Malabar Trogon_2011_Vol. 9 (3)

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Malabar Trogon is a newsletter of the Malabar Natural History society in Kerala which publishes articles and notes on the flora and fauna of Kerala.

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Vol. 9(3) 9(3) Sept-Dec. 2011 Executive Committee President Dr. Dr. T.N. Vijayakumar Vij ayakumar Secretary Dr. Muhamed Jafer Palot Vice President Mr. Sathyan. N.K Jt. Secretary Mr. C.J. Thomas Treasurer Dr. Dr. Muhamed Muh amed Rafeek Rafe ek A.P A. P.M. Members Dr. Dinesan Cheruvat Dr. K. Kishorekumar Mr. K.G.Bimalnath Mr. V. Syam Mr. S. Arjun Mr. T. Ajithkumar Dr. Dr. Vijayanthi Vij ayanthi Dr. Dr. K. Fousy Mr. Mr. Muralikrishn Mu ralikrishnan. an. V.P Dr.Rajesh Dr.Rajesh K.P Mr. Mr. O. Jayarajan Dr. Dr. Zeenath Zee nath Mr. Abdul Riyaz. K. Mr. Balakrishnan Valappil Mr. Madhuraj. T.V. Mr. Vijesh Vallikunnu Editor Mr. C. Sashikumar Editorial Board Dr. Dinesan Cheruvat Mr. Babu Kambrath Dr. K.P. Rajesh Mr. Mr. V.C. Balakrishnan Balakri shnan Mr. Praveen. J Prof. I.G. Bhaskara Panikker Nature Education Officer Dr. K. Kishorekumar

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EDITORIAL

High literacy has been hailed as an indicator of social development in Kerala s independence. This is true to a certain extent and is reflected in the fields of public health, awareness of social responsibil responsibilities ities like family planning. A direct outcome of high li popularity of Malayalam Malayalam newspaper newspaperss and periodicals in Kerala. Kerala. An average average Keralite is ad newspaper, literally. A day in the remotest village in Keral a begins with men sitting in the lo with a newspaper in hand. It goes without saying that the Malayalam newspaper has influence over the Kerala psyche. As elsewhere in India, issues relat ing to the conservation of the environment hav Kerala too, from time to time. The proposal to construct a dam across River Kunthi in Sile the early 1980s and the resistance to this by some enlightened individuals of the general p this breed is referred to as environmentalists – could be considered as the first instance her the limelight of the print media. It has been three decades since then, it is intere sting to see h press reacts to the environm environmental ental issues today today.. One good example of how the print media could influence the public sentimen makers is the highlighting of the sufferings of the people in Kasaragode distr ict who were th years of aerial spraying of the pesticide endosulphan in the cashew plantations owned b sector Plantation Corporation of Kerala. The press reports and photographs gave great im sustained efforts of some committed individuals of the locality and their supporters from di of Kerala. After a prolonged campaign, all the political heavyweights had to jump into the against the pesticide pestici de use which forced an adamant bureaucracy to budge and the use of the p finally banned in the state. But, the fourth estate had not been as enthusiastic as this on all the environm Even if they were, it has been only at the beginning of the campaigns, soon interest dwin battle had to be continued continued by a small group of people people indefinitely: indefinitely: we witness this in th conservation of Chalakudy River. Another problem is that most of the papers with a large c Kerala have a multitude of local editions and this, in a way, restricts the spread of a particula In many cases, the stand of the press is not clear and they even contradict. A few 1. The closure of the highway that runs through Bandipur National Park during the night in opposition from certain quarters in Kerala, especially Wayanad district. Anyone who through this road at least once will be aware of the presence of wild animals and it need reasoning to imagine the impact of heavy traffic on them, even during the day. Defying a press was was generally generally supportive supportive of the protest against against the the closure; closure; at the the same time seve often carried photographs of animals hit by some vehicles and herds of elephants waitin road to cross over! 2. A public hearing was held at Aralam Wildlife Wildlife Sanctuary Sanctuar y in January 2011 to discuss the  d area n bringing the the adjacent adjacent Kottiyur and Thirunelly Thirunelly Reserve Reserve Forests Forests under the the protected protecte Sign up to vote on who this title officials of the Kerala Forests and Wildlife Department, initiated the meet representatives of the panchayaths, members the legislative assembly usefulof Kerala, repres ofUseful  Not the media and members of the general public were present. The people from the Thi protested against the proposal citing examples of the human- animal conflicts that already and argued that declaring the reserve forest as a sanctuary would aggravate the problem f

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MALABAR TROGO

Conservation for Extraction Part-I

Historical Antecedents of Forest Reservation in Colonial Travancore

Amruth M. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur. [email protected] “The instrument, the knife, that carved out the new new,, rudimentary forest was the razor-sharp interest in the of a single commodity….Having come to see the forest as a commodity, scientific forestry set about refashio commodity machine. Utilitarian simplification in the forest was an effective way of maximizing wood production and intermediate term. Ultimately, however, however, its emphasis on yield and paper profits, its relatively short time h above all, the vast array of consequences it had resolutely bracketed came back to haunt it.” James C. Scott (1998) Seeing (1998) Seeing L

In this multi-part paper I shall describe the efforts made from 1850s to 1940s in creating government-‘

in Travancore. These efforts efforts were made with the aid of conceptual armoury drawn from the emergent science of Forestry.. I will demonstrate how nature/forests began to be viewed as a resource and how it was utilised in an eff Forestry nature to enhance production and productivity. Here, ideas of ‘improvement’ and ‘progress’ are treated as dev reasons. We We will proceed by examining key episodes in the introduction of Continental Forestry ideals under conditions. Thrust will be to demonstrate how forestry aimed to ‘conserve’ forests for future production and consu Before embarking on a description of the measures adopted for establishing a government forest estate reservation of forests, it is necessary to understand the contexts and historical antecedents of these developments. Historical Antecedents This section will provide t he historical context in which the measures to create forests was introduced in th towards the last decades of the 19 century century.. Forests of Travancore Travancore were linked to the world system of trade for ce there was no systematic scheme envisaged for improvement of forests prior to second half of 19 century century.. European and Arabian trade at the South-Western Coast of India from sixteenth to eighteenth cen 2 predominantly in spices and condiments, most of which were procured from the forested inlands. The con volume of trade in historical accounts suggest that there existed collection and supply networks and mer 3 th developed due to trade. By late 17 century century,, European traders traders began to exert considerable political influence influence rulers with regards to the monopolistic trade rights on pepper and other merchandise. The goods thus collect th th capital for inland trade trade also. Towards Towards the end of 17 century and early decades of the 18 century century,, the trade centre to be dominated by the foreign trading companies. However, their gaze had not fallen on the forestland from wher spices originated to flow to these centres. Gradually, Gradually, centralised political power was extended to the whole especially following the entry of chartered trading companies of England and France, and it culminating th 4 domination domin ation by the end of of 18 centu century ry.. It was substantiated that after 1792 an important shift took place in terms of sources of the capital that 5 Colonial activities in Travancore Travancore (as elsewhere in the south-western coast). This shift in policy had long-lastin  shaping the Land Revenue Administration and consequent interventions inup thetoforestlands oftitle newly annexed re Sign vote on this revenue became important source of financing the Colonial project in comparison to trade surplus. The shift o Not useful  Useful  coterminous with annexation of Malabar and incorporation of the Princely States of Cochin and Travancore to the English East India Company. The two consecutive treaties with the Company Company,, the first in 1795 and the second in 1805, left Travancor

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MALABAR TROGON - VOL.9(3)

Focus on Timber It is well known that the affairs of forests were keenly observed and controlled by the British paramountcy timbers for various purposes, especially teak for the Royal Navy’s seafaring vessels, had assumed strategic import domination of maritime trade. The interest of the Travancore government on the forests was mainly to maximize t th for which it was hard-pressed due to the payment of tributes to paramountcy. In early decades of the 19 century scarcity of fine timber in the forests, due to indiscriminate felling by private agencies, had already become a con result, more attention fell on the affairs of forests, especially on ti mber. The office of Conservator was among British offices that were created in the State which in a way indicates the importance given to forests by the colonial th

During the second decade of 19 century, almost half of the total land area (approximately 8754 sq. km 16458 sq. km.) of the State was forested, while the area of forests in the metropolitan countries such as B 15 insignificantly small. Early Colonial interests on the forests were on spices and timber. Among the forest spices, th was a state monopoly for nearly a century until late 19 century. There were inquiries on the availability of teak timb th 16 th forests of the Malabar Coast right from the late 18 century. As early as in the late 18 century a timber depot wa 17 Aleppey during the period of Dewan Raja Kesava Das. A post of Conservator was created in early 1800s t extraction and supply of the timber to the depots in Aleppey to be sold to the British-Indian dockyards for shipbuildi Towards 1820s, it was reported that teak at the most accessible parts of the river basins that were leased out to contractors for extraction were exhausted of timber. Subsequently extraction of teak by private contractors was repl 19 direct operation by government agency under the supervision of a British officer. Initially the offices of the Cons Commercial Agent were held by a single officer. The original purpose of Commercial Agency was sale ofSirkar pep Later monopoly commodities such as cardamom, teak timber and other forest produces were also sold by the C Agent. It also functioned ‘…as a trustworthy medium of supplying all valuable foreign articles of merchandize requ 20 use of Palace and State….’ The duties of the Conservator and Commercial Agent were separated in early 1820 fulltime Conservator was a British, Urban Verres Munro, son of Col.Munro, the British Resident at Travan conservancy did not mean conservation in its presently used sense. Concern of the office of the conservator was c overseeing the supply and sale of the timber in the timber yard at the Aleppey. Manpower was limited and the Department was manned by personnel who usually had no prior experience or e forestry. Major activities of the Department were procuring of timber and hill produce to government Commer You're Reading a Preview levying of river duty on the timber transported, and issuance of regulations and proclamations for controlling hill Unlock full access with a free and forest offences. A few proclamations for restricting the extraction oftrial. state monopoly produces were issued period. The Conservator’s territories within the State were loosely defined either in terms of occurrences of the roya in terms of the watch stations it maintained to check unauthorised transportation of timber through rivers. Download With Free Trial Apart from the intensification of agriculture based production, there were also attempts of extending plantation crops. For instance, Travancore responded to the demand for land by European planters favourably 21 concessional rent and moderate taxes. State also incurred expenses of developing communication networks muc for increasing accessibility to hitherto unopened territories / plantation zones in the hills. These policies fav intentions of European planters who were interested in growing subtropical cash crops in the higher altitudes; 22 resulting in the large-scale plantations in the High Ranges. In the wake of establishment of coffee plantations i Ranges by J.D. Munro, the then Dewan of Travancore observed:  Sign up to vote on this title The Sircar feels satisfied that the country would largely benefit by the introduction of the capital, skill and Not useful  would of European gentlemen in utilising tracts of valuable land, which fortheUseful most part otherwise be unto generations. It has accordingly been the anxious desire of the Sircar to afford facilities for planters…(RAT 1862-63: Extension of plantations meant alteration of forested lands. During the European / Arabian trade, the comp

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MALABAR TROGO

There are parts of forests where there is magnificent timber which ought to be, but which cannot be, br first because there are no roads, and secondly, because Elephant-power, considered indispensable, is limited. Th of the forests which are being worked, is left entirely to natural processes….It is the intention of the Sirkar to ar Conservator visiting some of the best worked forests of British India, with a view to see if any particular instru gained. (RAT 1864-65: 52) Need for improving the forests, making the forest work more efficiently and improved timber producti reflected in the above statement. Travancore attempted to replicate British Indian system of forest administrat extraction at the direct supervision of the government necessitated establishment of a network of labours, con traders. Activities such as capture of elephants and their training proved to be an indispensable part of the scheme. Forests of Mahendragiri which was managed by the Revenue Department were brought under the Co 1882. This act was a response to the indiscriminate felling and consequent directive passed by Madras Presidenc reservation period (i.e. prior to 1890s), such incidents of inclusion of forest tracts to the Forest Department’s juris frequent. Majority of the forest tracts in the State, excepting the land under the supervision of Superintendent o 27 and a small portion in the Southern Travancore, came under the jurisdiction of the Conservator by then. Another significant development in pre-reservation era was a change in the land revenue policy that occurred a New policy emphasised taxing the fertility (productive potential) of land whereas the old one taxed the actual cro One of the consequences of adopting this criterion was the creation of newer productivity categories of land tha definite tax-tariff. The land is taxed on these tariff rates even if it was not cultivated. In an address to the lan Travancore, Dewan explained the reason behind this reform as below: It is true that only a portion of the land yields any return at present, and that the vacant portion even if pla would take probably 7 or 8 years to come into bearing, but surely the unplanted portion can be and a matter of f account in a hundred ways. The coconut plant does not interfere with the ground being cultivated, with anythi likes to grow. He can and does grow vegetables, plantains, arrowroot, yams and edible roots of all kinds. It can be to pay a trifle for land which can be put profitable account in so many ways. It is true that the owner pays little o such land now, but that is precisely why he does not care to work, why he is lazy and earns so little, and why hi such as it is, is so slovenly. The sooner the cultivators in Travancore are made to see that if they take up land they pay for it, the better for them and the country in general. They will become much more useful and active me You're Reading a Preview community than they are. (RAT 1882-83: cxxiii) This was a manifestation of the State’s aspirations making its subjects more enterprising in the pr Unlock full accessfor with a free trial. 29 wealth by making improvements on land. The rationale behind the shift of attention from crops to fer subsequently influenced the perception on forms of land use also. The changed treatment of forest as ‘land’, as Download With Trialout territories for ‘improvement’ o standing crop of timber, also justified the reservation of forests andFree charting 30 the aid of specific management inputs. This was a criterion already followed in the British-Indian revenue settlem Travancore, the shift was coterminous with the shift in forest policy. The Forest Act, which came into effect in 188 forests in terms of its productive potential of timber. Similarly, choice of plantation sites was also made by cons productivity and land value. Therefore, these logics of reforms significantly recast the idea of what forests ough this historical background let us return to the forestry discourse under colonial conditions. The political-economic rationale inherent in forestry discourses were often bundled along with other  discourses of colonialism and modernisation. In a deeper sense, this logic theon leading thread of practic Sign formed up to vote this title there were crevices between the rationale and practices. This rationality was different from the rationality of othe  Useful  Not useful 31 discourses on desiccation and shifting cultivation. This is to argue that, although colonialism is all about control 32 the self-justification of it could be achieved only through the Orientalist discourse. Orientalism represented the progressed and Orient yet to be progressed primitive. Therefore, when the notions of and primitive

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rates of seigniorage were redundant. Besides, valuable forests were being destroyed due to ‘kumari or hill cultivat 36 fires which in the absence of legislation could not have been checked’. As a consequence, in 1884, a Joint Committee on Administration of Travancore Forests, consisting of sen of forest, revenue and other departments, was constituted to look into the matters of forest administration and re defects. In the joint Report, the Committee expressed their conviction that there existed an urgent need for a revi system of administration of forests in the State. Assistant Conservator, T.F. Bourdillon, was assigned the duty of detailed report on the modalities of effecting these changes. The Committee also made proposals for reserving fore making an enactment similar to that of Madras Forest Act. Subsequently, a draft regulation was prepared. T promulgated the first Forest Regulation in 1888 for ‘want of a comprehensive legislative enactment for the proper 37 of forests. The Act emulated Madras Forest Act (1882) which was in turn a modified version of Indian Forest Act b in 1878. Indian Forest Act had provisions for forming two kinds of forests the ‘reserved forests’ and ‘protected fores of reserved forest, the right to use it was exclusively vested with the government, boundaries of which were clearly d and others could use it only with government permission. Whereas the protected forests were those Government f were not yet been surveyed and temporarily been open to limited private use. Madras Government declined to imp Indian Forest Act of 1878 as the rights of the villagers over the forests were such as to prevent the formation of excl Reserves. Madras Forest Act also was framed in the same general lines as the Indian Forest Act. However, the p 38 relating to the constitution of reserved forests were made more people-friendly and simple. The regulation of 1888 was revised and expanded in 1893 with provisions for asserting state right monopoly forest produces. The regulation of 1888 concerned only about the reservation forests; this was retained 39 regulation more or less fully. The Government was aware of the controversies such bills and regulations creat 40 British-Indian Provinces. Finally, the forest regulation was passed in Travancore and it prohibited most of activit 41 been practiced laymen in the forests. The Travancore Forest Regulation was formulated in close compliance with acts of Madras and British-India. The Forest Rules along with the forest regulation provided a detailed fram translating the ideals of the Continental Forestry into practice. The legal framework formed the crucial inve contrivance that empowered the foresters to assert the rightness of their specialised knowledge over the “ign labelling their practices as criminal. To suit the operationalisation of the new legal instruments, the Forest Department was completely reorgan You're Reading a Preview th turn of 20 century by dividing the territory under its jurisdiction into Divisions and Ranges on the lines of the Br Administration. As in the case of other Acts and full policies, instance Unlock access in withthis a free trial. also Travancore replicated Brit administrative courses, of course with a time lag in comparison to Bengal and Madras. The objective of pas regulation was to consolidate all activities to a forest territory that was exclusively owned by the state. This was Free Trial by extinguishment of the private rights onceDownload and for all;With this process was called ‘forest settlement’; where ‘settlement’ stands for settlement of private rights. State owned Forest Estate was a requirement for practicing the C Forestry that was originally constituted as one of the cameral sciences in the 18 and 19 century Germany and France The condition that made such reforms necessary is reflected in a retrospective statement made in the yea the official historian. No rules were issued for the guidance of the department; no forest demarcation was done; no survey was no fire-protection was attempted; no roads and bridle-paths were opened in the forests; and no rest-houses or cam  Sign upoftotimber vote on this title grave mena were constructed to facilitate inspection. The unsystematic felling and removal was another growth. No process of extraction under any working plan was contemplated, smuggling useful was rampan  Useful while  Not insufficiency and inefficiency of the small illiterate, irresponsible preventive staff employed to combat the evil w notorious. Nor was the complicated, unreliable and unmethodical manner of keeping accounts in the departments ca enhance its prestige. (Iyer 1998: 321)

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MALABAR TROGO

180-221). Thiruvananthapuram: State Editor, Kerala State Gazetteers. Miller, P., & Rose, N. (1993). Governing Econom ic Life. In M. Gane & T. Johnson (Eds.), Foucault's New Domains (pp. 75-1 Routledge. Nair,C.T.S., Chundamannil, M., & Muhammad E. (1984). Intensive Multiple Use Forest Management in the Tropics: the Evergreen Forest and Teak Plantations in Kerala, India . Peechi, Thrissur, Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Research Rajan, R. (1998). Imperial Environmentalism or Environmental Imperialism? European Forestry, Colonial Foresters and the Forest Management in British India 1800-1900. In R. Grove (Ed.), Nature and the Orient . London: Oxford Universit Rammohan, K.T. (1996). Material Processes and Developmentalism: Interpreting Economic Change in Colonial Tiruvitam 1945, University of Kerala Rammohan, K.T. (2006). Tales of Rice: Kuttanad, Southwest Indi a. Thiruvananthapuram: Centre for Development Studies. RAT (Report on the Administration of Travancore) various yea rs (from 1862 to 1947), Travancore Govt., Trivandrum. Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism: Western Concepts of the Orient . London: Penguin Books. Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yal Press. TFM (Travancore Forest Manual) (1917, 1947), Travancore Govt., Trivandrum. Tharakan, P.K.M. (1999). Development of Colonial Economy In Kerala, (1850-1947). In Cheriyan, P.J. (Ed.), Perspectiv History- The Second Millennium (pp. 360-401). Thriuvananthapuram: State Editor, Kerala State Gazetteers. Varghese, T. C. (1970). Agrarian Change and Economic Consequence: Land Tenures in Kerala, 1850-1960 . Bombay: Allied Ward,B.S, & Conner,P.E. (1863)[1994]. Geographical and Statistical Memoir of the Survey of the Travancore and Cochin Sta under the Superintendence of Lieutenants Ward and Conner from July 1816 to the end of the Year 1820 Vol. I. Editor, Gazetteers Department, Trivandrum. 1. This is an extract from a forthcoming monograph titled Governi ng 'Man' and 'Nature' in Colonial Travancore. 2. M a j o r

items of trade included: pepper, ginger, coir, cinnamon, sealing wax, clove, c myrobalan,indigo,tamarind, Myrrh, zerumbet, camphor, cubebs, nutmeg, sandal, zedoary etc. 3. Mathew (1999 : 180-221)

4. Roughly in the mid-18 century, one of the Kingdom - Venad - consolidated and extended command over the smaller principal

aid of English East India Company to form Travancore. 5. Tharakan (1999: 360-401)

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Unlock 6. Aitchison (1983) quoted in Rammohan (1996: 13)

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7.

Enhanced from Rs. 78,000 to more t han Rs. 8,00,000 (Varghese 1970, quoted in Chundamannil 1993: 13)

8.

Revolt of 1808 was lead by Dewan Velu Thambi Dalawa. Download

With Free Trial

9. Resident was the diplomatic

representative of the British Paramaountcy in Princely States. Col. John Munroe was the Travancore from 1810 to 1819. His assuming of the office of the Dewan and Reside nt simultaneously, was responsible for ena reform. 10.

These reforms had further implications of weakening of the existing upper-caste dominated power structure in State. F treatment of the impact of the revolt of 1808, leading to a near total annexation of State by British, and subsequent reforms British-India, see Rammohan (1996: 11-17). The structure of the upper caste dominated state administration, including justice up to the lower rung at village level, was affected by the reforms. 

toproduction vote on this title socialup and relat ions, especially, eff 11. The new modes of land revenue system also had decisive influence on variousSign

towards increasingly monetised economy, among almost all strata of society. (Ludden 1999: 170-72) For instance, during 1 Useful Not useful revenue from the paddy land in Travancore was Rs. 11,13,006, while the same from garden land Rs. 4,02,804, out of the tota 16,69,316 from land. This means that, the revenue due to paddy amounted to roughly 67 percent of total land revenue. The gr from all sources were about 52 lacs (RAT 1867-68 : 32).

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pertaining to the utilisation of land, especially those intended to facilitate expansion of food and cash crop cultivation in the fore th th even in late 19 and early 20 centuries. 23.

Chundamannil (1993 :12-13)

24.

RAT (1872-74: 82)

25. See Rammohan (1996: 95-106), According to him, there was a demand explosion for timber in the post 1860s which w prompted State to make initiatives for improvement of forests. 26. The British Indian Forest Department establishment had a formal beginning in 1864 with Dietrich Brandis as

In sp ec to r Forests (Chundamannil 1993: 20). The first version of Indian Forest Act was brought out in 1865, soon after the institution Department. It was replaced by a more 'sophisticat ed' Act in 1878. 27.

The Cardamom Hills was under the control of Conservator until 1869. It was thereafter transferred to Cardamom Departm started functioning in 1823. The forests in Sout h Travancore was under the direct control of t he Revenue Department (RAT 1872-7 see Nair, Chundamannil and Muhammad (1984 : 53). 28. Reforms in the revenue administration that took place in the early 19

th

century under the zealous initiative of Col. Munroe as Resident involved annexation of the land and property owned by the temples. This brought to focus the land as a source of rev assessment of tax was based on the actual produce from land. The new system of assessment all lands were classified ba productivity classification and determining the possible maximum yield from cultivation of each of these categories of land. 29. See

th

the Address by the Dewan of Travancore to the Leading Landholders, on 24 March 1883 (RAT 1882-83: cvii-cxxv). Su had already been in practice in Madras Presidency. However, for us what is interest ing is the change in the general logic in taxation of control (RAT 1882-83: cxxiii). 30.

It may be noted that, in Travancore, the policy of reservation of forests was followed on the basis of the report of the com improvement of forests -1884. However, both these policies were cotermi nous. 31. See Grove (1994) for a scholarly treatment on colonial Desiccati on Discourses. 32. See Said (1978) 33. See Scott (1998) for the specific meaning in which the word 'legibil ity' is used here. 34. 'Action at a Distance', See Latour (1987) ci ted in Miller and Rose (1993: 76). 35. RAT

(1882-83 : 53). Also see Rammohan (1996: 96-97), where he demonstrated that there was a demand-explosion for timb 1860s. It is also stated that “The quantity of teak exports from Tiruvitamkur doubled between 1882 and 1892. Between 1860 and You're Reading a Preview value of timber of all kinds exported expanded by more than seven-fold….” 36. RAT (1882-83: 53) Unlock full access with a free trial. 37. RAT (1890-91:113) 38. The Indian Forest Act was passed in 1878; the Madras For est Act was delayed by four years because of the strong disagr eemen Download With FreeinTrial among the cadres of foresters in the Presi dency on annexing forests as intended Indian Forest Act. Majorit y of the foresters in t Presidency were sympathetic to the needs of villagers. Resultantly the Madras Act was more liberal than the Indian Forest Act. ventured a comparison of the provisions of the Acts of Madras and Travancore, but it is glaringly evident that the provisions such forest is lacking in the Travancore Act. 39. TFM (1917: 1-2) 40. As introduction to bill, T.Rajaram Rao provided a detailed introd uction for the Act. In the very beginning of the Introduction he “While the working of Forest laws is causing much heart-burning and complaint in British India, the introduction of a Bill passin the same subject in this country requires special expl anation….”. (TFM 1917: 1)  Sign up to vote on this title 41. TFM (1917: 13-17) 42. Rajan (1998).  Useful  Not useful

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8

MALABAR TROGO

and flanks. It had pinkish brown legs and feet. Habitat and behavior: I saw the birds in a damp paddyfield near Thamarassery around 40 m above MSL, c.30 km away from Kozhikode on the Wayanad route. There were four birds searching for food, along with Blyth's Reed-Warbler and Whiterumped Munia Lonchura striata. These birds could be seen clearly when they moved around in the paddy. They usually foraged at the base of the plants, occasionally perching on the stalks. I could photograph two individual birds of the species during the

time of observation. Sashikumar have included this spe secondary list ('unver reports') and men sightings from Kerala I know, this is the fir of this species from substantiated by photo Reference: Sashikumar, C., Pr Muhammed Jafer Palot a 2011. Birds of Kerala Distribution. D C Books, Kottayam.

Fluttering of Birds in Malayalam Poetry Rajeswari C

Guest Lecturer, Department of Malayalam, Mercy College, Palakkad

Love of nature is an innate emotional expression of a poet. In his/her creation, many poets hav

animals as symbolic representations of human life. Among all wild creatures, the bird has always been closest t You'renoticeable Reading in a Preview because flight and song make birds exceptionally every sort of environment and can easily be appreciated. Thus, birds become important poetic imagery in the thoughts and creativity of poets. Unlock full access with a free trial. While referring to seasons, life and culture, birds have profoundly influenced the minds of Malayalam poets. been the reason for the presence of birds in various forms in Malayalam poetry throughout history. Malayalam reflect the changing landscape and human nature using birds as symbols. Thus, the fluttering of birds in Malaya Download With Free Trial especially poetry is very deep and pervasive. Apart from narrating the beauty of nature, Malayalam poets took i responsibility to protect birds and animals through their writings. They could recognize that the extinction o creatures may cause the demise of this vibrant earth. This has created the blending of many environmental is faces, with poetry. Unlike the traditional Malayalam poetic style, a new environmental awareness evolved on such issu later stage. In order to provide the beauty of nature in poems, birds are used as backgrounds in different ways  are co time the bird has also been used as an instrument to recognize the natural catastrophe. Thus, the birds Sign up to vote on this title natural element in poetry for soothsaying the natural disasters. Useful views useful  Not For all these poets, birds were symbols of freedom. They have served to express against social injustice a time to time. In his writing 'Kilippattu', Ezhuthachan has tried to generate a moral sentiment through Bhakthi. such an emotion was highly demanded during that period. One can find names such as Garuda, Jadayu, Sampat

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The symbol of birds helps to capture the mind and feelings of any reader. This is a perception from the deal with nature in their writings. These poets tried to create awareness in the society on the changes in nature bro by man himself. In 'Ezhimala' Sachidanadan gives an example for that. The poem gives a picture of nature's disa by the encroachment of man. “ Pettennorudivasam Bootukalkumeethe bootukal vannu Azhissiyude pukalppattukalkkumeethe Buldosarukal panjuvannu Paranarude velicham pootha Vengayilum churappunnayilum Kuruvikalude chora therichu veenu”

The plot of the poem narrated the issues that evolved in connection with the establishment of Ezhim

Academy. Though the poet had always depicted the murmur and music of little sparrows in a romantic mood, t seems to be looking at the darkness of danger in this poem. The poet has constructed imaginary symbols for this. It seems that the usages are made according to the su culture. “ 'vithum kaikottu' mennengum Muzhangummattu rappakal Mavinthoppil ninnu paduMa vishupakshiyengupoy” [Sankrama sandhyail – P Kunjiraman nair] By saying thus the poet indicates the loss of nature. The song of 'Vishupakshi' - the migratory Indian Cuck of childhood nostalgia of many Malayalees. The poet has written the whole poem in the same tune of the song of and the image created by the poet can make any one fly with the bird to its own world. These images create a feeling You're Reading a Preview with the bird. Unlock full access 'mazhapakshi' with a free trial. etc. which gets a place in poetry, th But there are some expressions such as 'pathirakozhi', them are imaginary birds representing some characteristics of humans or nature. No Malayalam poet ever invoked the beauty of nature intoFree the poem Download With Trialto such an extent like P Kunjiraman also perceive the devastation of nature in his poems and he strongly advocated the need for conservation of nature t writings. . “ chirichu kaivasathakki Thoppake chathiyan mazhu Veedilatha vishupakshi Etho desantharathilay” Sign up to vote on this title [Poomottinte kani- P Kunjiraman Nair]  Useful  Not useful “ Nilachu vanmaragalokkeyum vetti Kudiyirakkapetta vishupakshithan kalaganam” [Parudesa nashtam P Kunji raman Nair]

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10

MALABAR TROGO

Thus, the depiction of birds in poetry occurs in different ways. A) B) C) D)

To explain the poetic background. Using natural element [here birds] as metaphors. Source or energizer to create feelings and emotions. Narrating natural objects for the sake of narration only.

E) For the sake of emotional expression. Beyond this classification in the involvement of nature in poetry, the presence of nature and its eleme birds set a trend in the fulfillment of poetic ecstasy. The recognition, recapture and defense of problems of nature in modern Malayalam poetry has beco today. Besides, the world of experience of women, and the Dalit aesthetic sense, environmental awareness also g place in recent literature. This we can perceive in a wide range of expressions about nature in the writings Malayalam poets like N.V.Krishnavarrier, Sugathakumari, Ayyappa Panicker, Sachidandan, D.Vinayachandr Sankara Pillai . They stirred up the course of modern Malayalm poetry in its great strength. The poets could really beauty of life and the flight of birds. Thus, the waves of their soul and emotions from nature have fluttered acros lines of these poets that have become an inseparable phenomenon in Malayalam poetry.

Heronries of North Kerala - 2011 C. Sashikumar, C. K. Vishnudas, S. Raju, P. A. Vinayan & V.A. Shebin

C. Sashikumar, Sree Nilayam, Pattanur P O, Kannur 670595. [email protected] C. K. Vishnudas, Vishnu Nivas, Karimkutty P O, Kalpetta 673121, Wayanad. [email protected] You're Reading a Preview S. Raju, Kavil Variam, Kodakara, Thrissur. [email protected] P. A. Vinayan, Pandancheri House, Vemom P O, Mananthavady, Wayanad 670645. pa.vinayan@gmai Unlock full access with a free trial. V.A. Shebin, Valiyaparambil House, Chiramanangad P.O, Thrissur, Pin-680604. shebinashraf@gmai Introduction

Download With Free Trial

Communal nesting places of large water birds are known as heronries. Usually, different species breed place, even on the same trees forming mixed species heronries. Kerala has about 15 species of resident and br birds nesting in various heronries. Protection of heronries is very important for the conservation and managem species, many of which are integral part of our agricultural ecosystem. Documentation of these heronries, inform species breeding within our area and knowledge of the current status of our heronries are the first basic steps in the  chalking out a conservation strategy regarding these birds. Sign up to vote on this title S. Subramanya (2005) compiled most of the information available – many of them contributed  Useful  Not useful birdwatchers in Kerala and some from published data – on the heronries of Kerala till that time. In 2006 and 20 Natural History Society (MNHS) organized census of the heronries of the north Kerala districts of Kasarago Kozhikode, Malappuram and Wayanad based on the voluntary work of its members and co-operation of the

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Table 1. Heronries of Malabar

Median Egret

82

395

2

3

9

3

486

Distribution of heronries The highest number of heronries (28) and number of nests (3,917) were recorded in Kannur district. the same number of heronries, but the total number of nests was only 865. The distribution of heronries in Palakkad in that all of them were small, scattered and had larger number of nest trees. In Wayanad, there were only three her they had 766 nests belonging to nine species. Kozhikode had the least number of species as well as nests; this ma lesser coverage, but interestingly, the results were similar in the earlier census also. Fig. 1 shows the distribution of heronries in Malabar (number of nests shown in the secondary axis on You're Reading a Preview maximum number of species breeding in any district was nine and the minimum three. Unlock full access with a free trial.



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12

MALABAR TROGO

Three nest sites were situated in small uninhabited mangrove islets: two of them in the Valapattan Keeriyad and Naniyoor and one in Anjarakandy River at Koduvally. Another islet in Mahe River called Na Kariyad was inhabited and did not have much natural vegetation. All the three heronries of Wayanad were o Kabani River and two of them were entirely on bamboo clumps. Table 2. Location of heronries

Species: interesting patterns

Twelve species of waterbirds nested in the 102 heronries of Malabar. Indian Pond Heron nested in 91 nests and was the most widespread and numerous breeder followed by Little Cormorant with 2,955 nests in 68 s You're Reading a Preview These two species together shared 71% of the total nests in the region (Fig. 3). Rest of the 10 species had a share o Unlock full access a free Heron, Purple Heron, Large Egret and Cattle Egret together hadwith a share oftrial. less than 1%; all these species nested in only and except for Koduvally where Grey Heron nested, the other sites were in Wayanad. Oriental White Ibis n Panamaram. Little Egret bred in 31 sites and Black-crowned Night Heron and Median Egret in 15 and eight sites Download With Free Trial Indian Shag had 191 nests in six sites in Kasaragode, Kannur and Palakkad districts. Panamaram heronry in Wayanad was unique as it had three species which bred nowhere else; it had breeding in all – the highest for any heronry for the whole region. Cattle Egret bred only here and nowhere el Oriental White Ibis bred here and nowhere else in Malabar. At Naniyoor heronry in Valapattanam River, Darter, Median Egret and Little Egret were breeding: t record of these species breeding in the north Kerala districts of Kasaragode, Kannur and Kozhikode. About 50 bill Storks were seen perched at the heronry in Naniyoor in August, but there was no evidence of their breeding  Sign up to vote on this title

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Globally Threatened species Darter and Oriental White Ibis are classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN. Darter was found to breed at with 255 nests. For Darter, 1% of the biogeographic population is 40 and the breeding population of adults in M come to 12.75% of the biogeographic population. The heronries of Klari (Kottakkal) and Randathani in Malappur together had 241 nests of this species. Darter seems to be extending its breeding range as indicated by the new records from Kasaragode and Kannur districts. Oriental White Ibis was found to breed at Panamaram where 123 nests were counted. Kumarakam is the place where this species breeds in Kerala. At this place, apart from the breeding birds, more than 500 Oriental arrived every evening to roost. 1% of the biogeographic population for this species is 250. 1% of the biogeographic population is one of the criteria for declaring a place as an Important Bird Are three heronries mentioned above will fulfil this criterion.

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14

MALABAR TROGO

Table 3. List of Nest Trees




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Major Heronries There were 21 heronries with more than 100 nests (Table 4). Out of this, four were in Kasaragode, eight one each in Kozhikode and Palakkad, five in Malappuram and two in Wayanad. Four heronries had more than Keeriyad heronry in Kannur had the highest number of nests: 1108 nests belonging to five species. Palakkad ha heronry with more than 100 nests. As mentioned already, Panamaram with nine species had the most number of spec

Table 4. Major Heronries


14

KondottyDownload With Malappuram Free Trial 253

4

16

Randathani

3

Malappuram

201


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16

MALABAR TROGO

Conservation As is evident, the majority of the heronries are located in government land. As it happens often, many ro are cut every year. At many heronries, the local people considers the nesting birds as a nuisance and often driv even before the commencement of the breeding season. This is a serious problem, apart from instances of killing Acknowledgements We express our since gratitude to the Forests and Wildlife Department, Government of Kerala for i Malabar Ornithological Survey as part of which the heronry survey was done. P C Rajeevan helped us to conduct Kannur and Kasaragode districts, V Syam at Kozhikode district, Dr Seethikoya at Malappuram district and L Nam Palakkad district; we are indebted to them. We are grateful to C Sunilkumar of Mathrubhumi daily newspaper, Ka contribution in gathering information on the locations of heronries. You're Reading a Preview References Sashikumar, C and O. Jayarajan (2007) Census of thefull heronries of north Unlock access with a freeKerala. trial. Malabar Trogon 5 (1): 2-8. Sashikumar, C and O. Jayarajan (2008) Census of the heronries of north Kerala – 2007. Malabar Trogon 6 (1):14-1 Subramanya, S. (2005) Heronries of Kerala. Malabar Trogon 3 (1): 2-15.


Nectar Feeding Butterflies in the Canopy of Divi Divi Caesalpinia coa (Caesalpiniacea) Rajashree Raju




Kavil Variam, Kodakara Thrissur Introduction

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Though butterflies feed on a variety of substances, flower nectar is their prime source of food. Be butterflies feed on squashed and rotting fruits or other vegetable matter certain rotting animals, miner

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Observation

Butterflies, feeding on the canopy of a Divi Divi (Caesalpinia coriaria) tree in a one acre well wooded situated at Ollur, seven km from Thrissur town, were observed. The canopy of the tree was full of bunches of gree flowers and butterflies were actively feeding nectar. Individual flower is very small with a corolla length 0.6 cm. Th the tree was 8m and GBH was 70 cm.

A total of 45 species of butterflies were found during close observation of the canopy in four consecutive 22 October 2011). Observations were made from 11.30 - 13.30 hrs (FN) and again from 15.00 - 17.00 hrs (AN). D were sunny days and the other two were cloudy. Maximum number of individuals (115) was found on FN of t Butterflies were more active during the sunny days and were less active during the cloudy days. Butterflies were through direct observation with the help of a pair of binoculars. In some cases the species were photographed and with the help of standard field guides such as Kunte (2000) and Kehimkar (2008). Table 1 shows the number of s individuals observed during each day.


4

20

52access with a free trial. 32 Unlock full

63


All the 45 species were classified according to their families. Six of them were Swallowtails (Papilioni

belonged to the group of Whites and Yellows (Pieridae), four were Blues (Lycaenidae), 18 were Brush-footed

(Nymphalidae) and nine were Skippers (Hesperiidae). List of the species and their numbers found on each day is Table 2.


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18

MALABAR TROGO




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Common Palmfly, Striped Tiger, Common Albatross and One-spot Grass Yellow were observed only once. So butterflies occasionally visited the flowers of Bauhinia purpurea adjacent to the Divi Divi tree. Most of the Skip active during the evening hours. Chestnut Bob and Suffused Snowflat were observed only during the evening hou Blue Tigers in groups (a group of 3-4 and 4-5) and as single were seen resting on the twigs for 5 to 15 minutes after started feeding again. I could also observe mating/courtship flight of 2 -3 pairs of Blue Tigers each day. Many migratory species were observed among the butterflies in the canopy of Divi Divi . Seventeen out of the observed are known to migrate. The list of the species is given below. 1. Blue Tiger (Tirumala limniace) 2. Dark Blue Tiger (Tirumala septentrionis) 3. Striped Tiger ( Danaus genutia) 4. Glossy Tiger ( Parantica aglea) 5. Double Banded Crow (Euploea Sylvester) 6. Brown King Crow ( Euploea klugii) 7. Common Crow ( Euploea core) 8. Chocolate Pansy ( Junonia (Precis) iphit) 9. Great Eggfly ( Hypolimnas bolina) 10. Common Rose ( Pachliopta aristolochiae) 11. Crimson Rose ( Pachliopta hector) 12. Common Grass Yellow (Eurema hecabe) 13. Mottled Emigrant (Catopsilia pyranthe) 14. Common Emigrant (Catopsilia Pomona) 15. Common Albatross (Appias albina) 16. Brown Awl ( Badamia exclamationis) 17. Small Banded Swift ( Pelopidas mathias) (known to migrate locally) Divi Divi tree at the house yard at Ollur normally flowers during October of every year (after the southwest You're Reading a Preview This year it started flowering in the first week of Octobe; only a few butterflies were found feeding at that time. By of October, the canopy was full of flowers and Unlock butterflies. Lastwith yeara (2010) also, there were lots of butterflies in full access free trial. during the first week of October and I had counted 27 species of butterflies. List of the species observed in 2010 Table 3.



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

MALABAR TROGO

Comparison of the data of the two years is not possible as no detailed observation was carried out in 201 species like Palm Bob, Common Flat, Common Leopard and Pea Blue were absent in 2011. More observation on such assemblage of various species of butterflies in the canopy of different flowe our area would be interesting as there are not many studies on butterflies in the canopy (Schulzeet al . 2001).

References Barth, F G. 1991. Insects and flowers, the biology of a partnership. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. DeVries, P.J. 1988. Stratification of fruit-feeding nymphalid butterflies in a Costa Rican rainforest. Journal of Research on 26: 98–108. Gilbert, L. E. 1981. The biology of communities. – In R. I. Vane-Wright & P. R. Ackery (eds.), The Biologyof Butterfl ies, Academic Press, London. Isaac Kehimkar, 2008. The Book of Indian Butterflies, BNHS , Bombay Krushnamekh Kunte, 2000. Butterflies of Peninsular India, University Press, Hyderabad. Schulze, C.H., Linsenmair, K.E. & Fiedler, K. (2001). Understorey versus canopy – patterns of vertical stratification and div Lepidoptera in a Bornean rainforest. Plant Ecology 153: 133-152.

Occurrence of the Anaimalai Gecko Hemidactylus anamallensis Gunther, 1875 from Chembra, Wayanad, Kerala Vivek Philip Cyriac*, Arjun C.P. and Tijo. K. Joy

Centre for Wildlife Studies, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kera *[email protected]

The genus Hemidactylus is a widelyYou're distributed and thea second most specious genus among the geckk Reading Preview

of the world (Carranza and Arnold, 2006; Giri, 2008; Giriet.al . 2009). It occurs in the old world tropics, the Medit Unlock access free genus trial. is presently represented by 28 spe et al . full also in the tropical America (Smith, 1935; Giri 2009). In with Indiaa this and Karanat, 2010). Although this genus is one of the most explored groups among Indian geckos, nothing mu about their distribution and natural history. Download With Free Trial Hemidactylus anamallensis was described by Günther (1875) as Gecko anamallensis based on spec Anaimalai Hills. It was later placed under the genus Hoplodactylus by Boulenger (1885). Later Smith (1933) new genus called Dravidagecko. Subsequently it was shown that Dravidagecko is a Gekkonine gecko while Hopl a diplodactyline gecko (Underwood, 1954; Kluge 1967). Bauer and Russell (1875) later placed this gecko i Hemidactylus based on its digital structure. Recent phylogenetic studies on the Indian Hemidactylus by Rohini (2010) showed that H.anamallensis is basal to all other Hemidactylus and its allocation to this genus was again This gecko is known to be present in the hill ranges of Anaimalai, Palni, Tirunelveli and Eravikulam (Smith, 19 Sign up to vote on this title 1985; Das 2002).

During a study of the reptiles of Chembra peak of Mepadi forest specimens of Hemidactylus Usefultwo Not useful range, observed on the walls of an abandoned building. Both specimens were caught, photographed and all necessa details and measurements were collected. On examination both the geckos were found to be female; one was gra

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Range Officer, Shri Ranjith for providing all facilities and for supporting us during the study and Dr. Anil Zacha his support and encouragement during field work. Table1: Morphometric Data of Hemidactylus anamallensis from Chembra, Wayanad




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22

MALABAR TROGO

An Updated Checklist of Butterflies of Kerala with their Malayalam Names 1

2

3

4

Muhamed Jafer Palot , V.C. Balakrishnan , Balakrishnan Valappil & S. Kalesh 1 Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Calicut- 673 006 2 Neelambari, Kannapurram Post, Kannur – 670 301 3 Nest, Padinhattummuril, Malappuram- 676 506 4 Aswathi, Medical College Post, Thiruvananthapuram- 695 012

Ever since the publication of Keralathile Chithrashalabhangal (Butterflies of Kerala) in Malayalam

2003) an array of butterfly-watching activities has been undertaken in Kerala. The book had about 150 Malayal butterflies commonly found in Kerala state. In the present communication we have coined new names for th species pertaining to the state. Thus a total of 316 species were provided with Malayalam names (Table.2). The nam was initiated at the Butterfly camp conducted at Aralam WLS from 13 – 15 January 2012. The list was also disc other senior butterfly-watchers. Of the 334 species of butterflies so far known from the Western Ghats (Kunte, 2011), 316 were recorded from Kerala (Table.1). The family Nymphalidae dominated with 95 species followed by Lycaenidae (93 species), Hes species), Pieridae (31 species) and 19 species from the family Papilionidae.In the present checklist nomenclature after Gaonkar (1996) and the English names were adopted from Wynter- Blyth (1957). Table.1: Family-wise distribution of butterflies in Western Ghats and Kerala



Table. 2: A checklist of butterflies of Kerala with their Malayalam names Sl.no

Name

Malayalam Name Sign up to vote on this title

ORDER: LEPIDOPTERA SUB ORDER: RHOPALOCERA



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V l

l

FAMILY: PAPILIONIDAE

1

S

S

d il Pathysa nomius (E

)

P

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Malaya 

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13

Red Helen, Papilio helenus (Linnaeus)

Chuttikaruppan

14

Common Mormon, Papilio polytes (Linnaeus)

Naarakakali

15

Malabar Raven, Papilio dravidarum (Wood-Mason)

Malabar Raven

16

Lime Butterfly, Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus)

Naaraka shalabham

17

Common Banded Peacock, Papilio crino (Fabricius)

Naattu Mayuri

18

Malabar Banded Peacock, Papilio buddha (Westwood)

Buddha mayoori

19

Paris Peacock, Papilio paris (Linnaeus)

Chutti mayoori

Np«n¡ dp¸³

\mcI¡ mfn ae_mÀ dmh³

\mcIie`w \m«pabqcn

_p²abqcn Np«nabqcn

FAMILY: PIERIDAE

20

Indian Cabbage White, Pieris canidia Linnaeus

Cabbage shalabham

Imt_Pv ie`w

21

Pioneer(Caper White), Anaphaeis aurota Fabricius

Kareera velumban

Icoc shfp¼³

22

Common Gull, Cepora nerissa Fabricius

Naatupaatha

23

Lesser Gull, Cepora nadina Lucas

Kaattupaatha

24

White Orange Tip, Ixias marianne Cramer

Venchenchirakan

sh¬sN© ndI³

25

Yellow Orange Tip, Ixias pyrene Linnaeus

Mannhachenchirakan

aª sN© ndI³

26

Common Jezebel, Delias eucharis Drury

Vilasini

27

Painted Sawtooth, Prioneris sita C Felder

Cholavilasini

tNmehnemkn\n

28

Plain Puffin, Appias indra Moore

Vella Puffin

shÅ]^n³

29

Spot Puffin, Appias lalage (Doubleday)

Pulli Puffin

30

Striped Albatross, Appias libythea Fabricius

Varayan albatross

31

Chocolate Albatross, Appias lyncida Cramer albatross You're ReadingChocolate a Preview

32 33

Common Albatross, Appias albina Felder Albatross Unlock full access with a free trial. Lesser Albatross, Appias wardii (Moore) Pulli albatross

34

Psyche, Leptosia nina Fabricius

35

Great Orange-Tip, Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus

Chengirakan

sN© ndI³

36 37

Small Salmon Arab, Colotis amata Fabricius Large Salmon Arab, Colotis fausta (Olivier)

Chembazhukka shalabham Vanchembazhukka shalabham

sN¼ gp¡ ie` h³sN¼ gp¡

38

Small Orange-Tip, Colotis etrida Boisduval

Cheruchorathunchan

sNdptNmc¯p©

39

Plain Orange-Tip, Colotis eucharis Fabricius

Chorathunchan

tNmc¯p© ³

40

Crimson-Tip, Colotis danae (Fabricius)

sNt© mc¯p© Chenjorathunchan Sign up to vote on this title

41

Dark Wanderer, Pareronia ceylanica (C & R Felder)

 Useful Irulan naadodi

42

Common Wanderer, Pareronia valeria (Cramer)

Naadodi

\m«p]m¯

Im«p]m¯

hnem kn\n

]pÅn ]^n³

hcb³ BÂ_t{S

tNm¡ vteäv BÂ_

BÂ_t{Smkv

]pÅn BÂ_t{Sm

Pottu vellaatti


s]m«pshÅm«n



 Not usefulCcpf³ \mtSmSn

\mtSmSn

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24

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MALABAR TROGO

Subfamily Danainae

53

Glassy Tiger, Parantica aglea (Stoll)

Thelineelakaduva

54

Nilgiri Tiger, Parantica nilgiriensis (Moore)

Nilgiri kaduva

55

Dark Blue Tiger, Tirumala septentrionis (Butler)

Karineelakaduva

56

Blue Tiger, Tirumala limniace Cramer

Neelakaduva

57

Plain Tiger, Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus

Erickuthappi

58

Common Or Striped Tiger, Danaus genutia Cramer

Varayan kaduva

59

Common Indian Crow, Euploea core (Cramer)

Arali shalabham

Acfnie`w

60

Double-Branded Crow, Euploea sylvester (Fabricius)

Paalvalli shalabham

]mÂhÅn ie`w

61

Brown King Crow, Euploea klugii Moore

Aal shalabham

62

Malabar Tree Nymph, Idea malabarica Moore

Vanadevatha

63

Tawny Rajah Charaxes bernardus (Fabricius)

Chembazhakan

64

Black Rajah Charaxes solon (Fabricius)

Puliyila shalabham

65

Blue Nawab Polyura schreiberi (Godart)

Neela nawab

66

Common Nawab Polyura athamas (Drury)

Nawab

67

Anomalous Common Nawab Polyura agraria Swinhoe

Pulli nawab

68

Southern Duffer Discophora lepida (Moore)

Mulangadan

69

Palm King, Amathusia phidippus (Linnaeus)

Oalarajan

70

Whitebar Bushbrown Mycalesis anaxias Hewitson

Pulli thavidan

71

igilia Fruhstorfer Small Longbrand Bushbrown MycalesisYou're Thavidan Reading aChinna Preview

72

\oÄhcb³ Xh

73

Long-Brand Bushbrown Mycalesis visala Moore Neeelvarayan thavidan Unlock full access with a free trial. Pale-brand Bushbrown Mycalesis khasia Evans Varayan thavidan

74

Redeye Bushbrown Mycalesis adolphei (Guérin-Ménéville) Chengannan thavidan

sN¦®³ Xhn

75

Red -disc Bushbrown, Mycalesis oculus (Marshall, 1880)

Theekannan

76

Gladeye Bushbrown, Mycalesis patnia Moore

Poonganni

77

Tamil Bushbrown Mycalesis subdita Moore

Thamil thavidan

78 79

Common Bushbrown Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius) Dark Branded Bushbrown Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus)

Thavidan Irulvarayan thavidan

80 81

Common Treebrown Lethe rohria (Fabricius) Tamil Treebrown Lethe drypetis (Hewitson)

Sign up to vote on this title ae´ hnS³ Malathavidan Marathavidan Useful Not useful ac´ hnS³

82

Bamboo Treebrown Lethe europa (Fabricius)

Mulathavidan

83

Common Threering Ypthima asterope (Klug)

Mukanni

\o eKncn¡ Sph

Icn \oe¡ Sph

\oe¡ Sph

Fcn¡ vX¸n

hcb³¡ Sph

BÂie`w

h\tZ hX

sN¼ gI³

]pfn bneie`w \oe \hm_v

\hm_v ]pÅn \hm_v

apf ¦m S³

Hmecm P³

]pÅn Xhn S³ Nn¶Xhn S³

hcb³ Xhn




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Xo¡®³

]q¦®n XanÄ XhnS³

Xhn S³ CcqÄhcb³





apf ´hn S³ ap¡ ®n

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Great Evening Brown Melanitis zitenius (Herbst) Travancore Evening Brown Parantirrhoea marshalli Wood-Mason

Eetta shalabham

97

Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus)

Oalakandan

98

Cruiser Vindula erota Fabricius

Cruiser/Suvarnashalbham

99

Tamil Yeoman Cirrochroa thais (Fabricius)

Marotti shalabham

100

Rustic Cupha erymanthis (Drury)

Vazhangathan

hb ¦X³

101

Small Leopard Phalanta alcippe Stoll

Cherupulithayyan

sNdp]pens¯

102

Leopard Phalanta phalantha Drury

Pulithayyan

103

Indian Fritillary Argynnis hyperbius Linnaeus

Girishrengan

104

Tamil Lacewing Cethosia nietneri Felder & Felder

Lace shalabham

105

Tawny Coster Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus)

Theechirakan

95 96

Vankariyila shalabham

h³Icn bneie Cuä ie`w

Hme¡ WvS³

kphÀ®ie`w atcm«nie`w

]pen s¯¿³

Kncn{iywK³ sebvkv ie`w

Xo¨n dI³

Subfamily Limenitidinae

106

Commander Limenitis procris (Cramer)

Vellilathozhi

107

Common Sergeant Athyma perius (Linnaeus)

Sergeant

108

Blackvein Sergeant Athyma ranga Moore

Ottavarayan sergeant

Hä hcb³ kÀP

109

Staff Sergeant, Athyma selenophora (Kollar)

Chuvappuvarayan sergeant

Nph¸vhcb³ kÀ

110

Colour Sergeant, Athyma nefte (Cramer)

Colour sergeant

IfÀ kÀPâv

111

Common Lascar Pantoporia hordonia (Stoll)

Narivarayan

112 113

Extra Lascar Pantoporia sandaka (Butler) Common Sailer Neptis hylas Linnaeus

Pulivarayan Pontha chuttan

114

sNdp]pÅn s]m´

115

Shortbanded Sailer Neptis columella Moore Cherupulli Ponthachuttan Unlock full access with a free trial. Chestnut-Streaked Sailer Neptis jumbah Moore Iruvarayan Ponthachuttan

116

Yellowjack Sailer Neptis viraja Evans

Mannha ponthachuttan

aª s]m´ ¨pä³

117

Sullied Sailer Neptis soma Eliot

Chola ponthachuttan

tNme s]m´

118

Clear Sailer Neptis nata Moore

Ilam ponthachuttan

119

Southern Sullied Sailer Neptis clinia Moore

Theckan Chola ponthachuttan

sX¡ ³ tNme

120

Clipper Parthenos sylvia (Cramer )

Clipper

¢n¸À

121

Common Baron Euthalia aconthea (Cramer)

Kanithozhan

122

Gaudy Baron Euthalia lubentina (Cramer)

Sign up to vote on this title I\nhÀ W³ Kanivarnnan

123

Baronet Euthalia nais (Forster)

 Agnivarnnan

124

Blue Baron Euthalia telchinia (Ménétriés)

Neela kanithozhan

shÅn et¯mgn

kÀPâv

\cn hcb³

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26

MALABAR TROGO

137

Peacock Pansy Junonia (Precis) almana (Linnaeus)

Mayilkanni

abnÂ¡ ®n

138

Yellow Pansy Junonia (Precis) hierta (Fabricius)

Peethaneeli

]oX\oen

139

Chocolate Pansy, Junonia (Precis) iphita (Cramer)

Chocolate shalabham

tNm¡ vteäv ie`

140

Lemon Pansy Junonia (Precis) lemonias (Linnaeus)

Pullikurumban

]pÅn¡ pdp¼³

141

Blue Pansy Junonia orithya (Linnaeus)

Nila neeli

142

Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus)

Vanchottashalabham

143

Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus)

Chottashalabham

144

South Indian Blue Oakleaf Kallima horsfieldi Kollar

Okkila shalabham

Hm¡ ne ie`

145

Autumnleaf Doleschallia bisaltide malabarica (Cramer)

Suvarna Okkilashalabham

kphÀ® Hm¡

B«¡ m cn

\ne\oen

h³sNm «ie`w

sNm«ie`w

Family: Lycaenidae

146

Plum Judy, Abisara echerius (Moore)

Aattackari

147 148

Apefly Spalgis epius (Westwood) Red Pierrot Talicada nyseus Guérin

Markkada shalabham Chenkomali

149

Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon Fabricius

Naattukomali

150

Dark Pierrot Castalius ananda de Nicéville

Irulan komali

Ccpf³ tImamf

151

Angled Pierrot Caleta caleta Hewitson

Varayan komali

hcb³ tImamf

152

Banded Blue Pierrot Discolampa ethion Westwood

Neelavarayan komali

\oehcb³ tIm

153

Zebra Blue Syntarucus plinius (Fabricius)

Zebra neeli

154

Bright Babul Blue Azanus ubaldus Cramer

Karivelaneeli

155

Dull Babul Blue Azanus uranus Butler

Irulan karivelaneeli

a§ nb Icnthe\

156

African Babul Blue Azanus jesous Guérin-Meneville

Kaappiri karivelaneeli

Im¸ncn Icnthe

157

Quaker Neopithecops zalmora Butler

158

Malayan Megisba malaya (Horsfield)

159

Plain Hedge Blue Celastrina lavendularis (Moore)

160

Common Hedge Blue Acytolepis puspa (Horsfield)

Naattu velineeli

161 162

Hampson’s Hedge Blue Acytolepis lilacea (Hampson) White Hedge Blue Akasinula akasa (Horsfield)

Kaattuvelineeli Velli velineeli

163

Whitedisc Hedge Blue Cyaniris albidisca Moore

Irulan velineeli

164

Lime Blue Chilades laius (Cramer)

Naarakaneeli

165

Indian Cupid Chilades parrhasius (Fabricius)

Manimaaran

166

Small Cupid Chilades contracta (Butler)

Cherumaaran

167

Dark Grass Blue Zizeeria lysimon (Hübner)

Irulan pulneeli

\m«ptIm amfn

ko{_\oen

Icnthe\oen


Unlock full access with a free trial. Paanalunni Malayan

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179

Dark Cerulean Jamides bochus Stoll

Karimbottu vaalaatti

180

Common Cerulean Jamides celeno (Cramer)

Pottu vaalatti

181

Metallic Cerulean Jamides alecto (Felder)

Kaattu pottuvaalaatti

Im«p s]m«phm

182

Large Four-line Blue Nacaduba pactolus (Felder)

Van chathur varayanneeli

h³ NXpÀhcb³\

183

Pale Four-line Blue Nacaduba hermus (Felder)

Chathur varayanneeli

184

Pointed Lineblue Nacaduba helicon Felder

Muna varayanneeli

ap\ hcb³\oen

185

Transparent Six-line Blue Nacaduba kurava (Moore)

Thelivarayan neeli

sXfn hcb³\oen

186

Opaque Six-line Blue Nacaduba beroe (Felder & Felder)

Varayanneeli

187

Rounded Six-line Blue Nacaduba berenice

Icn s¼m«p hm

s]m«phm em«n

NXpÀhcb³\oen

hcb³\oen

(Herrich-Schäffer)

Mothira Varayanneeli

tamXnc hcb³\oe

188

Common Lineblue Prosotas nora (Felder)

naattu varayan neeli

\m«p hcb³\oe

189

Tailless Lineblue Prosotas dubiosa (Semper)

VaalillaVarayanneeli

hmenÃ hcb³\oe

190

White-tipped Lineblue Prosotas noreia (Felder)

Velli varayanneeli

shÅnhcb³\oe

191

Dingy Lineblue Petrelea dana (De Nicéville)

Irul varayan neeli

CcpÄ hcb³\oen

192

Indian Sunbeam Curetis thetis (Drury)

Suryashalabham

193

Shiva’s Sunbeam Curetis siva Evans

Shiva suryashalabham

inh kqcyie`w

194

Toothed Sunbeam Curetis dentata Moore

Muna suryashalabham

ap\ kqcyie`w

195

Silverstreak Blue Iraota timoleon Stoll

Rajathaneeli

196

Leaf Blue Horsfieldia anita Moore

Ilaneeli

197 198

Many-tailed Oak-Blue Thaduka multicaudata Moore Large Oakblue Arhopala amantes (Hewitson)

Thalirneeli Van Thalirneeli

199

Aberrant Oakblue Arhopala abseus (Hewitson)

A]qÀh XfnÀ\oe

200

apdnhcb³ XfnÀ\

201

Dark Broken-Band Oakblue Arhopala atrax (Hewitson) Murivarayan Thalirneeli Unlock full access with a free trial. Centaur Oakblue Nilasera centaurus (Fabricius) Yavana Thalirneeli

202

Rosy Oakblue Panchala alea (Hewitson)

tdmkn XfnÀ\oen

203

Tamil Oakblue Narathura bazaloides (Hewitson) Download

204

Common Acacia Blue Surendra quercetorum (Moore)

Acacia neeli

At¡ jy\oen

205

Silver Streaked Acacia Blue Zinaspa todara (Moore)

Velli acacia neeli

shÅn At¡ jy\

206

Yamfly Loxura atymnus (Cramer)

Kunhivaalan

Ipª nhm e³

207

Common Silverline Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius)

Vellivarayan

shÅnhcb³

208

Long-banded Silverline Spindasis lohita (Horsfield)

Neel vellivarayan

209

Plumbeous Silverline Aphnaeus schistacea Moore

Chera vellivarayan

210 211

Abnormal Silverline Aphnaeus abnormis Moore Common Shot Silverline Aphnaeus ictis Hewitson

tImamfn shÅnhc Komali vellivarayan Useful  Not useful vellivarayan sN¼ ³ shÅn Chemban

212

Scarce Shot Silverline Aphnaeus elima Moore

Neelachemban vellivarayan

213

Lil

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Ce\oen

XfnÀ\oen h³XfnÀ\oen

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li

Aphnaeus lilacinus Moore

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Lilac vellivarayan

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sseemIv shÅnh

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28

MALABAR TROGO

227 228

Common Tinsel Catapaecilma elegans Druce Orchid Tit Chliaria othona (Hewitson)

Manivarnnan Orchid neeli

229

Nilgiri Tit Chliaria nilgirica (Moore

Nilgiri neeli

\oeKncn \oen

230

Fluffy Tit Zeltus etolus (Fabricius)

Churulvaalan

NpcpÄhme³

231

Cornelian Deudorix epijarbas (Moore)

Kanithurappan

232 233

Common Guava Blue Virachola isocrates (Fabricius) Large Guava Blue Virachola perse (Hewitson)

Peraneeli Vanperaneeli

234

Indigo Flash Rapala varuna (Hewitson)

Indigo flash

C³UntKm ^vfm

235

Slate Flash Rapala schistacea (Moore)

Slate flash

tÉäv ^vfmjv

236

Common Red Flash Rapala iarbus (Fabricius)

Red flash

237

Malabar Flash Vadebra lankana (Moore)

Sahyadri Flash

238

Plane Bindahara phocides (Fabricius)

Kathivaalan

aWnhÀW³ HmÀ¡ nUv \oen

I\nXpç³

t]c\oen h³ t]c\oen

sdUv^vfmjv

klym{Zn ^vfmj

I¯nhme³

Family: Hesperiidae

239

Brown Awl Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius)

Thavidan Aara

240

Pale Green Awlet Bibasis gomata (Moore)

Varayan Aara

241

Orange-striped Awl/Orange Awlet Bibasis jaina (Moore)

Ponnara shalabham

242

Orangetail Awl/Pale Green Awlet Bibasis sena ( Moore)

Theevalan Aara

243 244

Indian Awlking, Choaspes benjaminii (Guérin-Meneville) Common Awl Hasora badra (Moore)

Aararajan Pulliyara

245

Common Banded Awl Hasora chromus (Cramer)

Naattuvaraynara

246

White Banded Awl Hasora taminatus (Hübner)

Vellivarayan aara

247

Plain Banded Awl Hasora vitta (Butler)

Kaattuvarayanara

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Xohm e³Bc

BccmP³ ]pÅnbmc

\m«phcb \mc

shÅn hcb\mc

Im«phcb\mc

Hesperiinae

248 249

Dingy Scrub-Hopper Aeromachus dubiusYou're Reading a

Preview

(Elwes & Edwards) Kaattupulchadan pygmaeus Pygmy Grass/Scrub-Hopper Aeromachus Unlock full access with a free trial. (Fabricius) Chinnapulchadan

Im«p]pÂ¨mS³

Nn¶]pÂ¨mS³

250

Bush Hopper Ampittia dioscorides (Fabricius)

Ponthachadan

251

Coorg Forest Hopper Arnetta mercara (Evans)

Kaatuthullan

252

Vindhyan Bob Arnetta vindhiana (Moore)

Vindhyan Kaattuthullan

253

Paintbrush Swift Baoris farri (Moore)

Eetta sharashalabham

254

Hedge/Hampson’s Hedge-Hopper Baracus vittatus (Felder) Velithullan

255

Beavan’s Swift Pseudoborbo bevani (Moore)

Thavidan sharashalabham

256

Rice Swift Borbo cinnara (Wallace)

Shara shalabham

257

Kanara Swift Caltoris canaraica (Moore)

up to vote on this title Im\d icie`w KanaraSign sharashalbham

258

Blank Swift Caltoris kumara (Moore)

Useful  Not useful s]m«nÃm icie` Pottilla sharashalabham

259

Philippine Swift Caltoris philippina (Herrich-Schäffer)

Philippine sharashalabham

^nenss¸³ ici

260

Wax Dart Cupitha purreea (Moore)

Meymezhukkan

sabvsagp¡ ³


s]m´¨mS³

Im«pXpÅ³ hnÔy³ Im«

Cuäicie`w

thenXpÅ³

XhnS³icie`w icie`w

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274

Contiguous Swift Polytremis lubricans (Herrich-Schäffer) Confucian/Chinese Dart Potanthus confucius (Felder & Felder)

Chemban Sharashalbham

275 276 277

Pallied Dart Potanthus pallida (Evans) Palni Dart Potanthus palnia (Evans)

Ilam Manja pottan Pazhani pottan

278

Pava Dart Potanthus pava (Fruhstorfer)

Mannhapottan

279

Pseudomaesa/Common Dart Potanthus pseudomaesa

sN¼icie w `

Cheena pottan

(Moore)

Naattupottan

280

Coon Psolos fuligo (Mabille)

Cherachirakan

281

Yellow-Base/Golden Tree Flitter Quedara basiflava

No\s]m«³ Cfwaª s]m« ]f\ns]m«³

aª s]m«³

\m«ps]m«³

tNcm ¨ndI³

(De Nicéville)

Swarna marathullan

282

Maculate Lancer Salanoemia sala (Hewitson)

Chekavan

283 284

Bicolour Ace Sovia hyrtacus (De Nicéville) Indian Palm Bob, Suastus gremius (fabricius)

Pandan sharavegan Panankurumban

285

Small Palm Bob, Suastus minuta (Moore)

Kunhikurumbahan

Ipª n¡ pdp¼³

286

Tamil Grass Dart Taractrocera ceramas (Hewitson)

Manhapulthullan

aª ]pÂXpÅ

287

Common Grass Dart Taractrocera maevius (Fabricius)

Naattu Pulthullan

288

Dark Palm Dart Telicota ancilla (Herrich-Schäffer)

Panamthullan

289

Pale Palm Dart Telicota colon (Fabricius)

Mannha Panamthullan

290

Plain Palm Dart Cephrenes chrysozona (Plötz)

Naattu Panamthullan

291

Southern Spotted Ace or Unbranded Ace Thoressa

292 293

astigmata (Swinhoe)

Pullisharvegan

Evershed’s Ace Thoressa evershedi (Evans)

Mala sharavegan

295 296

Tree Flitter Hyarotis adrastus (Stoll)

297

Tamil Dartlet Oriens concinna (Elwes & Edwards)

Sahyadri Chinnan

298

Common Dartlet Oriens goloides (Moore)

Naattu Chinnan

kzÀWac¯pÅ³

tNIh³

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\m«p]pÂXpÅ

]\´pÅ³ aª ]\´pÅ³

\m«p]\´pÅ³

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You're ReadingSahyadri a Preview Madras Ace Thoressa honorei (De Nicéville) sharavegan Tamil Ace or Sitala Ace Thoressa sitala (De Nicéville) Chemban sharavegan Unlock full access with a free trial. Grass Demon, Udaspes folus (Cramer) Vella chaathan

294

aeicthK³

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sN¼³ icthK³

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Pyrginae

299

Golden Angle Caprona ransonnetti (Felder)

Suvarnaparappan

kphÀ®]ç³

300

Spotted Angle Caprona agama (Moore)

Chuttiparappan

Np«n] ç³

301

Spotted Angle Caprona alida (De Nicéville)

Chuttiparappan

Np«n] ç³

302

Malabar Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus ambareesa (Moore)

Sign up to vote on this title ]pÅn ¸ç³ Pulliparappan

303

Common Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar)

Naatupulliparappan  Useful

304

Tamil Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus ruficornis (Mabille )

Kaattupulliparappan

305

Tricolour Flat Cogia indrani (Moore)

Varanaparappan



 Not useful\m«p ]pÅn ¸ç³ Im«p ]pÅn ¸

hÀ®¸ç³

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30



MALABAR TROGO

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to all butterfly watchers of Kerala for their help, knowledge and co-operation i this checklist. The first author is indebted to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata and the Officer-inKozhikode for facilities and encouragements.

References: Gaonkar, H. 1996. Butterflies of the Western Ghats, including Sri Lanka. A biodiversity assessment of a threaten system. A report submitted to the Centre for Ecological Sciences Bangalore. Jafer Palot, M., Balakrishnan, V C and Babu Kambrath. 2003. Keralthile Chithrashalbhangal . Malabar Natu Society. Kozhikode. 204pp. Kunte, K. (2007): Checklist of Butterflies of Western Ghats, Southwestern India, in K.A.Subramanian. (ed ) Div Conservation of Invertebrates in the Western Ghats (In Press). ATREE. , Bangalore. Wynter-Blyth, M.A. 1957. Butterflies of the Indian region. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai. 523pp.

Orange-breasted Green-Pigeon Treron bicincta at Madayipara 1

2

P C Rajeevan and Dr. Khaleel Chovva 1 2 Pandanchira, Chovva, Kannur; Principal, Sir Syed College, Taliparamba, Kannur dist.

On 3 February 2012, at 07.10 hrs in the morning,

there are very few authentic sight one of us (PCR) was watching birds feeding on the figs of a species from Kerala in the past one decade (S Ficus arnottiana tree growing in the crevices of the al. 2011). This species was not recorded southern ridge of the laterite plateau of Madayipara. There Travancore – Cochin Ornithological Surve were about 10 orioles, a few barbets and a group of six Malabar Ornithological Survey 2010 – 2011 co green-pigeons. On close observation, PCR found that the of the forested areas of the state (C Sashikum pigeons were different from communication). You're Reading a Preview historic records the Pompadour and it has been Yellow-legged GreenUnlock full access with a free trial. Pigeons he usually met Kerala: Fergu with on the fruiting trees not comm of this locality and Download With Free Trial century (F identified them as Bourdillon 1 Orange-breasted Greenand Salim Pigeons. He could take a come across few photographs of the 1933 Trav birds and confirm the Cochin Orn identity after consulting Survey (Ali  – 1937) the field guides. Out of 1935 Sign up to vote on this title the six birds, two were The  Useful  Not useful could be prob male with orange breast band bordered with lilac first photograp on top; grey on the nape of this pigeon fro

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Checklist of Odonata of Kerala with their Malayalam names 1

2

Kiran.C.G. and David V.Raju 1

Mayooram, Pulari Nagar, Thittamangalam, Kodunganoor.P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, Email:[email protected] 2 Valiyaparambil, Kuzhimattom.P.O, Kottayam, Kerala, Email:[email protected]

Introduction

The state of Kerala is a narrow stretch of land sandwiched between windward side of the southern Western

Arabian Sea. Located between 8°18'- 12°48' N latitude. Kerala is enriched with a myriad of flora and fauna. From s to 2694m in high mountains of Western Ghats, the state is truly blessed in terms of invertebrate diversity. An aver rainfall of 3107 mm and 44 rivers makes this region highly habitable for Odonates. Odonata is one of the ancien large invertebrates having 5740 species globally. In India Odonata comprise of 470 species in 139 genera and 1 (Subramanian, 2009) Odonata studies in India started with Linnaeus and Selys-Longchamps, and later were taken to its pinn exemplary works of Laidlaw and Fraser.F.C. The three Volume book, written by Fraser F.C, 'Fauna of British India Ceylon and Burma published in 1933,1934 and 1936 respectively was a milestone in Odonata research in I independence the works mainly revolved around scientists from the Zoological Survey of India and regional Unive many papers on Odonata distribution, new species descriptions and life histories. Prasad & Varshney (1995) pu checklist of Odonates of India,which was a major landmark in Odonata studies in the last century. After the studies of Fraser, which were restricted to the region north of Cochin, there was a significant la study of Odonata in Kerala. This was later being filled-in gradually, by works of Muhamed Jafer Palot, Emiliyamm Francy Kakkasery. Peters described the last new species Agriocnemis keralensis, from the state in 1981 from Tr (Peters 1981). The first attempt of coining Malayalam names for 30 common species of Kerala was undertaken by Jafer Palot and Babu Kambrath (2001). The Pictorial handbook on common Dragonflies and Damselflies of Emiliyamma et al (2005) was the first book on dragonflies of the state. Dr. Francy Kakkassery was instru popularizing common odonates of Kerala in Internet. He also contributed to life history studies of few Odonat You're a Preview (Kiran & Kakkasery ,2007). Emiliyamma et al., (2007)Reading documented 136 species on their work on Odonata dive state. Another significant and popular book was Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India - A Fie Unlock full access with a free trial. (Subramanian, 2009) this contributed significantly to the knowledge on Indian Odonata and helped to bring Odona as an interesting pastime among the masses. Here in this paper we report 147 species from 14 families fromTrial the state of Kerala. This is the first exhau Download With Free Odonata from the state based on our extensive fieldwork spanning the last 12 years.

Checklist of Odonates of Kerala with vernacular names Scientific name Class: Insecta Order: Odonata Suborder: Anisoptera

Malayalam Name

Family: Aeshnidae

English Name

Dragonflies IÃ³Xp¼nIÄ Sign up to vote on this title Darners kqNnhme³ IÃ³Xp¼nIÄ Not useful  Useful 

1

Anaciaeschna jaspidea (Burmeister, 1839)

Xpcp¼³ cmP³

Rusty Darner

2

Anaciaeschna donaldi Fraser, 1922

tNme cmP³

Donald’s Darner

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32

MALABAR TROGO

15 Idionyx

travancorensis Fraser, 1931

sX¡ ³ tImacw

Travancore Daggerhead

16 Idionyx

corona Fraser,1921

\oeKncn tImacw

Little Daggerhead

17 Idionyx

nadganiensis Fraser,1924

hcb³ tImacw

Stripped Daggerhead

\ngÂ tImacw

Dark Daggerhead Clubtails

18 Macromidia donaldi (Fraser,1924)

Family:Gomphidae 19 Acrogomphus

fraseri Laidlaw,1925

20 Asiagomphus

nilgiricus

ISph Xp¼nIÄ

Fraser’s Clubtail

s]m¡ ³ ISph

Nilgiri Clubtail

]mdaq¯³ ISph

21 Burmagomphus

pyramidalis Laidlaw,1922

]pÅn NXpchme³ ISph

Spotted Sinuate Clubtail

22 Burmagomphus

laidlawi Fraser,1924

NXpchme³ ISph

Plain Sinuate Clubtail

sskc{µn ISph

Syrandhri Clubtail

]pg ISph

Kodagu Clubtail

23 Davidioides 24

martini Fraser,1924

Gomphidia kodaguensis Fraser,1923

25 Heliogomphus

kalarensis Fraser,1934

tNme ISph

Forest Lyretail

26 Heliogomphus

promelas (Selys,1873)

]pÅnhme³ tNme ISph

Spotted Lyretail

27 Ictinogomphus

rapax (Rambur, 1842)

\m«p ISph

Common Clubtail

hb\mS³ ISph

Wayanad Bowtail

28 Macrogomphus

wynaadicus Fraser,1924

29 Megalogomphus

hannyngtoni (Fraser,1923) s]cphme³ ISph

Giant Clubtail

30 Megalogomphus

superbus Fraser,1931

tNmc s]cphme³ ISph

Beautiful Clubtail

s]cp¦me³ ISph

Long Legged Clubtail

hS¡ ³ s]cp¦me³ ISph

Malabar Long Legged Cl

31 Merogomphus

longistigma (Fraser,1922)

32 Merogomphus

longistigma tamaracherriensis Laidlaw,1931

33 Microgomphus

souteri Fraser,1924

Pigmy Clubtail

ISphm Nn¶³

34

Onychogomphus malabarensis (Fraser,1924) hS¡ ³ \Jhme³

Malabar Clawtail

35

Onychogomphus nilgiriensis (Fraser,1922)

\oeKncn \Jhme³

Nilgiri Clawtail

36

Onychogomphus acinaces (Laidlaw,1922)

Ipdp \Jhme³


37 Paragomphus

lineatus (Selys,1850) Family:Libellulidae

38 Acisoma

Nq-hme³ ISph Unlock full access with a free trial.

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panorpoides Rambur, 1842

Laidlaw’s Clawtail Common Hooktail Skimmers Trumpet-Tail

39 Aethriamanta

brevipennis (Rambur, 1842) Xo¡ cnaq¯³

Scarlet Marsh Hawk

40 Brachydiplax

chalybea Brauer, 1868

Xhn«p sh®od³

Rufous-Backed Marsh Ha

41 Brachydiplax

sobrina (Rambur, 1842)

sNdp sh®od³

Little Blue Marsh Hawk

42 Brachythemis

contaminata (Fabricius,1793) N§ mXn Xp¼n

43 Bradinopyga

geminata (Rambur, 1842)

aXnÂ Xp¼n

44

Cratilia lineata Foerster, 1903

Im«p ]Xp§ ³

45

Crocothemis servilia (Drury, 1770)

hbÂ Xp¼n

46 Diplacodes

lefebvrii (Rambur,1842)

47 Diplacodes

nebulosa (Fabricius, 1793)

Icn\ne¯³ Np«n \ne¯³

Ditch Jewel Granite Ghost

Skimme Emerald-Banded Sign up to vote on this title Ruddy Marsh Skimmer  Useful  Not useful Black Ground Skimmer Black Tipped Ground Ski

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62

Orthetrum luzonicum (Brauer, 1868)

{XnhÀ®³ hymfn

Tricoloured Marsh Hawk

63

Orthetrum pruinosum (Burmeister,1839)

]hnghme³ hymfn

Crimson-Tailed Marsh Haw

64

Orthetrum sabina (Drury, 1770)

]¨ hymfn

Green Marsh Hawk

65

Orthetrum taeniolatum (Schneider,1845)

sNdp hymfn

Ashy Marsh Hawk

66

Orthetrum triangulare (Selys, 1878)

\oe Idp¸³ hymfn

Blue-Tailed Forest Hawk

67 Palpopleura 68 Pantala

sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1787) \oe Ipdphme³

flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)

69 Potamarcha

congener (Rambur, 1842)

70 Rhodothemis

rufa (Rambur, 1842)

71 Rhyothemis

triangularis Kirby, 1889

72 Rhyothemis

variegata (Linnaeus, 1763)

Blue-Tailed Yellow Skimm

HmWXp¼n

Wandering Glider

]pÅnhme³

Yellow-Tailed Ashy Skimm

sN¼³ Xp¼n

Rufous Marsh Glider

Icn\oeNndI³

Lesser Blue Wing

ie ‘¯pXp¼n

Common Picturewing

Ip¦pa¨ndI³

Red-Veined Darter

73

Sympetrum fonscolombii (Selys, 1840)

74

Tetrathemis platyptera Selys, 1878

IpÅ³ Xp¼n

Pigmy Skimmer

75

Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798)

]hng hme³

Coral-Tailed Cloud-Wing

76

Tramea basilaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1805) sN¼³ ]cp´³

Red Marsh Trotter

77

Tramea limbata (Desjardins,1832)

Icn¼³ ]cp´³

Black Marsh Trotter

78

Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839)

knÔqc¨ndI³

Crimson Marsh Glider

79

Trithemis festiva (Rambur, 1842)

ImÀ¯p¼n

Black Stream Glider

80

Trithemis kirbyi Selys, 1891

tNm¸³ ]mdap¯n

Scarlet Rock Glider

81

Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889)

IämSn Xp¼n

Long-Legged Marsh Glider

82

Urothemis signata (Rambur, 1842)

]m--³ hbÂsX¿³

Greater Crimson Glider

\otcm«¡ mc³

Iridescent Stream Glider


kqNnhme³ kÔyXp¼n

Brown Dusk Hawk Torrent Hawk

]pÅn Unlock full\oÀImhe³ access with a free trial.

Spotted Torrent Hawk

83 Zygonyx

iris Selys,1869

84 Zyxomma

petiolatum Rambur, 1842 Family: Macromiidae

\oÀImhe·mÀ

85 Epophthalmia

frontalis Selys, 1871

86 Epophthalmia

vittata Burmeister,1839

\m«p \oÀImhe³ Im«p s]cpwI®³ Download With Free Trial

87 Macromia

annaimalaiensis Fraser,1931

88 Macromia

flavocolorata Fraser,1922

aª

89 Macromia

indica Fraser,1924

\m«p s]cpwI®³

90 Macromia

irata Fraser,1924 Suborder:Zygoptera Family:Calopterygidae

s]cpwI®³

Common Torrent Hawk Anamalai Torrent Hawk Yellow Torrent Hawk Indian Torrent Hawk

92

Vestalis apicalis Selys, 1873

93

Vestalis gracilis (Rambur, 1842)

Fraser’s Torrent Hawk Damselflies kqNnXp¼nIÄ Glories acXIXp¼nIÄ  ]oenXp¼n Stream Glory Sign up to vote on this title Np«n¨ndI³ XWÂ Xp¼n Black-Tipped Forest Glory  Useful  Not useful Clear-Winged Forest Glory XWÂ Xp¼n

93

Vestalis gracilis montana (Fraser, 1934)

Im«p XWÂ Xp¼n

91 Neurobasis chinensis (Linnaeus,

s]cpwI®³

1758)

Montane Forest Glory

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34

MALABAR TROGO

106

Ceriagrion olivaceum Laidlaw, 1914

Icnw]¨ NXp¸³

Rusty Marsh Dart

107

Ceriagrion rubiae Laidlaw, 1916

Xo NXp¸³

Orange Marsh Dart Golden Dartlet

108 Ischnura

aurora (Brauer, 1865)

aª

109 Ischnura

senegalensis (Rambur, 1842)

\oe ]pÂamWn¡ ³

Senegal Golden Dartlet

Icnbne¯p¼n

Brown Dartlet

F®¡ dp¸³

Black Marsh Dart

110 Mortonagrion 111

varralli Fraser,1920

Onychargia atrocyana (Selys, 1865)

]pÂamWn¡ ³

112 Paracercion

calamorum (Ris,1916)

Np«nhme³ XmacXp¼n

Dusky Lily Squatter

113 Pseudagrion

decorum (Rambur, 1842)

Cf\oen ]q¯men

Green-Striped Grass Dart

114 Pseudagrion

indicum Fraser, 1924

aª hcb³ ]q¯men

Yellow-Striped Grass Dar

115 Pseudagrion

malabaricum Fraser, 1924

Im«p ]q¯men

Jungle Grass Dart

\m«p ]q¯men

Blue Grass Dart

sN½pJ¸q¯men

Saffron-Faced Grass Dart Torrent Darts

116 Pseudagrion

microcephalum (Rambur, 1842)

117 Pseudagrion

rubriceps Selys, 1876 Family:Euphaeidae

118 Dysphaea

Acphnb·mÀ

ethela Fraser, 1924

Icn¼³ Acphnb³

Black Torrent Dart

119 Euphaea

cardinalis (Fraser,1924)

sX¡ ³ Acphnb³

Travancore Torrent Dart

120 Euphaea

dispar (Rambur,1842)

hS¡ ³ Acphnb³

Nilgiri Torrent Dart

sN¦dp¸³ Acphnb³

Malabar Torrent Dart Spreadwings

121 Euphaea

fraseri (Laidlaw,1920) Family:Lestidae

122 Indolestes

tNcmNndI·mÀ

gracilis (Hagen in Selys, 1862) Im«p hncn¨ndI³

Davenport’s False Spread

123 Lestes

elatus Hagen in Selys,1862

]¨hcb³ tNcmNndI³

Emerald Spreadwing

124 Lestes

malabarica Fraser,1929

ae_mÀ tNcmNndI³

Malabar Spreadwing

125 Lestes

praemorsus Hagen in Selys, 1862

\oe¡ ®n tNcmNndI³

Sapphire-Eyed Spreadwin

XhnS³ tNcmNndI³

Brown Spreadwing Bush Darts

126 Lestes umbrinus


Selys,1891*

Family:Platycnemididae

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Copera marginipes (Rambur, 1842) 127

Copera vittata Selys,1863 Family: Platystictidae

aª ¡ men ]mÂXp¼n sN¦men With ]mÂXp¼n Download Free Trial

Yellow Bush Dart

\ngÂXp¼nIÄ

Blue Bush Dart Reedtails

128 Platysticta

deccanensis Laidlaw,1915

Ip¦pa \ngÂXp¼n

Saffron Reedtail

129 Protosticta

antelopoides Fraser,1931

sIm¼³ \ngÂXp¼n

Spiny Reedtail

130 Protosticta

davenporti Fraser,1931

B\ae \ngÂXp¼n

Anamalai Reedtail

131 Protosticta

gravelyi Laidlaw,1915

]pÅn \ngÂXp¼n

Pied Reedtail

132 Protosticta

hearseyi Fraser,1922

sNdp \ngÂXp¼n

133 Protosticta

mortoni Fraser,1924

134 Protosticta

sanguinostigma Fraser, 1922 Family:Protoneuridae

Little Reedtail  Sign up to vote on this title \oe]nSen \ngÂXp¼n Blue Necked Reedtail  Useful  Not useful Red Spotted Reedtail sN¼³ \ngÂXp¼n Bamboo Tails apfhme·mÀ

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Acknowledgments: We are grateful to Francy Kakkassery, Allan Brandon, Punnen Kurien, Abraham Samuel,B. Sreekumar and K.G.Dili valuable inputs which immensely help this work. We are thankful to Muhamed Jafer Palot, E. Kunhikrishnan, K.A. Subrama Emiliyamma, Manoj V. Nair, C. Susanth, Manu.P, Babu Kambrath and V.C.Balakrishnan for their help with the vernacular nam thanks to S.Kalesh and Sandeep Das for their comments on earlier drafts. Speci al thanks to Arun C.G and Ramesh M. for their fie We would like to thank Travancore Natural History Society (TNHS), Thiruvanant hapuram and Kottayam Nature Society (KNS), for their facilities and encouragement.

References: Fraser, F.C (1933-36): The Fauna of British India, including Ceyl on and Burma. Odonata. Vol I-III. Taylor and Francis Ltd., L Emiliyamma.K.G. Radhakrishnan.C., & Muhamed Jafer Palot (2005): Pictorial handbook on common Dragonflies and Dam Kerala. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata . 67pp. Emiliyamma. K.G., Radhakrishnan.C.,& Muhamed Jafer Palot (2007): Odonata (Insecta) of Kerala , Zoological Survey Kolkata.195pp +8 plates. Muhamed Jafer Palot and Kambrath. 2001. Keralthile Thumbikal- Part-1. (Dragonflies & Damselflies of Kerala- Part-1). B (Popular Children's weekly- as a Supplement - Center spread). 14 December 2001. Muhamed Jafer Palot and Babu Kambrath. 2001. Keralthile Thumbikal- Part-2. (Dragonflies & Damselflies of Kerala- Part-2). B (Popular Children's weekly- as a Supplement - Center spread). 21 December 2001. Muhamed Jafer Palot and Babu Kambrath. 2001. Keralthile Thumbikal- Part-3. (Dragonflies & Damselflies of Kerala- Part-3). B (Popular Children's weekly- as a Supplement - Center spread). 28 December 2001. Kiran C.G & Kakaserry,F (2007):Observations on mating and oviposition behavior of Tetrathemis platyptera Selys 1878, i Biology of Dragonflies, ed. Tyagi,B.K. Scientific Publishers, India.349-355p. Peters (1981): Trockenzeit-Libellen ausdem Indischen Tiefland Deutsch Entomologische Zeitschrift (N.F) 28:93-108. Prasad, M &Varshney, R.K. (1995): A checklist of the Odonata of India includi ng data on larval studies. Oriental Insects, 29: 385Subramanian, K.A. (2009): A checklist of Odonata (Insecta) of India, Zoological Survey of India. 36pp. Subramanian, K.A. (2009): Dragonflies and Damselflies of Penins ular India - A Field Guide, Vigyan Prasar, Noida, India. 168pp. Subramanian. K.A., Francy Kakkassery and Manjo.V.Nair (2011). The status and distribution of dragonflies and damselflies (O the Western Ghats. In: Molur, S.,Smith, K.G., Daniel, B.A and Darwall, W.R.T. (Compilers). The Status and Distribution of You're Preview Biodiversity in The Western Ghats. Pages 63-74. IUCN, CambriReading dge, UK &aZoo Outreach, Coimbatore, India.

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Programme conducted Download With Free Trial

John C Smrithi Sangamam. rd

In connection with the 3 death anniversary of our beloved guru, Prof. John C. Jacob a meeting of the Prathishtanamwas conducted at Vadukunda Shiva Temple th Auditorium, Madayipara, Kannur district on 15 October 2011. More than 60 members from various parts of Kerala had participated in the programme. Sri. A. Mohan Kumar, Civic Chandran, Sunil Kumar, C., Shivaprasad Master, Bhaskaran Vellur, Vishalakshan Master, G.K. Latha, Hari Chakkarakallu, Asha Hari, Sheeja Mottammal, Pavithran Vatakara, and Dr Jafer Palot spoke on the occasion.

Community Reserve, Kattampalli, Chemb Ezhimla, Vellimuckuchali, Purathur, Kottooli Kolavipalam, Puthiyappa beach, Mavoor Kackavayal biodiversity centre, etc. As species of birds were observed during the su important bird species observed during the bird Watercock, Rufous Woodpecker, Rudd  Sanderling, Shahin Falcon, Sign up to vote on thisDrongo title Cuckoo,

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MALABAR TROGO

T.N., President of MNHS presided over the function. Shri. C.J. Thomas of MNHS welcomed the gathering and Shri. Muhamed Rafeek gave vote of thanks. Dr. Jafer Palot, Secretary, MNHS and Shri. Sajikumar, Asst. Conservator of Forests also spoke on the occasion. Prizes were given away to the teams which counted the maximum number of species of birds and to the 'Bird of the day' for a rare bird sighting. The Ist prize was grabbed by Sri. Sasidharan Manekara & team of Thalasserry, Kannur dt, spotting 163 species of birds. Second prize was won by Sri. Roshnath & team of Wayanad with 108 species and the third prize won by Mujeeb Panchili & team of Thamarasserry, Kozhikode district with 86 species. Black-tailed Godwit was the 'bird of the day' and was spotted by Drishya & team of University of Calicut, Tenhipalam, Malappuram district. Turtle Walk at Thaikadappuram beach MNHS in association with Neythal Turtle Conservation Group organized a Turtle walk at th Thaikadppuram beach, Nileswaram, Kasaragod on 24-25 December 2011. The participants walked through the beach in the night as well as early morning before sunrise. Though we could not see any signs of Turtle breeding in the

Butterfly Study Camp th

The 11 annual butterfly stud th th conducted at Aralam WLS on 13 -15 jointly by Kerala Forests & Wildlife Departm Malabar Natural History Society, Kozhikode 85 butterfly enthusiasts from various parts of Karnataka attended the programme. The prog inaugurated by Sri. K.V. Uthaman, Form Warden, Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary. Sri. K. Go Wildlife Warden welcomed the gathering. Balakrishnan presided over the function and D Palot, Coordinator, Butterfly Migration Stu

You're Reading a briefed Previewout the programme. An illustrate

“Hesperiids of Kerala” by Dr. S. Kalesh

Unlock full access withTravancore a free trial. Natural History Society and a ta

stages of butterflies' by Balakrishnan Va delivered Download With Free Trialduring the Camp As in the case of the earlier surveys, eig such as Valayanchal, Pookundu Colony, Kuruckathodu, Kariyankappu, Meenmutty f and Paripputhodu were selected for the survey three days of survey a total of 148 species of but beach, we could see many shorebirds like Green Shank, recorded from the Sanctuary. The study in Red Shank, Common Sandpiper, Sanderling, Browndominance of the family Nymphalidae  with headed Gull, Black- headed Gull, etc. Also saw a pair of Sign up to vote on this title followed by Lycaenidae (41species), H Black-capped Kingfisher on the beach. A nesting pair of (24species), and 15 each form Papil Not useful  Useful  species White-bellied Sea Eagle was also sighted at Punchavi Pieridae. The list included five species of butt Kadappuram on a Casuarina tree. Many sightings of as Yellow Jack Sailer, Aberrant Oak Blue, T Dolphins were noted near the coastal waters. Sri.

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Malabar Trogon_2011_Vol. 9 (3)

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