB (kata kerja) Example: I am going to work “to be + going to” dipakai unttuk menunjukkan rencana (tingkat kepastiannya tinggi)
Modul 5: Previewing Tujuan: mempelajari teknik-teknik membaca cepat sehingga Anda dapat mengetahui isi suatu bacaan dengan cepat. Metode: mengetahui isi buku secara sepintas dengan melihat judul, daftar isi atau sampul belakang.
Modul 5: Previewing (cont’d)
) Lihat JUDUL cari spesifik, example: Asia, Europe, power politics, jazz, Megawati, earthquake, Korea IS I cari Lihat DAFTAR ISI antar judul bab (chapter), example: I. SURFING >> II. SCUBA DIVING tentang SPORT Lihat SAMPUL BELAKANG
Modul 5: Pre Previewing viewing (cont’d) Example (Sampul Belakang):
George Orwell is a novel novel based on the lives of a ”This book by George society of animals living on the Manor Farm. Although the title of the book suggests the book is merely about animals, the story is a much more in depth depth analysis of the workings of society in Communist Russia. The animals are used as puppets to illustrate how the communist class system operated, and how Russian citizens responded to this, and how propaganda was used by early Russian leaders such as Stalin, and the effect this type of leadership had on the behaviour beha viour of the people of Ru Russia.” ssia.” Pilihan judul: A. Communication and Technology Technology B. Russian culture C. Animal Farm D. Social Science Methodology
Modul 6: Anticipation Tujuan: Mahasiswa dapat melihat dan mengantisipasi tentang apa yang dimuat dalam sebuah teks, sehingga semakin mudah kita menangkap poin-poin penting dalam bacaan tersebut. TIPS (Modul halaman 6.1): Sediakan selalu pensil dan stabilo! Sediakan kamus! Baca teks secara menyeluruh dan garisbawahi kata2 yang tdk dipahami Baca kembali teks dengan teliti Buat catatan pinggir tentang ide pokok setiap paragraf!
Modul 6: Anticipation (cont’d) TIPS Menjawab Soal Modul: Cari arti JUDUL buka KAMUS! Jawab 5W+1H Question! (What, Who, Where, When, Why + How) berdasarkan JUDUL tersebut! Pikirkan opini pribadi tentang JUDUL tersebut! Menerka isi bacaan berdasarkan HEADLINE surat kabar Cari earthquake, tornado
, e.g. Megawati, SBY,
umumnya Perhatikan terdapat keterangan mengenai isi artikel
Modul 6: Anticipation (cont’d) Contoh Judul: TOURISM IN KOREA 1. Tourism in Korea
Pariwisata di Korea
2. What? Pariwisata, Where? Korea, When? Anytime (tidak ada keterangan pada judul), Who? For tourists, published by Korean government gov ernment or traveler or foreigner foreigner,, Why? For promotion, How? Introducing tourist destinations, foods, culture, traditions, costumes, palaces etc Opini pribadi: Tourism in Korea is very attractive and well-managed (pariwisata di Korea sangat menarik dan diatur dengan baik)
TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR MODALS Can
expresses ability: I can pay my meal
Might expresses possibility, maybe yes, maybe no: I might pay my meal Will
future intent (niat): I will pay my meal
Should obligation (kewajiban), suggestion (anjuran) levelnya lemah: I should pay my meal Must obligation (kewajiban), command (perintah) levelnya kuat: I must pay my meal
TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR GRAMMA R (Cont’d) (C ont’d) Would expresses reservation (ada syarat (conditions) yang harus dipenuhi) kalau….saya akan….: I would would pay if I have have money Menanyakan kesediaan: would you pay for me? Could
Ability (past tense) “can”
bentuk lampau dari
Expresses possibility (ada syarat (conditions) yang harus dipenuhi) kalau…saya bisa….: I could pay if I have have money Request/permission: could you please pay for me?
TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR (Cont’d) Couldn’t inability (ketidakmampuan) dan bentuk lampau dari “can’t”: I couldn’t pay my meal Shouldn’t negative suggestion (anjuran negatif) bentuk negative dari “Should”: I shouldn’t pay my meal Mustn’t negative command (larangan), bentuk negatif dari “Must”: I mustn’t mustn’t pay my my meal
Won’t (Will ( Will not) bentuk negative dari “Will”: I Won’t won’t pay my meal
TAMBAHAN: GRAMMAR GRAMM AR (Cont’d) ( Cont’d) USING MODALS Contoh Kalimat: Will you open the door for me? Would you mind opening (V+ing) the door for me? Could you please open the door?
