ţiei, Cercetării şi Tineretului Ministerul Educa
Program universitar de formare în domeniul Pedagogie pentru Învăţământ Primar şi Preşcolar adresat cadrelor didactice din mediul rural Forma de învăţământ ID - semestrul V I
MANAGEMENTUL ŞCOLAR. MANAGEMENTUL ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTU ÎNVĂŢ ĂMÂNTULUI LUI SIMUL SIMULT TAN Vasile V asile MOLAN
2008
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Ministerul Educaţiei, Cercetării şi Tineretului Proiectul pentru Învăţământul Rural
PEDAGOGIA ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNTULUI PRIMAR ŞI PREŞCOLAR
Managementul şcolar. Managementul învăţământului simultan
Vasile MOLAN
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© 2008
Ministerul Educaţiei, Cercetării şi Tineretului Proiectul pentru Înv ăţământul Rural Nici o parte a acestei lucr ări nu poate fi reprodus ă f ăr ă acordul scris al Ministerului Educa ţiei, Cercetării şi Tineretului
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Cuprins
Cuprins
Introducere .......................................................................................................................iii Unitatea de înv ăţare 1 Managementul. Delimit ări conceptuale 1.1 Obiectivele unit ăţii de învăţare................... are.............................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ............. 2 1.2 Management; manager – scurt istoric ......................... ............. ......................... .......................... .......................... ........................ ........... 2 1.3 Manageme Management. nt. Repere Repere teoretice teoretice ....................... .................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ................. ...... 3 Test de autoevalu autoevaluare are 1 ...................... ................................. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ............. .. 6 Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare 1 ......................... ............ .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ............... .. 7 Bibliografi Bibliografie.................... e................................ ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ................... ............ ..... 7
Unitatea de înv ăţare 2 Management educaţional. Abordări actuale 2.1 Obiectivele unit ăţii de învăţare................... are.............................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ............. 9 2.2 Management educa ţional ...................... ................................. ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ................. ...... 9 2.3 Echipa managerial ă ..................... ................................. ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ............. 15 Test de autoevalu autoevaluare are 2 ..................... ................................. ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ............. .. 17 Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare 2 .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............. 18 Bibliografi Bibliografie.................... e................................ ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ................... .......... ... 18
Unitatea de înv ăţare 3 Competenţe şi Atribuţii Manageriale 3.1. Obiectivele unit ăţii de învăţare................... are.............................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... .................... ......... 20 3.2. Competenţe manageria manageriale le ...................... .................................. ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ............. 20 3.3. Manager. Atribu ţii şi comportam comportamente ente ..................... ................................ ...................... ...................... ...................... .................... ......... 28 3.4. Stiluri de conducere – abord ări........... ri ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ................ ..... 31 3.5. Managerul şi organizaţia şcolar ă ...................... .................................. ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ............. 34 3.6. Managemen Managementul tul resurselo resurselorr umane........... umane ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................... .............. 36 Test de autoevalu autoevaluare are 3 ..................... ................................. ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ............. .. 38 Lucrare Lucrare de verificare verificare 1 ...................... ................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... .............. .. 39 Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare 3 .......................... ............. .......................... .......................... ......................... ......................... ............. 40 Bibliografi Bibliografie.................... e................................ ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ................... .......... ... 40
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Cuprins
Unitatea de înv ăţare 4 Funcţii manageriale. Executarea funcţiilor 4.1 Obiectivele unit ăţii de învăţare ..................... ................................ ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................42 .........42 4.2 Contexte manageriale..................................................................................................42 4.3 Funcţii manageriale şi executarea lor...........................................................................43 4.4 Managementul schimb ării în organizaţia şcolar ă .........................................................50 Test de autoevaluare 4 ......................................................................................................57 Lucrare de verificare 2 .......................................................................................................58 Bibliografi Bibliografie e ....................... .................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................59 ........59
Unitatea de înv ăţare 5 Managementul înv ăţământului simultan 5.1 Obiectivele unit ăţii de învăţare ..................... ................................ ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................61 .........61 5.2 Organizarea înv ăţământului simultan...........................................................................61 5.3 Proiectarea anual ă şi semestrială ................................................................................66 5.4 Proiectarea lec ţiilor.......................................................................................................67 5.5 Procesul de predare – înv ăţare – evaluare evaluare ...................... ................................. ....................... ....................... .....................69 ..........69 Test de autoevaluare 5 ......................................................................................................70 Lucrare de verificare 3 .......................................................................................................71 Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare.................................................................................72 Bibliografi Bibliografie e ....................... .................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................72 ........72
Bibliografie selectivă .....................................................................................................73
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Introducere
INTRODUCERE
Mangement şcolar. Managementul învăţământului simultan
Cursul se adreseaz ă candidaţilor care urmeaz ă stagiile de preg ătire în cadrul Proiectului pentru Învăţământul Rural, în regim de studiu „la distan ţă”. Informaţia este structurat ă în două păr ţi distincte, Managementul şcolar şi Managementul înv ăţământului simultan. Cursul este structurat pe unit ăţi de învăţare, potrivit obiectivelor urm ărite şi informaţiilor oferite. În urma parcurgerii cursului, candidaţii vor stăpâni principalele aspecte privind ăşurarea managementului şcolar la diferite niveluri, precum şi pe cele privind desf ăş organizarea înv ăţământului simultan. La fiecare unitate de înv ăţare, pe lâng ă informaţii, se află şi instrumente de autoevaluare, numite teste de autoevaluare, pe care le poate folosi candidatul. Testele de autoevaluare con ţin sugestii de redactare, surse de informare, precum şi r ăspunsuri pentru verificare. În studierea cursului, studentul parcurge parcurge următoarele etape: 1. Studierea fiecărei unităţi de învăţare 2. Completarea informa ţiei din sursele biografice 3. Analiza testelor de autoevaluare (cerinţe, îndrumări) 4. Rezolvarea testelor de autoevaluare 5. Verificarea rezolvării testelor 6. Revederea unor p ăr ţi din curs sau din surse bibliografice. Cursul cuprinde şi lucr ări de verificare, ce vor fi evaluate de tutore. Precizări privind redactarea acestor lucr ări, mărimea acestora şi criteriile de notare se află în cuprinsul lucr ării de verificare. Lucr ările de verificare se rezolvă, în scris, de fiecare candidat. Ele vor fi comentate cu candida ţii vor fi notate. Nota final ă se constituie 40% din evaluarea continu ă şi 60% din evaluarea final ă. 40% din evaluarea final ă îl reprezintă punctajul realizat la lucr ările de verificare, iar 60 % la lucrarea final ă stabilită de tutore. În vederea sprijinirii candidatului care parcurge cursul, pe partea stâng ă a paginii se află menţionate în căsuţe principalele probleme care se dezvolt ă în segmentul respectiv de curs. Pe partea dreapt ă a paginii sunt man ete albe, pe care candidatul poate face
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Introducere
Deşi a trecut destul timp de când ştiinţa managementului se aplic ă şi la noi, mai sunt cadre didactice care consider ă că, într-o şcoală, singura persoan ă care desf ăş ăşoar ă activitate managerial ă este directorul. În urma cursurilor de formare şi a experimentelor desf ăş ăşurate, lucrurile încep s ă se lămurească. S-a ajuns la concluzia c ă unele decizii pot fi coborâte la nivelul directorului de şcoală, care î şi alege singur cadrele didactice cu care trebuie s ă obţină rezultate, î şi proiectează bugetul şi r ăspunde de execu ţia lui. De asemenea, inspectorii şcolari şi cadrele didactice con ştientizează că desf ăş ăşoar ă o activitate managerial ă, deci conduc grupuri de oameni cu care trebuie s ă obţină rezultate. Pentru şcoală, rezultatele înseamn ă, în primul rând, un nivel ridicat de pregătire a elevilor. Când to ţi oamenii şcolii vor fi conştienţi de acest lucru, înseamnă că managerii vor lua în calcul numai valoarea, atunci când angajeaz ă personalul didactic şi nedidactic al şcolii, vor studia cu aten ţie aşteptările comunităţii şi direcţiile ei de dezvoltare, în funcţie de care vor orienta dezvoltarea şcolii pe termen scurt, mediu şi lung şi vor întocmi un buget pentru acest scop. De asemenea, activitatea cadrelor didactice va fi orientată către realizarea aşteptărilor membrilor comunit ăţii. Cursul î şi propune să pregătească pe cei care-l parcurg ca s ă conştientizeze ce înseamnă activitate managerial ă la diferite niveluri şi sub diferite aspecte, ca s ă fie capabili să îndeplineasc ă funcţia de manager de şcoală, de grup, de clas ă etc., să ştie cum să ajute managerul în exercitarea func ţiei, având acelea şi responsabilit ăţi pentru obţinerea rezultatelor. * * * Faptul că, în ţara noastr ă există multe localităţi mici, izolate, la distan ţe mari de aşezările dezvoltate, a determinat existenţa învăţământului simultan la clasele I-IV în mediul rural. Acest înv ăţământ este o realitate care trebuie tratat ă cu toată atenţia. În aceast ă formă de organizare se lucreaz ă după aceleaşi programe şi manuale, numai ăşurare a lec ţiei au un caracter specific. formele de desf ăş Cursul prezint ă aceste forme specifice.
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Managementul. Delimit ări conceptuale
Unitatea de înv ăţare 1 MANAGEMENTUL. DELIMIT ĂRI CONCEPTUALE
Cuprins
1.1 Obiectivele unit ăţii de învăţare................... are.............................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ............. 2 1.2 Managemen Management; t; manager manager – scurt istoric ...................... ................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ................... ........ 2 1.3 Manageme Management. nt. Repere Repere teoretice teoretice ....................... .................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ................. ...... 3 Test de autoevalu autoevaluare are 1 ...................... ................................. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ............. .. 6 Răspunsuri spunsuri la testul testul de autoevalua autoevaluare re 1 ...................... ................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ............. 7 Bibliografi Bibliografie.................... e................................ ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ................... ............ ..... 7
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Managementul. Delimit ări conceptuale
1.1 Obiectivele unit ăţii de învăţare La sfâr şitul unităţii de învăţare candidaţii vor fi capabili: -
să explice evoluţia managementului de-a lungul timpului,
-
să definească managementul.
1.2 Management; manager – scurt istoric
manus
manège
În literatura de specialitate, conceptul de management are, adesea, înţelesuri diferite. Unii speciali şti consider ă că termenul derivă din latinescul manus care, în limba român ă, înseamnă mână. De aici s-a ajuns la concluzia c ă cel care „ ţine în mână” un grup de oameni înseamn ă c ă fie conduce fie piloteaz ă fie orienteaz ă. Cel care face aceste ac ţiuni este managerul. Franţuzescul manège s-a tradus în limba român ă cu sensul: „un loc special amenajat pentru dresarea cailor”. Deci exist ă o persoană care conduce şi care obţine rezultate noi în aceast ă activitate. Cel mai apropiat sens de cel folosit acum vine din
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Managementul. Delimit ări conceptuale
În timp s-a demonstrat că managementul este un proces deosebit de complex, cu finalit ăţi clare pe baza c ărora se poate evalua eficien ţa activităţii. Acest proces acţionează asupra func ţiilor din fiecare sistem de activitate, func ţii care trebuie orientate spre ob ţinerea de performanţe.
1.3 Management. Repere teoretice Evoluţia definiţiilor
E. Peterson şi E. Plowman
K. Negel
Z. Tezenas
Definirea conceptului de management difer ă de la ţar ă la ţar ă sau de la specialist la specialist. Totu şi se observă şi elemente comune pe care încerc ăm să le evidenţiem în cele ce urmeaz ă. E. Peterson şi E. Plowman consider ă că managementul înseamnă totalitatea metodelor cu ajutorul c ărora se determină, se clarifică şi se realizează scopurile şi sarcinile unui anumit obiectiv. Deci managementul are metode proprii cu ajutorul c ărora se stabilesc scopurile şi sarcinile unui colectiv, precum şi modalităţile de realizare a acestora. Defini ţia este discutabil ă, întrucât metodele nu „clarifică”. K. Negel are o alt ă definiţie pentru management şi apreciază că acesta este un domeniu care urm ăreşte îndeplinirea unor obiective dinainte stabilite şi care foloseşte resursele umane şi materiale într-un mod eficient. Autorul folose şte termenul de obiectiv pentru pentru finalităţi şi pune condiţia eficienţei în folosirea resurselor umane şi materiale. Z. Tezenas g ăseşte un alt con ţinut pentru management: „ştiinţa şi arta de a folosi mijloacele materiale şi de a conduce oamenii ale căror funcţii sunt diferite şi specializate, dar care coopereaz ă în cadrul aceleia şi întreprinderi pentru a atinge un obiectiv comun.” În această definiţie apar nout ăţi: managementul este ştiinţa şi arta (faptul că este ştiinţă am văzut şi în alte defini ţii); apare diviziunea muncii; func ţiile oamenilor sunt diferite (deci nu vizeaz ă numai directorii); se urmăresc obiective comune. Făr ă a urmări să definească managementul, speciali ştii americani Ivanicevich, Donnelly şi Gibson apreciaz ă că acesta este •
•
•
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Managementul. Delimit ări conceptuale
Warren Bennis
Definiţii româneşti Elena Joiţa
Folosindu-se de o glum ă, Warren Bennis face o paralel ă între conduc ător şi manager pentru a ar ăta că există diferenţe între aceştia. El spune c ă „în timp ce conduc ătorul face ceea ce trebuie s ă facă, managerul face ceea ce face a şa cum trebuie”. Descoperim de aici pozi ţia celor doi, conduc ător şi manager. Primul trebuie să execute cum i se spune, mai greu poate ie şi din litera instrucţiunilor, pe când cel ălalt se gândeşte în primul rând cum trebuie să facă ceva încât s ă fie eficient. Nu trebuie înţeles de aici c ă managerul promoveaz ă anarhia, că nu ascult ă de nimeni. El caut ă soluţii proprii pentru realizarea obiectivelor prestabilite, conştientizează şi motivează membrii grupului pe care-l conduce pentru acest lucru. În Le petit Larousse management înseamn ă „ansamblul tehnicilor de conducere, organizare şi gestionare a unei întreprinderi; ansamblul celor care conduc”. În unele lucr ări de specialitate române şti managementul educaţional este prezentat ca ştiinţă a conducerii. Este considerat ştiinţă pentru că are : „domeniu propriu, metode de cercetare, legi şi principii, limbaj şi specialişti în domeniu”. Informaţiile teoretice acumulate, precum şi experienţa practică au creat condi ţii prielnice pentru dep ăşirea conceptului de conducere, care înseamn ă: planificare, organizare, reglare, control, îndrumare etc. şi trecerea la conceptul de „management”, care pune accent pe: pe: folosirea resurselor resurselor umane, umane, pe motivarea acestora, acestora, pe umanizarea deciziilor, pe informare şi comunicare, pe ob ţinerea de performanţe etc. Pentru aceasta este nevoie „de cultur ă managerial ă, de profesionalizare managerial ă, de abordare interdisciplinar ă a teoriei şi practicii manageriale, de considerare şi ca ştiinţă şi ca artă, măiestrie”1
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Managementul. Delimit ări conceptuale
Viziunea autorilor managementului clasic
Institutul de Ştiinţe ale Educa ţiei apreciază managerul şcolar astfel: „Managerul este unul din factorii cheie ai introducerii oric ăror schimbări educaţionale. Făr ă manageri competen ţi, pregătiţi, capabili să decidă rapid şi eficient în cele mai variate condi ţii, reforma educaţională va eşua. În contextul activit ăţii manageriale definit ă ca arta de a face ca lucrurile s ă se realizeze în organiza ţii prin intermediul celorlalţi, managerul este cel care procur ă, alocă şi utilizează resursele fizice şi umane pentru a atinge scopuri”4. Desprindem de aici dou ă poziţii principale ale managerului: factor cheie în producerea schimbărilor educaţionale; procur ă şi utilizează resurse fizice şi umane pentru a atinge scopuri. În aceeaşi lucrare a Institutului de Ştiinţe ale Educaţiei se prezintă viziunea autorilor managementului clasic, Henri Fayol şi James D. Moonz, care poate fi pus ă în schem ă astfel:
Autoritatea managerului şi responsabilitatea individuală a angaja ţilor
Disciplină şi ordine
• •
Diviziunea muncii, accentuarea specializării individuale Echitate
Stabilitatea personalului
a prevedea a comanda
Unitate a
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Managementul. Delimit ări conceptuale
Test de autoevaluare 1 1. Termenul de management vine din: a) din limba latină; b) din limbă franceză; c) din limba englez ă. Bifaţi r ăspunsul corect. 2. Precizaţi trei elemente care sus ţin că managementul este ştiinţă.
3. Definiţi managementul.
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Managementul. Delimit ări conceptuale
Răspunsuri la testele de autoevaluare 1
1) a şi b 2) are domeniu propriu de activitate, metode de cercetare, legi şi principii, limbaj propriu, specialişti în domeniu. 3) ştiinţa şi arta de a conduce un grup de oameni, pentru a ob ţine rezultate cu ei.
Bibliografie
Sorin Cristea – Dicţionar de termeni pedagogici, EDP, Buc, 1998 Ioan Jinga – Conducerea înv ăţământului – Manual de management institu ţional, EDP, Buc, 1993 Dumitru Pătraşcu, Andrei Ursu, Ioan Jinga – Management Educa ţional preuniversitar, Ed Art, Chişinău, 1997
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale
Unitatea de înv ăţare 2 MANAGEMENT EDUCAŢIONAL. ABORD ĂRI ACTUALE
Cuprins
2.1 Obiectivele unit ăţii de învăţare ..................... ................................. ....................... ...................... ...................... ....................... .....................9 .........9 2.2 Management educa ţional. .............................................................................................9 Niveluri de acţiune ...................... .................................. ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... ...................10 ........10 2.2.1 La nivel central | al ministerului............................................................................10 2.2.2 La nivel jude ţean | al inspectoratelor şcolare sau al direc ţiilor de învăţământ......12 2.2.3 La nivelul unit ăţii de învăţământ...........................................................................13 2.3 Echipa managerial ă .....................................................................................................15 Test de autoevalu autoevaluare are 2 ...................... ................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ............17 .17 Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare 2..............................................................................18 Bibliografi Bibliografie e ....................... .................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................18 ........18
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale
2.1 Obiectivele unităţii de învăţare La sfâr şitul unităţii de învăţare, studenţii vor fi capabilii: -
să redea nivelurile de ac ţiuni manageriale;
-
să prezinte echipele manageriale de la cele patru niveluri.
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale
educaţional la nivelul şcolii, ca unitate care realizeaz ă obiectivele prin procesul de predare-înv ăţare. Multe din elementele de baz ă ale managementului educaţional sunt şi ale managementului organiza ţiei. Prof. Emil Păun identifică acele caracteristici care particularizeaz ă şi diferenţiază managementul educa ţional. O primă caracteristică este determinat ă „de specificul activit ăţii şcolare ca activitate de transmitere şi asimilare a cunoaşterii, dar şi de formare şi educare a elevilor în spiritul unui sistem de valori, prefigurate ca finalit ăţi ale educaţiei”. Managementul educaţional urmăreşte finalităţile educaţiei şi paleta de valori ale acestora. O altă caracteristică o constituie „mobilizarea resurselor umane”. Managementul educa ţional se centreaz ă pe dimensiunea umană şi sintetizează „strategii de tip comunicativ”. Strategiile de tip comunicativ au în vedere rela ţiile dintre membrii organizaţiei şcolare, precum şi capacitatea managerului de a realiza un climat afectiv corespunzător, de a atrage membrii în realizarea obiectivelor, de a stimula iniţiativa şi responsabilitatea. Activitatea managerială presupune:
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale o
Şef serviciu, care conduce activitatea unui grup de
oameni care se ocup ă de un anume domeniu; o
Inspectorul general sau de specialitate , care conduce
activitatea de inspec ţie de specialitate şi care urmăreşte obţinerea unor performanţe în aceste domenii. În minister sunt şi directori generali, directori, şefi de servicii şi de birouri care nu au preg ătire didactică. Ei coordoneaz ă segmentele administrative şi financiare.
Agenţii
Ministru
Secretar de stat
Director al Institutului de Ştiinţe ale Educ Educaa iei iei
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale
Profesorul - manager al clasei
managementul procesului şi managementul clasei sunt asigurate. De cele mai multe ori, pentru celelalte func ţii manageriale, cadrele didactice se preg ătesc din mers, „la locul de munc ă” sau prin cursuri speciale. Dacă studiem cu aten ţie situaţia de pân ă acum a managerilor din trepte superioare celor men ţionate mai sus, constatăm c ă sunt unii care se apropie de încetarea mandatului şi nu au parcurs un curs special de preg ătire. Formarea lor s-a realizat printr-o serie de şedinţe, prin studiul individual sau prin studierea experienţei altora. Nu putem vorbi de experien ţă pentru că primul nu prea are ce s ă-i ofere celui de-al doilea. 2.2.2 La nivel judeţean / al inspectoratelor şcolare sau al direcţiilor de învăţământ
Funcţii ale managerilor de la nivelul judeţului
o
Inspectorul şcolar general , care coordoneaz ă întreaga
activitate a inspectoratului;
conduce activitatea unor departamente (inspec ţie şcolar ă, management şcolar, evaluare instituţională, formare continu ă, mobilitatea cadrelor o
Inspector
şcolar
general
adjunct, care
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale
Prefect
Inspector şcolar general adjunct Şef serviciu
Preşedinte al consiliului jude ţean
Şef
Inspector şcolar general
Centrul de asistenţă psiho-pedagogică Directorul casei corpului didactic
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale
La nivelul şcolii, cadrele didactice sunt organizate şi pe comisii pe probleme şi fiecare comisie are un responsabil (comisia de disciplină, comisia pentru cercetare pedagogic ă, comisie pentru rela ţii cu alte şcoli şi instituţii etc.). La nivelul unit ăţii de învăţământ mai desf ăş ăşoar ă activitate managerială şi alte persoane care nu sunt cadre didactice: contabilul şef, şeful serviciului administrativ, şefi de birou. Activitatea acestor persoane nu este diferit ă de activitatea organizaţiei şcolare. Ele desf ăş ăşoar ă activităţi specifice, dar tot în slujba educa ţiei: asigur ă condiţiile necesare pentru desf ăş ăş
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale
2.3 Echipa managerial ă
Echipa managerială
Echipa managerial ă asigur ă conducerea colectiv ă a sistemului sau a unor segmente ale acestuia. Între întâlnirile echipei, conducerea şcolii este asigurat ă de director. Legea şi regulamentele şcolare stabilesc domeniile de decizie personal ă a directorilor şi domeniile în care deciziile se iau de echip ă. Eficienţa în conducere se asigur ă dacă directorul şi echipa managerial ă acţionează unitar în
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale
La nivelul şcolii
La şcoală
Consiliul de administra ţie, care cuprinde: directorul, directorii adjunc ţi, contabilul şef, reprezentanţii cadrelor didactice, ai elevilor, ai părinţilor, ai autorităţii locale, ai agen ţilor economici, acest consiliu ia decizii potrivit legii, cu privire la problemele administrative ale şcolii. o Consiliul profesoral, denumit şi consiliul pedagogic, ia decizii cu privire la desf ăş ăşurarea procesului de predare – înv ăţare şi a procesului educativ din unitate. o
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale
să se accepte de c ătre toţi membrii hotărârea majorităţii; o fiecare membru să fie conştient de responsabilitatea deciziilor luate de echip ă; o problemele majore ale şcolii să se repartizeze pe membrii echipei; o fiecare membru al echipei manageriale să fie capabil să r ăspundă de activitatea sa în interiorul echipei. o
Test de autoevaluare 2
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Management educa ţional. Abordări actuale
Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare
1. – o metodologie globală a activităţii de educaţie; – un model de conducere conducere a unităţii şcolare; 2. – planificare, organizare, organizare, conducere, conducere, îndrumare, control, control, evaluare 3. – se taie bibliotecar şi mecanic
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Competen ţe şi atribuţii manageriale. Comportamente. Stiluri de conducere
Unitatea de înv ăţare 3
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Competen ţe şi atribuţii manageriale. Comportamente. Stiluri de conducere
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Competen ţe şi atribuţii manageriale. Comportamente. Stiluri de conducere
Piaţa muncii ofer ă i aspecte contradictorii 6
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Competen ţe şi atribuţii manageriale. Comportamente. Stiluri de conducere
- Capacitatea de ascultare. St ă la baza comunic ării. Nu înseamnă supunere, ci interes fa ţă de mesajul celui cu care
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Competen ţe şi atribuţii manageriale. Comportamente. Stiluri de conducere
3.2.3 Competenţe ale managerului şcolii
Lista de competen ţe necesare managerului colii difer ă de
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Funcţii manageriale. Exercitarea func ţiilor
Cultura managerială
Cultura cadrelor
Cultura elevilor
Climatul şcolii
Cultura managerial ă se manifest ă diferit de la o ţar ă la alta.
Într-un sistem de învăţământ în care directorul este manager adevărat, influenţa acestuia este mai mare pentru c ă ia decizii. În învăţământul românesc, directorul mai mult execut ă decât ia decizii, deoarece decizia fie este la nivele mai înalte, fie este încredin ţată echipei manageriale. În aceast ă situaţie nu se poate structura o cultur ă managerială. Cultura cadrelor didactice este cea mai puternic ă în organizaţia şcolar ă, dar şi divergentă. În interiorul acestei culturi se dezvoltă subculturi care se manifest ă diferit. Unele sunt în stare potenţială, altele domină, controlează. Aceste subculturi se diferenţiază după: sex, vechime în învăţământ, studii, domenii de interese, forme de încadrare etc. Chiar dac ă nu se face politic ă în şcoală, totuşi se contureaz ă subculturi specifice unor idei politice. Cultura elevilor se manifestă în relaţiile dintre aceştia. Principala formă de organizare este clasa. Cultura elevilor este influenţată şi de relaţiile lor cu profesorii, cu directorii şcolilor şi cu mediul exterior şcolii. Cultura elevilor cuprinde valori din cultura familiei sau a grupurilor de influen ţă (muzicale, artistice, sportive etc). Normele din cultura elevilor au leg ături şi cu normele unit ăţii de învăţământ. Într-o organizaţie şcolar ă, climatul şcolii are influenţă puternică asupra organiza ţiei şi, implicit, asupra rezultatelor ob ţinute de profesori şi elevi: Climatul şcolii este format din: - relaţiile profesor – profesor, profesor – director, profesor – elev, elev – elev; - stilul managerial al directorului; - calitatea managementului resurselor umane etc. Directorul poate influen ţa climatul şcolii, pentru că el poate media relaţiile dintre membri organiza ţiei şi poate crea o atmosfer ă în î n comunitatea şcolii. Necesitatea schimbării
Schimbarea
Pentru a sesiza necesitatea schimb ării şi a promovării inovaţiei, este suficient s ă ne imaginăm că am parcurs un somn de câteva zeci de ani, un somn sinonim cu stagnarea, în timp ce în lume au avut loc nenum ărate schimbări „în obiceiuri, comportamente, valori, limbă, disponibilitatea resurselor, structura şi organizarea activităţilor industriale, ocupa ţii specifice timpului liber, (...), stiluri de muncă” etc. În anul 1986, Peter F. Drucker afirma: „ a nu inova, adică a apăra ziua de ieri, este mult mai riscant decât a face ziua de mâine”. Având în vedere această constatare, precum şi faptul că tr ăim într-o lume în continuă şi ameţitor de rapidă schimbare, este evident că problema schimb ărilor în învăţământ reprezint ă o
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Funcţii manageriale. Exercitarea func ţiilor
Schimbare şi inovaţie
După L. Vlăsceanu, inova ţia în învăţământ se poate realiza prin reforma educa ţională şi schimbarea pedagogic ă. Prima desemnează un tip de inova ţie structurală şi sistematică – sistematică şi structurală, care afectează funcţionarea şi raporturile structurale din întregul sistem de învăţământ, având, totodat ă, referinţă intersistemică. A doua formă de realizare urm ăreşte „îmbunătăţirea sau modernizarea practicii educa ţionale, conform cu obiective predeterminate”. În viziunea autorului, cele dou ă se pot corela în cadrul unui proces de inovare planificat. Acelaşi autor precizeaz ă că schimbarea are anvergura reformei „fiindcă propune inova ţii şi redimensionări la nivelul structurii, al combinării metodelor de predare-învăţare-evaluare”. Educaţia este un subsistem al sistemului social. Schimbările în educaţie sunt un proces social care afecteaz ă structura şi funcţionalitatea sistemului educa ţional în dou ă direcţii: a) săr ăcirea şi decăderea structurii şi a funcţionalităţii sistemului, adică regresia; b) îmbogăţirea structurii şi a funcţionalităţii acestuia, adic ă dezvoltarea. Prima direcţie duce spre criz ă. Ea se poate manifesta prin diminuarea controlului social asupra şcolii, prin abandonarea vechiului sistem de norme şi valori f ăr ă a se institui altul, prin crize normative, prin nerecunoa şterea autorităţii. A doua direcţie ia forma inov ării şi presupune aplicarea acesteia şi producerea de efecte pozitive. Predicţie şi anticipaţie în schimbarea educaţională
Stan Kesen (1975) aprecia c ă, schimbarea are loc cel mai adesea dup ă ce managerul identific ă aspectele caracteristice st ării de criză, subliniind totodat ă că o abordare „mai ra ţională şi mult mai puţin costisitoare este aceea conform c ăreia managerii încearc ă să anticipeze nevoia de schimbare şi să proiecteze demersuri inovative creatoare înainte s ă se ivească probleme serioase”. Sublinierea mai plastic ă a necesit ăţii inovaţiei o face Lewis Caroll în Alice în Ţ ara : „Trebuie să alergi cât de repede po ţi ara Minunilor : pentru a r ămâne unde te afli”. Pentru a se produce inova ţia sunt necesare predic ţia şi anticipaţia în activitatea managerial ă. Predicţia identifică cea mai probabil ă stare a sistemului educa ţional într-un anume moment din viitor, iar anticiparea ia în considerare o gam ă largă de rezultate posibile pentru a deschide calea mai multor op ţiuni decât ar reuşi să facă predicţia.
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Funcţii manageriale. Exercitarea func ţiilor
Organizaţiile şcolare şi managementul schimbării
defineşte conceptul de management al schimb ării ca: „organizarea, administraţia, planificarea, prognoza, autogestiunea, controlul şi relaţiile umane stabilite între cadrele cu funcţii de conducere şi subordona ţi, precum şi raţionalizarea sistemului de informa ţie-decizie şi acţiune”, în vederea „restructur ării creatoare (...) în scopul îmbun ătăţirii (...) activităţii instructiv-educative”. Organizaţiile şcolare au o m ărime relativ important ă, o durată lungă de existenţă şi o structur ă puternică, ceea ce le face s ă se evidenţieze ca organiza ţii de tip formal, pe de o parte, şi ceea ce şi face să fie mai conservatoare, deci mai pu ţin susceptibile de a fi receptive la schimbare, în compara ţie cu alte tipuri de organizaţii, pe de altă parte. Organizaţiile şcolare, prezint ă şi o logică internă proprie, rezultată din autonomia relativ ă a sistemului de înv ăţământ în raport cu sistemul social. Această logică internă se obiectiveaz ă în practicile specifice sistemului de înv ăţământ, în atitudinile, comportamentele şi mentalităţile cadrelor didactice, în funcţionarea sistemului ca organizaţie birocratică, în tipuri de relaţii interumane. În managementul schimbării, cu cât logica internă a schimbării este un factor mai puternic, cu atât durata schimb ării sau, cu alte cuvinte, durata în timp între cerinţele societăţii şi schimbările educaţionale, este mai mare. Deşi organizaţiile şcolare sunt, în esen ţă, conservatoare, şcoala contribuie la schimbarea social ă, fie prin modificarea conţinutului curricular pentru a reflecta progresul şi descoperirile ştiinţifice şi tehnologice, fie prin schimbarea normelor, încât fiecare generaţie s ă înveţe ceva nou, diferit. Totu şi, educaţia poate fi utilizată deopotrivă în scopuri conservatoare, dar şi dinamice, de schimbare socială. În plan social, ceea ce o anumit ă grupare eticheteaz ă o acţiune drept conservatoare, o alt ă grupare o poate aprecia ca o schimbare. Perspectiva din care este perceput ă schimbare educaţională deţine un loc important în proiectarea şi implementarea unui program de inovare în înv ăţământ. În sistemul de învăţământ pot influen ţa schimbări atât managerul şcolar, prin calitatea activităţii manageriale, cât şi inspectorul şcolar, prin cerinţele pe care le formuleaz ă pentru cadrele didactice şi prin îndrumările date acestora. Dic ţ ionarul ţ ionarul
de
pedagogie,
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Funcţii manageriale. Exercitarea func ţiilor
Test de autoevaluare 4 1. Care sunt contextele manageriale? 2. Denumiţi funcţiile manageriale. 3. Care sunt etapele unei decizii? Înainte de redactarea a r ăspunsurilor revede ţi segmentele corespunz ătoare. Verificaţi-mă cu r ăspunsurile de la sfâr şitul unităţii de învăţare. Răspunsurile se formuleaz ă în spaţiul de mai jos.
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Funcţii manageriale. Exercitarea func ţiilor
Lucrare de verificare 2
Prezentaţi acţiunile pe care trebuie s ă le întreprindă managerul şcolii pentru perfecţionarea procesului de predare-înv ăţare-evaluare. Pentru redactare, revede ţi exercitarea func ţiei de planificare. Lucrarea se prezint ă pe cel mult dou ă pagini. Aprecierea lucr ării: 5 p. pentru activit ăţile propuse; 1 p. pentru claritate; 1 p. pentru corectitudinea exprim ării; 2 p. pentru varietate; 1 p. din oficiu
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Funcţii manageriale. Exercitarea func ţiilor
Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare
1. intern şi extern 2. planificare, coordonare, decizie, evaluare, control şi îndrumare 3. identificarea problemei, analiza problemei, stabilirea deciziei.
Bibliografie
Ioan Jinga – Conducerea înv ăţământului – Manual de management institu ţional, EDP, Buc, 1993 Rodica Niculescu – A înv ăţa să fii un bun manager, Edit. Inedit, Tulcea, 1994 Emil Păun – Şcoala – abordare socio-pedagogică, Edit. Polirom, Iaşi, 1994 Institutul de Ştiinţe ale Educa ţiei – Manual de management educa ţional pentru directorii de unităţi şcolare, Edit. Prognosis, Bucure şti, 2000. Luise Stall and Dean Fink – Changing our schools, Open University Press, Philadelphia, SUA, 1996
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
Unitatea de înv ăţare 5 MANAGEMENTUL ÎNV ĂŢĂMÂNTULUI SIMULTAN
Cuprins 5.1 Obiectivele unit ăţii de învăţare ..................... ................................ ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................61 .........61 5.2 Organizarea înv ăţământului simultan...........................................................................61 5.2.1 Constituirea claselor ........................ ............ ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... ................62 ...62 5.2.2 Gruparea claselor ......................... ............ ......................... ......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .................... .......62 62 5.2.3 Orarul...................................................................................................................62 5.3 Proiectarea anual ă şi semestrială ................................................................................66 5.4 Proiectarea lec ţiilor.......................................................................................................67 5.5 Procesul de predare – înv ăţare – evaluare evaluare ...................... ................................. ....................... ....................... .....................69 ..........69 Test de autoevalu autoevaluare are 5 ...................... ................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ............70 .70 Lucrare Lucrare de verificare verificare 3 ...................... .................................. ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................... .............71 ..71 Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare.................................................................................72 Bibliografi Bibliografie e ....................... .................................. ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... ...................... ...................72 ........72
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
5.1 Obiectivele unităţii de învăţare La sfâr şitul unităţii de învăţare, cursanţii vor fi capabili: - să grupeze clasele în condi ţiile lucrului cu mai multe clase; - să elaboreze orarul; - să întocmească planificarea calendaristic ă; - să proiecteze lecţiile; - să conducă procesul de predare - înv ăţare
5.2 Organizarea învăţământului simultan În învăţământul primar din mediul rural func ţioneaz ă şi clase Înv
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan o
conducerea procesului de predare – înv ăţare – evaluare.
Constituirea claselor, gruparea lor şi alcătuirea orarului fac parte din aspectul organizatoric.
Prevederile ordinului ministrului privind constituirea claselor
Gruparea claselor
De ce se grupează clasa I cu a III-a şi clasa a II-a cu a IV-a?
Alcătuirea orarului
5.2.1 Constituirea claselor în condiţiile predării simultane se realizează cu respectarea normelor în vigoare. În prezent, acestea prevăd următoarele: o se organizează învăţământ simultan pentru cel pu ţin 4 elevi care se afl ă în două clase diferite; o dacă sunt între 4 şi 22 de elevi, se asigur ă un post de învăţător care predă la patru clase; o dacă sunt între 23 şi 40 de elevi se normeaz ă două posturi de învăţător, care predau în acela şi timp la două clase; dacă sunt între 41 şi 60 de elevi se înfiin ţează trei o posturi; un învăţător predă simultan la dou ă clase care au mai pu ţini elevi, iar ceilalţi doi învăţători predau la celelalte două clase. de elevi au ap ărut 5.2.2 În legătur ă cu gruparea claselor de o serie de p ăreri; unele dintre ele nu au la baz ă argumente ştiinţifice sau sunt sus ţinute cu elemente firave. Experienţa acumulată în 100 de ani de înv ăţământ simultan demonstrează că cea mai bun ă grupare este clasa I cu a III-a şi clasa a II-a cu a IV-a. Din practica didactic ă s-a constatat c ă, dacă se lucrează simultan cu clasele I şi a II-a şi a III-a cu a IV-a, mul ţi elevi din clasele mici (I şi a II-a) participă la lecţiile claselor mai mari (a III-a şi a IV-a) deoarece nivelul cuno ştinţelor este apropiat. De asemenea, la vârsta claselor primare, copiii mai mari simt nevoia de a ocroti şi îndruma pe cei mai mici. Învăţătorul poate valorifica acest aspect. În celelalte situaţii de activitate didactic ă simultană, predarea la trei sau patru clase, aceast ă problemă nu apare. 5.2.3 Orarul se întocmeşte în funcţie de: programul zilnic stabilit de unitatea şcolar ă, de criteriile pedagogice referitoare la alcătuirea orarului, de disciplinele care se studiaz ă la fiecare clas ă. În situaţia în care numărul elevilor este spre limita maxim ă,
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
Cuplarea disciplinelor
Criterii pedagogice
Orare
Pentru cuplarea disciplinelor în orar, unii înv ăţători le împart în „grele” şi „uşoare”. Credem că e o abordare pripit ă. Î ţi trebuie timp de lucru cu clasa indiferent de „greutatea” disciplinei. Consider ăm că, în aceast ă situaţie, avem în vedere tipul de lec ţie. Astfel, se pot cupla o lecţie de transmitere de cuno ştinţe cu alta de recapitulare sau fixare şi consolidare. În aşezarea lecţiilor într-o zi se urmăresc criteriile pedagogice cunoscute. Ziua de luni este zi de adaptare dup ă repaus, deci se planific ă mai puţine discipline care solicit ă intens elevul, iar în ziua de vineri, când puterea de concentrare scade, se stabilesc discipline pentru care nu trebuie un efort intelectual prea mare. Prezentăm, în continuare, propuneri de orar pentru clasele I şi a III-a şi a II-a şi a IV-a, precum şi pentru predare simultan ă la patru clase:
Ziua
Clasa I Limba română
Luni
Limba română Educaţie muzicală Educaţie fizică
Clasele I şi III
Matematică Mar ţi
Limba română Limba română Opţional Limba română
Miercuri
Limba română Matematică ie fizic
Clasa a III-a Limba română
Ştiinţe Educaţie muzicală Educaţie fizică Limbă str ăină Limba română Opţional Matematică Limba română Limba română Matematică Limba română ie fizic
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
Clasele II şi IV
Ziua Luni
Clasa a II-a Opţional
Clasa a IV-a Limba română
Limba română
Istorie
Cunoaşterea mediului
Limba română
Educaţie muzicală
Educaţie muzicală
Limba română Mar ţi
Limba română Matematică Educaţie fizică
Miercuri
Ştiinţe Limba română Educaţie fizică Limbă str ăină
Matematică
Limba română
Limba română
Matematică
Limba română
Educaţie civică
Religie
Religie
Limba română Joi
Matematică
Limba română Matematică
Matematică Limba română Geografie Educaţie fizică
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
Predare simultan ă la patru clase Ziua
Clasa I Limba română Limba română Cunoaşterea mediului Educaţie muzicală
Clasa a II-a Opţional Cunoaşterea mediului Limba română Educaţie muzicală
Mar ţi
Matematică Limba română Limba română Educaţie fizică
Limba română Matematică Limba română Educaţie fizică
Miercuri
Matematică Limba română Limba română Religie
Limba română Matematică Limba română Religie
Limba română Limba română Matematică
Matematică Limba română Limba română
Luni
Joi
Clasa a III-a
Clasa a IV-a
Matematică Educaţie civică Limba română Educaţie muzicală
Educaţie civică Limba română Limba română Educaţie muzicală
Limba română Limbă str ăină Limba română Educaţie fizică Opţional Limba română Matematică Religie Limba română Matematică Limbă str ăină Limba română
Matematică Limba str ăină Limba română Educaţie fizică Ştiinţe Limba română Matematică Limba română Religie Geografie Istorie Limbă str ăină Matematică
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
5.3 Proiectarea anuală şi semestrială Planificarea anuală şi semestrială
Proiectarea este o activitate care se realizeaz ă înainte de începerea semestrelor. Documentele de planificare cuprind parcurgerea materiei pe un an şcolar şi pe semestru. Ele asigur ă o abordare ritmică a conţinuturilor în funcţie de dificultăţile acestora şi de experienţa de învăţare a copiilor. Activitatea de proiectare se desf ăş ăşoar ă în mai multe etape.
Etapele proiectării Studierea programelor şcolare
O primă etapă este studierea programelor şcolare. Învăţătorul studiază cu atenţie aceste documente, revede obiectivele cadru şi de referinţă, precum şi conţinuturile de predat. De asemenea, are în vedere deprinderile şi priceperile formate la elevi, ritmul lor de învăţare.
Proiectarea conţinuturilor
Etapa următoare este proiectarea con ţinuturilor pe cele două semestre. Potrivit num ărului de ore din planul de înv ăţământ, învăţătorul planifică materia pentru fiecare semestru. Documentul de planificare se întocme şte pentru fiecare clas ă şi disciplină în parte.
Structura planificării
Unitatea
Având în vedere elementele specifice ale pred ării simultane, planificarea calendaristic ă ar putea avea urm ătoarea structur ă: Obiective
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
Propunem, în continuare, o structur ă a documentului: Unitatea de înv ăţare........................ Nr. ore.............
Conţinuturi Obiective de referinţă
Activităţi de învăţare
Activităţi de învăţare
Resu Resurs rse e Eval Evalua uare re Obse Observ rva aţii
Cu Activităţi învăţătorul independente
Propuneri de activit ăţi de învăţare se află şi în programe. Învăţătorul are libertatea s ă desf ăş ăşoare şi altele, în funcţie de cerinţele clasei, ale disciplinei, ale elevilor. Activit ăţile independente se planific ă şi în funcţie de timpul acordat pentru efectuarea lor. Ultima etapă este revederea planific ărilor în raport cu gruparea disciplinelor în orar.
1. Studierea programelor 2. Proiectarea conţinuturilor
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
Proiect didactic Data: ............................ ăţătorului........................ Numele şi prenumele înv ăţă
Aria curricular ă Disciplina Unitatea de învăţare Subiectul Tipul lecţiei Scopul lecţiei Obiective operaţionale: La sfâr şitul lecţiei, elevii vor fi capabili:
Clasa a II-a ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
Clasa a IV-a ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
................................................. ................................................. .................................................
..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
................................................. ................................................. ................................................. ................................................. .................................................
Strategii didactice: Metode şi procedee: Resurse materiale: Evaluare: Bibliografie:
Clasa a II-a
Clasa a IV-a
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
5.5 Procesul de predare-învăţare-evaluare Activitatea directă cu învăţătorul
Procesul didactic în condi ţiile predării simultane are ca element specific alternarea activit ăţii directe a elevilor cu înv ăţătorul cu activitatea independent ă a acestora. Pentru desf ăş ăşurarea activităţii directe, învăţătorul structurează cu atenţie cunoştinţele de predat, încât s ă-i fie clar înainte de lecţie, ce cunoştinţe transmite el şi ce informaţii obţin copiii din manuale sau din alte surse. Cadrul didactic prezint ă elementele
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
Test de autoevaluare 5 1. Cum se desf ăş ăşoar ă procesul de predare-îmv ăţare-evaluare în condi ţii de lucru simultan? 2. Cum se grupează clasele când se lucreaz ă simultan? 3. Prezentaţi orarul unei zile cu predare simultan ă.
Redactaţi r ăspunsurile în spa ţiul de mai jos. Înainte de redactare, revedeţi subcapitolele corespunz ătoare. Verificaţi-vă cu r ăspunsurile de la sfâr şitul unităţii de învăţare.
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
Lucrare de verificare 3 Realizaţi un proiect didactic pentru o or ă de lucru în condi ţii simultane la dou ă clase. Pentru redactare, revede ţi subcapitolele şi structura proiectului. Lucrarea se prezint ă pe cel mult dou ă pagini. Aprecierea lucr ării: 5 p. – pentru respectarea structurii şi pentru conţinut; 2 p. – pentru alternan ţa activităţii directe cu activitatea independentă; 1 p. – pentru varietatea activit ăţilor;
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Managementul înv ăţământului simultan
Răspunsuri la testul de autoevaluare 1. După aceleaşi planuri de înv ăţământ, programe şi manuale şcolare, se urmăresc aceleaşi obiective; 2. Predare la 2 clase: clase: I cu a III-a şi a II-a cu a IV-a; Predare la 3 clase – lucreaz ă simultan clasele cu num ăr de copii cel mai mic; 3. Verificaţi cu subcapitolul 5.2.3.
Bibliografie Rodica Gârleanu Costea, Gheorghe Alexandru – Activitatea simultan ă la două sau mai multe clase în ciclul primar, Editura Gheorghe Câr ţu Alexandru, Craiova, 1996
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Bibliografie
BIBLIOGRAFIE Antonesei, Liviu şi colectiv – Managementul universitar de la viziunea conducerii la managementul de succes, Edit. Polirom, Iaşi 2000; Cristea, Sorin – Dic ţionar de termeni pedagogici, EDP, Buc, 1998; Gârleanu Costea, Rodica, Gheorghe Alexandru – Activitatea simultan ă la două sau mai multe clase în ciclul primar, Editura Gheorghe Cârtu Alexandru, Craiova, 1996; Institutul de Ştiinţe ale Educa ţiei – Manual de management educaţional pentru directorii de unit ăţi şcolare, Edit. Prognosis, Bucureşti, 2000; Jinga, Ioan – Conducerea învăţământului – Manual de management instituţional, EDP, Buc, 1993; Joiţa, Elena – Management educaţional, Edit Polirom, Ia şi, 2000;