PNAN]\JNG U.B.\. Mjbdkstry = MJBDK]\P[ ” >;;2 VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV >.
λλC λλ
+ Dd + Gg
pU ←← ←←
+ q^ + rP tjb bqukck`rkud mfgstngt ifr tjks rbnmtkfg ks
1 p q r (>) O m 4 _UT _^T _PT d g λ _CT _DT _GT
(0)O m 4 _CT _DT _GT p q r _UT _^T _PT
(=) O m 4 _CT_DT_GT _UT_^T_PT
(<) O m 4 λdg pqr
λ
d
g
0. Lub tf cfw kfgkzntkfg pftbgtknc tjb nconckdbtncs nrb 1 (>) wbno fxklkzkgh nhbgt (0) strfgh fxklkzkgh nhbgt (=) strfgh rblumkgh nhbgt (<) gfgb fi tjbsb =. Murrbgt frlbr fi rnlkus ks 1 + + + + n + (>) Ck 7Gn 7O (0) O 7G +7Ck
+
+
+
(=) Gn 7O 7Ck
(<) ncc sndb
<. Ki tjbrb ks ng ugmbrtnkgkty kg tjb pfsktkfg fi ng bcbmtrfg ks zbrf tjbg tjbg ugmbrtnkgkty kg tjb dfdbgtud wkcc `b 1 (>) j (0) kgikgktb (=) gj/0υ (<) zbrf 0υ 2. \jb `fkckgh pfkgt fi wntbr ks jkhj lub tf 1 (>) jkhj kfgkm prflumt (0) jylrfhbg `fglkgh (=) jbnvy wbkhjt (<) jkhj lkbcbmtrkm biikmkbgt 9. Bcbdbgts fi tjb sndb hrfup nrb 1 (>) Dh, @n (0) M,] (=) J,@b
(<) Ns, sb
←← 8. Mj=MFFNh + @r0 ←← MJ=@r + Nh@r + MF0 . \jb n`fvb rbnmtkfg ks ogfwg ns 1 (>) Jfiidngg dustnrl fkc rbnmtkfg (0) Xurtz ikttkgh rbnmtkfg (=) Jugslkbmobr rbnmtkfg (<) Yfcjnrl zbckgsoy rbnmtkfg 0
0 9
0 0
:. >s 0s p =s p mfgikhurntkfg sjfws tjb 1 (>) i-icfmo bcbdbgts (0) p-`cfmo bcbdbgts (=) s-`cfmo bcbdbgts (<) l-`cfmo bcbdbgts ;. \jb rbqukrbl mfglktkfg ifr prbmkpktntkfg ks 1
(>) kfgkm prflumt 7O sp sp (0) snturntbl sfcutkfg (=) kfgkm prflumt 3O sp sp (<) lkcutb sfcutkfg -2
>5. \jb dfcnrkty dfcnrkty fi ng bcbmtrfcytb @n MrF< ks >.<>2 x >5 D, tjb vncub fi sfcu`kckty prflumt wkcc `b 1 -: ->0 -9 ->5 (>) 0 x >5 (0) 0.50 x >5 (=) 0.02 x >5 (<) 0x>5 >>. Cbwks nmkl ks 1 (>) GJ0 GJ0
(0) GJ=
(=) NKMK=
(<) J0F
>0. \jbrb nrb tjrbb ugpnkrbl bcbmtrfgs kg G nmmfrlkgh tf 1 (>) Unuck‛s cnw (0) Jugl‛s cnw (=) Nui`nu‛s cnw (<) ]tnro cnw >=. \jb pJ vncubs fi sfcutkfg N ngl @ nrb 0 ngl 9 rbsp. Nmkl strbghtj fi N kg mfdpnrkskfg tf @ wkcc `b 1 (>) < tkdbs (0) 0 tkdbs (=) >5-< tkdbs (<) >5555 tkdbs ><. Kg wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh tbst, O DgF< ks usbl tf tbstkgh ugsnturntkfg 1 (>) Ducckobg-@nrobr tbst (0) @nybr tbst (=) Ibjckgh tbst (<) ]mjkii tbst
>2. Mj=MFMK + J0 Ul/@N]F< (>) Dbtjngfc (0) Nmbtkm nmkl
N + JMK Kg tjb n`fvb rbnmtkfg r bnmtkfg N ks 1 (=) Nmbtnclbjylb (<) Btjbgfc
>9. Pbdfvkgh fi sucpjur `y jbntkgh fi pyrktbs ks mnccbl 1 (>) @bssbdbbrksntkfg (0) Pfnstkgh (=) ]dbcikgh (<) Mncmkgntkfg >8. Mj=MJF + MJ=DhZ J0F N jbrb N ks 1 (>) 0-prfpngfc (0) >-prfpngfc (=) Nmbtfgb
(<) Nmbtnclbjylb
>:. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh jns gft mfcfurbl snct 1 + + 0+ 0+ (>) Mu (0) Ib (=) Mu (<) MF >;. Gktrntkfg fi tjb `bgzbgb ks n rbnmtkfg fi 1 (>) Gumcbfpjkcckm su`stktutkfg (0) Gumcbfpjkcckm nllktkfg (=) Bcbmtrfpjkcckm su`stktutkfg (<) Bcbmtrfpjkcckm nllktkfg 05. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh ks dfst rbnmtkvb ifr gktrntkfg 1 (>) Gbtrf`bgzbgb (0) Mcfrf`bgzbgb (=) \nckfgb 0>. Mfvbrskfg fi J kgtf J kfg ks n 1 (>) Pblumtkfg
(<) @bgzbgb
(0) Irbb rnlkmnc iksskfg (=) Fxklntkfg (<) Iksskfg fi jylrfhbg 00. Kg wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh tjbrb ks gf rbsfgngmb 1 (>) Btjyc ndkgb (0) Ujbgfc (=) Ngkcbgb (<) @bgzbgb 0=. Xjy lfbs GJ) ifr purb prbmkpktntkfg (0) ifr dnokgh lkcutb sfcutkfg (=) tf rblumb tjb mfgmbgtrntkfg fi FJ kfg (<) tf kgmrbnsb tjb mfgmbgtrntkfg fi FJ kfg 0<. \jb jylrfcysks fi bstbrs `y `nsb ks ogfwg ns 1 (>) Lbjylrntkfg (0) ]npfgkikmntkfg (=) Lbjbcfhbgntkfg (<) Lbjylrfhbgntkfg 5
02. @y wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh, fxnckm nmkl rbnmts nt >>5 M tf ifrd ifrdkm nmkl 1 (>) Urk. Ndkgb (0) Hcymbrfc (=) Nmbtnclbjylb (<) Nmbtfgb y+
x-
09. DxNy ←← + yN tjb trub stntbdbgt ifr tjks rbnmtkfg ks 1 ←← xD x x+y x+y x y x+y 0 (>) O sp (0) O sp (=)O sp (<) O sp sp 4 Z ] sp 4 ] sp4Z [ ] sp4 ] 08. @y wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh bgzydb kg tjb prfmbss fi ibrdbgtntkfg hcumfsb ngl irumtfsb nrb mfgvbrtbl kgtf ncmfjfc 1 (>) Lknstnsb (0) Zydnsb (=) Kgvbrtnsb (<) Dnctnsb 0:. Gktrntkfg fi `bgzfkm nmkl hkvbs 1 (>) <-lkgktrf`bgzfkm nmkl (0) 0,<-lkgktrf`bgzfkm nmkl (=) 0-gktrf`bgzfkm nmkl (<) =-gktrf`bgzfkm nmkl 0;. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh ks tjb dnkg pnrtkmcb fi pbtrfc 1 (>) Ncoycb jbcklb (0) Mfdpfugls mfgtnkgkgh fxyhbg (=) Mfdpfugls mfgtnkgkgh sucpjur (<) Dkxturb fi ncongbs =5. \jb frlbr fi lbjylrntkfg fi ncmfjfcs `y mfgmbgtrntbl J0]F< ks 1 (>) t7s7p (0) p7s7t (=) s7t7p (<) Ncc sndb =>. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh ifrds fkcygktrfsfndkgb wktj nq. JGF0 1 (>) Ngkckgb (0) Lkdbtjycndkgb (=) Btjycndkgb (<) Dbtjycndkgb =0. Pblumkgh nhbgts nrb tjfsb wjkmj 1 (>) lfdntbs bcbmtrfgs (0) ifrds mfvncbgt `fgl
(=) sjnrbs bcbmtrfgs (<) hnkgs bcbmtrfgs ==. Kg nmklkm dblkud tjb fxklntkfg stntb fi Dg kg ODgF< mjnghb irfd 1 (>) +9 tf +0 (0) +8 tf += (=) +8tf +< (<) +8 tf +0 ←← ←← ↕↕ ↕↕
=<. N+@ M + L kg tjks rbnmtkfg kgktknc mfgmbgtrntkfg N ngl @ nrb dfcb bnmj fi tjb bqukck`rkud mfgstngt ks o. Ki tjb mfgmbgtrntkfgs fi N ngl @ wkcc `b lfgb 0 ngl = dfcb rbsp. tjb bqukck`rkud mfgstngt wkcc `b 1 (>) jnci (0) ugmjnghbl (=) ifur tkdbs (<) 0 tkdbs =2. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh nrb jfdfcfhfus 1 (>) MJ=MFFJ, MJ=MFFMJ= (0) MJ=-M≮MJ0MJ04MJ0 (=) MJ=MJF, MJ=MJ0MJF (<) MJ=MJF, MJ=MFMJ= =9. \jb hbgbrnc ifrducn fi ncoygb ks 1 (>) MgJ0g (0)M0J0g-0 (=) MgJ0g+0
(<)Gfgb n`fvb
=8. Nmmfrlkgh tf @fjr, bcbmtrfg mng dfvb nrfugl tjb gumcbnsb. Ki tjb prkgmkpnc qungtud gf ks g tjbg tjb nghucnr dfdbgtud wkcc `b 1 (>) gj (0) j/υ (=) gυ/j (<) gj/0υ =:. Nt rbvbrsk`cb bqukck`rkud 1 (>) tjb mfgmbgtrntkfg fi dnttbr nrb bqunc (0) tjb ifrwnrl ngl `nmownrl rntbs nrb bqunc (=) tjb `nmownrl rntb wkcc `b jkhjbr (<) tjb ifrwnrl rntb wkcc `b jkhjbr 5
-2
=;. \jb jylrfcysks mfgstngt (oj) fi MJ=MFFGn nt 02 M wkcc `b 1 (On4>.:x>5 ) -2 ->5 ->0 ->> (>) 2.22 x >5 (0) 2.22x>5 (=) 2.22x>5 (<) 2.22x>5 <5. Ki tjb cnlkus fi K @fjr fr`kt fi J ks n5 tjbg tjb rnlkus fi KKK @fjnr fr`kt wkcc `b 1 (>) >0n5 (0) n5 (=5 ;n5 (<) =n5 <>. \jb ogfwcblhb fi bgbrhy ngl pfsktkfg fi ng bcbmtrfg ks ifugl irfd 1 (>) Urkgmkpnc qungtud gf. (0) Nzkdutjnc qungtud gf. (=) Dnhgbtkm qungtud gf. (<) ]pkg qungtud gf. <0. \jb mfgauhntb nmkl fi MK ks 1 (>) JMK (0) JMKF=
(=) JMKF0
(<) JMKF<
-
<=. FJ ngl J0F `ftj nrb nmmfrlkgh tf Cbwks 1 (>) Nmkls (0) @nsbs (=) Nmklngl `nsb
(<) @nsb ngl nmkl
<<. Nzkdtjnc qungtud gf. ks rbprbsbgtbl `y 1 (>) s (0) g (=) > (<) d λλ ngl g ifr 0p fr`ktnc nrb 1 <2. \jb vncubs fi λλ (>) λ 4 0 , g 4 0 (0) λ 4 0, g4 > (=) λ45, g4> (<) λ 4 >, g40 <9. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh nrb prbsbgt kg tjb nqubfus sfcutkfg fi Gn0MF= 1 + (>) J0MF=, Gn , FJ kfg 0(0) J0MF=, FJ , MF= -0 (=) MF= kfg + (<) Gn ngl FJ 0
0 =
<8. \jb >5. fi ng ugpnkrbl bcbmtrfgs kg tjb mfgikhuntkfg >s , 0s p nrb 1 (>) 2 (0) = (=) 0 (<) > <:. \jb pJ vncub fi purb wntbr ks 8. Ki n snct Z ks nllbl kg tjb wntbr tjb pJ vncub rnksbl ngl `bmfdb >=. \jb snct Z wkcc `b1 (>) MJ=MFFGJ< (0) GJ) frkbgtntkfg fi fr`ktncs (0) sjnpb fi fr`ktncs (=) skzb fi fr`ktncs (<) Ncc 25. \jb vncub fi bcbmtrfgbhn-ikvkty kg n mfcudg irfd rkhjt tf cbit cbi t `bmfdbs1 (>) gft mbrtnkg mjnghb (0) bqunc (=) rblumbs (<) kgmrbnsbs ←← ←← ↕↕ ↕↕
2>. UMK2 UMK= + MK0 Kg tjks rbnmtkfg wjbg prbssurb kgmrbnsbs 1 (>) bqukck`rkud mfgstngt `bmfdbs lfu`cb (0) dfrb Mc0 prflumbs (=) \jb lkssfmkntkfg fi UMK2 kgmrbnsbs (<) \jb lkssfmkntkfg fi UMK2 lbmrbnsbs 20. ]jnpb fi s fr`ktnc ks 1 (>) lfu`cb lud` `bcc (0) spjbrkmnc
(=) lud` `bcc (<) gfgb fi tjbsb
2=. \jb mfrrbmt frlbr fi kfgkzntkfg pftbgtknc ks 1 (>) G7M7@ (0) G7@7M (=) M7G7@ (<) G3M3@ 2<. MMK< ks dfrb mfvncbgt tjng CkMK `bmnusb 1 (>) lkpfcb dfdbgt fi Ck-MK ks mfgstngt mfgstngt (0) lkpfcb dfdbgt fi MMK< ks zbrf (=) Ck-MK `fgl ks pfcnr (<) M-MK `fgl ks gfg pfcnr 22. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh ks tjb gf. fi pnkrbl bcbmtrfgs kg G0 dfcbmucb 1 (>) 0 (0) 9 (=) 2 (<) <
29. ]trnghbst bcbmtrfgbhntkvb bcbdbgt ks 1 (>) K (0) I (=) MK
(<) @r
28. Xjbg ntfdkm gf. fi nconck dbtnc kgmrbnsbs 1 (>) bcbmtrfg niikgkty kgmrbnsbs (0) kfgkm rnlkus kgmrbnsbs (=) bcbmtrf gbhntkvkty kgmrbnsbs (<) kfgkzntkfg pftbgtknc kgmrbnsbs 2:. \jb M-MK `fgl fi M9J2MK kgmfdpnrkskfg wktj MJ=MK ks 1 (>) cfgh ngl wbno (0) cfgh ngl strfgh (=) sjfrt ngl wbno (<) sjfrt ngl strfgh NKMK= 2;. M9J9+MJ=MFMK M9J2MFMJ=+JMK \jb gndb fi tjb n`fvb rbnmtkfg ks1 (>) Xurtz rbnmtkfg (0) Irkblbc mrnit rbnmtkfg (=) ]mjfitbg @nudng rbnmtkfg (<) Hnttbrdngg rbnmtkfg 95. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh fgb jns bcbmtrfgkm mfgikhurntkfg fi trngsktkfg bcbdbgt 1 0 0 9 0 9 >5 0 (>) >s 0s 0p =s =p =l s 0s 0p =s =p 0 0 9 0 9 = 0 (=) >s 0s 0p =s =p =l s 0s 0p =s =p 9>. Kg wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh mfglktkfgs `bgzbgb rbnmts wktj J0]F< 1 (>) wjbg JGF= ks nllbl (0) wktj mfgm. ngl jft J0]F< (=) wktj lkcutb ngl jft J0]F< (<) wktj lkcutb ngl mfcl J0]F< 90. \jb gf‛s fi ύύ ngl υυ kg tbtrnmygfbtjycbgb nrb 1 ύύ υ `fgls υ (>) = ύ ngl < υ (0) : ύ ngl 8 υ (=) ; ύ ngl ; υ (<) ; ύ ngl : υ 9=. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh ks lkndnhgbtkm dfcbmucb 1 0+ (>) F0 (0)F0 (=) F0 (<)F0 9<. \f rbmfhgkzb tjb pfsktkfg ngl vbcfmkty fi ng bcbmtrfg nrfugl tjb gumcbns nt n tkdb ks 1
(>) (0) (=) (<)
mfucl gft sny ngy tjkgh sfdbtkdb pfssk`cb ngl sfdb tkdb gft pfssk`cb kdpfssk`cb pfssk`cb
92. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh ks ifugl irfd fxklntkfg fi prfpkfgnclbjylb 1 (>) M0J2MFFJ (0) JMFFJ (=) MJ=MFMJ= (<) MJ=MFFJ 99. Nmmfrlkgh tf @fjr wjbg ng bcbmtrfg rbnmjbs nt tjb cfwbst cbvbc tjbg 1 (>) @fjr tjbfry lfbs gft bxpcnkgs (0) \jbrb ks gf mjnghb kg bgbrhy (=) Bgbrhy fi bcbmtrfg rblumbs (<) Bgbrhy fi ng bcbmtrfg kgmrbnsbs 98. \jb pJ vncub fi n sfcutkfg ks 2. \jb jylrfhbg kfg mfgmbgtrntkfg wkcc `b 1 -: -0 -2 -8 (>) >5 (0) >5 (=) >5 (<) >5 9:. \jb dfcnrkty fi n sfcutkfg kg wjkmj 2.= hd. Gn0MF= ks lkssfjbl kg 255 dc. wkcc `b1 (>) >.5 D (0) 5.> D (=) 5.02 D (<) 5.0 D 9;. Mupbccntkfg dbtjfl ks usbl tjb bxtrnmtkfg fi tjb ifccfwkgh 1 (>) Qg (0) Nh (=) Ib (<) Mu 85. \jb mfdpfugl wjkmj ks ifugl irfd tjb lkstkccntkfg fi mncmkud nmbtntb ks 1 (>) MJ=MFMJ0MJ0 (0) JMJF (=) MJ=MJF (<) (MJ=)0MF 8>. @y wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh prfmbss jylrfmnr`fg ks ifugl irfd pbrtrckud 1 (>) nllktkfg (0) mfd`ustkfg (=) irnmtkfgnc lkstkccnckfg (<) ncc n`fvb 80. Ki n mfdpfugl mfgtnkgkgh dfrb tjng fgb iugmtkfgnc hrfups. Kg tjb gfdbgmcncurb, tjb prbibrnmb ks hkvbg tf 1 (>) prkgmkpnc iugmtkfgnc hrfup (0) trkpcb `fgl (=) lfu`cb `fgl (<) ftjbr iugmtkfgnc hrfup 8=. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh ks tbrtknry mnr`fgkud kfg1 ⊒
(>) (MJ=)=M
⊒
(0) (MJ=)0MJ
⊒
(=) MJ=MJ0
⊒
(<) MJ=
8<. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh ks trub stntbdbgt 1 (>) Nmbtycbgb hkvbs wjktb prbmkpktntb wktj NhGf= ngl rbl prbmkpktntb wktj Mu0Mc0 (0) Nmbtycbgb hkvbs rbl prbmkpktntb wktj NhGF= ngl wjktb prbmkpktntb wktj Mu0Mc0 (=) Nmbtycbgb hkvbs wjktb prbmkpktntb wktj wktj `ftj (<) Nmbtycbgb hkvbs rbl prbmkpktntb wktj wktj `ftj
82. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh ks bcbmtrfpjkckm 1 (>) P-F-P (0) GJ= (=) J0F
(<) @I=
89. Kg wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh sfcutkfg dbtjyc frnghb hkvbs rbl mfcfur 1 (>) JMK (0) GnFJ (=) MJ=MFFGn (<) MJ=MFFGJ 88. \jb pJ vncub fi wntbr ks \. Xjbg n snct Z ks lkssf`bl tjb pJ vncub `bmfdbs >=. \jb snct Z wkcc `b 1 (>) snct fi wbno nmkl ngl wbno `nsb (0) snct fi wbno nmkl ngl strfgh `nsb (=) snct fi strfgh nmkl ngl wbno `nsb (<) snct fi strfgh nmkl ngl strfgh `nsb 8:. Ifr wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh tktrntkfg pjbgfcpjtjncbkg ks suktn`cb kglkmntfr 1 (>) GJ) O j4 Ow (0) O j 4 Ow (=) O j4 Ow O n O nO ` O ` :5. \jb KRUNM gndb fi MJ= MJ= MJ=
(<) Ncc n`fvb
M-
MJ4MJ0 ks 1
(>) =,= lkdbtjyc-=-`utbgb (0) <,<-lkdbtjyc-0-`utbgb (=) =,=-lkdbtjyc-c-`utbgb (<) =,=-lkdbtjyc-0-`utbgb :>. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh sbt fi qungtud gfs. nrb gft pfssk`cb 1 (>) =,0,=,>/0 (0) 2,5,5,>/0 (=) =,0,-=, ´ (<) 2,>,5,->/0 :0. Ifr n sfcutkfg dfcb gfs. fi sfcutb ngl wjfcb sfcutkfg nrb 05 ngl :5 rbmbptkvbcy tjbg tjb dfcb irnmtkfg fi sfcutb wkcc `b 1 (>) 5.=2 (0) <.5 (=) 5.< (<) 5.02 :=. \jb lbhrbb fi cfgksntkfg fi ng bcbmtrfcytb lbpbgls upfg 1 (>) skzb fi sfcvbgt dfcbmucbs (0) gnturb fi sfcvbgt dfcbmucbs (=) cfgksntkfg pftbgtknc fi sfcvbgt dfcbmucbs (<) sjnpmb fi sfcvbgt dfcbmucbs
:<. \jb mjbdkmnc prfpbrtkbs fi ng bcbdbgt lbpbgls upfg 1 (>) ntfdkm gf. ngl vfcudb (0) ntfdkm wbkhjt ngl vfcudb (=) ntfdkm gf. ngl bcbmtrfgkm mfgikhurntkfg (<) ntfdkm gf. fi ntfdkm wbkhjt :2. Unrndnhgbtksd ks ifugl kg kg bcbdbgts wjbg 1 (>) ncc bcbmtrfgs nrb pnkrbl (0) fmtbt ks mfdpcbtb (=) ncc bcbmtrfgs nrb sjnrbl (<) ugpnkrbl bcbmtrfgs nrb prbsbgt ←← :9. M9J2GJ0 + MJMK= +OFJ ←← (N) + OMK + J 0F jbrb N ks 1 (>) M9J<(MK)GJ0 (0) M9J2MG (=) M9J<(FJ)GJ 0 (<) M9J2 GM
:8. Btjngb, btjngb ngl bjtygb. Kg wjkmj fi tjb n`fvb tjrbb. M-J `fgl bgbrhy ks jkhjbst 1 (>) kg M0J< (0) kg M0J9 (=) kg M0J0 (<) sndb ::. \jb (>) (0) (=) (<)
mfrrbmt frlbr fi strbghtj strbghtj fi jncfhbg nmkls ks 1 JK7JMK7J@r7JI JMK7JI7J@r7JK JI3JMK3J@r3JK JI7JMK7J@r7JK
:;. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh pnkr jns sndb sndb bcbmtrfgkm mfgikhurntkfg 1 + + + + + 0+ + + (>) O , P` (0) Gn , O (=) O , Mn (<) Ck , GF ;5. Nconck dbtnc hbts kgbrt hns mfgikhurntkfg `y 1 (>) dnokgh mffrlkgntkfg `fgl (0) sjnrkgh ng bcbmtrfg (=) hnkg fi ng-bcbmtrfg (<) cfss fi ng bcbmtrfg ;>. \jb pfcnrkty fi mfvncbgt `fgl `btwbbg twf ntfds lbpbgls upfg 1 (>) gfs. fi ng ugpnkrbl bcbmtrfgs (0) bcbmtrfgkm mfgikhurntkfg fi ng ntfd (=) bcbmtrfgbhntkvkty fi ng ntfd (<) cfgksntkfg pftbgtknc fi ng ntfd ;0. \jb sjnpb fi ng nddfgkn dfcbmucb ks 1 (>) pyrngklb (0) tbtrnjblrnc (=) trknghucnr (<) ckgbnr ;=. \jb kdpfrtngt mfppbr frb ks 1 (>) Mjncfmfpyrktbs (0) Ncudkgn
(=) @nuxktb
(<) ]blnrktb
;<. Mryfcktb ks nllbl kg tjb bxtrnmtkfg fi ncudkgkud `bmnusb fi 1 (>) Fxklntkfg fi `nuxktb
(0) \f rbdfvb `nuxktb irfd ngflb (=) Pblumtkfg fi `nuxktb (<) \f iusb `nuxktb ;2. @y wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh rbhbgt nclbjylb ngl obtfgb ks lkstkghuksjbl 1 (>) Ibjckgh sfcutkfg (0) @nybr sfcutkfg (=) Gn0MF= (<) F= ;9. Xjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh lfbs gft hkvb prbmkpktntb wktj (GnFJ + K0) 1 (>) Btjngfc (0) @bgznclbjylb (=) Nmbtfgb (<5 Nmbtnclbjylb ;8. ]flkud nmbtntb + sfln ckdb ←← ← N ← jbrb N ks 1 (>) @utngb (0) Urfpngb (=) Btjngb
(<) Dbtjngb
;:. Lkbtjyc btjbr ks ks gft n ksfdbr fi 1 (>) @utngfgb (0) @utngfc (=) Dbtjyc ksfprfpyc btjbr (<) Dbtjyc prfpyc btjbr ;;. @y wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh sjkii rbnhbgt hkvbs pkgo mfcfur 1 (>) Lkbtjyc btjbr (0) Nmbtnclbjylb (=) Dbtjngfc (<) Nmbtfgb >55.Kg wjkmj fi tjb ifccfwkgh fxklntkfg stntb fi G ks > 1 (>) GJ= (0) G0F (=) GJ0FJ (<) GF
>.(>) >0.(0) 0=.(=) =<.( =<.(0) 0) <2.(<) 29.( 29.(0) 0) 98.(=) 8:.(0) :;.( :;.(=) =) >55(0)
0.(=) >=.(<) 0<.(0) =2.( =2.(=) =) <9.(0) 28.( 28.(0) 0) 9:.(0) 8;.(0) ;5.( ;5.(<) <)
=.(0) ><.(0) 02.(0) =9.( =9.(0) 0) <8.(0) 2:.( 2:.(<) <) 9;.(0) :5.(=) ;>.( ;>.(=) =)
<.(0) >2.(=) 09.(=) =8.( =8.(<) <) <:.(=) 2;.( 2;.(0) 0) 85.(<) :>.(=) ;0.( ;0.(>) >)
NG]XBP ]JBB\ 2.(0) 9.(>) 8.(=) >9.(0) >8.(=) >:.(>) 08.(0) 0:.(0) 0;.(<) =:.( =:.(0) 0) =;.( =;.(0) 0) <5.( <5.(=) =) <;.(>) 25.(=) 2>.(<) 95.( 95.(=) =) 9>.( 9>.(>) >) 90.( 90.(=) =) 8>.(=) 80.(>) 8=.(>) :0.(<) :=.(0) :<.(=) ;=.( ;=.(>) >) ;<.( ;<.(<) <) ;2.( ;2.(>) >)
:.(0) >;. >;.(=) =5.(0 =5.(0)) <>.(>) 20.(0) 9=.( 9=.(>) >) 8<.(>) :2. :2.(<) ;9.( ;9.(0) 0)
;.(>) 05.(=) =>.( =>.(0) 0) <0.(>) 2=.(>) 9<.( 9<.(=) =) 82.(<) :9.(<) ;8.( ;8.(<) <)
>5.(<) 0>.(=) =0.(> =0.(>)) <=.(0) 2<.(=) 92.( 92.(>) >) 89.(>) :8.( 8.(=) ;:.( ;:.(>) >)
>>.(=) 00.(>) ==.( ==.(<) <) <<.(=) 22 22.(0) 99.( 99.(=) =) 88.(0) ::.(=) ;;.( ;;.(0) 0)
