jj
J`rinnc`e @hv`ejch Vrdaijicejy Cx`gie`tide Cx`gie`tide L`w Seit 0
Xdpij= Xbc Hc`tb Vce`lty ie Ouy`e` E`gc da Jcetcr= Z`iet Z`iet Zt`eisl`us Jdllcoc Jcetcr Jdhc= 69668? E`gc da J`ehih`tc= J`ehih`tc= J`rlds Mdbe Mdbe Odes`lvcs ^coistr`tide Eugncr= 6966>?6>1? Xcrritdry= Ouy`e` Yc`r da cx`g= >60? Xc`jbcr= Gr. @rjbin`lh
X@NLC DA JDEXCEX
Jdetcets
V`ocs
@jkedwlchocgcets
0
Ietrdhujtide
>
Xitlc
:
Hcsjriptide da Gctbdh cgpldych
8
Vrcscet`tide da H`t` (Aiehieos)
3
Hisjusside da Aiehieos
03
^cjdggceh`tides
>6
Ninlidor`pby
>0
@ppcehijcs
>>
@JKED_LCHOCGCEXZ
Xbc rcsc`rjbcr dwcs tbc sujjcssaul jdgplctide da tbis `sscssgcet td v`ridus pcrsdes wbd b`vc daacrch iev`lu`nlc `ih td big. Or`tituhc gust nc oivce td bis L`w tc`jbcr, Gr. @rjbin`lh adr bis ouih`ejc td tbc rcsc`rjbcr.
0
IEX^DHSJXIDE @ biobly jdetrdvcrsi`l tdpij tb`t ecvcr sccgs td ldsc stc`g ie Ouy`ecsc sdjicty is wbctbcr tbc hc`tb pce`lty sbdulh nc rcgdvch ardg tbc jduetry’s l`ws. Xbc jduetry, hcspitc b`vieo tbc j`pit`l pueisbgcet listch ie tbc l`w nddks adr adr ` g`oeituhc da daacescs, b`s edt `jtu`lly ceadrjch it witbie rcjcet yc`rs (tbcrc b`s edt ncce `e cxcjutide siejc 099?) Ie tbc p`st twd hcj`hcs, Ouy`e` b`s ncce swcpt ny ` jdest`et w`vc da jrigc wbijb dely `ppc`rs td nc ordwieo cxpdeceti`lly. G`ey jitizces livc ie ac`r `s rcpdrts sw`rg ie da `lgdst h`ily rdnncrics, n`ttcrics `eh gurhcr. Jurrcet lcoisl`tide `ppc`rs td a`il td `jt `s `ey hctcrrcet td jrigie`l clcgcets, `eh g`ey jrigie`ls `rc ydutbs. Bcejc tbis stuhy’s purpdsc is td hctcrgiec ia tbc rciestitutide da tbc hc`tb pce`lty pce`lty wdulh nc ncecaiji`l ie jurnieo tbc jurrcet jrigc w`vc pl`ouieo tbc jduetry.
>
XIXLC V@OC Xdpij= Xbc Hc`tb pce`lty ie Ouy`e` Xitlc= @e ievcstio`tide da tbc Hc`tb Vce`lty `eh J`pit`l pueisbgcet ie Ouy`e`. @igs `eh Dnmcjtivcs= Xbis stuhy `lsd sccks td=
@e`lyzc tbc punlij’s dpieide de tbc hc`tb pce`lty `eh its rciestitutide.
Xd hctcrgiec ia J`pit`l pueisbgcet ie Ouy`e` is “jrucl `eh iebug`ec pueisbgcet‗
Cx`giec tbc v`ridus prds `eh jdes da tbc da tbc hc`tb pce`lty
Hctcrgiec ia tbc rciestitutide da tbc hc`tb pce`lty wdulh pdtceti`lly `ih ie jurnieo tbc jurrcet pliobt da jrigc ie Ouy`e`
:
HCZJ^IVXIDE DA GCXBDH CGVLDYCH Xbc rcsc`rjbcr cgpldych ndtb qu`lit`tivc `eh qu`etit`tivc h`t` jdllcjtide sdurjcs tbrduob ndtb prig`ry `eh scjdeh`ry h`t` td jdgpilc tbis p`pcr. Airstly, prig`ry h`t` w`s o`tbcrch tbrduob tbc usc da ` survcy (`e ievcstio`tide da ` prdnlcg dr ` st`tistij`l stuhy da ` s`gplc pdpul`tide) ie tbc adrg da ` qucstidee`irc wbijb jdesistch da 0> qucstides tb`t sduobt td cej`psul`tc tbc kedwlchoc `eh dpieides da tbc rcspdehcets `s it rcl`tcs td J`pit`l Vueisbgcet. Xbis survcy w`s jdehujtch dvcr ndtb sdji`l gchi` tbrduob tbc usc da oddolc hdjs `eh tbrduob tbc usc da rc`l liac ietcrvicws. Xbc sdji`l gchi` gctbdh sduobt td j`pturc tbc dpieides da tbc ydutb da tbc h`y, gc`ewbilc tbc a`jc td a`jc ietcrvicws wcrc prig`rily t`roctch tdw`rhs pcrsdes ardg tbc dlhcr jl`ss cejduetcrch witbie Ocdroctdwe, tbis rchujcs tbc risk da tbc ieadrg`tide ncieo ni`sch `s it j`pturcs pcrspcjtivcs ardg v`ridus `ocs `eh w`lks da liac. Xbc scjdeh gctbdh da h`t` jdllcjtide cgpldych w`s tbc usc da qu`lit`tivc h`t`, e`gcly; v`ridus sjbdl`rly `rtijlcs, cxtr`jts ardg mdure`ls, ecwsp`pcrs `eh c `rtijlcs, cxtr`jts ardg tbc jdestitutide da Ouy`e` (Xbc (Xbc Jrigie`l L`w Daacescs `jt da Ouy`e`, Hcacesc @jt da Ouy`e`, `eh tbc E`rjdtij Hruos `eh Vsyjbdtrdpij Zunst`ejcs (Jdetrdl) `jt da Ouy`e`) Ouy`e`) `eh v`ridus j`scs, ndtb ldj`l `eh adrcioe tb`t hc`l witb tbc iejluside da j`pit`l pueisbgcet sujb `s ^ilcy’s j`sc, Vr`tt `eh Gdro`e `eh tbc Ouy`ecsc j`sc da @nhddl Y`sscce. Xbcsc g`tcri`ls `rc v`lih, rcli`nlc `eh truc `s tbcy wcrc o`tbcrch ardg v`ridus sdurjcs tb`t iejluhc tbc ietcrect, tbc `rjbivcs da tbc E`tide`l linr`ry da Ouy`e`, tbc linr`ry da tbc Biob Jdurt ie `hhitide td yiclhieo sigil`r rcsults `eh jdgieo ardg pdsitides da lco`l @utbdrity ie tbc Jdggdewc`ltb J`rinnc`e.
8
V^CZCEX@XIDE DA H@X@ (AIEHIEOZ) Bug`e mustijc, irrcspcjtivc da tbc adrg tb`t it gut`tcs, wbctbcr it nc prigitivc trin`l mustijc dr jdgplcx jdurt prdjcsscs `eh systcgs b`vc pdsscssch tbc jdejcpt da hc`tb `s pueisbgcet adr ` jrigc jdggittch siejc tigc iggcgdri`l. @lgdst cvcry julturc, rclioide, `eh sdjicty `jrdss `ll ocdor`pbij`l ndueh`rics b`vc cgpldych tbc hc`tb pce`lty tbrduobdut tigc witb gctbdhs da cxcjutide v`ryieo ie gctbdhdldoy `eh nrut`lity. @s sujb Ou y`e` is ed cxjcptide `s it w`s ` jdldey da Nrit`ie. Xbc hc`tb pce`lty dr J`pit`l pueisbgcet is hcaiech `s cx cjutide da `e daacehcr scetcejch td hc`tb `atcr jdevijtide ny ` jdurt da l`w adr ` jrigie`l daacesc. J`pit`l pueisbgcet sbdulh nc histieouisbch ardg cxtr`muhiji`l cxcjutides j`rrich dut witbdut huc prdjcss da l`w. Xbc tcrg hc`tb pce`lty is sdgctigcs usch ietcrjb`eoc`nly witb j`pit`l pueisbgcet, tbduob igpdsitide da tbc pce`lty is edt `lw`ys adlldwch ny n y cxcjutide cx cjutide (cvce wbce it is upbclh u pbclh de `ppc`l), ncj`usc da tbc pdssinility da jdggut`tide td liac igprisdegcet.0 Ztrdeo bistdrij`l bistdrij`l cvihcejc jcgcets its pl`jc ie tbc hcvcldpgcet da g`ekieh `eh l`w. G`ey `ejicet rclioides `eh jiviliz`tides jdhiaich tbc hc`tb pce`lty ietd tbcir l`ws, iejluhieo ie jluhieo tbc gds`ij l`ws `eh tbc N`nyldei`e N`n yldei`e Jdhc da B`ggur`ni.> Xbc igpdsitide da ` pce`lty da hc`tb is gdst datce cesbriech witbie ` jdestitutide, wbijb is clco`etly hcaiech ny adrgcr Vbilippiec Zuprcgc Z uprcgc Jdurt @ssdji`tc Mustijc Ocdroc @. G`ljdlg `s“ `s “tbc writtce iestrugcet ce`jtch ny hircjt `jtide da tbc pcdplc ny wbijb tbc aueh`gcet`l pdwcrs da tbc odvcregcet `rc cst`nlisbch, ligitch `eh hcaiech, `eh ny wbijb tbdsc pdwcrs `rc histrinutch `gdeo tbc scvcr`l hcp`rtgcets adr tbcir s`ac `eh uscaul cxcrjisc adr tbc ncecait da tbc ndhy pdlitij.‗ pdlitij.‗ Zigil`rly Adrgcr Vbilippiec Zuprcgc Jdurt @ssdji`tc Mustijc Is`o`ei @. Jruz hcsjrinch tbc jdestitutide’s suprcg`jy `s ‗tbc ‗tbc n`sij `eh p`r`gduet l`w td wbijb `ll dtbcr l`ws gust
Cejyjldpchi` Nrit`eeij`, s.v. “J`pit`l Vueisbgcet‗ `jjcssch Vueisbgcet‗ `jjcssch Edvcgncr >6tb, >601, bttps=//www.nrit`eeij`.jdg/tdpij/j`pit`l-pueisbgcet > Cejyjldpchi` Nrit`eeij`, s.v. “^ctrinutivc Mustijc‗ `jjcssch Mustijc‗ `jjcssch Edvcgncr >0tb, >601, bttps=//www.nrit`eeij`.jdg/tdpij/rctrinutivc-mustijc 0 Cejyjldpchi` Nrit`eeij`, s.v. “J`pit`l Vueisbgcet‗ `jjcssch Vueisbgcet‗ `jjcssch Edvcgncr >6tb, >601, bttps=//www.nrit`eeij`.jdg/tdpij/j`pit`l-pueisbgcet 0
3
jdeadrg `eh td wbijb `ll pcrsdes, iejluhieo tbc biobcst daaiji`ls da tbc l`eh, gust hcacr… `ll gust ndw td tbc g`eh`tc da tbis l`w.‗ l`w.‗: Bcejc, tbc Jdestitutide da Ouy`e` prcsjrincs tbc pce`lty da hc`tb adr sclcjtch daacescs. Vcrsdes j`e nc put td hc`tb ia adueh ouilty uehcr tbc 8
Jrigie`l L`w (Daacejcs) @jt da Ouy`e`, scjtide 066, L`ws da Ouy`e` jb`ptcr 2=60, G`r. 0992 tb`t w`s `gcehch ie >606=
Adr gurhcrieo=
@ prisde, Muhiji`l, dr lco`l daaijcr `jtieo ie cxcjutide da bis hutics dr `ey gcgncr da tbc scjurity adrjcs dr spcji`l jdest`nul`ry dr `ey gcgncr da sdjicty ` jtieo ie cxcjutide da bis hutics wbijb is `kie td `adrcgcetidech djjup`tides witb tbc s`gc pdwcrs, privilcoch `eh hutics `s `adrcgcetidech djjup`tides dr `ey pcrsde `ssistieo ie tbc hutics da tbcsc pcrsdes.
@ey p`rty td ` g`ttcr, witecss dr murdr, p`st dr prcscet.
@ey pcrsde hurieo tbc jdggisside da dtbcr jrigcs , e`gcly= rdnncry, nurol`ry, `rsde, `ey scxu`l daacesc dr adr gdecy dr `eytbieo da v`luc tb`t w`s p`ih dr is td nc p`ih dr is prdgisch td tbc pcrsde dr ` :rh p`rty td j`usc dr `ssist ie j`usieo tbc hc`tb da `edtbcr.
@ey pcrsde ie tbc aurtbcr`ejc da `e `jt da vidlcejc tb`t j`uscs ` punlij st`tc da ac`r.
Jrigie`l L`w (Daacejcs) @jt da Ouy`e`, scjtide :69, L`ws da Ouy`e` jb`ptcr 2=60, G`r. 0992 tb`t w`s `gcehch ie >606=
Ie rcl`tide td hc`lieo witb @jts da Xcrrdrisg Vcrsdes adueh ouilty da `jts da tcrrdrisg wbijb iejluhc nut `rc edt ligitch td tbc usc da ietcet td usc v`ridus wc`pdes tb`t tbrc`tce tbc scjurity dr sdvcrcioety da Ouy`e` da td strikc ac`r ietd jitizces.
:
bttp=//www.`j`hcgi`.chu/3>18?83/XbcTAdrg`tideTdaTL`wsT`TpdwcrTpdietTprcscet`tide, @jjcssch Acnru`ry >1tb, >60?. 8 Zcc @ppcehijcs adr rclcv`et qudtch lcoisl`tide tb`t cesbriecs j`pit`l pueisbgcet. 1
E`rjdtij Hruos `eh Vsyjbdtrdpij Zunst`ejcs (Jdetrdl) @jt, Zcjtide 1, L`ws da Ouy`e`, Jb`ptcr 06=06, Zcptcgncr >66>
Ie hc`lieo witb illco`l hruos `eh sunst`ejcs oivce td giedrs
@ey pcrsde tb`t oivcs dr j`uscs `ey `e y e`rjdtij td nc oivce td `e y jbilh dr ydueo pcrsde tb`t rcsults ie hc`tb da s`ih giedr, hcspitc kedwieo dr edt tb`t hc`tb w`s ` likcl y dutjdgc, sb`ll nc li`nlc td suaacr hc`tb `s ` aclde.
Bim`jkieo `eh Vir`jy @jt @jt Zcjtide ?, L`ws da Ouy`e`, @pril >662
Ie hc`lieo witb gurhcr hurieo tbc jdursc da Bim`jkieo dr pir`jy @ey pcrsde wbd kills `edtbcr da d a ` vcsscl uehcr `tt`jk wbilc jdggittieo `rgch rdnncry is li`nlc td suaacr hc`tb.
Jrigie`l L`w (Daacejcs) @jt da Ouy`e`, scjtide :0?, L`ws da Ouy`e` jb`ptcr 2=60, G`r. 0992 tb`t w`s `gcehch ie >606=
Ie hc`lieo witb Xrc`sde @ey pcrsde sunmcjt td gilit`ry l`w wbd `llics tbcgsclvcs witb tbc cecgy `eh `ihs tbcg ie `ey w`y sb`ll nc put td hc`tb.
Hcacesc @jt da Ouy`e`, Zcjtide ::, L`ws da Ouy`e`, Jb`ptcr 03=60, G`rjb 0992
Ie rcl`tieo td pueisbgcet da gilit`ry daacehcrs
@ey pcrsde sunmcjt td gilit`ry l`w wbd `n`ehdes dr j`uscs `edtbcr td `n`ehde bis pdst, purpdscly igpchcs `ey dpcr`tide, `ih tbc cecgy ie `ey w`y wbce edt ` prisdecr da w`r dr `ihs ie spcjiaich w`ys wbce ` prisdecr da w`r g`y nc put td hc`tb. hc `tb.
Jlc`rly, tbc pueisbgcet da hc`tb is gctch dut adr gultiplc daacescs ie `jjdrh`ejc witb tbc l`ws da Ouy`e`, nut tbcsc scetcejcs `rc r`rcly j`rrich tbrduob, witb gultiplc lco`l jb`llceocs rcstrijtieo tbc cxcjutide h`tc.
Q`ridus hc`tb rdw rdw ieg`tcs b`vc pdsitch tb`t tbc hc`tb scetcejc scetcejc itscla
jdestitutcs td jrucl `eh iebug`e pueisbgcet dr is uejdestitutide`l wbijb is sccgieoly ` vidl`tide da Xbc Jdestitutide da Xbc Jd-dpcr`tivc ^cpunlij da Ouy`e` @jt, Zcjtide 080, Jb`ptcr 0> iebu g`e Xitlc 0, Acnru`ry 0926 wbijb st`tcs tb`t “ Ed pcrsde sb`ll nc sunmcjtch td tdrturc dr td iebug`e
?
dr hcor`hieo pueisbgcet dr dtbcr trc`tgcet.‗ trc`tgcet.‗ @eh Xbc Jdestitutide da Xbc Jd-dpcr`tivc ^cpunlij da Ouy`e` @jt, Zcjtide 86, Jb`ptcr :, Acnru`ry 0926
Xbis w`s r`isch ie tbc j`sc da @n @ nhddl `eh `eh Xbdg Xbdg`s vs. vs. Xbc ^cp ^cpunlij unlij da O uy` uy`e` wbcrc wbcrc tbc adlldwieo jl`ig w`s g`hc= “ @ Hcjl`r`tide tb`t tbc hc`tb scetcejc prcsjrinch ny Zcjtide 066 da tbc Jrigie`l L`w Daacejcs @jt, Jb`ptcr 2=60 `eh scjtides 01: `eh 096 da tbc Jrigie`l L`w (Vrdjchurc) @jt, Jb`ptcr 06=60 is uejdestitutide`l `eh ` vidl`tide da tbc Vl`ietiaas’ `adrcs`ih aueh`gcet`l riobts uehcr `rtijlc 86 da tbc Jdestitutide da tbc ^cpunlij da Ouy`e`‗ Ouy`e`‗ Xbis jb`llceoc w`s edtch ny tbc lc`rech Muhoc td nc likcly td a`il, nut adlldwieo ` rulieo ardg ny Zbctty, M. ie tbc Iehi`e j`sc da Xrivcein`e v. Zt`tc da Oum`r`t, 099>
` st`y da cxcjutide w`s
or`etch `s tbc `jjusch `rc cetitlch td pursuc tbcir jl`ig “till “till tbcir l`st nrc`tb da liac‗. liac ‗. Bdwcvcr , pcrsu`sivc prcjchcet cxists ie tbc j`sc da ^ cpunli unlijj da X` X `ez`ei ez`ei` ` vs. vs. G nusbu wbcrc tbc adlldwieo w`s bclh ie tbc a`jc da ` jb`llceoc da tbc uejdestitutide`lity da tbc hc`tb pce`lty. “Xbc “ Xbc hc`tb pce`lty is iebcrcetly iebug`e, jrucl, `eh hcor`hieo pueisbgcet `eh its cxcjutide `lsd daacehs `rtijlc 0:(1) (h) `eh (c) da tbc Jdestitutide. @rtijlc :6(>) da tbc Jdestitutide `lldws hcrdo`tide ardg n`sij riobts da tbc iehivihu`l ie punlij ietcrcst. @ l`w tb`t `lldws hcrdo`tide sbdulh nc l`waul ie tb`t it sbdulh edt nc `rnitr`ry, `eh it sbdulh nc prdpdrtide`l ie tb`t tbc ligit`tide sbdulh edt nc gdrc tb`e rc`sde`nly ecjcss`ry. ?Xbc hc`tb pce`lty `s prdvihch adr ie s. 09? da tbc Vce`l Jdhc w`s edt `rnitr`ry `eh w`s ` gc`surc rc`sde`nly ecjcss`ry td prdtcjt sdjicty, `eh is tbcrcadrc s`vch ny `rtijlc :6(>) :6 (>) da tbc Jdestitutide. It w`s tbcrcadrc edt uejdestitutide` uejdestituti de`ll Ie rcl`tide td `sscssieo `sscssieo tbc punlij’s vicws de tbc hc`tb pce`lty `eh its rcietcor`tide ietd Ouy`ecsc sdjicty, scvcr`l aiehieos wcrc dnt`iech ardg tbc qucstides. -
Ie hctcrgieieo tbc punlij’s `w`rcecss `s it rcl`tcs td j`pit`l pueisbgcet, 81.1 % da rcspdehcets kecw tb`t Ouy`e` b`s edt adrg`lly `ndlisbch tbc hc`tb pce`lty, wbilc 3:.8 %rcspdehcets hih edt.
-
Xbc adlldwieo pcrjcetilcs sbdw wb`t jrigcs rcspdehcets tbduob wcrc pueisb`nlc ny hc`tb... 86% sclcjtch gurhcr, ::% dpiech r`pc, 9.>% sclcjtch tcrrdrisg, 8.:% sclcjtch
2
rdnncry wbilc :.1% jbdsc `ss`ult, :% adr `nusc, 0.?% adr trc`sde `eh 6.9% `eh 8.:% adr bug`e dr hruo tr`aaijkieo `eh ed jrigc rcspcjtivcl y. -
B`la da tbc s`gplc `orcch tb`t tbc hc`tb pce`lty sbdulh nc gctch dut adr cspcji`lly scridus jrigcs wbilc ` jdgniech tdt`l da >2 pcrjcet his`orcch `eh >> pcrjcet wcrc uehcjihch.
-
Xbc pcrjcetilcs rcprcscet tbc punlij’s dpieide de tbc gdst djjurrieo jrigcs ie Ouy`e`., Ouy`e`., tbc pcrjcetilcs wcrc = Gurhcr- 0?.9 % , G`esl`uobtcr- 3.>% , H`eocrdus/Hruek hrivieo0?.0% , Bug`e Xr`aaijkieo->.2% , Hruo tr`hc- 9.3% , _bitc jdll`r jrigc-1% , Vctty tbcat0:.2% , ^dnncry- 0?.8 %, Xcrrdrisg- 6%, ^`pc- 06.:% .
-
?0.?% da rcspdehcets aclt tb`t ` l`jk da scvcrc gc`surcs td hctcr jrigie`ls’ a`jilit`tch a`jilit`t ch jrigie`l `jtivity, wbilc 2.:% hcjihch de tbc jdetr`ry `eh >6% wcrc uehcjihch de tbc g`ttcr.
-
83% `orcch wbilc >3% his`orcch :6% wcrc uesurc da wbcrc tbcy st`eh ie rcl`tide td tbc hc`tb scetcejc ncieo ` ncttcr, nc ttcr, gdrc caacjtivc hctcrrcet tb`e liac igprisdegcet ie Ouy`e`.
-
^cspdescs td “ncecaits da tbc hc`tb pce`lty ncieo rciestitutch‗ `rc `s adlldws “Hctcrs pdtceti`l Daacehcrs‗ witb witb :0%, :0%, “cligie`tieo tbc tbrc`t da rcrc- daacehieo‗ `eh “rchujcs jdst orc`tly‗ witb >>% `eh >6.8 % rcspcjtivcly. “Vrcscrvcs prisde rcsdurjcs‗ `eh “@lldws tbc jdehcgech `eh a`gily jcrt`iety‗ jcrt`iety‗ witb01.> % `eh 06% rcspcjtivcly.
-
^cspdescs td strdeo `ndlitideists `rougcets wcrc, ieedjcejc witb :1.8 %, >2% wcrc jdejcrech witb tbc jirjugst`ejc da tbc killieo wbcrc tbc `jjusch g`y b`vc ncce tbc vijtig ie sdgc w`y, w`y, >0.>% adr gdr`l orduehs `eh 08.8 % `orcch tb`t tbc jdevijt jdulh nc rcietcor`tch ietd sdjicty.
@s it rco`rhs td tbc hc`tb pce`lty, scvcr`l `spcjts `rc jdggdely hcn`tch de, witb `rougcets ncieo prcscetch tb`t ndtb suppdrt `ndlitideist `eh rctcetideist gdvcgcets. Xbcsc ocecr`lizch `rougcets tb`t ndtb `pply td spcjiaij murishijtides `s wcll `s tbc wbdlc issuc da tbc hc`tb pce`lty ie ocecr`l `rc `s adlldws= Hctcrrcet caacjt
J`pit`l Vueisbgcet is datce jitch `s b`vieo ` hctcrrcet caacjt. Bdwcvcr h`t` `eh stuhics cxist tb`t ndtb hcey `eh `hv`ejc tbis jl`ig, De tbc @ndlitideist’s b`eh b`eh dec S.Z n`sch stuhy s`ys “J`liadrei` `vcr`och 1 cxcjutides ` yc`r ardg 093> td 091?, `eh b`h twijc tbc gurhcr r`tc tb`e tbc pcridh ardg 0912 uetil 0990 wbce tbcrc wcrc ed cxcjutides. Ie Ecw Ydrk, ardg 9
096? td 0918, gdetbs iggchi`tcly adlldwieo `e cxcjutide sbdwch ` ect iejrc`sc da twd gurhcrs - `e `vcr`oc dvcr ` 3?-yc`r pcridh.‗ pcridh.‗3 [LW`st yc`r rduobly 08,666 gurhcrs wcrc jdggittch nut dely :3 cxcjutides tddk pl`jc. Ziejc gurhcrcrs typij`lly cxpdsc tbcgsclvcs td a`r orc`tcr iggchi`tc risks, tbc likclibddh is iejrchinly rcgdtc tb`t sdgc sg`ll jb`ejc da cxcjutide g`ey yc`rs `atcr jdggittieo ` jrigc will iealucejc tbc ncb`vidr da ` sdjidp`tbij hcvi`et wbd wdulh dtbcrwisc nc willieo td kill ia bis dely pce`lty wcrc liac igprisdegcet. @ey jrigie`l wbd `jtu`lly tbduobt bc wdulh nc j`uobt wdulh aieh tbc prdspcjt da liac witbdut p`rdlc td nc ` gdeugcet`l pce`lty. @ey jrigie`l wbd hihe’t tbiek bc wdulh nc j`uobt wdulh nc uetrdunlch ny `ey s`ejtide."1 Bdwcvcr de tbc rctcetideist sihc da tbc jdie= Hurieo tbc tcgpdr`ry suspceside de j`pit`l pueisbgcet ardg 09?> -09?1, rcsc`rjbcrs o`tbcrch gurhcr st`tistijs `jrdss tbc jduetry. Ie 0916, tbcrc wcrc 31 cxcjutides ie tbc SZ@ `eh 9,086 gurhcrs. Ny 0918, wbce tbcrc wcrc dely 03 cxcjutides, tbc eugncr da gurhcrs b`h risce td 9,>36. Ie 0919, tbcrc wcrc ed cxcjutides `eh 08,396 gurhcrs, `eh 09?3, `atcr six gdrc yc`rs witbdut cxcjutides, >6,306 gurhcrs djjurrch risieo td >:,686 ie 0926 `atcr dely twd cxcjutides siejc 09?1. Ie sugg`ry, nctwcce 0913 `eh 09 26, tbc eugncr da `eeu`l gurhcrs ie tbc Seitch Zt`tcs skyrdjkctch ardg 9,916 td >:,686, ` 0:0 pcrjcet iejrc`sc. Xbc gurhcr r`tc - bdgijihcs pcr 066,666 pcrsdes -- hdunlch ardg 3.0 td 06.>. Zd tbc eugncr da gurhcrs orcw `s tbc eugncr da cxcjutides sbr`ek. ^csc`rjbcr ^ csc`rjbcr K`rl Zpcejc da Xcx`s @&G Seivcrsity s`ih= "_bilc sdgc [hc`tb pce`ltyW `ndlitideists try td a`jc hdwe tbc rcsults da tbcir his`strdus cxpcrigcet `eh still `rouc td tbc jdetr`ry, tbc... [h`t`W jdejluhcs tb`t ` sunst`eti`l hctcrrcet caacjt b`s ncce dnscrvch...Ie six gdetbs, gdrc @gcrij`es `rc gurhcrch tb`e b`vc killch ny cxcjutide ie tbis cetirc jcetury...Setil wc ncoie td aiobt jrigc ie c`recst [ny usieo tbc hc`tb pce`ltyW, cvcry pcrsde wbd hics `t ` jrigie`l's b`ehs is ` vijtig da dur ie`jtide." Edtcs Huhlcy Zb`rp da tbc jrigie`l-mustijc rcadrg ordup Mustijc Mustijc adr @ll=
3
bttp=//hcn`tcpchi`.ihcn`tc.dro/ce/iehcx.pbp/Hcn`tc=THc`tbTpce`lty#Jrigc=THdcsTj`pit`lTpueis bgcetTbclpTprdtcjtTtbcTpunlijT`ehThctcrTjrigc.:A, @jjcssch 0st G`rjb, >60? 1 "Xbcrc's Ed Cvihcejc Xb`t Hc`tb Vce`lty Is ` Hctcrrcet `o`iest Jrigc," @uoust 2tb, >603, tbcjdevcrs`tide.jdg, @jjcssch 0st G`rjb, >60? 06
"Ardg 0993 td >666," "cxcjutides `vcr`och ?0 pcr yc`r, ` >0,666 pcrjcet iejrc`sc dvcr tbc 0911-0926 pcridh. Xbc gurhcr r`tc hrdppch ardg ` biob da 06.> (pcr 066,666) ie 0926 td 3.? ie 0999 -- ` 88 pcrjcet pc rjcet rchujtide. Xbc gurhcr r`tc is edw `t its ldwcst lcvcl siejc 0911. "
^clioidus/Gdr`l orduehs -
Vrds Q`ridus rclioidus tc`jbieos `eh tcxts `s wcll `s gdr`l adueh`tides prcsjrinc J`pit`l Vueisbgcet sujb `s tbc Ninlc, `s adlldws= Eugncrs :3=:6, :0, :: - "Ia `eydec kills `edtbcr, tbc gurhcrcr sb`ll nc put td hc`tb de tbc
cvihcejc da witecsscs; nut ed dec sb`ll nc put td hc`tb de tbc tcstigdey da ` sieolc witecss. Gdrcdvcr ydu sb`ll `jjcpt ed r`esdg adr tbc liac da ` gurhcrcr wbd is sunmcjt sun mcjt td tbc hc`tb pce`lty; ` gurhcrcr gust nc put td hc`tb...Ydu sb`ll edt pdllutc tbc l`eh ie wbijb ydu livc; adr nlddh pdllutcs tbc l`eh, `eh ed cxpi`tide j`e nc g`hc adr tbc l`eh, adr tbc nlddh tb`t is sbch ie it, cxjcpt ny tbc nlddh da tbc dec wbd sbch it." @ twd `eh ` b`la-yc`r-dlh oirl w`s kihe`ppch , r`pch, sdhdgizch, tdrturch `eh gutil`tch witb visc orips dvcr six bdurs. Xbce sbc w`s str`eolch td hc`tb. Bcr `ss`il`et, Xbcdhdrc Ar`ek, `jjdrhieo td jdurt rcjdrhs `eh bis dwe `hgissides, b`h `lrc`hy gdlcstch gdrc tb`e 066 jbilhrce hurieo ` >6-yc`r pcridh. @ scetcejc da hc`tb is tbc dely `pprdpri`tc pueisbgcet adr sujb ` scri`l `ss`il`et jdggittieo sujb `e cxtr`drhie`rily bciedus jrigc."? Gdr`l `eh rclioidus cvihcejc `lsd cxist td suppdrt tbc jdetr`ry= Jdes Cxdhus (>6=0:)= "Ydu sb`ll edt kill."
“J`tbdlij tc`jbieo de tbc hc`tb pce`lty is jlc`rly `rtijul`tch ie tbc cejyjlij`l Xbc Odspcl da Liac, tbc J`tcjbisg da tbc J`tbdlij Jburjb, `eh tbc Jdgpcehiug da tbc Zdji`l Hdjtriec da tbc
Gijb`cl H. Nr`hnury, Qcetur` Jduety Histrijt @ttdrecy. "Xbc Hc`tb V ce`lty is `e @aairg`tide da tbc Z`ejtity da Liac". L@ Xigcs. @jjcssch 0st G`rjb, >60?.
?
00
Jburjb. Ie J`tbdlij tc`jbieo tbc st`tc b`s tbc rcjdursc td igpdsc tbc hc`tb pce`lty upde jrigie`ls jdevijtch da bciedus jrigcs ia tbis ultig`tc s`ejtide is tbc dely `v`il`nlc gc`es td prdtcjt sdjicty ardg ` or`vc tbrc`t td bug`e liac. Bdwcvcr, tbis riobt sbdulh edt n c cxcrjisch wbce dtbcr w`ys `rc `v`il`nlc td pueisb jrigie`ls `eh td prdtcjt sdjicty tb`t `rc gdrc rcspcjtaul da bug`e liac (i.c. liac witbdut p`rdlc).‗ p`rdlc).‗2 "Dur mustijc systcg is edt sigply `e iestrugcet da vceoc`ejc, hcspitc tbc jdeedt`tide td tb`t caacjt jdet`iech ie tbc cxtrcgc rbctdrij tb`t sdgctigcs surrduehs tbc jdestitutide`l hcn`tc dvcr jdetieuieo usc da tbc clcjtrij jb`ir."9 Jdst
Vrds "Gujb da tbc jdst, iehcch, gujb da tbc jritijisg da tbc hc`tb pce`lty, is `ttrinutch td 'hcj`hcs da `ppc`ls.' It is uesurprisieo tb`t tbc lduhcst jdgpl`iets `ndut hc`tb pce`lty hcl` ys jdgc ardg hc`tb pce`lty dppdecets wbd jrc`tch tbcg. Jl`igch 'jdst stuhics,' datce pcradrgch ny dr `t tbc ncbcst da hc`tb pce`lty dppdecets, `rc arcqucetly sd iejdgplctc `s td nc a`lsc `eh gislc`hieo. Adr cx`gplc, tbcy hde't t`kc ietd `jjduet tbc iejrc`sc ie tbc jdst da liac witbdut p`rdlc j`scs ia tbcrc wcrc ed hc`tb pce`lty. Jrigie`l hcaceh`ets wbd `rc a`jieo tbc hc`tb pce`lt y ‘ wbijb wbijb tdh`y gust nc plc`hch ny prdscjutdrs up ardet ‘ ardet ‘ datce datce w`et td g`kc ` hc`l ny plc`hieo ouilty td airst hcorcc gurhcr ie cxjb`eoc adr ` scetcejieo rcjdggceh`tide da liac witbdut p`rdlc. Xb c cxistcejc da tbc hc`tb pce`lty `s ` pdssinlc scetcejc lc`hs td ouilty plc`s tb`t s`vc tbc gdecy spcet de tri`ls `eh ligit tbc dppdrtueity adr `ppc`ls."06 Jdes "Dec da tbc gdst jdggde gispcrjcptides `ndut tbc hc`tb pce`lty is tbc edtide tb`t tbc hc`tb pce`lty s`vcs gdecy ncj`usc cxcjutch hcaceh`ets ed ldeocr b`vc td nc j`rch adr `t tbc st`tc's cxpcesc. Ia tbc jdsts da tbc hc`tb pce`lty wcrc td nc gc`surch `t tbc tigc da `e cxcjutide tb`t
"@ Julturc da Liac `eh tbc Hc`tb Vce`lty, V ce`lty, @ Zt`tcgcet da tbc Seitch Zt`tcs Zt`tc s Jdeacrcejc da J`tbdlij Nisbdps J`llieo adr `e Ceh td tbc Hc`tb Vce`lty". @jjcssch 0st G`rjb, >60?. 9 B`rry Lcc @estc`h, Aldrih` Zuprcgc Jdurt Mustijc, hisscetieo ardg ` rulieo tb`t upbclh tbc jdestitutide`lity da tbc clcjtrij jb`ir. Zt. Vctcrsnuro Xigcs. >1 Zcpt. 0999 06 "Ldj`l Qicw= Xbduobts `ndut tbc Hc`tb Vce`lty= V ce`lty= Jdrrcjtieo tbc ^cjdrh," mdure`lst`r.jdg, Muly 00, >603, ^dncrt N. Cvece, MH , @jcssch >eh G`rjb, >60? 2
0>
giobt iehcch nc truc. Nut `s cvcry prdscjutdr, hcacesc `ttdrecy, `eh muhoc kedws, tbc jdsts da ` j`pit`l j`sc ncoie ldeo ncadrc tbc scetcejc is j`rrich dut. Cxpcricejch prdscjutdrs `eh hcacesc `ttdrecys gust nc `ssioech `eh ncoie ` ldeo pcridh da ievcstio`tide `eh prc-tri`l bc`rieos. Mury sclcjtide, tbc tri`l itscla, `eh ieiti`l `ppc`ls will jdesugc yc`rs da tigc `eh cedrgdus
`gduets
da
gdecy
ncadrc
`e
cxcjutide
is
de
tbc
bdrizde…
[@Wll da tbc stuhics jdejluhc tb`t tbc hc`tb pce`lty systcg is a`r gdrc cxpcesivc tb`e `e `ltcre`tivc systcg ie wbijb tbc g`xigug scetcejc is liac ie prisde."00 Ietcre`tide`l l`w
Nrica ^ctcetideist `rougcets Ie 0982 tbc Seitch E`tides `hdptch tbc Seivcrs`l Hcjl`r`tide da Bug`e ^iobts, td wbijb gcgncr e`tides plchoc td prdgdtc aueh`gcet`l riobts `s tbc n`sc adr arcchdg, mustijc `eh pc`jc `jrdss tbc oldnc. “Ie “Ie @rtijlc : da tbis, it st`tcs= Cvcrydec st`tcs= Cvcrydec b`s tbc riobt td liac, lincrty `eh scjurity da pcrsde. Ztr`eocly, pcrsde. Ztr`eocly, ardg tbis, `ndlitideists ietcrprct tb`t tbc hc`tb pce`lty is ` bug`e riobts vidl`tide siejc it hcprivcs ` pcrsde's riobt td liac. Nut ia wc wcrc td adlldw tb`t rc`sdeieo, wc wdulh b`vc td `ndlisb prisdes `s ` bug`e riobts vidl`tide `s wcll siejc tbc y hcprivc pcdplc da lincrty. _c wdulh `lsd b`vc td `ndlisb jb`roieo t`xcs `eh aiecs siejc tbcy vidl`tc dec's "scjurity da pcrsde." Iehcch, it is jlc`r tb`t tbc hr`atcrs da tbc Hcjl`r`tide da Bug`e ^iobts b`h tbc gdr`l jdbcrcejc td rcjdoeizc tbc histiejtide nctwcce jrigc `eh pueisbgcet wbijb `ndlitideists try sd hcspcr`tcly td cr`sc. Zd tbc ietcrprct`tide tb`t `ndlitideists hcrivc ardg @rtijlc : da tbc Hcjl`r`tide is illdoij`l `eh jdetr`hijtdry. @eh ie @rtijlc 3, it st`tcs= Ed st`tcs= Ed dec sb`ll nc sunmcjtch td jrucl dr hcor`hieo pueisbgcet. Ardg pueisbgcet. Ardg tbis, `ndlitideists iesist tb`t j`pit`l pueisbgcet is rulch dut ncj`usc it is "tbc ultig`tc jrucl, iebug`e, `eh hcor`hieo pueisbgcet." Nut tb`t is tbcir dpieide, dely! Iehcch, wb`t is st`tch ie @rtijlc 3 is biobly sunmcjtivc `eh dpce td ietcrprct`tide `eh jdulh must `s c`sily nc `pplich td prisdes `s wcll. @eh `t tbc tigc it w`s igplcgcetch, gdst e`tides wbd sioech it b`h tbc hc`tb pce`lty `eh jdetieuch td usc it ldeo
00
^ijb`rh J. Hictcr, GZ, MH, adrgcr Cxcjutivc Hircjtdr da tbc H c`tb Vce`lty Ieadrg`tide
Jcetcr, st`tch tbc adlldwieo ie bis G`r. 0:, >60 : "Xcstigdey Zungittch td tbc Ecnr`sk` Lcoisl`turc," 0:
`atcr tbc Seivcrs`l Hcjl`r`tide da Bug`e ^iobts w`s `pprdvch ny tbcg. Zd dnvidusly, tbc sioecrs n`jk tbce b`h tbc gdr`l jdbcrcejc td `pprcji`tc tbc histiejtide nctwcce gurhcrs `eh cxcjutides.‗ cxcjutides.‗0> Nrica @ndlitideist `rougcets Xbc SE Jdggittcc `o`iest Xdrturc b`s rcacrrch td tbc uejcrt`iety da g`ey pcdplc uehcr scetcejc da hc`tb ie ` jduetry wbcrc tbc hc`tb pce`lty is ie tbc prdjcss da ncieo `ndlisbch `s "`gduetieo td jrucl `eh iebug`e trc`tgcet ie nrc`jb da `rtijlc 01 da tbc [SEW [ SEW Jdevcetide [`o`iest Xdrturc `eh Dtbcr Jrucl, Iebug`e dr Hcor`hieo Xrc`tgcet dr VueisbgcetW0: Xbc Curdpc`e Jdurt da Bug`e ^iobts b`s bclh tb`t "tbc g`eecr ie wbijb [` hc`tb scetcejcW is igpdsch dr cxcjutch, tbc pcrsde`l jirjugst`ejcs da tbc jdehcgech pcrsde `eh ` hisprdpdrtide`lity td tbc or`vity da tbc jrigc jdggittch, `s wcll `s tbc jdehitides da hctcetide `w`itieo cxcjutide, `rc cx`gplcs da a`jtdrs j`p`nlc da nrieoieo tbc trc`tgcet dr pueisbgcet rcjcivch ny tbc jdehcgech pcrsde jdehcgech pcrsde witbie tbc prdsjriptide uehcr @rtijlc : [da tbc Curdpc`e Jdevcetide adr tbc Vrdtcjtide da Bug`e ^iobts `eh Aueh`gcet`l Arcchdgs (Curdpc`e Jdevcetide de Bug`e ^iobts')W."08
0>
bttp=//www.wcslcyldwc.jdg/jp.btgl#wdrlh, @jjcssch :rh G`rjb, >60?
0:
Jdejluhieo dnscrv`tides da tbc Jdggittcc `o`iest Xdrturc= @rgcei`, SE hdjugcet @/31/88,
0? Edvcgncr >666, p`r`. :9(o). @rtijlc 01 da tbc Jdevcetide rcquircs st`tcs p`rtics td uehcrt`kc td prcvcet jrucl, iebug`e dr hcor`hieo trc`tgcet dr pueisbgcet ie tbcir tcrritdrics. tcrritdrics. @jjcssch G`rjb >eh >60? 08
Curdpc`e Jdurt da Bug`e ^iobts, Zdcrieo j`sc (0/0929/010/>0?), muhogcet, Ztr`snduro, ?
Muly 0929, p`r`. 068. @rtijlc : da tbc Curdpc`e Jdevcetide de Bug`e ^iobts prdbinits tdrturc `eh iebug`e dr hcor`hieo trc`tgcet dr pueisbgcet. @jjcssch G`rjb >eh >60?
08
HIZJSZZIDE DA AIEHIEOZ N`sch de tbc `adrcgcetidech ieadrg`tide de j`pit`l pueisbgcet `eh its rcl`tide `eh rdlc ie Ouy`e`, Xbc rcsc`rjbcr b`s, ny w`y da `e`lysis hcjihch td st`eh `h`g`et ie tbc pdsitide tb`t tbc hc`tb pce`lty sbdulh nc ie pr`jtijc adr tbc adlldwieo rc`sdes. Xbc ietcrprct`tide da tbc qu`etit`tivc h`t` jdllcjtch ardg tbc s`gplc, w`s tbc airst n`sis adr tbc jdejluside tb`t tbc hc`tb pce`lty sbdulh nc rciestitutch, `s tbc ocecr`l jdescesus `gdeost jivili`es is tb`t pcrsdes sbdulh p`y ie cqu`l prdpdrtide adr tbc jrigc tbcy’vc jdggittch, jdggittch, Bdwcvcr, huc td Ouy`e` ncieo `ndlitideist ie pr`jtijc , witb tbc l`st cxcjutide ncieo j`rrich dut > hcj`hcs `od, punlij pcrjcptide da tbc scetcejc is ligitch, wbijb wdulh ie ture scvcrcly iemurc `ey sunscqucet hctcrrcet caacjt. G`mdrity da rcspdehcets dpiech p`rtijul`rly vidlcet jrigcs sujb `s gurhcr `eh r`pc td nc j`pit`l decs ie `hhitide td tbcsc ncieo tbc gdst djjurrieo decs ie Ouy`e`, pdssinly ncj`usc tbc e`turc da tbcsc jrigcs igplij`tcs igplij`tcs tb`t hc`tb wdulh nc ` ncaittieo pueisbgcet. @s sujb sujb tbc pbildsdpby da “`e cyc adr `e cyc‗ j`e nc ieacrrch dr Lcx X`lce. G`mdrity da rcspdehcets `lsd jitch tb`t tbc l`jk da sujb ` scvcrc pce`lty `jtu`lly cejdur`och jrigc `eh tb`t tbc hc`tb pce`lty’s rciestitutide wdulh b`vc scvcr`l ncecaiji`l caacjts. Bcejc, Xbc Ouy`ecsc punlij dpieide is ocecr`lly rctcetideist. Zcjdehly, `s it rcl`tcs td tbc lco`lity (ie ndtb hdgcstij `eh ietcre`tide`l l`w) `eh jdestitutide`lity da tbc Hc`tb pce`lty tbc rcsc`rjbcr `sscrts, witb orc`t jcrt`iety, tb`t tbc Hc`tb pce`lty ie Ouy`e` is jdgplctcly lco`l `eh hdcs edt jdestitutc jrucl `eh iebug`e pueisbgcet. Xbc n`sis adr tbis is rddtch ie Ouy`e`’s rctcetide Ouy`e`’s rctcetide da tbc hc`tb pce`lty `eh tbc cxistcejc da v`ridus l`ws rcl`tieo td tbc hc`tb pce`lty ie Ouy`e` wbijb scrvcs td sdlihiay tbc Odvcregcet`l st`ejc da `pp`rcet nut bcsit`et rctcetide. Ie jdrrdndr`tide witb tbis is tbc p`rli`gcet da Ouy`e`’s `pprdv`l da tbc Bim`jkieo `eh Vir`jy @jt ie >662. V`rli`gcet `lsd `gcehch tbc Jrigie`l L`w (Daacejcs) @jt da Ouy`e` td rchujc tbc g`eh`tdry hc`tb scetcejc td hisjrctide`ry cxjcpt adr spcjiaij jirjugst`ejcs.03 Bdwcvcr it `lsd ceadrjch ` g`eh`tdry hc`tb pce`lty upde ietrdhujtide da its `eti- tcrrdrisg lcoisl`tide ie >603.
bttp=//www.b`ehsdaaj`ie.iead/n`ej`h`ti/sjbch`st`td.pbp4ihst`td7>666663?&ihjdetiecetc7>8 @jjcssch Edvcgncr >?tb, >601
03
03
Xbis `ppc`rs ` sg`ll stcp adr tbc `ndlitideist `nd litideist gdvcgcet, nut ie a`jt rcg`ies tb`t tbc hc`tb pce`lty is still prcsjrinch witbie tbc l`w, tbc `gcehgcet is gcrcly ` lincr`tide da tbc muhocs td jdesihcr tbc jirjugst`ejcs da c`jb j`sc ie jdetr`st td tbc rcstrijtide igpdsch de tbcg ncadrc dejc ` ouilty da gurhcr vcrhijt w`s rc`jbch. Xbis is rcieadrjch upde tbc hcjiside da tbc jdurt ie Xbc Zt`tc vs Hw`ec Mdbesde.>60> wbcrc tbc biob jdurt da Ouy`e` ietcrprctch tbc st`tutc td s`y tb`t hc`tb w`s tbc g`xigug pce`lty ceadrjc`nlc. Xbc jdejisc hclincr`tide de hc`tb pce`lty l`ws `eh tbc tdt`l hisrco`rh adr `ndlitide j`lls jlc`rly hcgdestr`tc Ouy`e`’s st`ehieo de tbc issuc. Xbis is aurtbcr cl`ndr`tch ny Ouy`e`’s hcjiside td ioedrc ` j`ll ardg tbc ietcre`tide`l jdggueity td adrg`lly `ndlisb its hc`tb pce`lty l`ws. @lsd ie tbc j`sc da @nhddl da @nhddl `eh Xbdg`s vs. Xbc ^cpunlij da Ouy`e` tbc hcaceh`ets, de hc`tb rdw adr gdrc tb`e 06 yc`rs, `ppc`lch td tbc SE Bug`e ^iobts Jdggittcc, wbijb rcjdggcehch tbcir iggchi`tc rclc`sc ardg prisde; Ouy`e` sunscqucetly witbhrcw ardg tbc SE Dptide`l Vrdtdjdl de Jivil `eh Vdlitij`l ^iobts, tbce rc-sunsjrinch witb ` rcscrv`tide prcvcetieo jdevijtch gurhcrcrs ardg `ppc`lieo td tbc ndhy ie tbc auturc.01 @s ` prcjchcet ieiti`tch ieiti`tch ny tbc Vrivy Jduejil ie Vr`tt ie Vr`tt vs. @.O da M`g`ij`. M`g`ij`.099: wbijb 099: wbijb hijt`tch tb`t uehuc hcl`y da ` scetcejc da hc`tb adr ` pcridh cxjcchieo 3 yc`rs ardg its igpdsitide wdulh nc t`et`gduet td “jrucl `eh ueusu`l pueisbgcet‗ jdetr`ry td tbc M`g`ij`e Jdestitutide.0? Xbc rclcv`ejc da tbis rulieo de tbc Ouy`ecsc murishijtide is g`oeiaich `s tbc bi obcst `ppcll`tc jdurt adr Ouy`e`, tbc J`rinnc`e Jdurt da Mustijc jdesihcrch tbis muhocgcet ie ` rulieo de ` N`rn`hi`e j`sc, caacjtivcly rcehcrieo tbc rulieos `s niehieo de Ouy`e`. _bce dec jdesihcrs tb`t Ou y`e` adlldwch suit witb Vrivy Jduejil rulieos tb`t g`hc hc`tb scetcejcs hisjrctide`ry ie ^ v ^cycs.>66>, ^cycs.>66>, ^ vs Ndwc.>661 , ^ v Adx.>66> `eh Adx.>66> `eh ^ ^ vs Buobcs.>66> ie Nclizc, N`b`g`s, Z`iet Kitts `eh Ecvis `eh Z`iet Luji` rcspcjtivcly, tbc hisgiss`l da tbis prcjchcet jlc`rly spc`ks td tbc jduetry’s jduetry’s rctcetideist ietcetide. Vcrsdes `lsd `rouc tb`t cxtcehch tigc de hc`tb rdw g`y jdestitutc “jrucl `eh iebug`ec pueisbgcet‗ wbijb w`s upbclh ny tbc privy jduejil, ceadrjieo tbc aivc yc`r rulc, bdwcvcr ie ` murishijtide likc Ouy`e`, tbc aull `ppc`l prdjcss j`e t`kc wcll dvcr aivc yc`rs, tbis rulc is datce cxplditch ny hc`tb rdw ieg`tcs td iehcaieitcly stdp prdjcchieos `s tbcy `rc wcll `w`rc da tbc ol`ji`l spcch da lco`l prdjcsscs witbie tbc jduetry, bdwcvcr Adrgcr @ttdrecy Ocecr`l da Ouy`e` @eil E`ehl`ll edtcs tb`t tbc jdurts b`vc adueh tb`t tbc hc`tb pce`lty is jdestitutide`l( Vrcjchcet 01
bttp=//brlinr`ry.uge.chu/uehdjs/scsside1>/vicw1?1.btg @jjcssch Edvcgncr >2tb, >601 0? Vrivy jduejil H`t`n`sc da j`scs, bttp=//www.n`ilii.dro/uk/j`scs/SKVJ/099:/099:T:?.btgl, @jjcssch Edvcgncr >2tb, >601 01
da ^cpunlij da ^cpunlij vs. Gnusbu) Gnusbu) `eh tb`t tbc hcl`ys rcsultieo ardg tbc litio`tide ieiti`tch ny tbc hc`tb rdw `ppcll`ets hd edt `gduet td jrucl `eh iebug`ec trc`tgcet. @s ` rcsult, bc nclicvcs tb`t tbc l`w sbdulh nc `pplich wbcrc lco`l prdjcsscs b`vc ncce cxb`ustch. 02 Xbc qucstide da tbc caaijicejy da tbc hc`tb pce`lty sbdulh it nc rciestitutch spc`ks td tbc wciobieo da its prds `eh its jdes `eh tbcir v`ryieo caacjts `eh `pplij`nility td Ouy`ecsc sdjict y. De tbc issuc da Hctcrrcejc, ` tbirh da tbc s`gplc nclicvc it td nc ` v `lih ordueh adr tbc rciestitutide da tbc hc`tb pce`lty, ` jdggde suppdrt it tb`t it cligie`tcs tbc tbrc`t da rcjihivisg (`s eugcrdus hdjugcetch j`scs cxist witb jdevijts killieo aclldw ieg`tcs, ou`rhs dr csj`pieo `eh killieo jivili`e) `eh pdtceti`l daacehcrs, nut ieedjcets ncieo jdevijtch `eh gisj`rri`ocs da mustijc `rc datce usch td jduetcr tbis. @ndlitideists jdggdely jitc stuhics tb`t ocecr`lly sbdws ` biobcr jrigc r`tc ie rctcetideist jduetrics tb`e ie `ndlitideist jduetrics, tbcy a`il td jdesihcr tbc a`jtdrs rcspdesinlc. Ie tbcsc jduetrics, da tbdsc oivce tbc hc`tb scetcejc, vcry acw `rc cxcjutch, wbijb prdgdtcs hisrco`rh da tbc hctcrrcet caacjt `s tbcrc is ed jcrt`iety da tbc pueisbgcet. Ie `hhitide, jrigcs da p`sside `lsd jdetrinutc td tbc st`tistijs, iehij`tieo tb`t ia hdec ie tbc bc`t da tbc gdgcet, tbc likclibddh da `ey pueisbgcet prdvihieo ` hctcrrcet caacjt is iggcescly ldw. Ie jduetrics wbcrc cxcjutide is ` virtu`l jcrt`iety dejc oivce tbc hc`tb pce`lty, st`tistijs rcjdrh ` jdrrcl`tch hcjrc`sc ie scridus jrigcs, sujb `s Zieo`pdrc wbilc Xbc r`tcs adr uel`waul killieos ie Nrit`ie b`vc gdrc tb`e hdunlch siejc `ndlitide da j`pit`l pueisbgcet ie 0918 ardg 6.12 pcr 066,66 6 da tbc pdpul`tide td 0 .8> pcr 066,666. Bdgc Daaijc aiourcs sbdw `rdueh uel`waul killieos :66 ie 0918, wbijb rdsc td 313 ie 0998 `eh 2:: ie >668. Xbc eugncr da killieos rcjdrhch ny pdlijc rdsc td 1:1 ie tbc 0> gdetbs td G`rjb >600, up ardg 162 tbc prcvidus yc`r. Jdevijtides adr tbc `jtu`l jrigc da gurhcr (`s `o`iest g`esl`uobtcr `eh dtbcr uel`waul killieos) killieos) b`vc `lsd ncce risieo iecxdr`nly. iecxdr`nly. Nctwcce 0966 `eh 0913 tbcy r`e `t `e `vcr`oc da >9 pcr yc`r. Xbcrc wcrc 3? ie 0913 ‚ 0913 ‚ tbc tbc airst yc`r da `ndlitide. Xce yc`rs l`tcr tbc tdt`l adr tbc yc`r w`s 06? wbijb rdsc td 0?: ny 0923 `eh >08 ie 0993. Cvihcejc `lsd pdiets td tbc hc`tb pce`lty, hurieo its yc`rs da rcieadrjcgcet ie Nrit`ie ardg 0966, prdvihch ` strdeo hctcrrcejc td truly jrigie`l `jtivitics `eh killieos nut edt td hdgcstij dr p`sside jrigcs. Ie Ouy`e`, wbce Hcsgdeh H csgdeh Bdytc, rcspdehch td ` sprcc da nrc`kieo `eh cetcrieo
02
bttp=//www.l`ehdasixpcdplcs.jdg/ecws?6>/es6?6362:.btgl, @jjcssch Edvcgncr >2tb, >601 0?
`eh gurhcr ny b`eoieo tbc jrigie`ls, tbc jduetry s`w ` v`st hcjrc`sc ie sujb jrigcs adr tbc adlldwieo pcridh09 jdescqucetly, tbc pdtceti`l hctcrrcet caacjt da tbc hc`tb pce`lty td tbc jdggde jrigie`l gieh ie Ouy`e` sbdulh edt nc uehcrcstig`tch. Gdr`l `eh rclioidus mustiaij`tide is usch adr ndtb sihcs, bdwcvcr, tbis ncttcr suppdrts tbc rctcetideist st`ejc `s hcspitc g`ey gdhcre h`y h` y rclioides sccg td j`gp`ioe `o`iest it, tbc rclioidus tcxts `eh writieos da g`ey rclioides cehdrsc j`pit`l p ueisbgcet, ie `hhitide, Xbc jity st`tc da Isr`cl still rct`ies tbc hc`tb pce`lty adr tbc gdst bdrrcehdus jrigcs, wbijb ie ie jd- drhie`ejc witb Ouy`e`’s st`ejc. Ie Ouy`e`, tbc G`mdr rclioides da Jbristi`eity, Biehuisg `eh Isl`g `ll prcsjrinc tbc Hc`tb pce`lty ie tbcir prcsjrinch tc`jbieos wbijb v`ry hcpcehieo de tbc rclioidus iestitutides `eh j`tcodrics ie c`jb rclioide. Ardg ` gdr`l n`sis, gdst Ouy`ecsc wdulh `ppl`uh ` scetcejc da hc`tb td tbc gdst bciedus jrigie`ls `s tbc jdejcpt da “`e cyc adr `e cyc is prcv`lcet‗ Xbc g`ttcr da s`vieo jdst is `lsd da orc`t igpdrt. @ndlitideists `rouc tb`t tbc jdst da ` hc`tb pce`lty dutwciobs tbc jdst da ` liac scetcejc, datce jitieo stuhics jdehujtch ie tbc SZ@ wbijb igplij`tc eugcrdus `ppc`ls `eh b`nc`s jdrpus prdjcchieos. Xbcy sbdw tb`t hc`tb pce`lty tri`ls `rc ldeocr `eh gdrc `ttcetide is p`ih td v`ridus clcgcets da tbc j`sc sujb `s mury sclcjtide ctj. wbijb iejur ` orc`t jdst dvcr g`ey yc`rs. Ie ` Murishijtide likc Ouy`e`, tbc eugncr da `ppc`ls `rc ligitch `eh tbc jrigie`l mustijc systcg is gujb gdrc sigpliaich tb`t ie tbc Seitch Zt`tcs. Ie `hhitide, oivce tb`t tbc gctbdh da cxcjutide ie Ouy`e` is b`eoieo, tbc jdst adr purjb`sieo gcjb`eisgs `eh jbcgij`ls is orc`tly rchujch. Bcejc, ` murishijtide likc Ouy`e`’s wdulh wdulh scc ` orc`t jdst rchujtide da cxcjutides wcrc j`rrich dut. Ie jdejluside, Zt`tistijs `ppc`r td suppdrt ndtb `rougcets, nut tbc sdurjcs usch adr `ndlitide `ppc`r td nc ni`sch `eh ligitch ie sjdpc, ie `hhitide, Ouy`e` b`s jlc`rly hcgdestr`tch ietcet td rct`ie tbc hc`tb pce`lty `eh `s sujb utilizc it `s ` aie`l stcp adr tbc pueisbgcet da scvcrc jrigcs. Xbc rcsc`rjb jdejluhcs tb`t tbc hc`tb pce`lty, dejc ceadrjch uehcr jurrcet prdvisides, nut supplcgcetch witb v`ridus rcadrgs `eh jdehujtch witb caaijicejy `eh jcrt`iety, wdulh jcrt`ie `ih ie tbc rct`rh`tide da tbc jrigc sprcc jurrcetly pl`ouieo Ouy`e`. Xbc prig`ry h`t` ieacrs tb`t tbc
bttp=//ouy`e`tigcsoy.jdg/`rc-wc-rctureieo-td-kijk-hdwe-hddr-n`ehitry/, @jjcssch Edvcgncr bttp=//ouy`e`tigcsoy.jdg/`rc-wc-rctureieo-td-kijk-hdwe-hddr-n`ehitry/, >2tb, >601 09
02
punlij dpieide ocecr`lly still a`vdrs tbc hc`tb pce`lty, nut jcrt`ie jdejcres ecch td nc `hhrcssch td gieigizc tbc risk da ` gisj`rri`oc da mustijc, `e `nusc pa pdwcr dr uea`ir tri`l.
09
^cjdggceh`tides Spde jdehujtieo cxtcesivc rcsc`rjb rcl`tieo td tbc j`pit`l pueisbgcet ie Ouy`e` `eh its pl`jc ie ` gdhcre murishijtide, its `sscssgcet ie tbc punlijs cycs `eh its v`ridus `rougcets td suppdrt dr `ndlisb tbc hc`tb pce`lty. Xbc rcsc`rjbcr b`s g`hc tbc adlldwieo rcjdggceh`tide. Xbc hc`tb pce`lty sbdulh gc g`iet`ie uehcr tbc jurrcet prdvisides `s `gcehch ie >606, `s it b`s ncce cst`nlisbch tb`t tbc pueisbgcet is edt uejdestitutide`l `eh tb`t tbc odvcregcet da Ouy`e` b`s jlc`rly sbdwe ietcet td kccp `eh pdtceti`lly cgpldy tbc hc`tb pce`lty ie its hisrco`rh da prcjchcets `eh ietcre`tide`l prcssurc. Xbc jdestitutide sbdulh nc `gcehch td spcjiay spcjia y tb`t jcrt`ie prcjchcets sbdulh nc `pplich del y wbce cxtcehch hcl`y is iestitutch ny tbc st`tc. It sbdulh `lsd nc `gcehch td prdvihc ie`hgissinility td cvihcejc usch ie jdevijtides `jbicvch tbrduob tbc usc da `e `nusc da pdwcr ny `utbdrity. Xbc Vdlijc adrjcs `eh rclcv`et `utbdritics sbdulh nc rcadrgch td gieigizc jdrruptide `eh gisj`rri`ocs da mustijc, `s wcll `s tbc jduetry sbdulh ievcst ie `hv`ejcgcet ie gchij`l `eh jrigie`l ievcstio`tide tcjbedldoy sujb `s `hv`ejch n`llistijs `eh HE@ tcstieo td cesurc jcrt`iety ie jdevijtides `eh ` spcchy `eh caacjtivc prdjcss tb`t will edt vidl`tc tbc rulieo ie Vr`tt `eh Gdro`e. L`stly, gdrc bug`e gctbdhs da cxcjutide sbdulh nc cgpld ych sujb `s lctb`l iemcjtide, ie `hhitide td `e ievcstgcet ie jrigie`l hctcetide a`jilitics adr hc`tb rdw ieg`tcs.
>6
NINLIDO^@VBY
Xbc adlldwieo sdurjcs wcrc utilizch.
Xbdrecs, Eclsde J@VC L`w Seit 0 Ztuhy Ouihc Jbcltceb`g, Seitch Kieohdg= Eclsde Xbdrecs Lth, >606.
@etdiec, ^dsc-G`ric Ncllc Jdggdewc`ltb J`rinnc`e L`w `eh Lco`l Zystcgs Dxde, Seitch Kieohdg= ^dutlchoc-J`vcehisb Vunlisbieo Lth, 0992.
Hcgcricux, G`ro`rct Aueh`gcet`l ^iobts ie tbc Jdggdewc`ltb J`rinnc`e J destitutides A`julty da L`w, Seivcrsity da tbc _cst Iehics (J`vc Bill), 099>.
Jrigie`l L`w (Daacejcs) @jt da Ouy`e`, L`ws da Ou y`e` jb`ptcr 2=60, G`r. 0992
E`rjdtij Hruos `eh Vsyjbdtrdpij Zunst`ejcs Zun st`ejcs (Jdetrdl) @jt, L`ws da Ouy`e`, Zcptcgncr >66>
>0
@VVCEHIJICZ
Jrigie`l L`w (Daacejcs) @jt da Ouy`e`, scjtide 066, L`ws da Ouy`e` jb`ptcr 2=60, G`r. 0992 tb`t w`s `gcehch ie >606=
Zunmcjt td sunscjtide (:), cvcry pcrsde wbd is jdevijtch da gurhcr jdggittch ie `ey da tbc adlldwieo jirjugst`ejcs sb`ll nc scetcejch ie `jjdrh`ejc witb scjtide 066@ (0) (`) tb`t is td s`y ‚ (i) (i)
` gcgncr da tbc scjurity adrjcs adrjcs `jtieo ie tbc cxcjutide da bis hutics dr da ` pcrsde `ssistieo
` gcgncr sd `jtieo; (ii)
@ prisde daaijcr `jtieo ie tbc tbc cxcjutide da bis hutics dr da ` pcrsde `ssistieo ` prisde daaijcr
sd `jtieo; (iii)
`
muhiji`l dr lco`l daaijcr `jtieo ie tbc cxcjutide da bis hutics; dr `ey pcrsde `jtieo ie tbc
cxcjutide da bis hutics, ncieo ` pcrsde wbd, adr tbc purpdsc da j`rryieo dut tbdsc hutics, is vcstch uehcr tbc prdvisides da `ey l`w ie adrjc adr tbc tigc ncieo witb tbc s`gc pdwcrs, `utbdritics `eh privilcocs `s `rc oivce ny l`w td gcgncrs da tbc Zpcji`l Jdest`nul`ry, dr `ey sujb gcgncr da tbc scjurity adrjcs, prisde daaijcr, muhiji`l dr lco`l daaijcr dr pcrsde adr `ey rc`sde hircjtly `ttrinut`nlc td tbc e`turc da tbis djjup`tide; Xbc gurhcr da `ey pcrsde adr `ey rc`sde hircjtly `ttrinut`nlc td ‚ td ‚ Xbc st`tus da tb`t pcrsde `s ` witecss dr p`rty ie ` pcehieo dr jdejluhch jivil j`usc dr g`ttcr dr ie `ey jrigie`l prdjcchieos; dr tbc scrvijc dr p`st scrvijc da tb`t pcrsde `s ` murdr ie `ey jrigie`l tri`l; @ey gurhcr jdggittch ny ` pcrsde ie tbc jdursc dr aurtbcr`ejc da ‚ da ‚ (i)
rdnncry;
(ii)
Nurol`ry dr bduscnrc`kieo;
(iii)
@rsde ie rcl`tide td ` hwcllieo bdusc; dr
(iv)
@ey scxu`l daacejc;
(h)
@ey gurhcr jdggittch pursu`et td `e `rr`eocgcet wbcrcny gdecy dr `eytbieo da v`luc
>>
(i)
V`sscs dr is ietcehch td p`ss ardg dec pcrsde td `edtbcr dr td ` tbirh p`rty `t tbc rcqucst dr
hircjtide da tb`t dtbcr pcrsde; dr (ii)
is prdgisch ny dec pcrsde td `edtbcr dr td ` tbirh pcrsde `t tbc rcqucst dr hircjtide da tb`t
dtbcr pcrsde, `s jdesihcr`tide adr tb`t dtbcr pcrsde j`usieo dr `ssistieo ie j`usieo tbc hc`tb dr `ey `jt j`usieo dr `ssistieo ie j`usieo tb`t hc`tb; (c)
`ey gurhcr jdggittch ny ` pcrsde ie tbc jdursc dr aurtbcr`ejc da `ey `jt ievdlvieo tbc usc
da vidlcejc ny tb`t pcrsde wbijb, ny rc`sde da its e`turc `eh cxtcet, is j`ljul`tch td jrc`tc ` st`tc da ac`r ie tbc punlij dr `ey scjtide da tbc punlij. (>)
Zunmcjt td sunscjtide (:), cvcry pcrsde jdevijtch da gurhcr dtbcr tb`e ` pcrsde jdevijtch
da gurhcr ie tbc jirjugst`ejcs spcjiaich ie sunscjtide (0) (`) td (c), sb`ll nc scetcejch ie `jjdrh`ejc witb scjtide 066@ (0) (n). (:)
Ia ie tbc j`sc da `ey gurhcr rcacrrch td ie sunscjtide (0) (edt ncieo ` gurhcr rcacrrch td ie
p`r`or`pb (h)
Da tb`t sunscjtide), twd dr gdrc pcrsdes `rc jdevijtch da tb`t gurhcr ‚ gurhcr ‚
(`)
Xbc prdvisides da scjtide 066@ (0) (`) sb`ll `pply td `ey da tbdsc pcrsdes wbd ‚ wbd ‚
(i)
Ny bis dwe `jt j`usch tbc hc`tb da, dr iealijtch dr `ttcgptch td iealijt oricvdus ndhily b`rg
de, tbc pcrsde gurhcrch; dr (ii)
Bigscla usch vidlcejc de tb`t pcrsde ie tbc jdursc dr aurtbcr`ejc da `e `tt`jk de tb`t
pcrsde; `eh (n)
@ey dtbcr pcrsde jdevijtch da tb`t gurhcr sb`ll nc scetcejch ie `jjdrh`ejc witb scjtide
066@ (0) (n). (8)
Ie tbis scjtide ‚ scjtide ‚
“Vrisde daaijcr‗ b`s tbc s`gc gc`eieo `s ie tbc Vrisdes @jt; “Muhiji`l dr lco`l daaijcr‗ `pplics td tbc j`tcodrics da pcrsdes rcacrrch td ie @rtijlc 099 (:) da tbc Jdestitutide;
>:
“Gcgncr da tbc scjurity adrjcs‗ gc`es ` gcgncr da ‚ (`)
Xbc Ouy`e` Vdlijc Adrjc;
(n)
Xbc Ouy`e` Hcacesc Adrjc td tbc cxtcet tb`t sujb gcgncr b`s ncce `ssioech td `jt ie `ih
da tbc Vdlijc;
(j)
Xbc Zpcji`l Jdest`nul`ry.
Cvcry pcrsde wbd is jdevijtch da d a gurhcr a`llieo witbie ‚ witbie ‚ (`)
scjtide 066 (0)(`) td (c) sb`ll nc scetcejch td hc`tb dr td igprisdegcet adr liac;
(n)
scjtide 066 (>), sb`ll nc scetcejch td igprisdegcet adr liac dr sujb dtbcr tcrg `s tbc Jdurt jdesihcrs jdesihcrs `pprdpri`tc, edt ncieo lcss tb`e aiatcce aiatcce yc`rs.
(>)
_bcrc ` Jdurt prdeduejcs ` scetcejc da hc`tb pursu`et td sunscjtide (0) (`) ‚ (`) ‚
(`)
Xbc adrg da tbc scetcejc sb`ll nc td tbc caacjt dely tb`t tbc tbc pcrsde is td “suaacr hc`tb ie tbc
g`eecr `utbdrizch ny l`w‗; (n)
Cvcry pcrsde sd scetcejch sb`ll, `atcr scetcejc, nc jdeaiech td sdgc s`ac pl`jc witbie tbc
jdrrcjtide`l iestitutide, `p`rt ardg `ll dtbcr ieg`tcs; `eh (j)
Xbc scetcejc g`y nc j`rrich ietd cxcjutide `s bcrctdadrc b`s ncce tbc pr`jtijc.
Jrigie`l L`w (Daacejcs) @jt da Ouy`e`, scjtide :69, L`ws da Ouy`e` jb`ptcr 2=60, G`r. 0992 tb`t w`s `gcehch ie >606=
. (0) _bdcvcr ‚ _bdcvcr ‚ (`)
_itb ietcet td tbrc`tce tbc scjurity dr sdvcrcioety da Ouy`e` dr td strikc tcrrdr ie tbc pcdplc
dr `ey scjtide da tbc pcdplc, hdcs `ey `jt dr tbieo ny usieo ndgns, hye`gitc dr dtbcr cxpldsivc sunst`ejcs dr ieal`gg`nlc sunst`ejcs dr airc`rgs dr dtbcr lctb`l wc`pdes dr pdisdes dr edxidus o`scs dr dtbcr jbcgij`ls dr ny `ey dtbcr sunst`ejcs (wbctbcr nidldoij`l dr dtbcrwisc) da ` b`z`rhdus e`turc dr ny `ey dtbcr gc`es wb`tsdcvcr, ie sujb ` g`eecr `s td j`usc, dr likcly td j`usc, hc`tb da, dr iemurics td `ey pcrsde dr pcrsdes dr ldss da, dr h`g`oc td, dr hcstrujtide da, prdpcrty dr hisruptide da `ey supplics dr scrvijcs cssceti`l td tbc liac da tbc jdggueity dr j`uscs >8
h`g`oc dr hcstrujtide da `ey prdpcrty dr cquipgcet usch usch dr ietcehch td nc usch adr tbc Hcacesc da Ouy`e` dr ie jdeecjtide witb `ey dtbcr purpdscs da tbc Odvcregcet da Ouy`e` dr `ey da its `ocejics, dr hct`ies `ey pcrsde `eh tbrc`tces td kill dr iemurc sujb pcrsde ie drhcr td jdgpcl tbc Odvcregcet dr `ey dtbcr pcrsde td hd dr `nst`ie ardg hdieo `ey `jt jdggits ` tcrrdrist `jt; `jt; (n)
_bdcvcr jdggits ` tcrrdrist `jt jdggits `e daacejc `eh sb`ll ‚ sb`ll ‚
(i)
Ia sujb `jt b`s rcsultch ie tbc hc`tb da `ey pcrsde, nc pueisb`nlc pueisb`nlc witb ` aiec dr edt lcss tb`e
dec gillide aivc buehrch tbdus`eh hdll`rs tdoctbcr witb hc`tb; Ie hc`lieo witb illco`l hruos `eh sunst`ejcs oivce td giedrs uehcr tbc
E`rjdtij Hruos `eh Vsyjbdtrdpij Zunst`ejcs (Jdetrdl) @jt, Zcjtide 1, L`ws da Ouy`e`, Jb`ptcr 06=06, Zcptcgncr >66>
1.
(0) _bcrc `ey pcrsde uel`waully ‘
(`)
Zupplics dr j`uscs td nc supplich td;
(n)
@hgieistcrs, wbctbcr dr`lly dr dtbcrwisc, dr j`uscs td nc `hgieistcrch td; dr
(J)
j`uscs td nc t`kce ny,
`ey jbilh dr ydueo pcrsde `ey e`rjdtij `eh tb`t jbilh dr ydueo pcrsde hics `s ` rcsult da tbc jdesugptide, dr ietrdhujtide dtbcrwisc ietd bis ndhy, da tbc e`rjdtij dr p`rt da tbc e`rjdtij sd supplich, dr tbc `hgieistr`tide `hgieistr`tide da tbc e`rjdtij, tbce, tbc pcrsde, wbd supplich dr `hgieistcrch tbc e`rjdtij dr j`usch tbc e`rjdtij td nc supplich, `hgieistcrch dr t`kce, cvce tb duob bc hih edt ietceh tb`t hc`tb sbdulh, dr kecw tb`t hc`tb w`s likcly td rcsult ardg tbc jdesugptide, dr ietrdhujtide dtbcrwisc ietd tbc ndhy, dr `hgieistr`tide da tbc e`rjdtij, sb`ll nc li`nlc de jdevijtide de iehijtgcet td suaacr hc`tb `s ` aclde.
Bim`jkieo `eh Vir`jy @jt @jt Zcjtide ?, L`ws da Ouy`e`, @pril >662
?. @ pcrsde wbd j`uscs tbc hc`tb da `ey pcrsde de nd`rh ` vcsscl tb`t is uehcr `tt`jk wbilc jdggittieo `e daacesc da `rgch rdnncry, pir`jy dr bim`jkieo is li`nlc de jdevijtide de iehijtgcet td suaacr hc`tb.
Jrigie`l L`w (Daacejcs) @jt da Ouy`e`, scjtide :0?, L`ws da Ouy`e` jb`ptcr 2=60, G`r. 0992 tb`t w`s `gcehch ie >606= >3
@ey pcrsde dwieo `llcoi`ejc td tbc Zt`tc wbd, wbctbcr ie Ouy`e` dr clscwbcrc ‚ clscwbcrc ‚ (@)
Adrgs `e ietcetide td lcvy w`r `o`iest tbc Zt`tc dr td dvcrtbrdw tbc Odvcregcet dr tbc
Jdestitutide da Ouy`e` ny adrjc `eh g`eiacsts sujb ietcetide ny `ey dvcrt `jt; @hbcrcs td tbc cecgics da tbc Zt`tc ny oivieo tbcg `ih dr jdgadrt, sb`ll nc ouilty da trc`sde `eh li`nlc td suaacr hc`tb ny b`eoieo.
0.
(`)
Hcacesc @jt da Ouy`e`, Zcjtide ::, L`ws da Ouy`e`, Jb`ptcr 03=60, G`rjb 0992
(l) Cvcry pcrsde sunmcjt td gilit`ry l`w uehcr tbis @jt wbd witb ietcet td `ssist tbc cecgy ‘ `n`ehdes dr hclivcrs up `ey `ey pl`jc dr pdst wbijb it is bis huty td hcaceh, dr iehujcs `ey
pcrsde td `n`ehde dr hclivcr up `ey pl`jc dr pdst wbijb it is tb`t tb`t pcrsde’s huty td hcaceh; dr (n)
hdcs `ey `jt j`ljul`tch td igpcril tbc sujjcss da dpcr`tides da tbc Adrjc, da `ey adrjcs jd-
dpcr`tieo tbcrc witb dr da `ey p`rt da d a `ey da tbdsc adrjcs; dr (j)
b`vieo ncce g`hc ` prisdecr da w`r, scrvcs witb dr `ihs tbc cecgy ie ie tbc prdscjutide da
bdstilitics dr da gc`surcs j`ljul`tch td iealucejc gdr`lc, dr ie `ey dtbcr g`eecr wb`tsdcvcr edt `utbdrizch ny ietcre`tide`l us`oc; dr (h)
Aureisbcs tbc cecgy witb `rgs dr `ggueitide dr witb supplics da `ey hcsjriptide dr witb
`ey dtbcr tbieo likcly td `ssist big (wbctbcr sigil`r td `e y da tbc tbieos `adrcs`ih dr edt); dr (c)
B`rndrs dr prdtcjts `e cecgy edt ncieo ` prisdecr da w`r,
>1
Xbc Jdestitutide da Xbc Jd-dpcr`tivc ^cpunlij da Ouy`e` @jt, Zcjtide 86, Jb`ptcr :, Acnru`ry 0926
“(0) Cvcry pcrsde ie Ouy`e` is cetitlch td tbc n`sij riobt td ` b`ppy, jrc`tivc `eh prdhujtivc liac, arcc ardg bueocr, hisc`sc, ioedr`ejc `eh w`et. Xb`t riobt iejluhcs tbc aueh`gcet`l riobts `eh arcchdgs da tbc iehivihu`l, tb`t is td s`y, tbc riobt, wb`tcvcr bis r`jc, pl`jc da drioie, 0. pdlitij`l dpieides, jdldr, jrcch dr scx, nut sunmcjt td rcspcjt adr tbc riobts `eh arcchdgs da dtbcrs `eh adr tbc punlij ietcrcst, td c`jb `eh `ll da tbc adlldwieo, e`gcly ‚‚ e`gcly ‚‚ >. Liac, lincrty, scjurity da tbc pcrsde `eh tbc prdtcjtide da tbc l`w. :. arcchdg da jdesjicejc, da cxprcsside `eh da `sscgnly `eh `ssdji`tide; `eh 8. Vrdtcjtide adr tbc priv`jy da bis bdgc `eh dtbcr prdpcrty `eh ardg hcpriv`tide da prdpcrty witbdut jdgpces`tide. (>) Xbc prdvisides da Xitlc 0 da V`rt > sb`ll b`vc caacjt adr tbc purpdsc da `aadrhieo prdtcjtide td tbc `adrcs`ih aueh`gcet`l riobts `eh arcchdgs da tbc iehivihu`l sunmcjt td sujb ligit`tides da tb`t prdtcjtide `s `rc jdet`iech jdet`iec h ie tbdsc prdvisides, ncieo n cieo ligit`tides hcsioech td cesurc tb`t tbc cemdygcet da tbc s`ih riobts `eh arcchdgs ny `ey iehivihu`l hdcs edt prcmuhijc tbc riobts `eh arcchdgs da dtbcrs ie tbc punlij ietcrcst.‗. ietcrcst.‗.
>?
