AKICFJ CI CACUBCI@OK NCG ^UKP^JUIJ NCG PCIPJUOJ
Ekzkgkr, Gjrcik Eïfkr Kgkbði, @c`ogok @kgncrði @kapjs, Lkrgk Nákz Acyzki, gcsgy Cspoijzk Xrknj, Cnukrnj Mukaëi @mjquc, Cro`l Ajrcij Ujfks, Ijrak
@JI@CX^JP BCICUKGCP Lkrgk @kgncrði @kapjs
Cs gk dui`oði nc oitcbrk`oði @jij`oaocitj quc sc cfcr`c sjerc gk pcrsjik y cg acnoj cxtcrij
`jrto`kg quc muakij nkrsc pcraotc `ucitk kg nc scr su acnoj cxtcrij c oitcrij y rcspjincr cdo`ocitcacitc k gks ic`csonkncs ncrovknks nc no`mk oitcrk``oði
•
Gk vkgjrk`oði ncg iovcg nc `ji`oci`ok pucnc mk`crsc ncsnc njs pcrspc`tovks6
@SKGO^K^OTKP Pjaijgci`ok, cstupjr y `jak
Cstc topj nc vkgjrk`oði, kuiquc cstk auy cxtcinonk, tocic iuacrjsjs oi`jivciocitcs socinj cg proi`opkg gk suefctovonkn.
@SKI^O^K^OTKP Pc eksk ci kpgo`kr uik cs`kgk ncg iovcg nc rcspucstk k novcrsjs cstáaugjs. Ijs sorvc pkrk jetcicr uik acnonk, rcprjnu`oegc ci pjstcrojrcs `japrjek`ojics. Gk aës oitcrik`ojikg nc cggks cs gk Cs`kgk nc Bgksbjw
Cg
acfjr cstknj nc `ji`oci`ok sc vkgjrk pjr cstkr kgcrtk, jrocitknj ci tocapj, cspk`oj y pcrsjik, rcspjincr `jmcrcitcacitc y jecnc`cr ðrncics.
^ op j s
nc kgtcrk`oði6 caejtkaocitj, sjaijgci`ok, cstupjr y `jak
Kgcrtk
Cg pk`ocitc cstk jrocitknj y rcspjinc eoci k gjs cstáaugjs vcrekgcs y scisotovjs
Pjaijgocitj
Cg pk`ocitc tocinc k pcrakic`cr njraonj, pcrj so sc gc cstoaugk ncspocrtk y rcspjinc k gks jrncics. ggcbkinj dë`ogacitc kg cstknj nc kgcrtk
Cstupjr
Cs cg cstknj nc ncprcsoði `japgctk nc gk vobogok ci cg quc cg pk`ocitc pucnc rcspjincr pjr ui acnoj cstoaugj ducrtc, tkg `jaj ui njgjr puizkitc
@jak
Cstknj nc ncprcsoði `japgctk nc gk vobogok njinc ij mky `jitk`tj `ji cg acnoj. Ij rcspjinc k gjs cstáaugjs njgjrjsjs. Pc capoczki k kgtcrkr gks dui`ojics vcbctktovks
Gk B@P duc noscûknk jroboikgacitc pkrk vobogkr gk cvjgu`oði nc pk`ocitcs `ji trkuaktosaj `rkicjci`cdëgo`j, soi caekrbj, kmjrk cs uik mcrrkaocitk ötog pkrk cvkgukr k tjnjs gjs pk`ocitcs `ji rocsbj nc kgtcrk`oði ncg cstknj nc `jis`oci`ok soi tcicr ci `ucitk gk pktjgjbák proakrok. Cs pcrtoicitc rc`jrnkr quc cg jefctovj proi`opkg ncg Bgksbjw cs vkgjrkr gk oitcbronkn nc gks dui`ojics ijrakgcs ncg `crcerj
Gk cvkguk`oði sc rckgozk sjerc gk eksc nc trcs `rotcrojs nc jescrvk`oði `gáio`k
Kpcrturk j`ugkr
Ucspucstk vcrekg
Ucspucstk ajtjrk
Pc cvkgöki iuaïro`kacitc gks acfjrcs rcspucstks pjsoegcs kitc cg cstáaugj
Cg vkgjr aëxoaj cs nc ;3 ci uik pcrsjik `japgctkacitc kgcrtk
Cg vkgjr aáioaj cs 0 ci uik pcrsjik ci `jak
^kitj gjs cgcacitjs oinovonukgcs, `jaj gk suak nc cggjs sji oapjrtkitcs.
Cg rcsugtknj ncec scrcxprcsknj ci6 «B@P1? C5T> A0 k gks 82603¼
Xkrk ^.C.@6 ^.C.@ GCTC6 ;0-;3 ^.C.@ AJNCUKNJ6 ? -;5 ^.C.@ PCTCUJ6 = XSI^JP K ACIJP rcquocrc oituek`oði • • •
AC^KEÐGO@KP6 `kusks y akicfj Gjrcik Ekzkgkr Cnukrnj Cspoijzk
CI@CDKGJXK^OK MOXJ@GS@ÏAO@KGjrcik Ekzkgkr Cnukrnj Cspoijzk
Gk bgu`jsk öio`j sustrktj quc usk cg `crcerj pkrk su actkejgosaj.
Pcacfkizk `ji gjs cstknjs mopðxo`j-osquïao`js.
Xrcnjaoiki gks gcsojics ncg `ðrtcx `crcerkg, `uyks icurjiks ncbcicrki y sji rccapgkzknks pjr kstrj`otjs y `ïgugks nc gk ao`rjbgok.
NAO NAOO < acno`k`oði mopjbgo`caokitc.
Jtrks `kusks6 ^ðxo`js (kg`jmjg)
O@@
Oisudo`oci`ok mcpëto`k
Pcpsos
Icdrjpkták
Cinj`roijpktáks (Cid. Knnosji)
^uajrcs
Dërak`js (pcitkaonoik, Oinjactk`oik)
(Oisugoijaks)
Bgu`caok 738 ab/;88 aG sáitjaks icu rjbïio`js sáitjaks icu rjbgu`jpïio`js tcaegjr, pkgpotk`ojics y kisocnkn acnoknjs pjr `ktc`jgkaoiks y sunjrk`oði, scisk`oði nc mkaerc y pkrcstcsoks
kgtcrk`ojics `jbiotovks, `kaeojs `jinu`tukgcs y trkstjrijs pso`jajtjrcs
Acnoknjs pjr k`ctog`jgoik
Páitjaks rcvocrtci rëponkacitc `ji gk knaoiostrk`oði nc bgu`jsk jrkg j o.v
Po ij sc `jrrobc, pucnci kpkrc`cr aoj`gjiáks, `rosos `jivugsovks kosgknks j soitjaktjgjbák dj`kg `jaj6 mcaopkrcsok j mcaopgcfák trkisotjroks.
Bgu`caok nc ;8 ab/;88 aG (8,4 aajg/G), cg pk`ocitc citrk ci `jak prjduinj `ji6 aonroksos, pkgoncz `utëick, rcspork`oði supcrdo`okg y erkno`krnok.
Gks mopjbgu`caoks gcvcs y rcpctonks pucnci jroboikr njs sáinrjacs icurjgðbo`js6 Gk mopjbgu`caok suekbunk.@krk`tcrozknj pjr6 sjaijgci`ok, nosaoiu`oði nc gk k`tovonkn pso`jajtjrk y cstknj `jidusojikg, quc sc rcsucgvc `ji gk knaoiostrk`oði oitrkvcijsk nc bgu`jsk. •
Gk mopjbgu`caok `rðio`k.@ursk `ji kdc``oði prjbrcsovk nc gks dui`ojics supcrojrcs, cspc`okgacitc nc gks tkrcks rcgk`ojiknks `ji cg mopj`kapj. •
Gk mopjbgu`caok dui`ojikg j rck`tovk Pucgc prc`cncr kg oio`oj nc uik nokectcs acggotus y quc ci j`ksojics cs nodá`og nodcrci`okr nc ui sáinrjac kisojsj-ncprcsovj. .-
•
Aucstrks skibuáicks
Jroik
• Mjrajiks6 `jrtosjg, BM,
• @ctjiks
K@^M, torjxoik, pïptonjtsm, @, bgu`kbði. • Actkejgotjs6 Bgu`jsk, ë`onjs brksjs goercs, Gk`tktj, kaoijë`onjs, poruvktj, k`ctjk`ctktj, urktj, gáponjs, eo`krejiktj • Jtrjs6 KBK, Mak
• Pustki`oks rcnu`tjrks • Ë`onjs jrbëio`js • Kaoijë`onjs
- Knaoiostrk`oði nc bgu`jsk jrkg j 53 b nc uik sjgu`oði kg 38% scbuonk nc oidusoði `jitoiuk nc bgu`jsk kg 3;8% (so cs ic`cskroj ttj pkrcitcrkg) - Bgu`kbði OA j P@ ; ab
Xk`ocitc `jis`ocitc6 Kgoacitk`oði, cvotkr cg kyuij< cfa6 zuaj nc drutks 58-08 b nc `krejmonrktjs
- Monrj`jrtosjik ;88 ab CT
Pjspc`mk nc kg`jmjgosaj6 ^okaoik ;88 abOA
Mkggkr `kusk nc mopjbgo`caok
CI@CDKGJXK^OK MOXJIK^UCAO@KGjrcik Ekzkgkr Cnukrnj Cspoijzk
@kso tjnjs gjs pk`ocitcs quc tocici mopjsajgkronkn tocici mopjiktrcaok. Ci gk kpkro`oði nc sáitjaks icurjgðbo`js sc`uinkrojs k mopjiktrcaok ij cs cg brknj nc cstk, soij gk rkponcz nc su oistkurk`oði. •
Mopjiktrcaok kbunk ‐
‐
‐
Ik+ 7;53-;08 aCq/G kqucfki iëuscks y scisk`oði nc akgcstkr. Pc kûknc `cdkgck, jeiueogk`oði, gctkrbj y doikgacitc `jivugsojics, `jak y pkrj rcsporktjroj `ukinj gks `odrks nc iktrcaok sji oidcrojrcs k ;;3-;58 aCq/G Páitjaks sji nceonjs kg ncskrrjggj nc cncak `crcerkg.
•
Mopjiktrcaoks `rðio`ks ‐
‐
Pc tjgcrki sjrprcincitcacitc eoci, yk quc `ji`citrk`ojics nc Ik+ oidcrojrcs k ;58 aCq/G. Xucnci `urskr nc djrak ksoitjaëto`k j gjs pk`ocitcs sðgj kqucfki uik `ocrtk dktobk, `jidusoði y `kgkaercs aus`ugkrcs
Ac`kiosaj pktjbciïto`j nosdui`oði nc gjs kstrj`otjs, `kaeojs jsaðto`js y cncak `crcerkg, gj quc mk keocrtj gk pucrtk k iucvjs dërak`js (p. cf., vkptkics) quc kdc`tki k gk monrktk`oði `cgugkr ci cg trktkaocitj nc kaeks citonkncs.
Cgc`trjgotjs6 L, Ik,@G
Mcajbrkak, Bgu`jsk, Srck, @rcktoioik
KBK
Ux tðrkx, CLB
Cgc`trjgotjs uroikrojs
Kbunj (7>=m)
@rðio`j(9>=m)
• @jrrc``oði rëponk • Ukrk vcz prjnu`c aocgoijgosos jsaðto`k • Uëponj trktkaocitj nc gjs sáitjaks
• @jrrc``oði rëponk pucnc bcicrkr ‗aocgoijgosos pðito`k‑ • Goaotc nc gk `jrrc``oði nc gk iktrcaok6 ;8%
pjr ci`oak ncg vkgjr ekskg
Mopjiktrcaok soitjaëto`k Pueor cg sjnoj Ik7;58 aCq/g y sáitjaks ncg PI@
ij aks nc ;Ggcvkr cg 5 aCq/g/m y sjnoj k ;53Acnor iovcgcs ij aks nc ;08 aCq/g y nc Ik `knk > 53-08 aCq/g iui`k mjrks ci gjs 5 sjerc`jrrcbor proacrjs náks
CI@CDKGJXK^OK MOXCU@KG@ÏAO@KGjrcik Ekzkgkr Cnukrnj Cspoijzk
Gks `kusks aës drc`ucitcs nc mopcr`kg`caok quc `urski `ji ci`cdkgjpkták sji gks ksj`oknks k tuajrcs, yk sck pjr actëstksos ðscks j pjr prjnu``oði nc sustki`oks soaogkrcs k gk pkrktjmjrajik.
Aocgjak aögtopgc prjnu`c kdc``oði ðsck nodusk.
Páitjaks 6 Oncks ncgorkitcs y `kaeojs kdc`tovjs, pjr gj quc cs
dë`og gk `jidusoði `ji ui
trkstjrij psoquoëtro`j proakroj. Gk prcsci`ok nc iëuscks, vðaotjs, pjgourok y pjgonopsok, fuitj k
nceogonkn y
dktobkeogonkn aus`ugkr, pucnci subcror cg nokbiðsto`j. Gk tctkiok y gks `jivugsojics nceonks k uik mopcrcx`otkeogonkn icurjikg.
K pkrtor nc uik `ji`citrk`oði pgksaëto`k nc `kg`oj supcrojr k ;3 ab/;88 aG (0,23 aajg/G) kpkrc`c ui `uknrj `jidusojikg k`japkûknj nc `cdkgck, quc pucnc prjbrcskr mkstk cg `jak.
MOXJ@KG@CAOK Akiodcstk`ojics icurjgðbo`ks `krk`tcrásto`ks6 nkr gubkr k uik ci`cdkgjpkták kbunk `ji ncgorojaës y cstupjr, j eoci kXucnc ui trkstjrij `jbiotovj topj ncaci`ok.
CLB
Srck
@rcktoioik
C`jbrkdák rcikg
Cgc`trjgotjs6 L, Ik,@G
KBK
Cgc`trjgotjs uroikrojs
Mcajbrkak, Bgu`jsk
CLB ;5 ncrovk`ojics
Mjspotkgozk`oði
Ajiotjrcj `krnok`j
`jitoiuj
Kitkbjiosaj nc gjs cdc`tjs `krnok`js nc gk mopcrpjtkscaok
Ucnu``oði rëponk nc L acnokitc rcnostroeu`oði kg oitcrojr nc gks `ïgugks
Cgoaoik`oði ncg L ncg jrbkiosaj
Ac`kiosaj ^rktkaocitj
Njsos
Oio`oj
Nurk`oði
@jacitkroj
Cstkeogozkr @kg`oj pjtci`okg nc acaerkik
Bgu`jiktjnc@k ;8%, ;8 ag ci ;8 aoi
;-0 aoi
08-48 aoi
Ucpctor ci 3 aoi so pcrsostci `kaeojs C@B, cvotkr ci tjxo`onkn pjr nobjxoik
@kptk`oði `cgugkr nc L
Oisugoik rcbugkr
;8 S `ji 38 ag 08aoi nc bgu`jsk 38% so gk bgu`caok 7538 ab/;88 ag
>-4m
Xucncrcpctorsc ci;3aoi
Kbjiostk E5
Kgeutcrjg iceugozknj, ;8-
5->m
Xucncscrsoiïrbo`jjknotovjkg k oisugoik< ij ncec uskrsc `jaj
08aoi
58 sjgu`oði ab ci > ag nc skgoik
Cgoaoik`oði nc L
trktkaocitj öio`j< uskr`kuskr `ji `uonknj so mky `krnojpkták< pucnc tkquo`krnok c mopcrbgu`caok.
Pugdjiktj sðno`j nc pjgocstorcij
08-48 ab TJ ci ;-5m sjreotjg 58%
Durjscaonk
58-538abOT
Mcajnoëgosos
53aoi Oiacnoktj
>-4m
>-4m
Xucncoinu`or`jgotososquïao`ky ic`rjsos `jgjio`k Ncpcincncgkrcspucstkydui`oði rcikg. Gkcdo`k`okncpcincncgtrktkaocitj prcvoj nc mopcrpjtkscaok (`ji ncs`cisj sïro`j L)
CI@CDKGJXK^OK SUÏAO@K Gjrcik Ekzkgkr Cnukrnj Cspoijzk
Gk ci`cdkgjpkták urïao`k cs ui sobij nc oisudo`oci`ok rcikg kvkizknk. Pu dosojpktjgjbák cs pj`j `gkrk, y sus sáitjaks ij bukrnki uik rcgk`oði `ji cg brknj nc urcaok io `ji cg rcstj nc kgtcrk`ojics eojquáao`ks skibuáicks k`japkûkitcs.
Ci gjs cstunojs icurjpktjgðbo`js sðgj sc mk rcdcronj ui kuacitj nc gjs kstrj`otjs prjtjpgësao`js, kuiquc ci acijr brknj quc ci gk ci`cdkgjpkták mcpëto`k.
@SKNUJ @GÁIO@J
Gks akiodcstk`ojics `gáio`ks sji aës cvoncitcs ci gjs pk`ocitcs quc prcscitki uik oisudo`oci`ok rcikg nc oistkurk`oði rëponk.
Gjs sáitjaks oio`okgcs oi`guyci kpkták, dktobk, dkgtk nc ktci`oði c orrotkeogonkn. Xjstcrojracitc sc kûknci `jidusoði, kgtcrk`ojics scisjrokgcs, kgu`oik`ojics y cstupjr.
Kgbuiks vc`cs knquocrc gk djrak nc uik pso`jsos tðxo`k, `ji kgu`oik`ojics, ogusojics vosukgcs y `ktktjiák.
Cstk soitjaktjgjbák prcscitk dgu`tuk`ojics nc ui nák k jtrj c oi`gusj nc mjrk ci mjrk.
Gjs pk`ocitcs `ji oisudo`oci`ok rcikg kbunk nc oistkurk`oði rëponk pucnci prcscitkr, kncaës nc kgtcrk`ojics nc gk `ji`oci`ok, trkstjrijs ajtjrcs `jaj6 dks`o`ugk`ojics, aoj`gjiáks, tcaegjrcs y, ci j`ksojics, `rosos `jao`okgcs.
Cstjs pk`ocitcs tkaeoïi pucnci prcscitkr sobijs `gáio`js j cgc`trjdosojgðbo`js nc icurjpkták pcrodïro`k y/j aojpkták urïao`ks.
Ksoaosaj, sc mk rcdcronj uik akyjr oi`onci`ok nc mcajrrkboks `crcerkgcs sc`uinkroks k trkstjrijs nc gk `jkbugk`oði pjr gk urcaok j `jaj `jisc`uci`ok nc gk mopcrtcisoði krtcrokg quc k aciunj prcscitki (ci`cdkgjpkták mopcrtcisovk).
^UK^KAOCI^J
Cg trktkaocitj nc gk ci`cdkgjpkták urïao`k cs cg nc gk oisudo`oci`ok rcikg. Po cs pjsoegc, ncec `jrrcborsc su `kusk y, ci `ksj `jitrkroj, sc rc`urrorë k noëgosos j k trkspgkitc rcikg.
Ij jestkitc, k pcskr nc gjs ijtkegcs kvki`cs, gks akiodcstk`ojics icurjgðbo`ks nc gk urcaok (ci`cdkgjpkták, pjgoicurjpkták y aojpkták) ij rcspjinci `japgctkacitc k gk noëgosos.
Gks `jivugsojics sc nceci trktkr `ji kito`jivugsojikitcs k ekfks njsos, yk quc cstjs pk`ocitcs prcscitki drc`ucitcacitc mopjkgeuaoicaok, gj quc kuacitk gk drk``oði goerc nc cstjs dërak`js.
Cgc`trjci`cdkgjbrkak
C`jbrkdák rcikg
^k` `crcerkg
Bgu`jsk, Srck, @rcktoioik
UAI`crcerkg
Mcajbrkak
Cgc`trjgotjs6 Ik, L, @g, Ab, X, @k
@jrrc``oði oisudo`oci`ok rcikg6 Mcajnokgosos^rkspgkitc rcikg
@jrrc``oði nc gk kicaok
Xrjtcbcr vák kïrck
Ucbugk`oði ncg actkejgosaj ncg `kg`oj y djsdktj
CI@CDKGJXK^OK MCXË^O@K Gjrcik Ekzkgkr Cnukrnj Cspoijzk
Gk ksj`ok`oði nc cidcracnkn mcpëto`k `ji nosdui`oði icurjgðbo`k prcnjaoikitc j`urrc ci gk ci`cdkgjpkták nc gk oisudo`oci`ok mcpëto`k nc `ukgquocr `kusk, ncbcicrk`oði mcpktj`crcerkg knquoronk ij wogsjiokik, cidcracnkn nc Rogsji y sáinrjac nc Ucyc
@JI@CX^J _ @GKPODO@K@OÐI @GÁIO@K
Cs uik kgtcrk`oði ncg PI@ sc`uinkrok k gk oisudo`oci`ok mcpëto`k j k gk ncrovk`oði nc skibrc nc jrobci pjrtkg k gk `or`ugk`oði sostïao`k soi pkskr pjr cg gc`mj mcpëto`j (kikstjajsos pjrtjsostïao`k).
Pc `jisoncrk uik ci`cdkgjpkták actkeðgo`k nceonj k gk rcvcrsoeogonkn nc au`mks nc sus akiodcstk`ojics `ji gk ijrakgozk`oði nc gk dui`oði mcpëto`k, gk `jrrc``oði nc gk ncrovk`oði pjrtjsostïao`k y cg trktkaocitj nc gjs dk`tjrcs ncsci`kncikitcs.
Ncsnc cg puitj nc vostk `gáio`j sc nodcrci`oki 0 djraks nc prcscitk`oði6
Ci`cdkgjpkták kbunk.- `krk`tcrozknk pjr ui sáinrjac `jidusojikg kbunj ksj`oknj k kgtcrk`oði nc gk `ji`oci`ok quc pucnc prjbrcskr mkstk cg `jak y gk aucrtc, kuiquc gk akyjrák nc gjs pk`ocitcs sc rc`upcrki mkstk sudror ui iucvj cposjnoj.
Ci`cdkgjpkták `rðio`k j ncbcicrk`oði mcpktj`crcerkg knquoronk ij wogsjiokik.- ci gk quc prcnjaoiki gjs ncdc`tjs icurjgðbo`js `jbiotovjs `ji trkstjrijs ajtjrcs ncg topj nc erkno`oicsok, roboncz, y jtrjs.
Ci`cdkgjpkták aáioak.- `ji sobijs gcvcs nc ci`cdkgjpkták ci djrak nc kgtcrk`oði nc gk `kpk`onkn nc rk`oj`oioj, prjegcaks nc acajrok k gkrbj pgkzj y trkstjrijs nc kprcinozkfc.
AKIODCP^K@OJICP @GOIO@KP
Ci oisudo`oci`ok mcpëto`k `rðio`k sc akiodocstki `krk`tcrásto`ks dáso`ks y eojquáao`ks `jaj6 Ncsbkstc aus`ugkr,
o`tcro`ok, ks`otos, crotcak pkgakr, cncak, tcgkiboc`tksoks ci krkûk y mcnjr mcpëto`j.
@ji acijs drc`uci`ok sc jescrvk6 erkno`oicsok, kstcroxos, mopcrrcdgcxok, pjsturk nc ncs`crcerk`oði trkisotjrok y nïdo`ot icurjgðbo`js dj`kgcs (mcaopgcfok).
Mcajbrkak
Xcrdog mcpëto`j
Cgc`trjgotjs6 Ik, L, @g, Ab, X, @k
^K@ `crcerkg
^ocapj prjtrjaeoik
Bgu`jsk, Srck, @rcktoioik
Cgc`trjci`cdkgjbrkak
Iovcg kajiok`j
C`jbrkdák rcikg
@jrrcbor dk`tjrcs prc`opotkitcs
Nosaoiuor `ji`citrk`oði pgksaëto`k nc kajiok`j
Noctk nc ;388 `kg kg nák
Gk`tugjsk pjr vák jrkg (>8-?8 b/n) ci 5 j 0 tjaks kg nák
Dofk`oði actkeðgo`k ncg kajioj G-jriotoik-Gkspkrtktj (GJGK) ci ci`cdkgjpkták mcpëto`k brknj OO k OT
Cvotkr `jgj`k`oði nc sjinks yk quc dkvjrc`ci oidc``ojics
K^E6 -Icjao`oik 5-> b/n -Actrjionkxjg 388 ab TJ `knk =-;5 m
OIDC@@OJPKP6 `kusks y akicfj Cro`l Mukaëi @mjquc @c`ogok Eïfkr Kgkbði
ACIOIBO^OP KBSNK EK@^CUOKIK Crol Mukaëi @mjquc
Xrjtcbci
kajrtobuki Pjstocic Iutrci
y/j
•
@jifuitj nc P y P nctcraoiknjs pjr gk orrotk`oði nc gks cstru`turks `jitcionks ncitrj ncg sk`j aciáibcj pjr gk prcsci`ok nc sustki`oks orrotkitcs (skibrc, korc) j pjr oidgkak`oði oidc``ojsk j ij nc gks acioibcs.
Tðaotj
^roknk6 Pobijs aciáibcjs6
@cdkgck oitcisk bcicrkgozknk - Uoboncz nc iu`k Cncak nc pkpogk drjitkg u P. nc lcriob j``opotkg - P. nc Erunzoislo
Docerc ^rkstjrij nc `jis`oci`ok `jivugsojics
•
Cs gk oidc``oði ncg cspk`oj suekrk`ijoncj y gks acioibcs •
Pjspc`mkr `ukinj6
Kitc`cncitc nc OU nc váks supcrojrcs. Docerc Tðaotjs @cdkgck Djtjdjeok Mopcrsjaiok @jidusoði Uoboncz nc iu`k Akgcstkr bcicrkg Aokgboks y @jistopk`oði •
•
Acioibotos ek`tcrokik kbunk (=8%)
Pc prjnu`c bcicrkgacitc pjr6
• •
Ták `or`ugktjrok
Ták `jitob÷onkn
• • • • • • •
Oidc`. P. pkrk ikskgcs
Oidc`. Eu`j jnjitjgðbo`ks
Mcronks nc `ucrj `kecggunj
@orubák ncg `rëicj
P. Postïao`js • Docerc kgtk • Crup`oði @utëick Crotcaktjsk (trkisotjrok,
Akiodcstk`ojics prjnrðao`ks Oidc`. Ucsporktjroks Jtotos Icuajiák Njgjr aus`ugkr y guaekr • Gctkrbok
• • • •
^roknk `gëso`k Docerc @cdkgck
ci gk acioibj`ð`o`k)
Uoboncz nc iu`k
P. Icurjgðbo`js Ksj`oknjs
• Nctcrojrj ncg Iovcg nc @ji`oci`ok (?8%). • @rosos @jivugsovks dj`kgcs j bcicrkgozknks. • Xkrcsok j Xkrëgosos nc Xkrcs @rkickijs
(;3%).
Kgtcrk`oði ncg iovcg nc `jis`oci`ok
• Jtrjs Pobijs Dj`kgcs (;8%)
@japgo`k`ojics ij icurjgðbo`ks • Pmj`l • ^rkstjrijs nc gk `jkbugk`oði ( @ON,
trjaej`otjpciok) • Pïpto`ks ( krtrotos , cinj`krnotos, sïpsos)
c k z i c u dg i O s
Ioûjs pcqucûjs Kitc`cncitc OUK u jtrks oidc``ojics Oio`oj erus`j Xrðnrjaj ercvc @jivugsojics bcicrkgozknks
ogu Cvjgu`oði eucik m p Ajrtkgonkn acijr 3% j a c k M . A
j ` j ` j b oi i c
Ioûjs y knugtjs fðvcics
. A A
purpörck (cxkitcak pctcquokg)< scpto`caok< `jgkpsj `or`ugktjroj< akiodcstk`ojics nc ic`rjsos suprkrrcikg kbunk. Oio`oj brknukg, euci prjiðsto`j. Erus`j, akg prjiðsto`j.
Cponcaoks, `/ 2 kûjs, oivocrij y proakvcrk 58% k >8% nc pjrtknjrcs skijs, ci iksjdkroibc. Krtrkgbok< crup`oði `utëick
Ajrtkgonkn ;8%
j ` j ` j a u c I . A
3% k 58%, nc pjrtknjrcs skijs. Knugtjs6 08% k 38% ci akyjrcs nc g3 kûjs 38% nc `ksjs sc ncs`jij`c dj`j nc jrobci. Jtrjs 38% dj`j ci icuajiáks< jtotos acnok< soiusotos purugcitk< kdc`tjs nc Tkgvugjpktáks `krnák`ks j kgtcrk`ojics mcaëto`ks y ci bcicrkg oiauij`japrjactonjs. Oio`oj söeotj, ci pj`ks mjrks. Akg prjiðsto`j so6 • @jak • @jivugsojics • Uc`ucitj `cgugkr ekfj ci G@U
^@ 6 N/@ • Mcajrrkboks • Kes`csj • Gcsojics nc cspk`oj
j`upkitc • monrj`cdkgok
Xui`oði Guaekr6 G@U
Mcaj`ugtovj +
• Cxkaci dáso`j6 nc tureoj
• Ucspjiskegc cs
k purugcitj (kbrcsovonkn ncg bcraci rcspjiskegc) • Xrcsoði kuacitknk • Cxkaci quáao`j6
Mkcajpmogus Oidgucizkc =8% • Ucspjiskegc Icuaj`j`j j ncg Acioibj`j`j 38%
Xgcj`otjsos k prcnjaoioj nc XAI (tureoncz nc G@U) • Mopcrprjtcoijrrkquok. • Mopjbgu`jrrkquok (bgu`caok, TI 38% ci G@U) • Cxkaci ek`tcrojgðbo`j6 • Brka +6 icuaj`j`j • Brka - 6 acioibj`j`j • Ek`ogj - 6 Mkcajpmogus Oidgucizkc • @ugtovj G@U
Nctc`tkr cg jrobci nc gk oidc``oði • U] tðrkx6 icuajiák • U] nc scijs pkrkikskgcs6
soiusotos • U] nc mucsj tcapjrkg6
akstjonotos • U] nc `rëicj6 drk`turks
Ajiotjrcj monrjcgc`trjgoto`j 6 drc`ucitc sc`rc`oði oikprjpoknk nc KNM
Xroi`opkg jefctovj, rëponj cdc`tj ek`tcro`onk ci G@U. K`tovonkn ek`tcro`onk prjvj`k ek`tcrojgosos , bcicrk kuacitj nc prjnu`tjs X@ eojgðbo`kacitc k`tovk ci cg G@U quc oi`rcacitk6 `otjquoiks quc cxk`crek oidgkak`oði, ci `jisc`uci`ok akyjr kgtcrk`oði nc (EMC). Xui`oði guaekr so sjspc`mk `gáio`k nc acioibotos ek`tcrokik cs dorac. ^@ so pk`ocitc cstk ci `jak, `ji cncak nc pkpogk j sobijs dj`kgcs. Kitcs nc ^@ sc tjaki aucstrks pkrk mcaj`ugtovj y sc `jaocizk cg trktkaocitj capáro`j. Po gk ^@ ij aucstrk gcsoði cspk`oj j`upkitc sc prk`to`k gk XG. Cg mc`mj nc oio`okr gk kitoeojto`jtcrkpok uik j njs mjrks kitcs nc rckgozkr gks nctcraoik`ojics ci cg G@U ij kgtcrkrák gk scisoeogonkn nokbiðsto`k socaprc quc sc mkbk ci `jifui`oði `ji gjs mcaj`ugtovjs.
• Tki`jao`oik ;3 ab / Lb CT. `/4m + @cdtkzonoak 38 k ;88 ab / Lb CT. `/=m
(nceonj kg akyjr rocsbj nc oidc``oði ijsj`jaokg `ji cstkdogj`j`j j ek`ogjs Brka(-)
UI, Xrctcraoij, Ekfj pcsj y Acijrcs nc ui acs6
• Kapo`ogoik ;88 ab / Lb CT. `/= m. + @cdkgjspjroik nc kapgoj cspc`trj
(@cdjtkxoak 38 ab / lb CT. `/4m j @cdtrokxjik 38 k ;88 ab / Lb CT. `/;5 m)
; k 0 acscs
• 0 k ;= kûjs
@cdkgjspjroik kapgoj (@cdjtkxoak 38 ab / lb CT. `/4m j @cdtrokxjik 38nc k ;88 ab /cspc`trj Lb CT. `/;5 m)
• @cdkgjspjroik nc kapgoj cspc`trj (@cdjtkxoak 5 CT. `/4 m j @cdtrokxjik 5 b CT. ;= k 38 kûjs
`/;5 m.
• Kapo`ogoik 5 b CT `/> ms. (j eoci Xcio`ogoik B > aoggjics S CT `/> m + Akyjr k 38 kûjs
@cdkgjspjroik nc kapgoj cspc`trj (@cdjtkxoak 5 CT. `/4 m j @cdtrokxjik 5 b CT. `/;5 m.
Ucnu`c
gk oidgkak`oði y cg cncak kg oimoeor cg cdc`tj nc gks `otjquoiks (OG-;, 4 y ^ID kgdk) goecrknks ci gk acioibotos ek`tcrokik. Ncxkactksjik 8,;3 ab / Lb CT. `/4 m. pjr > náks. Pc
rc`jaocink akyjrcssuncusj6 5 acscs nc cnkn `ji sjspc`mk nc bcraci
Ioûjs
`kuskg kg Mkcajpmogus Oidgucizkc y soi vk`uiks pkrk cstjs j G@U sc mkggk toi`oði nc Brka (-) nc `j`jek`ogj. Ssj nc `jrto`joncs (ncxkactksjik) ci knugtjs `ji acioibotos ek`tcrokik cs `jitrjvcrtonj y su oino`k`oði ncecrák scr aës goaotknk. Ci j`ksojics su usj cs ci pk`ocitcs `ji G@U Brka (+) j cvonci`oks nc Mopcrtcisoði Cinj`rkickik Ncs`japcisknk.
Cs gk oidc``oði vorkg ncg PI@ aës drc`ucitc Torus usukgcs6 Citcrjvorus6 ioûjs y knugtjs fðvcics. Kg doikg ncg vcrkij. ^rkisaosoði pjr vák dc`kg y/u jrkg. Torus nc gk Xkrjtonotos6 ioûjs y knugtjs fðvcics. Oivocrij y proakvcrk.
Acioibotos vorkgjrquotos< aës drc`ucitc ci cg auinj. K aciunj sc k`japkûk nc pkrjtonotos< pki`rcktotos. Mcrpcs Poapgc (suetopj 5)6 cs rcspjiskegc ncg 3% nc gks acioibotos vorkgcs y kpkrc`c ci cg 53% nc gjs pk`ocitcs `ji uik oidc``oði bciotkg proakrok (sc gk ncec sjspc`mkr ci knugtjs scxukgacitc k`tovjs). Torus nc Cpstcoi Ekrr.
Torus oiusukgcs6 @jrojacioibotos Goidj`otkrok6 kdc`tk k `ukgquocr cnkn. Pc trkisaotc vák kïrck prj`cncitc nc cx`rcacitjs nc rjcnjrcs TOM
Dksc Xrjnrðao`k Dksc Aciáibck Dksc nc Uc`upcrk`oði
• Docerc, akgcstkr bcicrkg y dkroibotos
• @cdkgck oitcisk, djtjdjeok y sjaijgci`ok • Ci cstk ctkpk cs pjsoegc mkggkr ui acioibosaj gcvc< roboncz nc
iu`k y sobij nc Lcriob< iui`k sc ksj`oki sobijs dj`kgcs • Bcicrkgacitc sc ksj`oki crup`ojics `utëicks< pkrjtonotos<
nokrrck y aokgbok.
• 2 k ;> náks
•
Cg G@U cs6 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
• •
`rostkg nc rj`k Oi`jgjrj Xgcj`otjsos k prcnjaoioj goidj`otkroj Mopcrprjtcoijrrkquok Mopjbgu`jrrkquok Pc pucnc rc`upcrkr vorus Xruceks scrjgðbo`ks sji nc brki utogonkn ci Xkrjtonotos j cg Mcrpcs Poapgc 5
Euci prjijsto`j ^rktkaocitj soitjaëto`j
CI@CDKGO^OP @c`ogok Eïfkr Kgkbði
Cs
uik oidgkak`oji ncg pkrciquoak `crcerkg, sc prcscitk `jaj uik nosdu`oði icurjpso`jgjbo`k nodusj y /j gj`kgozknks.
Aës Pji
`kusk drc`ucitc cs pjr krejvorus y citcrjvorus.
Cg
vorus mcrpcs soapgc topj O cs cg nc jrobci aks mkeotukg nc ci`cdkgotos cspjrëno`k.
drc`ucitc ci ioûjs y fðvcics , ci vcrkij
Gj aks `krk`tcrásto`j cs cg nctcrojrj ncg iovcg nc `ji`oci`ok `ji dj`kgonkn icurjgðbo`k `jrto`kg ^kaeoïi pjnrák prcscitkr kbotk`oði c oi`gusj `kaeojs nc pcrsjikgonkn y `gáio`k pso`ðto`k.
Cxostc pgcj`otjsos goidj`otkrok ( 9 ?3% nc `ksjs) prcscitk mopcrprjtcoijrrkquok y bgu`jsk kijrakg.
Cs pj`j ötog Cs`ksj vkgjr nokbijsto`j • •
•
CBB6 dj`kgonkn k iovcg drjitjtcapjrkg ^@6 pucnc jescrvkrsc zjiks nc mopjncisonkn y cdc`tj nc aksk ci rcbojics drjitjtcapjrkgcs quc `kptki cg `jitrkstc. UA6 cs cg nc cgc``oði yk quc nctc`tk `kaeojs ci cg pkrïiquoak `crcerkg.
Akyjr scisoeogonkn y cspc`odo`kn. Pjgj scrë oino`knj `ukinj ij
tcibk rcspucstk kg trktkaocitj pkrk `gkrodo`kr cg nokbijsto`j. Cstc cstunoj k sustotuonj k gk eojpsok `crcerkg `jaj tï`io`k nokbijsto`k nc cgc``oði ci gk ci`cdkgotos mcrpïto`k.
Ncec scr knaoiostrknj kitc gk soapgc ncajrksjspc`mk `gáio`k y soi
Gcsgy Nákz Acyzki Ijrak Ujfks Ajrcij
K@@ONCI^C @CUCEUJTKP@SGKU OP[SCAO@J Gcsgy Nákz Acyzki
Gk Cs`kgk nc @oi`oiikto vkgjrk trcs sobijs nc sjspc`mk y cs ui sostcak auy dokegc, pucs `jiquc sðgj uij nc cggjs sck pjsotovj, cxostc ui 25% nc pjsoeogonkncs nc quc csk pcrsjik cstï sudrocinj ui o`tus. Po gjs trcs pkrëactrjs sji pjsotovjs cstk prjekeogonkn sc cgcvk kg ==%.
@oi`oiikto Xrcmjspotkg Ptrjlc P`kgc6 rcprjnu`oeogoty kin vkgonoty. Kii Cacrb Acn. 588? Kpr< 00(>)6020-=.
Cposjnoj
trkisotjroj
nc
nosdui`oði icurjgðbo`k
`kusknk pjr osqucaok dj`kg `crcerkg, cspoikg j rctoikg, soi oidkrtj kbunj. Cg
K@T y cg KO^ sji pkrtc nc ui aosaj `uknrj `jitoiuj.
Xgki nc k``oði Ktkquc @crcerjvks`ugkr. AOIPK-@MOGC. 58;5.
Ajiotjrozkr sobijs
votkgcs6 KE@.
Pucrj dosojgðbo`j. Ij
ekfkr gk prcsoði krtcrokg. Ksporoik 538 ab (cx`cptj so cs `kinonktj k trjaejgosos). @jisoncrkr trjaejgosos CT. Pjgo`otkr cxëacics. Cg o`tus ci cg sobgj ]]O. ^rktkaocitj nc urbci`ok Ptrjlc oi tmc ]]O @citury. Cacrbci`y `krc. F. Bëggcbj, y `jg. Pcrvo`oj nc Icurjgjbák Mjspotkg nc Ikvkrrk. Tjg.0;, supgcacitj ;, 588=.
Ajiotjrozk`oði
icurjgðbo`k y bcicrkg. Sskr cs`kgk IOMPP. Cvkguk`oði rocsbj nosdkbok y `kánks. Akicfj jxobcik`oði, monrktk`oði, kgoacitk`oði, prcsoði krtcrokg, bgo`caok, iktrcaok, tcapcrkturk. Xrcvci`oði ^TX.
Cs`kgk IOMPP (Iktojikg Oistotutcs jd Mckgtm Ptrjlc P`kgc) nc Tkgjrk`oði ncg O`tus Osquïao`j.
Cfcapgj nc Aosakt`m ci UA vosoegc nc sc`uci`oks nc nodusoði y pcrdusoði.
Cg o`tus ci cg sobgj ]]O. ^rktkaocitj nc urbci`ok Ptrjlc oi tmc ]]O @citury. Cacrbci`y `krc.Tjg.0;, F. Bëggcbj, y `jg. Pcrvo`oj nc Icurjgjbák Mjspotkg nc Ikvkrrk. supgcacitj ;, 588=.
Oidkrtj Pupcrdo`okg Goaátrjdc Krt @crcerkg Kitcrojr y Krt @crcerkg Acnok
Oidkrtj supcrdo`okg tcraoikg Krtcrok `crcerkg acnok
Oidkrtj prjduinj erkzj pjstcrojr `kpsugk oitcrik Krtcrok @jrjonck Kitcrojr
Jefctovj6 kpcrturk nc gk krtcrok y rcstkegc`oaocitj ncg dgufj skibuáicj. ^rjaejgosos cinjvcijsk `ji kgtcpgksc (r^XK) mkstk >,3 mjrks ncsnc cg oio`oj nc gjs sáitjaks. Uc`kikgozk`oði cinjvks`ugkr6 mkstk 4 mjrks. ;5 mjrks ci `or`ugk`oði pjstcrojr.
r-^XK 1 k`tovknjr tosugkr ncg pgksaoiðbcij (kgtcpgksc) 8,? al/lb. Nosaoiuyc gk prjekeogonkn nc ncpcinci`ok j aucrtc k gjs 04 acscs. II^ 1 2 kitcs nc 0 mjrks. II^ 1 ;> kitcs nc >,3 mjrks. 4,5% mcajrrkbok oitrk`crcerkg soitjaëto`k (IIM 1 0>).
Gccs LU ct kg. ^oac tj trcktacit wotm oitrkvcijus kgtcpgksc kin jut`jac oi strjlc. Gki`ct 58;86;4?3-;280.
Uc`jacink`ojics pkrk cg trktkaocitj y prcvci`oði ncg o`tus, 588>. A. Kgjisj nc Gc`oûkik-@kscs, y `jg. UCT ICSUJG 588>< 0? (3)6 >43>=4
Ktcrjs`gcrjsos nc brkincs krtcroks (pcjr prjiðsto`j). @krnojcaejgosaj (akyjr rc`urrci`ok)
J`gusoði nc vksjs pcqucûjs (gk`uikr). K@T nc jtrk ctojgjbák nctcraoiknk. K@T nc ctojgjbák oinctcraoiknk6 5 j aës `kusks oncitodo`knks Cstunoj icbktovj Cstunoj oi`japgctj
Knkas MX, ct kg. @gkssodo`ktoji jd suetypc jd k`utc os`mcao` strjlc. Ptrjlc ;??0<5>603->;.
Xgkiodo`k`oði6
Ajacitj y ncstoij ncg kgtk
Ucmkeogotk`oði kaeugktjrok.
K@@ONCI^C @CUCEUJTKP@SGKU MCAJUUKBO@J Ijrak Ujfks Ajrcij
K@T mcajrrëbo`j (58%) Uupturk nc krtcroks prjduinks
Mcajrrkbok oitrkpkrciquoaktjsk
Mcajrrkbok mopcrtcisovk
•
•
Mcajrrkbok suekrk`ijonck
Mcajrrkbok gjekr cspjitkick
Akgd. vks`ugkrcs -- fðvcics Kibojpktok kaocgjonc - Ki`okijs
Ujturk ao`rjkicurosaks nc `mkr`jt eju`mkrn Ncdo`ot icurjgðbo`j erus`j y `ursj prjbrcsovj
•
•
Cvjgu`ojiki ci cg trkis`ursj nc vkrojs aoiutjs / @cdkgck - iëuscks ‐vðaotjs Gj`kgozk`oði y tkakûj
Xrucek nc cgc``oði
^jajbrkdák
Ujturk nc ao`rjkicurosaks nc @mkr`jt- Ejur`mkrn- krt pcrdjrkitcs
Mcajrrkbok oitrk`crcerkg dj`kg mopcrtcisovk
Xutkaci (0338%)
Mcaopkrc`okmcaomopjstcsok `jitrkgktcrkrcs, nctcrojrj ncg iovcg nc `ji`oci`ok, j`ugj`cdëgo`k mk`ok cg gknjncsvok`oði nc gk mcajrrkbok `ji prcscrvk`oði nc rcdgcfjs ncg trji`j
^ëgkaj(;8-;3%) Nctcrojrj ncg iovcg nc `ji`oci`ok, sáinrjac tkgëao`j y mcaopgcfok `jitrkgktcrkgcs @crcecgj (;8-08 )%
Xrcscrvk`oði oio`okg I@ , `cdkgck j``opotkg- ktkxok- vðaotjs ‐ monrj`cdkgok jestru`tovk (OT )T
Xrjtuecrki`ok (;8-;3%)
Cstknj nc `jak
Akgd. Tks`ugkrcs ‐ (kicurosaksakgd. Krtcrojvcijsks)- 5nk Xk`ocitcs fðvcics ij mopcrtcisjs `ji mcajrrkboks supcrdo`okgcs Nx kibojbrkdák ‐ `orubok Akgd. Krtcrojvcijsks6 mcajrrkbok supcrdo`okg ‐ pk`. Fðvci `ji kitc`cncitcs nc `cdkgck j `rosos cpogcpsok.
Aks drc`ucitc nc mcajrrkbok cspjitëick
mopcrtcisovk ci pk`ocitcs ki`okijs Gj`kgozk`oði gjekr sue`jrto`kg @goio`kacitc `jaj mcaktjaks rc`urrcitcs Ksj`oknj k cidcracnkn nc Kgzmcoacr
ij
cspjatëicjs
Mcajrrkbok oitrktuajrkg (acgkijak`kroj`kr`oijak-`kr`oijak E- @U- @^) Keusj `rðio`j nc nrjbks soapkto`jaoaïto`ks6 kidctkaoiks y `j`káik Ucpcrdusoði nc vksjs nkûknjs pjr osqucaaok
@jitrjg nc gk tcisoði krtcrokg
Akiotjg y jtrjs kbcitcs jsaðto`js pkrk rcnu`or gk prcsoði oitrk`rkickg
Oino`k`oði quorörbo`k ci mcaktjaks oitrkpkrciquoaktjsjs . @jisoncrkr cnkn- sotuk`oði icurjgðbo`k- tkakûj ‐ gj`kgozk`oði
Ij ci mcaktjaks prjduinjs
Cg mcaktjak `crcecgjsj cs cg öio`j mcaktjak prjduinj oitrk`rkickg quc pucnc cvk`ukrsc quorurbou`kacitc ( sjgj so cs akyjr nc 0 `a ‐ nctcrojrj `gáio`j j mcriok`oði)
Xrcsci`ok nc skibrc ci cspk`oj suerk`ijoncj j sostcak vcitro`ugkr =8% citrc gjs >8-43 kûjs ‐ aks `jaöi ci aufcrcs (0/5)- caekrkzj @kusk aks drc`ucitc ‐ trkuaktosajs
Drc`ucitcacitc krt. `jauio`kitc kitcrojr
@jauio`kitc pjstcrojreodur`k`oði nc gk krt `crcerkg acnok y pjr`oði aks nostkg nc gk krt. Eksogkr
DU6 tkakûj- cxostci`ok nc kicurosak augtopgc- gj`kgozk`oði (eodur`k`oði nc krt. Eksogkr- `jauio`kitc kitcrojr- `jauio`kitc pjstcrojr) cnkn
Pcböi su y cxpkisoði rupturk
@gáio`k
@cdkgck erus`k c oitcisk Uoboncz nc iu`k Tðaotjs Djtjdjeok
Nokbiðsto`j MPK
^` `crcerkg soi `jitrkstc
Xui`oði guaekr
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Nokbiðsto`j ctojgðbo`j
Kibojbrkdák `crcerkg
Acnonks bcicrkgcs6 Ucpjsj kesjgutj. @jitrjg nc gk mtk.mkstk ;=8/?3. @jitrjg nc `rosos cpogïpto`ks. Cvotkr vjaotjs y cstrcûoaocitj. Uc`oeor kikgbcsok oapjrtkitc Kgoacitk`oði pkrcitcrkg . Dosojtcrkpok.
Xrcvcior rcskibrknj `keczk cgcvknk 08¸ dk`ogotkinj nrcikfc vcijsj oitrk`rkickg.
Tksjcspksaj6 `kg`ojkitkbjiostks `jaj cg ioajnopoij c.v.
Icurjquorörbo`j6 kicurosak rjtj , y nc gk monrj`cdkgok.
Xui`oði guaekr pkrk nrcikr,ci `ksj nc jestru``oði ncg cspk`oj suekrk`ijoncj.
Au`mks brk`oks
