LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM PERENCANAAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PRODUKSI ACARA V OWSH OP PENJADWALAN JOBSHOP DAN FL OWSH
Disusun Oleh : Nama
: Nur Rahma Laila Rizki Fauziah
NIM
: 11/319005/TP/10208 11/319005/TP/10208
Shift
:I
Co-Ass
: Asih Rachmayanti Dwi Mulya Sukowati
LABORATORIUM SISTEM PRODUKSI JURUSAN TEKNOLOGI INDUSTRI PERTANIAN FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA YOGYAKARTA 2013
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang
Suatu industri pasti memiliki berbagai kegiatan atau operasi untuk menghasilkan produk. Kegiatan ini adalah proses pengolahan input menjadi produk sesuai dengan keinginan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen. Proses mengolah input menjadi pada industri tidak lepas dari peralatan dan mesin untuk mempermudah proses pengolahan dan manusia sebagai
operatornya.
Proses
pengolahan
input
menjadi
produk
membutuhkan pengaturan agar mesin maupun operator dapat digunakan dan bekerja secara optimum terutama efisien terhadap waktu. Pengaturan operator maupun mesin dapat dilakukan dengan penjadwalan. Penjadwalan
juga berfungsi
sebagai alat
pengambil
keputusan yaitu untuk menetapkan suatu jadwal. Penjadwalan merupakan usaha untuk mengoptimalkan waktu penyelesaian pekerjaan pada mesinmesin agar target produksi tercapai. Terdapat beberapa metode yang digunakan untuk penjadwalan. Salah satunya adalah metode penjadwalan flowshop dan jobshop. Sebagai mahasiswa TIP yang nantinya akan banyak bekerja di dunia industri terutama di bidang agroindustri yang memiliki berbagai jenis stasiun kerja yang tentunya memiliki berbagai kegiatan dapat berjalan dengan teratur. Oleh karena itu pada praktikum Perencanaan dan Pengendalian Produksi akan membahas mengenai Penjadwalan Flowshop dan Jobshop yang merupakan salah satu metode penjadwalan. Dengan adanya praktikum ini diharapkan mahasiswa akan lebih mudah memahami dan dapat mengaplikasikannya di dunia kerja.
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B. Tujuan Praktikum
1. Mengajarkan mahasiswa untuk melakukan penjadwalan mesin secara jobshop dan flowshop dengan bantuan komputer. komputer. 2. Mengajarkan mahasiswa mengenai perbedaan penjadwalan secara jobshop dan flowshop. flowshop.
C. Manfaat Praktikum
Praktikum acara 5 yang berjudul Penjadwalan Jobshop dan Flowshop ini memiliki manfaat terutama bagi praktikan yaitu praktikan lebih memahami dan dapat menerapkan konsep penjadwalan dengan metode Jobshop dan Flowshop menggunakan bantuan software bantuan software komputer WinQSB.
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Penjadwalan merupakan pengauran jumlah dan tipe produksi yang akan dilaksanakan dalam kurun waktu tertentu. Selain itu, penjadwalan juga berhubungan dengan penggunaan fasilitas
dan bahan material
untuk
pelaksanaan produksi (Komarudin, 2013). 2013). Penjadwalan produksi dapat diartikan sebagai pengalokasian sumber daya untuk mengerjakan operasi-operasi tertentu dengan tujuan memperoleh jadwal produksi yang optimal. Dalam penjadwalan produksi yang dimaksud sebagai operasi adalah job, sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan sumberdaya adalah mesin. Sehingga pemasalahan penjadwalan produksi dapat diartikan sebagai proses mengurutka job-job pada mesin-mesin yang berbeda dalam suatu unit produksi untuk mencapai kondisi yang optimal (Ponnambalam, 2001). Konsep penjadwalan job shop adalah menentukan waktu suatu operasi mulai dikerjakan dan mengalokasikan resource untuk mengerjakan operasi tersebut. Pada saat menjadwalkan suatu operasi selain menentukan kapan operasi tersebut mulai dikerjakan juga ditentukan resource mana yang dipakai oleh operasi tersebut (Oliveira, 2000). Penjadwalan produksi dapat diklasifikasikan dalam dua bentuk, yaitu penjadwalan flow shop shop dan penjadwalan job shop. shop. Penjadwalan flow shop adalah suatu usaha mengurutkan n job yang diproses dalam setiap m mesin dimana urutan mesin pada setiap job sama dan tetap. Serupa dengan flowshop. Penjadwalan job Penjadwalan job shop mengurutkan n job yang diproses dalam setiap m mesin tetapi masing-masing job dapat mempunyaiurutan mesin yang berbeda (Laha, 2008). Penjadwalan flowshop yaitu penjadwalan proses produksi dari n-job yang memiliki urutan proses produksi yang sama. Flowshop dikatakan
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dari penetapan outer serta inner game, dimana outer game terdiri dari job yang akan dijadwal di dalam sistem, dan inner game terdiri dari job yang akan dijadwal ulang di dalam sistem. Hasil dari uji coba sistem dengan data processing time yang berbeda menjelaskan, bahwa minimum makespan yang dihasilkan oleh sistem dipengaruhi oleh jumlah job, besar koefisien variasi dan lebar range dari data processing time. Perhitungan akan selalu optimal untuk kondisi data processing time yang homogen, artinya koefisien variasinya tidak lebih dari satu (Smith, 2001). Tujuan dari penjadwalan produksi yang baik dalam suatu peusahaan akan memilikikeuntungan: (Nasution, 1999) 1. Meningkatkan
penggunaan
sumber
daya
atau
mengurangi
waktu
tunggunya, sehingga total waktu proses dapat berkurang dan produktivitas dapat meningkat. 2. Mengurangi persediaan barang setengah jadi atau mengurangi sejumlah pekerjaan yang menunggu dalam antrian ketika sumber daya yang ada masih mengerjakan tugas lain. Penjadwalan flowshop Penjadwalan flowshop adalah suatu usaha mengurutkan n job n job yang diproses dalam setiap mesin dimana urutan mesin pada setiap job sama dan tetap. Serupa dengan flow dengan flow shop, shop, penjadwalan job penjadwalan job shop mengurutkan n job pada setiap mesin tetapi masing-masing job dapat mempunyai urutan mesin yang berbeda (Laha, 2008). Masalah penjadwalan Job-Shop terdiri atas sebuah himpunan pekerjaan J = { J 1, J 2,..., J n} yang harus dijadwalkan pada sebuah himpunan sumber daya atau mesin R. R. Setiap pekerjaan J i terdiri atas sekumpulan operasi terurut yang harus dilakukan, yaitu Oi = {o {oi1, oi2, ..., oik } dengan k = |Oi| adalah banyaknya
operasi
pada
pekerjaan J i.
Kemudian
setiap
operasi
oij
∈
menggunakan sebuah sumber daya yang tunggal r ijij R selama suatu selang waktu tertentu. Lama waktu penggunaan sumber daya oleh operasi oij juga diberikan sebagai input ketika pendefinisian masalah penjadwalan Job-Shop
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yang ada sehingga tidak terjadi konflik, yaitu penggunaan satu sumber daya oleh dua operasi yang sama pada waktu yang sama juga (Dimyati, 1999). Penjadwalan job shop adalah penjadwalan beberapa pekerjaan dimana urutan proses operasi/ produksi suatu pekerjaan biasa berbeda dengan urutan proses operasi/ produksi pekerjaan yang lainnya. Pemilihan strategi produksi
suatu
perusahaan
manufaktur,
akan
mempengaruhi
sistem
perencanaan dan pengendalian produksi perusahaan manufaktur itu sendiri. Penjadwalan flow Penjadwalan flow shop adalah shop adalah penjadwalan beberapa pekerjaan dimana semua pekerjaan tersebut harus melalui urutan operasi/ proses produksi yang sama. Aliran produksi job shop memiliki lingkup proses operasi yang sebelum dikerjakan pada mesi terlebih dahulu dipilih job-job yang mempunyai karakteristik yang sama, sehingga mempunyai sifat aliran produksi flow shop (Saroyo, 2008). Pada saat ini, teknik penjadwalan jobshop mengalami banyak perkembangan, diantaranya yang dikenal ialah metode program integer, metode branch and bound , serta metode heuristik. Metode pemograman integer dan branchand bound pada dasarnya memiliki tingkat kesukaran yang tinggi dan belum tentu menghasilkan jadwal yang benar-benar optimal. Metode heuristik adalah suatu metode yang dapat menghasilkan solusi yang cukup baik tapi tidak menjamin perolehan yang benar-benar optimal (Herjanto, 2009). Permasalahan penjadwalan produksi flowshop produksi flowshop antara lain memiliki asumsi-asumsi berikut ini: (Ponnambalam, dkk. 2011): 1. Tidak ada dua operasi pada job yang sama yang berjalan secara simultan 2. No pre-emption, artinya setiap operasi pada suatu mesin harus dikerjakan sampai selesai sebelum operasi lain terjadi pada mesin tersebut. 3. No cancellation, setiap job harus diproses sehingga selesai. 4. Waktu proses untuk setiap job pada setiap mesin selalu tetap.
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BAB III METODE PRAKTIKUM A. Alat dan Bahan
Alat: 1. Komputer 2. Software WinQSB Bahan: Set data yang terdapat dalam modul antara lain: 1. Urutan operasi pada masing-masing pekerjaan. 2. Waktu proses mesin pada masing-masing pekerjaan ( jobshop) jobshop) 3. Waktu proses mesin pada masing-masing pekerjaan ( flowshop) flowshop)
B. Prosedur praktikum
1. Penjadwalan Jobshop. a. Menjalankan program WinQSB dan memilih “Job Scheduling” b. Pada menu “File” memilih pilihan “New Problem” dan mengisikan: 1. Problem Title = Penjadwalan Mesin (Jobshop)
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1. Job 1 Operation 1 = 8/1 yang berarti pada Job 1 operation 1 waktu operasinya 8 menit menggunakan mesin 1. 2. Job 1 Operation 2 = 2/2 yang berarti pada Job 1 operation 2 waktu operasinya 2 menit menggunakan mesin 2. 3. Begitu seterusnya sampai job terakhir. d. Menyimpan data pada folder yang telah dibuat. e. Pada menu “Solve and analyze” mengklik “Solve the problem” 1. Pada
“Solution
Method”
dipilih
“Heuri stic “Heuristic
Dispatching Rule” 2. Pada “Primary Heuristic” dipilih “SPT” 3. Pada “Tie Breaker” dipilih pilihan “Random” 4. Mengklik “OK” f.
Untuk melihat hasil kenudian memilih “Show Job Schedule”, “Show Machine Schedule”, “Show Gantt Chart For Job”, “Show Gantt Chart For Machine”, “Show Performance Analyzis” dan “Show Completion Analyzis”.
g. Melakukan modifikasi untuk “Primary Heuristic” yang berbeda dan “Tie Breaker” yang berbeda. h. Melakukan analisis pada masing-masing bmetode yang
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c.
d. e.
f.
g. h.
3. Number of Machines or workers = 4 4. Maximum number of operations per job = 4 mesin 5. Time unit = minute 6. Mengklik “OK” Pada pengisisan “Job information” mengisikan data sesuai dengan informasi dari tabel 1 dan tabel 2. Dengan format penulisan sebagai berikut: 1. Job 1 Operation 1 = 8/1 yang berarti pada Job 1 operation 1 waktu operasinya 8 menit menggunakan mesin 1. 2. Job 1 Operation 2 = 2/2 yang berarti pada Job 1 operation 2 waktu operasinya 2 menit menggunakan mesin 2. 3. Begitu seterusnya sampai job terakhir. Menyimpan data pada folder yang telah dibuat. Pada menu “Solve and analyze” mengklik “Solve the problem” 1. Pada “Solution Method” dipilih “Johnson’s method” 2. Pada “Objective orientation” dipilih “Cmaz atau minimum makespan” 3. Mengklik “OK” Untuk melihat hasil kemudian memilih “Show Job Schedule”, “Show Machine Schedule”, “Show Gantt Chart Chart For Job”, “Show Gantt Chart For Machine”, “Show Performance Analyzis” dan “Show Completion Analyzis”. Melakukan modifikasi untuk “Solution Method dengan metode CDS”. Melakukan analisis pada masing-masing metode yang
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BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN A. Hasil
1. Penjadwalan Jobshop a. Tabel Job Information
b. Tabel Job Schedule No
Job
Operation
1
Job 1 Job 1
1
2
Job 1 Job 1
2
3
Job 1 Job 1
3
4
Job 1 Job 1
4
5
Job 2 Job 2
1
6
Job 2 Job 2
2
7
Job 2 Job 2
3
On Machine Machine 1 Machine 2 Machine 3 Machine 4 Machine 1 Machine 3 Machine 4 Machine
Process Time
Start Time
Finish Time
8
4
12
2
15
17
12
25
37
5
37
42
4
0
4
9
6
15
5
15
20
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15
Job 5 Job 5
1
16
Job 5 Job 5
2
17
Job 6 Job 6
1
18
Job 6 Job 6
2
19
Job 6 Job 6
3
Cmax = MW = Lmax = ME = NT = TJC = Solved by
4 Machine 3 Machine 4 Machine 4 Machine 2 Machine 3
6
0
6
1
6
7
3
0
3
4
11
15
10
15
25
43
MC =
27
Wmax =
16
8.6667 8.6667
Fmax =
43
MF =
27
43
ML =
27
Emax =
0
0 6 0
Tmax = WIP = TMC = Heuristic =
43 3.7674 0
MT = MU = TC = TieBreaker =
27 0.6395 0
Primary
c. Gantt Chart Machine
d. Gantt Chart Job
SPT
Random
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2. Penjadwalan Flowshop a. Tabel Job Information
b. Tabel Job Schedule No
Job
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Job 1 Job 1 Job 1 Job 1 Job 2 Job 2 Job 2 Job 2 Job 3 Job 3
Operation
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
On Machine Machine 1 Machine 2 Machine 3 Machine 4 Machine 1 Machine 2 Machine 3 Machine 4 Machine 1 Machine 2
Process Time 8 2 12 5 4 9 5 15 10 4
Start Time 14 25 37 57 10 16 32 42 22 32
Finish Time 22 27 49 62 14 25 37 57 32 36
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ME = NT = TJC = Solved by
0 6 0 CDS
c. Gantt Chart Machine
Tmax = WIP = TMC =
68 4.2059 0
MT = MU = TC =
47.6667 0.5919 0
Criterion:
Cmax
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d. Gantt Chart Job
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memperlancar proses produksi dengan baik dan efektif. Penjadwalan produksi bertujuan untuk mencari waktu penyelesaian tersingkat atau meminimalkan makespan, meminimalkan keterlambatan dari batas waktu yang telah ditentukan (due ( due date), date), dan meminimalan mesin idle. idle. Penjadwalan
pada
industri
sangatlah
penting,
dengan
menjadwalkan secara efektif maka perusahaan mendayagunakan aset secara efektif dan membuat kapasitas yang lebih besar dalam setiap rupiah yang diinvestasikan yang pada akhirnya, biaya produksi yang lebih rendah dan dengan bertambahnya kapasitas dan fleksibilitas berakibat pada pengiriman yang lebih cepat yang pada akhirnya berimplikasi pada pelayanan konsumen yang yang lebih baik. Penjadwalan jobshop adalah penjadwalan beberapa pekerjaan dimana urutan prosess operasi/ produksi suatu pekerjaan urutan proses operasi/ produksi pekerjaan lainnya. Konsep penjadwalan jobshop jobshop adalah menentukan waktu suatu produksi mulai dikerjakan dan mengalokasikan resource/ mesin/ tim pekerja untuk mengerjakan produksi tersebut. Penjadwalan jobshop menggunakan m mesin yang mengerjakan satu
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pekerjaan bisa berbeda dengan pekerjaan lainnya sehingga bersifat fleksibel, penjadwalan menggunakan metode ini susah karena banyaknya variasi aliran kerja, mesin biasanya tersusun paralel. Sedangkan pada penjadwalan flowshop penjadwalan flowshop memiliki memiliki karakteristik antara lain memiliki volume produksi yang besar tetapi variasi produk yang sedikit, semua pekerjaan harus melalui urutan proses operasi yang sama dan urut sehingga mesin tersusun seri, mudah untuk penjadwalan karena aliran kerja berurutan. Didalam penjadwalan penjadwalan jobshop jobshop memiliki beberapa metode antara lain: a. First Come First Served (FCFS)= (FCFS)= metode ini mengerjakan pekerjaan/ job pekerjaan/ job yang yang datang paling awal pada suatu stasiun kerja terlebih dahulu. Kelebihan metode ini adalah metodenya mudah dilakukan dan mengacu pada waktu datangnya barang pada stasiun kerja tersebut, sehingga teknis pengerjaannya mudah dipahami. b. Earliest Due Date (EDD) = metode ini mengacu pada pekerjaan/ job yang memiliki waktu deadline/ deadline/ due date terdekat date terdekat
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algoritma ini adalah algoritma yang optimal. Metode ini juga meminimasi average flow time time pada 1 mesin, meminimasi average lateness pada lateness pada 1 mesin, meminimasi average tardiness pada 1 mesin jika semua operasi/ proses mempunyai due date yang sama atau semua hasil penjadwalannya terlambat (tardy ( tardy). ). d. Last Come First Served (LCFS) = pekerjaan atau job yang datang paling akhir dikerjakan terlebih dahulu. Kelebihan dari metode ini adalah memudahkan pekerjaan saat pengangkutan barang dari suatu lokasi ke lokasi lainnya. Kita dapat mengerjakan pemindahan barang yang berada di dekat pintu truck terlebih dahulu untuk dimasukkan ke dalam gudang.
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1. Waktu untuk setiap pekerjaan harus konstan. 2. Waktu kerja harus saling eksklusif dari urutan pekerjaan. 3. Semua pekerjaan harus melalui pusat kerja terlebih dahulu sebelum melewati pusat kerja kedua. 4. Harus tidak ada prioritas pekerjaan. Aturan menerapkan metode Johnson adalah: 1.
Daftar pekerjaan dan waktu mereka di setiap pusat kerja.
2.
Pilih pekerjaan dengan waktu terpendek. Jika pekerjaan itu untuk pusat pertama bekerja, maka jadwal j adwal pekerjaan pertama. pert ama. Jika pekerjaan yang untuk pusat kerja kedua kemudian jadwal pekerjaan terakhir.
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5. Dari urutan-urutan pengerjaan yang diperoleh, hitung nilai makespan masing-masing urutan. 6. Pilih urutan yang memiliki makespan paling minim dan nilai keterlambatan paling rendah. c. Metode Gupta adalah penjadwalan pekerjaan yang bersifat flowshop dan menggunakan slope index S (i) (i)
sebagai dasar penentuan penjadwalan
dimana pekerjaan dengan slope index S (i) (i)
yang lebih besar akan
diprioritaskan. Langkah-langkah pengerjaan untuk metode ini adalah: 1. Tampilkan data waktu tiap job tiap job pada pada setiap mesin. 2. Jumlahkan waktu proses masing-masing job antar dua mesin yang berurutan.
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yang disusun secara seri. Metode CDS ini menghasilkan sejumlah urutan pengerjaan dengan jumlah iterasi sebanyak k. Urutan pengerjaan ini diperoleh dengan melakukan aturan mesin kombinasi. Untuk lebih jelasnya berikut adalah langkah-langkah perhitungan metode CDS: CDS: 1. Data tiap waktu proses masing-masing job job dalam tiap mesin. Untuk lebih memudahkan tampilkan data tersebut ke dalam format tabel. 2. Hitung banyak iterasi yang dapat dilakukan. Banyak iterasi = k = m-1 Dimana m jumlah mesin yang disusun seri. 3. Bandingkan waktu di setiap mesin, dengan aturan kombinasi sebagai berikut:
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problem tittle adalah Penjadwalan Mesin ( Jobshop), Jobshop), pada Number of Job to be scheduled = 6 (untuk 6 pekerja), Number of machine of worker = 4 (untuk penggunaan 4 mesin operasi), Time Unit = minute, kemudian klik “OK”. Kemudian akan muncul tabel Job infomation dan dilakukan input data sesuai dengan tabel 1 dan tabel 2. Due tue ditetapkan tue ditetapkan yaitu 30 yang berarti pekerjaan harus selesai pada menit ke-30. Data disimpan pada folder yang diinginkan. Pada menu “Solve and Analyse” klik “Solve the Problem” dan pada “Solution Method” pilih “Heuristic” pilih “SPT” dan pada “Tie Breaker” pilih “Random” klik “OK”. Untuk melihat hasil dapat memilih “Show Job Schedule”, “Show Machine Schedule”, “Show Gantt chart for machine”, “Show completion analysis”.
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lebih dahulu. Hal demikian terjadi kembali pada job 3 yang dikerjakan lebih dahulu dari job 6 akibat pada akibat pada saat itu job 6 masih dikerjakan oleh mesin 4. Mesin 3 urutan pekerjaan yang dilakukan pertama adalah job 5 operasi 1 dengan waktu 6 menit, dilanjutkan dengan job 2 operasi 2 dengan
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4. MW merupakan bobot rata-rata waktu menunggu dengan cara menjumlahkan seluruh waiting time dari: time dari:
= = 8,6667 Nilai MW ini berasal dari pembagian antara waktu menganggur
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= = 7,1667 11. Tmax (tardiness (tardiness maksimum) yaitu maksimum) yaitu waktu keterlambatan paling lama, diperoleh nilai Tmax sebesar 13 yang berasal dari waktu yang terlambat (43) dikurangi due date (30). date (30).
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Pada gantt Pada gantt chart job dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut: 1. Job 1 : a. Operasi 1 menggunakan mesin 1 selama 8 menit b. Operasi 2 menggunakan mesin 2 selama 2 menit.
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4. Job 4 : a. Operasi 1 menggunakan mesin 2 selama 1 menit b. Operasi 2 menggunakan mesin 1 selama 10 menit. c. Operasi 3 menggunakan mesin 4 selama 3 menit. Sehingga dibutuhkan waktu penyelesaian sebanyak 14 dan waktu
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