LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM REKAYASA SISTEM KERJA & ERGONOMI “
ANTROPOMETRI”
Disusun oleh: 1. Rizki Akbar Rismawan (3333110483) (3333110483) 2. Gina Andini
(3333110951) (3333110951)
3. Alfian Kello
(3333111444) (3333111444)
4. Puput Puspitasari
(3333111700) (3333111700)
Kelompok 3 Asisten : Rizki Munandar (Erg.11.09.1117.011)
LABORATORIUM REKAYASA SISTEM KERJA & ERGONOMI JURUSAN TEKNIK INDUSTRI FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS SULTAN AGENG TIRTAYASA BANTEN 2013
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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
Setelah diperiksa secara seksama dan telah menyelesaikan dengan baik maka laporan modul “Antropometri “ Antropometri”” (sudah / belum) memenuhi syarat untuk Laporan Praktikum Rekayasa Sistem kerja & Ergonomi (RSK&E) yang telah ACC dan dapat disajikan dan dikumpulkan dan dinilai.
Nama
Kelompok
: 1. Rizki Akbar Rismawan
(3333110483)
2. Gina Andini
(3333110951)
3. Alfian Kello
(3333111444)
4. Puput Puspitasari
(3333111700)
:3
`
Menyetujui,
Asisten Pembimbing
(Rizki Munandar) Erg.11.09.1117.011
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DAFTAR ISI halaman HALAMAN JUDUL .......................................... ................................................................ .......................................... ....................i LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .......................................... ................................................................ ............................... ......... ii
.................................................................. ............................................ ............................... ......... iii DAFTAR ISI ............................................ DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................... ................................................................ .......................................... .................... vi DAFTAR TABEL .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................ ..vii BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ......................................................... ............................................................................... ........................ .. I-1 1.2 Perumusan Masalah .......................................... ................................................................ ............................... ......... I-1 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .......................................... ................................................................ ................................... ............. I-2 1.4 Batasan Penelitian ........................................................ ............................................................................ .................... I-2 1.5 Sistematika Penulisan ........................................... ................................................................. ........................... ..... I-2 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Ergonomi..................................... Ergonomi........................................................... ............................................ ............................... ......... II-1 2.2 Pengertian Antropometri .......................................... ................................................................. ......................... II-1 2.3 Posisi Tubuh Dalam Bekerja .............................................. ........................................................... ............. II-6 2.4 Metode Perancangan dengan Antropometri..................................... Antropometri..................................... II-9 BAB III METODOLOGI PENELTIAN
3.1 Flow Chart ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................ .. III-1 3.2 Deskripsi Pemecahan Masalah ........................................... ........................................................ ............. III-2 BAB IV PENGUMPULAN DAN PENGOLAHAN DATA
4.1 Pengumpulan Data ............................................ .................................................................. ............................... ......... IV-1 4.1.1 Dimensi yang Digunakan .................................... .......................................................... ........................ .. IV-1 4.2 Pengolahan Data ........................................... ................................................................. ................................... ............. IV-3 4.2.1 Pengolahan Data Antropometri ................................... ................................................... ................ IV-3 4.2.1.1 Dimensi Tinggi Badan Normal .............................................. .............................................. IV-3 4.2.1.1.1 Uji Kenormalan Data
............. IV-5 IV-5
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4.2.1.1.4 Menghitung Persentil ......................................... ...................................................... ............. IV-8 4.2.1.2 Dimensi Siku Ke Lantai .................................................... ......................................................... ..... IV-8 4.2.1.2.1 Uji Kenormalan Data .......................................... ....................................................... ............. IV-10 IV-10 4.2.1.2.2 Keseragaman Data ....................................... ........................................................... .................... IV-12 IV-12 4.2.1.2.3 Kecukupan Data .......................................... .............................................................. .................... IV-13 4.2.1.2.4 Menghitung Persentil ......................................... ...................................................... ............. IV-13 4.2.1.3 Dimensi Tangan Ke Lantai ........................................... .................................................... ......... IV-13 4.2.1.3.1 Uji Kenormalan Data .......................................... ....................................................... ............. IV-15 IV-15 4.2.1.3.2 Keseragaman Data ....................................... ........................................................... .................... IV-17 IV-17 4.2.1.3.3 Kecukupan Data .......................................... .............................................................. .................... IV-18 4.2.1.3.4 Menghitung Persentil ......................................... ...................................................... ............. IV-18 4.2.1.4 Dimensi Mata Kaki Ke Lantai ........................................... ................................................ ..... IV-18 4.2.1.4.1 Uji Kenormalan Data .......................................... ....................................................... ............. IV-20 IV-20 4.2.1.4.2 Keseragaman Data ....................................... ........................................................... .................... IV-22 IV-22 4.2.1.4.3 Kecukupan Data .......................................... .............................................................. .................... IV-22 4.2.1.4.4 Menghitung Persentil ......................................... ...................................................... ............. IV-23 4.2.1.5 Dimensi Panjang Jari 1 ........................ .............................................. ................................... ............. IV-23 4.2.1.5.1 Uji Kenormalan Data .......................................... ....................................................... ............. IV-25 IV-25 4.2.1.5.2 Keseragaman Data ....................................... ........................................................... .................... IV-26 IV-26 4.2.1.5.3 Kecukupan Data .......................................... .............................................................. .................... IV-27 4.2.1.5.4 Menghitung Persentil ......................................... ...................................................... ............. IV-27 BAB V ANALISA
5.1 Analisa Data Antropometri Dimensi Tinggi Badan Normal ........... V-1 5.2 Analisa Data Antropometri Dimensi Siku Ke Lantai ...................... ...................... V-1 5.3 Analisa Data Antropometri Dimensi Tangan Ke Lantai .................. V-2 5.4 Analisa Data Antropometri Dimensi Mata Kaki Ke Lantai............. V-2 5.5 Analisa Data Antropometri Dimensi Panjang J ari 1 ........................ ........................ V-3 BAB VI KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
6.1 Simpulan ..........................
IV-1
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN
1. Blangko 2. Progress Bimbingan Progress Bimbingan 3. Gambar Antropometri 4. Tabel X2
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
halaman
Gambar 3.1 Flow Chart Biomekanika Chart Biomekanika dan Postur Kerja Kerj a ............................. ............................. III-1 Gambar 4.1 Kurva Distribusi Normal Untuk Dimensi Tinggi Badan Normal ............................................ .................................................................. .......................................... .................... IV-7 Gambar 4.2 Peta Kontrol Tinggi Tinggi Badan Normal ......................................... ......................................... IV-7 Gambar 4.3 Kurva Distribusi Normal Untuk Dimensi Siku Ke Lantai Lantai ....... IV-12 Gambar 4.4 Peta Kontrol Siku Ke Lantai ............................................ ..................................................... ......... IV-12 Gambar 4.5 Kurva Distribusi Normal Untuk Dimensi Tangan Ke Lantai Lantai ... IV-17 Gambar 4.6 Peta Kontrol Tangan Ke Lantai ........................................... ................................................ ..... IV-17 Gambar 4.7 Kurva Distribusi Dist ribusi Normal Untuk Dimensi Mata Kaki Ke Lantai .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................ .. IV-21 Gambar 4.8 Peta Kontrol Mata Kaki Ke Lantai ......................................... ........................................... .. IV-22 Gambar 4.9 Kurva Distribusi Normal Untuk Dimensi Panjang Jari 1 ......... IV-26 Gambar 4.10 Peta Kontrol Panjang Jari 1 ...................................................... ...................................................... IV-27
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DAFTAR TABEL
halaman
Tabel 4.1 Dimensi yang Digunakan ............................................ .............................................................. .................. IV-1 Tabel 4.2 Data Antropomerti Antropomerti Mahasiswa TI Angkatan 2010 2010 ....................... ....................... II-1 Tabel 4.3 Data Antropometri Antropometri Dimensi Tinggi Tinggi Badan Normal ...................... IV-3 Tabel 4.4
Uji Kenormalan Kenormalan Antropometri Dimensi Tinggi Badan Normal.... IV-6
Tabel 4.5 Data Antropometri Dimensi Siku Ke Lantai ................................. ................................. IV-8 Tabel 4.6 4.6
Uji Kenormalan Kenormalan Antropometri Antropometri Dimensi Siku Ke Lantai .............. IV-11
Tabel 4.7 Data Antropomerti Antropomerti Dimensi Tangan Tangan Ke Lantai ............................ ............................ IV-13 Tabel 4.8 Uji Kenormalan Antropometri Dimensi Tangan Tangan Ke Lantai Lantai .......... IV-16 Tabel 4.9 Data Antropomerti Antropomerti Dimensi Mata Kaki Ke Lantai ....................... ....................... IV-18 Tabel 4.10 Uji Kenormalan Antropometri Dimensi Mata Mat a Kaki Ke Lantai ..... IV-21 Tabel 4.11 Data Antropomerti Dimensi Panjang Jari J ari 1 .................................. .................................. IV-23 Tabel 4.12 Uji Kenormalan Antropometri Dimensi Panjang Jari J ari 1 ................ IV-25
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang
Dalam melakukan suatu pekerjaan seringkali terjadi adanya keluhan pegal pegal atau mudah lelah yang dialami oleh pekerja. Hal itu disebabkan karena sarana kerja seperti meja dan kursi tidak sesuai dengan ukuran tubuh pekerja. Apabila kita ingin membuat suatu alat kerja yang ergonomis yang dapat dipakai secara aman, nyaman, sehat dan mudah oleh para penggunanya, maka terlebih dahulu kita harus mengetahui ukuran dimensi tubuh pemakainya. Antropometri membicarakan ukuran tubuh manusia dan aspek-aspek segala gerakan manusia maupun postur dan gaya-gaya yang dikeluarkan. Dengan bantuan dasar-dasar antropometri, maupun aspek-aspek pandangan dan medan visual, dapat membantu mengurangi beban kerja dan memperbaiki untuk kerja dengan cara menyediakan tata letak tempat kerja yang optimal, termasuk postur kerja yang baik serta landasan yang dirancang dengan baik. Untuk menilai kesesuaian antara antropometri dengan sarana kerja maka PT. RSK&E melakukan pengukuran dimensi tubuh terhadap beberapa orang responden. Data yang didapatkan nantinya akan digunakan untuk menghitung uji kenormalan, uji keseragaman dan uji kecukupan data serta skor persentil. Hal ini
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I-2
3. Bagaimana mengidentifikasi keluhan-keluhan pekerja yang terlihat pada Nordic Body Map ? Map ? 1.3 Tujuan Penelitian
Tujuan dalam melakukan penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Mengolah data antropometri dimensi tubuh manusia dengan baik dan benar. 2. Mengidentifikasi dimensi tubuh manusia dan alat ukurnya. 3. Mengidentifikasi keluhan-keluhan pekerja yang terlihat pada Nordic Body Map. Map. 1.4 Batasan Masalah
Batasan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Pengukuran dimensi tubuh menggunakan mistar, meteran, alat serba guna dan kursi antropometri. 2. Pengolahan data antropometri menggunakan uji kenormalan data, uji keseragaman data dan uji kecukupan data. 3. Menggunakan data antropometri dimensi tubuh mahasiswa angkatan 2010. 1.5 Sistematika Penulisan
Untuk menyusun laporan ini secara sistematis, maka penulis menyusun sistematika laporan sebagai berikut : BAB I PENDAHULUAN Pada bab ini menjelaskan mengenai latar belakang masalah, rumusan
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I-3
BAB IV PENGUMPULAN DAN PENGOLAHAN DATA Pada bab ini menjelaskan mengenai pengumpulan data anthropometri mahasiswa angkatan 2010 dan pengolahan data anthropometri tersebut. BAB V ANALISA Pada bab ini menjelaskan mengenai analisa dari data antropometri dimensi tubuh mahasiswa angkatan 2010 dengan menggunakan uji kenormalan data, uji keseragaman data dan uji kecukupan data. BAB VI KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN Pada bab ini menjelaskan mengenai kesimpulan hasil dari pengolahan data penelitian dan juga saran untuk menunjang mutu dan kualitas praktikum dimasa yang akan datang.
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Ergonomi
Untuk dapat menghasilkan rancangan sistem kerja yang baik perlu dikenal sifat-sifat, keterbatasan, serta kemampuan yang dimiliki manusia. Dalam sistem kerja, manusia berperan sentral yaitu sebagai perencana, perancang, pelaksana, dan pengevaluasi sistem kerja yang bekerja secara keseluruhan agar diperoleh hasil kerja yang baik atau memuaskan. Menurut Sutalaksana (1979) Ilmu yang mempelajari manusia beserta perilakunya didalam sistem kerja disebut ergonomi. Ergonomi ialah ilmu yang sistematis dalam memanfaatkan informasi mengenai sifat, kemampuan, dan keterbatasan manusia untuk merancang sistem kerja. Dengan Ergonomi diharapkan penggunaan proyek fisik dan fasilitas dapat lebih efektif serta memberikan kepuasan kerja. Salah satu definisi ergonomi yang menitikberatkan pada penyesuaian desain terhadap manusia adalah menerapkan informasi menurut karakter manusia, kapasitas dan keterbatasannya terhadap desain pekerjaan, mesin dan sistemnya, ruangan kerja dan lingkungan sehingga manusia dapat hidup dan bekerja secara sehat, aman, nyaman dan efisien. Sedangkan Pulat (1992) menawarkan konsep desain produk untuk mendukung efisiensi dan keselamatan dalampenggunaan desain produk. Konsep tersebut adalah desain untuk reliabilitas, kenyamanan, lamanya waktu pemakaian,
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II-2
manusia, ukuran, bentuk dan kekuatan serta penerapan dari data tersebut untuk penanganan masalah desain. Antropometri secara lebih luas digunakan sebagai pertimbangan ergonomis dalam proses perencanaan produk maupun m aupun sistem s istem kerja yang memerlukan interaksi manusia. Data antropometri yang berhasil diperoleh akan diaplikasikan secara lebih luas antara lain dalam hal perancangan areal kerja (work station), perancangan station), perancangan alat kerja seperti s eperti mesin, equipment , perkakas (tools), perancangan produk-produk konsumtif seperti pakaian, kursi, meja, dan perancangan lingkungan fisik. Berdasarkan Berdasar kan hal tersebut ter sebut maka menurut Nurmianto (2003) dapat disimpulkan bahwa data antropometri akan menentukan bentuk, ukuran, dan dimensi yang tepat berkaitan dengan produk yang akan dirancang sesuai dengan manusia yang akan mengoperasikan atau menggunakan produk tersebut. Antropometri merupakan salah satu tool ilmu yang digunakan untuk menciptakan kondisi kerja yang ergonomis. Ergonomi merupakan ilmu perancangan berbasis manusia ( Human Human Centered Design). Design). Dengan diterapkannya ergonomi, sistem kerja menjadi lebih produktif dan efisien. Menurut Sutalaksana (1979), dilihat dari sisi rekayasa, informasi hasil penelitian Ergonomi dapat
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II-3
3. Penelitian tentang ukuran/dimensi dari tempat kerja. Penelitian ini diarahkan untuk mendapatkan ukuran tempat kerja yang sesuai dengan ukuran tubuh manusia, dipelajari dalam antropometri. a ntropometri. 4. Penelitian tentang lingkungan fisik Penelitian ini berkenaan dengan perancangan kondisi lingkungan fisik dari ruangan dan fasilitas-fasilitas dimana manusia bekerja. Hal ini meliputi perancangan cahaya, suara, warna, temperatur, kelembaban, bau-bauan dan getaran pada suatu fasilitas kerja. Masalah ini akan dibahas lebih jelas pada praktikum Lingkungan Lingkungan Kerja Fisik. Menurut Sutalaksana (1979) dan Sritomo (1995) Ada 3 filosofi dasar untuk suatu desain yang digunakan oleh ahli-ahli ergonomi sebagai data antropometri yang diaplikasikan, yaitu: 1. Perancangan produk bagi individu dengan ukuran yang ekstrim. Berdasarkan prinsip ini, rancangan yang dibuat bisa digunakan oleh individu ekstrim yaitu terlalu besar atau kecil dibandingkan dengan rata- ratanya agar memenuhi sasaran, maka digunakan persentil besar. Perancangan produk yang bisa dioperasikan di antara rentang ukuran tertentu.
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II-4
95-th untuk ,mendsain peralatan dengan ukuran maksimum. Sedangkan untuk ukuran minimum digunakan data persenti kecil dari persentil 10-th. Untuk mendapatkan suatu perancangan yang optimum dari suatu ruang dan fasilitas akomodasi, maka hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan adalah faktor-faktor seperti panjang dari suatu dimensi tubuh baik dalam posisi statis maupun dinamis. Hal lain yang perlu diamati adalah seperti Berat dan pusat massa (centre of gravity) dari suatu segmen/bagian tubuh, bentuk tubuh, jarak untuk pergerakan melingkar (angular motion) dari tangan dan kaki, dan lain-lain. Selain itu, harus didapatkan pula data-data yang sesuai dengan tubuh manusia. Pengukuran tersebut adalah relatif mudah untuk didapat jika diaplikasikan pada data perseorangan. Akan tetapi semakin banyak jumlah manusia yang diukur dimensi tubuhnya maka akan semakin kelihatan betapa besar variasinya antara satu tubuh dengan tubuh lainnya baik secara keseluruhan tubuh maupun persegmen-nya. Data antropometri yang diperoleh akan diaplikasikan secara luas antara lain dalam hal : 1. Perancangan areal kerja (work (work station, station, interior mobil, dll). Perancangan peralatan kerja (perkakas, mesin, dll).
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II-5
a. Pengukuran tingkat ketrampilan sebagai pendekatan untuk mengerti keadaan mekanis dari suatu aktivitas. b. Pengukuran jangkauan ruangan yang dibutuhkan saat kerja. c. Pengukuran variabilitas kerja. Terdapat berbagai macam faktor yang mempengaruhi dimensi tubuh manusia, diantaranya: 1. Umur Menurut Sutalaksana (2006), beberapa kelompok usia telah menjadi hal yang penting dalam masalah antropometri. Berikut ini kelompok usia yang digolongkan dalam masalah antropometri, yaitu: a. Balita b. Anak-anak c. Remaja d. Dewasa, dan e. Lanjut usia Hal ini jelas berpengaruh terutama jika desain diaplikasikan untuk antropometri anak-anak. Antropometri akan cendrung terus meningkat sampai
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II-6
meningkatnya jumlah angka migrasi dari satu negara ke negara lain. Suatu contoh sederhana bahwa yaitu dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk yang migrasi dari negara Vietnam ke Australia, untuk mengisi satuan jumlah angkatan kerja. Maka akan mempengaruhi antripometri nasional. 4. Pekerjaan Aktivitas kerja sehari-hari juga menyebabkan perbedaan ukuran tubuh manusia. Selain faktor-faktor di atas, masih ada beberapa kondisi kondisi tertentu (khusus) yang dapat mempengaruhi variabilitas ukuran dimensi tubuh manusia yang juga perlu mendapat perhatian, seperti: a. Cacat tubuh Menurut
Sutalaksana
(2006),
suatu
perkembangan
yang
sangat
mengembirakan pada dekade terakhir yaitu dengan diberikannya skala prioritas pada rancang bangun fasilitas akomodasi untuk para penderita cacat tubuh secara fisik sehingga mereka dapat ikut serta merasakan kesamaan dalam penggunaan jasa dari hasil ilmu ergonomi didalam pelayanan untuk masyarakat. b. Tebal/tipisnya pakaian yang harus dikenakan
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II-7
samping itu tenaga kerja juga dapat mengendalikan kaki untuk melakukan gerakan. Mengingat posisi duduk mempunyai keutungan maupun kerugian, maka untuk mendapatkan hasil kerja yang lebih baik tanpa pengaruh buruk pada tubuh, perlu dipertimbangkan pada jenis pekerjaan apa saja yang sesuai dilakukan dengan posisi duduk. Untuk maksud tersebut, Pulat (1992) memberikan pertimbangan tentang pekerjaan yang paling baik dilakukan dengan posisi duduk adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Pekerjaan yang memerlukan kontrol dengan teliti pada kaki 2. Pekerjaan utama adalah menulis atau memerlukan ketelitian keteli tian pada tangan
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II-8
3. Ketinggian landasan kerja tidak memerlukan fleksi tulang belakang yang berlebihan. Selain posisi kerja duduk, posisi berdiri juga banyak ditemukan di perusahaan. Seperti halnya posisi duduk, posisi kerja berdiri juga mempunyai keuntungan maupun kerugian. Menurut Sutalaksana (1979), bahwa sikap berdiri merupakan sikap siaga baik fisik maupun mental, sehingga aktivitas kerja yang dilakukan lebih cepat, kuat dan teliti. Namun demikian mengubah posisi duduk ke berdiri dengan masih menggunakan alat kerja yang sama s ama akan melelahkan. Pada dasarnya berdiri itu sendiri lebih melelahkan daripada duduk dan energi yang dikeluarkan untuk berdiri lebih banyak 10-15% dibandingkan dengan duduk.
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II-9
2. Selama kerja manual, di mana pekerjaan sering memerlukan ruangan untuk peralatan; material dan kontainer dengan berbagai jenis, tinggi landasan kerja adalah 10-15 cm di bawah tinggi ti nggi suku berdiri. 3. Untuk pekerjaan yang memerlukan penekanan dengan kuat, tinggi landasan kerja adalah 15-40 cm di bawah tinggi siku berdiri. 2.4 Metode Perancangan dengan Antropometri
Tahapan perancangan sistem kerja work space design dengan memperhatikan faktor antropometri secara umum adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Menentukan requirement ). ).
kebutuhan
perancangan
dan
kebutuhannya
( establish
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II-10
Beberapa pengolahan data yang harus dilakukan pada data antropometri (Nurmianto1996 & Tayyari) adalah : 1. Kecukupan data
√ ∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ [ ] k = Tingkat kepercayaan bila tingkat kepercataan kepercataan 99%, sehingga k = 2,58 ≈ 3 bila tingkat kepercataan 95%, sehingga k = 1,96 ≈ 2
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II-11
4. Percentile Persentil adalah suatu nilai yang menunjukkan persentase tertentu dari orang yang memiliki ukuran pada atau dibawah nilai tersebut. Sebagai contoh, persentil ke-95 akan menunjukkan 95% populasi akan berada pada atau dibawah ukuran tersebut, sedangkan persentil ke-5 akan menunjukkan 5% populasi akan berada pada atau dibawah ukuran itu. Dalam antropometri, angka persentil ke-95 akan menggambarkan men ggambarkan ukuran manusia yang “terbesar” dan persentil ke-5 sebaliknya akan aka n menunjukkan ukuran “terkecil”. “terkecil” . Pada umumnya, percentil yang digunakan adalah: P5% = P
̅ ̅
=
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BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
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III-2
3.2 Deskripsi Pemecahan Masalah
1.
Mulai Memulai penelitian.
2.
Studi Pendahuluan
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III-3
10. Analisa Hasil Pengolahan Data Menganalisis hasil pengolahan data yang telah didapatkan. 11. Simpulan dan Saran Simpulan adalah jawaban dari tujuan, dan saran agar penelitian selanjutnya dapat lebih baik.
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BAB IV PENGUMPULAN DAN PENGOLAHAN DATA
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IV-2
Tabel 4.2 Data Antropomerti Mahasiswa TI Angkatan 2010 (lanjutan) No
Nama
Tinggi Badan Normal
Siku Ke Lantai
Tangan Ke Lantai
Mata Kaki Ke Lantai
Panjang Jari 1
18
Dini
151
93
67
7
7
19
Dean
167
104
74
8
7
20
Zafar
163
106
72
7,5
7
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Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
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The world’s largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.