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D > > @ > @ @@ S> >@ K @ P@ @ > N@ @ > , @ > > > > > @@. " S> P@ @ K @@. " > > >@, K @ L @>@ K <, @P @ @ >@ R>; @ > >P7 RcBW OBFIB ". hcBW #FCRBKQBP . |> BUMBAF@FdK AB ILP KFcLP E_OLBP: 16 AB GRIFL AB 1805, F@BKQBK>OFL AB I> IIBD>A> AB I> S>@RK> AB I> SFORBI> > I> B>I RAFBK@F> RAFBK@F> AB RFQL}. BSFPQ> C. . #. 2005. LI : L7: M>D 15 - 24. 8 R>J[K LJ> BIFMB. RBS> @OdKF@> V RBK DLFBOKL. $BP@>OD> AB KQBOKBQ EQQM://TTT.H.AH/BIF/JPP/MLJ>/FKABUBK.EQJ.
9 >O@a> #[@BOBP. . > FJMI>KQ>@FdK AB I> SFORBI> BK ILP >KABP. > EFPQLOF> ABI ELIL@>RPQL. & # UM >IRA RIF@> 2003; 20 (1):41-50.
10 hcBW OBFIB "., hcBW . > BUMBAF@FdK AB ILP KFcLP E_OLBP. 16 AB GRIFL AB 1805 IIBD>A> AB I> S>@RK> AB I> SFORBI> > I> B>I RAFBK@F> AB RFQL. C. #. RFQL. 2005; 4(7): 15-24.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
@ @ <@ @>>. " @ > J; P@ @ K @ <. " >@ P@ @ @>> - @ Q @ > > @@. " @ >> > @ > > , > @, > @, @ >> , @ @ @@, @ S@ P@ >. E> P @ > P@ > @ @ N; > @>@ @>@L>. AP@ > < > > K Q@ > K P@ > ; P@ O@ >R@, @@ J@P@ > >>@ P. $ P N > @ @ > >>P@, @ > > @ S@, > > @ > > K > L. 11 RBDL AB I> @LKNRFPQ>, I> SFORBI> PB @LKSFBOQB BK RK> BKABJF> J[P AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP QO>KPJFPFIBP NRB >PLI>OLK > ILP QBOOFQLOFLP ABI >KQFDRL BFKL AB RFQL, V I> JLOQ>IFA>A DBKBO>A> MLO I>P BMFABJF>P AB SFORBI> BO> JRV >IQ>. > BMFABJF> ABI >cL 1589 MOLSL@d RK> JLOQ>IFA>A ABI 37,5% BK I> B>I RAFBK@F>; BK I> L@ROOFA> BK 1645 JROFBOLK 11.000 MBOPLK>P; BK I> AB 1759 LQO>P 10.000; BK I> AB 1764 C>IIB@Fd RK EBOJ>KL AB RDBKFL PMBGL V BK I> AB 1785 AB 25.000 > 30.000 E>FQ>KQBP AB RFQL. > JLOQ>IFA>A BK I> MLI>@FdK FKAaDBK> BO> J>VLO NRB BK I> BPM>cLI>, MLO I> C>IQ> AB FKJRKFA>A AB >NRBIILP: BK I> MOFJBO> BMFABJF> AB 1660 BK BI OFBKQB, BP@OFB *R>K AB BI>P@L, JROFBOLK 44.000 K>QFSLP AB ILP 100.000 NRB E>FQ>>K BP>P QFBOO>P, BK Q>KQL NRB ILP JRBOQLP CRBOLK AB 66.000 K>QFSLP BK I> BMFABJF> AB 1680. "LQBOL "BKBP BK 1603, BK PRP BI>@FLKBP KFSBOP>IBP, AFGL:
" > Q @ ( @ , @ ') > @ > @ > > L @ @P @ @Q, K @ @ Q, > K > R @ K : @ N < , K >>, @ R @ @@@ > @ @ @ EQ . K OBPRJBK, ABPAB 1533 E>PQ> 1802, PB MOLARGBOLK 26 OLQBP BMFA_JF@LP AB FORBI> BK I> B>I RAFBK@F> AB RFQL @LK RK> JLOQ>IFA>A FK@LKJBKPRO>IB, NRB MOLSL@>>K @>A> SBW RK ABP@BKPL >ORMQL AB I> MLI>@FdK BUFPQBKQB.12-13 K I> OBDFdK @BKQOL KLOQB AB I> PFBOO> ABI >@QR>I >@ QR>I @R>ALO PB ABP@OFBK 18 OLQBP BMFA_JF@LP BK BI PFDIL V 16 OLQBP BK BI PFDIL , MOBALJFK>KQBJBKQB AB SFORBI>P, P>O>JMFdK, @>Q>OOLP (FKCIRBKW>), Q>>OAFIIL, J>I AB MRGLP, BQ@. 14 PQLP OLQBP BMFA_JF@LP QRSFBOLK RK DO>K FJM>@QL KBD>QFSL BK I> MLI>@FdK AB I> RAFBK@F>, O>WdK MLO I> @R>I AFPJFKRVBOLK KLQ>IBJBKQB ILP @LKQOFRVBKQBP AB FJMRBPQLP, >Pa @LJL ILP QO>. , AL@. 140. 11 KKR>B FQQBO>B . 1. >KKF 1589, . 12 >J>KFBDL *R>K. C@>P #O E@ . AFQ. #>P> AB I> #RIQRO> @R>QLOF>K>. RFQL.(@R>ALO). 1957. 13 >KAaS>O . > LOQ>IFA>A BK #RBK@> AB 1679-1785. MFABJF>P V LD>QFS>P. K O@EFSLP AB I> FPQLOF> AB I> BAF@FK>. #RBK@>. (@R>ALO) 1984: 46-75.
14 RPQFK I@ELK . E@ K @@ @ @ N N @ > > III. I@P@ I@P@ K @ @ > E C>@> . A. V> >I>. RFQL; 6: 159-196.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
>G>ALOBP BK I>P JFQ>P, LO>GBP, @LOOBDFJFBKQLP @LOOBDFJFBKQLP V E>@FBKA>P. E>@FBKA>P.15 PQLP PBOFLP MOLIBJ>P AB P>IRA AB I> @LJRKFA>A KL MRAFBOLK PBO >GBKLP > I>P >RQLOFA>ABP AB I> @FRA>A, V> NRB I> PL@FBA>A BUFDa> PLIR@FLKBP > ILP JFPJLP, @LJL BK BI @>PL AB I> BMFABJF> AB 1746 BK I> NRB BI #>FIAL NRFQBcL PLIF@FQd BI 8 AB L@QROB ABI JFPJL >cL > ILP J_AF@LP AB I> @FRA>A OB>IF@BK >RQLMPF>P > ILP C>IIB@FALP M>O> BPQ>IB@BO I>P @>RP>P AB PR JRBOQB.16 I M>AOB *R>K AB BI>P@L, ABP@OFB I>P @>I>JFA>ABP AB I> BMFABJF> AB 1759 > I> NRB PB II>Jd |BPQB ABI *>MdK} V NRB @IaKF@>JBKQB @LFK@FAB @LK RK> M>KABJF> AB FKCIRBKW>:
" @@ @ > K @ @, @ > Q 1759. &O K N>L, K @ > > S> . P @ @@ >@ , @ > L, P > >L K > >< > @ . A@ @ > @ > >>, @ > > @ @ > , @ >@ , >@ > > @. C@ >> >@ > Q> @ ; @ P > @@ @ @ R @ K L. D >> @ 10.000 @ > , K >> @ > > > > , K@ @ @ > @ @ , @ P@ K @ , K P@ @ @ > L > @, @ > > @. 17
L A 'I IE$% E$%IDA IDAD D DE % A G$EG!$I! M AG! E C@>; "@; I/@;/; #@; K BI >cL AB 1622 JBAF>KQB #_ARI> B>I AB BIFMB V "RI> ABI >M> OBDLOFL PB @OB> I> KFSBOPFA>A AB >K OBDLOFL >DKL AB ILP GBPRFQ>P AB RFQL, MBOJFQF_KALIB LQLOD>O DO>ALP >@>A_JF@LP AB IF@BK@F>ALP BK $BOB@EL #>KdKFDL V AL@QLO>ALP BK BLBL ILDa> V FILPLCa> MBOL KRK@> BK BAF@FK>. K BI >cL AB 1630, >I ML@L QFBJML AB CRKA>A> I> KFSBOPFA>A, BI FPML O>V $FBDL AB SFBAL AB@a> AB BII>:
E@ &@ &@ +@ +@ K E G@> > CQP S, @ < K @@ @ @ @ N. HK @@ N>. > K @ @ >> > CQP, > @ @, P@ N @ A>>N. 18 $RO>KQB I> BUFPQBK@F> AB I> KFSBOPFA>A ERL 87 MOLJL@FLKBP AB DO>AR>ALP V Q>K PLIL BK BI MBOaLAL AB 1622 > 1650 PB DO>AR>OLK 160 J>BPQOLP V 120 AL@QLOBP. L PB ABB 15 LA>P . O>KABP KCBOJBA>ABP NRB >PLI>OLK > RFQL V R>V>NRFI ARO>KQB BI PFDIL V BI OLI AB I> DIBPF> COBKQB > BPQB MOLIBJ>. KCLOJB AB KSBPQFD>@FdK. RFQL. 2002. KQBOKBQ:EQQM://TTT.R>P.BAR.B@/PBOFIBP/FIB/DO>KABP BKCBOJBA>ABP DBOJ>K OLA>P.MAC. @@BPL: 1 AB J>VL 2010. 16 >OBABP . $B ILP "BQEIBJFQ>P > PMBGL (1706-1795). K: H > #@ @ > E. ##. 1963: 410-429. 17 $B BI>P@L *. #OLKLILDa> AB >IDRKLP PR@BPLP KLQ>IBP OBI>QFSLP > I> @FRA>A AB RFQL. K H > @ ': 328. FPML LIaP >I BV BIFMB. O@EFSL ABI #LKSBKQL AB >KQL $LJFKDL. RFQL. RFQL. 1630. B@@FdK 18 >@>P >IFKAL . . #>OQ> ABI FPML @IBPF[PQF@>. . .
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
LISFA>O NRB, >KQBP AB I> IIBD>A> AB I> FJMOBKQ>, BK I> DOBDLOF>K> @LJL M>OQB AB PR MOLAR@@FdK QBLIdDF@>, IFQBO>OF>, IFKDiaPQF@> V @FBKQaCF@> PB E>a>K BP@OFQL 408 J>KRP@OFQLP (172 AB >RQLO >KdKFJL, 50 AB >RQLOBP BUQO>KGBOLP V 21 AB >RQLOBP B@R>QLOF>KLP), AB ILP @R>IBP: RKL MBOQBKB@FBKQB >I P>@BOALQB P>@B OALQB >DKFK, QOBP > *R>K ">RQFPQ> DRFOOB V GRKQL GR KQL >I FJMOBPL AB FK>QF BK I> FJMOBKQ> AB I> KFSBOPFA>A @LKCLOJ>K BI CRKA>JBKQL ABI MBKP>JFBKQL JF@OLF>KL AB ILP GBPRFQ>P NRFQBcLP. 19 LPBa>K RK> FIFLQB@> JLKRJBKQ>I AB J[P AB 16.000 SLIhJBKBP, V NRB PBDhK BI . *LR>KBK, BK BI FKSBKQ>OFL AB I> FIFLQB@>, >I JLJBKQL AB I> BUMRIPFdK BK BI >cL AB 1767, PB E>II>OLK 13.472 SLIhJBKBP BK BI #LIBDFL [UFJL V 2.718 SLIhJBKBP BK BI BJFK>OFL AB >K RFP, MLO IL NRB > BPQ> FIFLQB@> PB I> @LKPFABO>> I> J[P DO>KAB AB RA>J_OF@>.20-21. $BPAB BI PFDIL ILP GBPRFQ>P E>a>K MOLCRKAFW>AL PR FKQBO_P MLO I> IFQBO>QRO> J_AF@> > Q>I MRKQL NRB QBKa>K RK CLKAL FIFLDO[CF@L J_AF@L >I JFPJL KFSBI AB I> MOLAR@@FdK @FBKQaCF@L-J_AF@> BROLMB>. LP P>@BOALQBP, MOLCBPLOBP, J_AF@LP V LQ[KF@LP AB I> KFSBOPFA>A OBDLOF>K> ABFBOLK, ABKQOL ABI @I>RPQOL RKFSBOPFQ>OFL, >K>IFW>O I> MOLIBJ[QF@> AB I>P BMFABJF>P, M>O> NRB, > JBAF>ALP ABI PFDIL V BK @LK@LOA>K@F> @LK BI ABP>OOLIIL @FBKQaCF@L AB ROLM>, BPQ>IB@FBO>K ILP MOFJBOLP CRKA>JBKQLP @FBKQaCF@LP AB I> AL@QOFK> JF@OLF>K>: BI LOFDBK, QO>KPJFPFdK V QO>Q>JFBKQL AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@@FLP>P.22
L A% FA$MACIA% DE L!% JE%'I&A% + EL EJE$CICI! DE LA MEDICIA C'$A&IA #>B OB@LOA>O NRB BK BI @>JML AB I> C>OJ>@LMB> V I> LQ[KF@> BK BI >cL AB 1636 PB MOLARGL RKL AB ILP J[P DO>KABP ABP@ROFJFBKQLP AB I> JBAF@FK>, V> NRB BK BI MRBIL AB >I>@>QLP BI GBPRFQ> *R>K dMBW OB@FFd BI PB@OBQL AB I> RQFIFA>A ABI [OLI AB I> RFK> AB M>OQB ABI J_AF@L >LOFDBK BAOL AB BFS>, M>O> IRBDL BKSa>O I> MI>KQ> JFI>DOLP> >I SFOOBV AB FJ> M>O> @RO>O I>P CFBOBP M>IhAF@>P AB PR BPMLP>, I> #LKABP> AB #EFK@EdK #EFK@EdK $Lc> O>K@FP@> BKOaNRBW AB FBO>. >P C>OJ>@F>P AB ILP GBPRFQ>P @LLMBO>>K BKQOB BII>P V CLOJ>>K RK> OBA C>OJ>@_RQF@> MLO QLAL BI JRKAL BK BPMB@F>I BK I> OBDFdK >KAFK>, > QO>S_P AB I> C>OJ>@F> C>OJ>@ F> ABI #LIBDFL LJ>KL > ALKAB IIBD>> I> @LOQBW> AB I> NRFK> PRJFKFPQO>A> MOBALJFK>KQBJBKQB MOBALJFK>KQBJBKQB ABPAB FJ> V LG>, V> NRB ILP GBPRFQ>P G BPRFQ>P @LKQOLI>OLK V JLKLMLIFW>OLK ARO>KQB I> @LILKF> I> J>VLO M>OQB ABI @LJBO@FL AB I> NRFK> ABPAB J_OF@> > ROLM>.23 MBP>O AB NRB I> KFSBOPFA>A KFSBOPFA>A AB >K OBDLOFL >DKL KL KL MLAa> MLAa> LQLOD>O LQLOD>O QaQRILP QaQRILP BK B19 LJBOL . *. LP *BPRFQ>P BK BI BFKL AB RFQL. PMB@QLP AB I> @LILKF> V I> OBMhIF@>. K C@ > H . #BKQBK>OF> ABI #LIBDFL >K >OFBI (1863-1962). > OBKP> #>QdIF@>. RFQL: 97-135. 20 *LR>KBK *. H > CQP @ > @ @ '. RFQL. LI 1 (1570-1774): 60-61. 21 FBOOL-BKLV *. >P "FIFLQB@>P AB I> #LJM>ca> AB *BPhP BK I> B>I RAFBK@F> AB RFQL. K E@ E<: O K @@. A. . >O>KGL & . FBOOL. #... ". RFQL. 2008: 303-322. 22 >I>AFKBP #. > @OaQF@> >I PFPQBJ> AB P>IRA. >PB AB @LKCOLKQ>@FdK V IR@E>. I MBKP>O @OaQF@L V OBKLS>ALO. K E> #@ I> K > I@@@ '. "". #>OILP >I>AFKBP. RFQL. . 2009. 51-57.
23 > 23 > . & " K > '@. E> CR@, CR@, > @ K > C>P, C>P, > %& / %# K > > S> @ > E > > . . FBOOL, #. BOJFA>, . O>KA>, . *>OOaK V . dMBW. AFQ. O>WLP. 2002: 40-42.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
AF@FK>, I> OABK *BPRFQF@> KL PB E>II>> BU@BKQ> AB >@QFSFA>ABP J_AF@L-@RO>QFS>P @LJL IL ABJRBPQO> BI QO>>GL ABI . *R>K AB BI>P@L .*. NRFBK >M>OQB AB PRP BP@OFQLP AB "LQ[KF@>, QBKa> BK LM>V[K I> J[P OF@> @LIB@@FdK AB PFJMIBP (EFBO>P) AB I> RAFBK@F>.24 K RFQL, I> #LJM>ca> QBKa> RK> LQF@> AB RPL M>O> ILP JFBJOLP AB I> OABK V AB I> @LJRKFA>A NRFQBc> ABPAB 1684. IIa PB >IJ>@BK>>K ILP PFJMIBP, @LK ILP @R>IBP PB C> OF@>>K |>P OB@BQ>P} NRB PB AFPMBKP>>K BK I>P LQF@>P AB ILP P>@BOALQBP P >@BOALQBP GBPRFQ>P. G BPRFQ>P. PQ>P OB@BQ>P BPQ>>K @LJMRBPQ>P MLO RK> PBOFB AB EFBO>P JBAF@FK>IBP, @LJL I> NRFK>, MOLAR@QL ABI >@BOSL QBO>M_RQF@L AB ILP K>QRO>IBP AB I> RAFBK@F>. I . PT>IAL LJBOL >CFOJ> @LKL@BO RK> OB@BQ> MRIF@>A> BK I> FJMOBKQ> AB RFQL \ > >
, @ >>, K > @, @ @> @ @@R@ O, @ @ .} I FKF@FL AB I> OB@BQ>, NRB PB MOBPRJB BO> M>O> BI QO>Q>JFBKQL AB I> J>I>OF>, AF@B: \ FN>, K @ L, @ > J@, @ K @ O@ P @ > >> @, > @ > >, > ]. 25 >V NRB >KLQ>O NRB > JBAF>ALP ABI PFDIL ABKQOL AB ILP FKQBDO>KQBP AB I> OABK AB ILP *BPRFQ>P PB E>II>>K P>@BOALQBP NRB QBKa>K I> QFQRI>@FdK AB J_AF@LP L LQ[KF@LP AB OB@LKL@FAL MOBPQFDFL, @LJL ILP M>AOBP AB LOFDBK >IBJ[K: DK>W VOL AB MMBIK (J_AF@L) V KAOB>P B@EKBO AB RKF@E (LQF@>OFL) NRFBKBP, MLO PR MOBPQFDFL, BU>JFK>OLK LCF@F>IJBKQB BK BI >cL AB 1763 >I hKF@L LQF@>OFL AB I> @FRA>A: 26 I >AOB #F@>I> ABP@OFB > I> "LQF@> AB ILP GBPRFQ>P NRFQBcLP AB I> PFDRFBKQB J>KBO>: ...< > ...< N O> > >>@ -
@ K >. E@ > K > P, K @ K @ @ >@, K @@ @, >> >; @ > @ K , @ K N> > > >@, > < K >>, > K , , @>>, . E@ > K @ K @ >>@ < K @, <@ K < @, >>@ @> K >@ @ @. @ @ >>, K @ > @, > > 27
24 $B BI>P@L *. #OLKLILDa> AB >IDRKLP PR@BPLP KLQ>IBP OBI>QFSLP > I> @FRA>A AB RFQL. K H > @ ':322330. 25 LJBOL . *. LP *BPRFQ>P BK BI BFKL AB RFQL. PMB@QLP AB I> @LILKF> V I> OBMhIF@>. K C@ > H . #BKQBK>OF> ABI #LIBDFL >K >OFBI (1863-1962). > OBKP> #>QdIF@>. RFQL: M 112. 26 BFBO *. wLQRP JRKARP KLPQO> CFQ E>FQ>QFLx *BPRFQ>P ABI QBOOFQLOFL AB IBKDR> >IBJ>K> BK I> J_OF@> MLOQRDRBP> V BPM>cLI>. EQQM://TTT.K.DLS.>O/ ABP@>OD>P/MK@/ BPQRAFLP/ MK@=BPQRAFL8=GBPRFQ>P>IBJ>KBP. MK@=BPQRAFL8=GBPRFQ>P>IBJ>KBP. MAC. @@BPL 18 >OFI 2010. 27 #F@>I> . DR@ R N > &@ &@ ' ' > CQP CQP S. "FIFLQB@> ROBIFL PMFKLW> dIFQ. RFQL. 1994; M. 182.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
EL "E "E% %AM AMIE IE& &! ! MI MIC$ C$!B !BI! I!LV LVGI GIC! C! DE LA 'I IE E$% $%ID IDAD AD DE % A G$EG!$I!: DE LA GEE$A GE E$ACIV CIV E%" E%"!& !&TE TEA A A LA MIC MIC$! $!BI! BI!L!G L!GUA UA E*" E*"E$ E$IME IME&A &AL L
K BI BKQLOKL >@>A_JF@L @FBKQaCF@L PFK FDR>I AB I> KFSBOPFA>A AB >K OBDLOFL >DKL, BK I> @FRA>A AB RFQL, PB A> RK MOL@BPL AB OBKLS>@FdK CFILPdCF@> > JLAL AB BJ>K@FM>@FdK ABI MBKP>JFBKQL BP@LI[PQF@L, @LK I> MOBPBK@F> AB RK MOLVB@QL OBKLS>ALO AB ILP BPQRAFLP AB CFILPLCa> BK BI NRB PB ABCFKBK ALP LGBQFSLP @LK@OBQLP: BI ABI @>JFKL E>@F> I> CFILPLCa> JLABOK> V BI QO>GFK>O E>@F> I> @FBK@F> BUMBOFJBKQ>I. 28 BP >IIa @R>KAL @R>KAL PRODB PRODB I> MOBPBK@F> AB QOBP P>@BOALQBP, MOLCBPLOBP V BPQRAF>KQBP AB I> RKFSBOPFA>A, NRB LOFBKQ>K M>OQB AB PR @LKL@FJFBKQ @LKL@FJFBKQL, L, >K[IFPFP CFILPdCF@L V >@QFSFA>A BUMBOFJBKQ>I E>@F> >PMB@QLP FLIdDF@LP BK OBI>@FdK >I LOFDBK V QO>KPJFPFdK AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@@FLP>P. K RK> _ML@> AB Q>I ALJFKFL OBIFDFLPL, BK I> NRB PB IIBD>> >I BUQOBJL AB MOBQBKABO PLIR@FLK>O ILP OLQBP AB BMFABJF>P BJFQFBKAL OLD>QFS>P V MOL@BPFLKBP > ILP P>KQLP V SaODBKBP AB I>P dOABKBP OBIFDFLP>P AB I> @FRA>A, > ILP @R>IBP BI @>FIAL ILP BIBDa> >I >W>O V JBAF>KQB PBPFdK PLIBJKB, M>O> NRB OB@LOO>K I> @FRA>A.29-30 J MAGI %.J. (1701-1753) >@BOALQB V JFPFLKBOL PRFWL K>@FAL BK >RQBSFIIB-OFRODL, JFBJOL @LOOBPMLKAFBKQB AB I> @>ABJF> AB #FBK@F>P AB >OaP, #>QBAO[QF@L AB FILPLCa> V $BOB@EL #>KdKF@L AB I> KFSBOPFA>A AB >K OBDLOFL >DKL, IIBDd > RFQL > I> BA>A AB 24 >cLP. K 1736 PFBKAL MOLCBPLO ABI #LIBDFL AB >K>J[ @LKL@B > > #LKA>JFKB, JLJBKQL BK BI NRB K>@B PR BPQOB@E> >JFPQ>A @LK BI P>FL CO>K@_P. FPFLKBOL BK . @L. AB "LOG> BK BI >IQL J>WLK>P BKQOB 1739 V 1746. K BPQB PFQFL, BK BI >cL AB 1744 BK I> MOLCRKAFA>A AB I> PBIS>, >DKFK BP@OFB PR LO> QO>P@BKABKQ>I BK BI MBKP>JFBKQL CFILPdCF@L >JBOF@>KL: \#>> @ @P @ D D ] M>O> IRBDL, QOBP >cLP ABPMR_P, BP@OFFO RK> PBDRKA> BAF@FdK @RVL MOLMdPFQL CFILPdCF@L BP OBPMLKABO > I> OBCRQ>@FdK AB I> EFMdQBPFP AB $BP@>OQBP NRB E>a> MRIF@>AL BI . O>K@FP@L FIIBQ AB #E>IBP, .*. >DKFK ABP>OOLII> BI @LKQBKFAL AB I> LO> @LK I> BUMLPF@FdK AB @>QLO@B MOLMLPF@FLKBP AB FIIBQ V PRP OBPMB@QFS>P OBPMRBPQ>P BK CLOJ> AB QBPFP, BK RK AF[ILDL @OaQF@L BK BI NRB BI P>@BOALQB PRFWL PB @LKCOLKQ> BK @LKQO> AB FIIBQ V $BP@>OQBP. $BKQOL AB I>P 484 OBPMRBPQ>P > I>P 14 MOLMLPF@FLKBP, > J[P AB JhIQFMIBP @LKQBKFALP J_AF@LP BK OBI>@FdK > I> >K>QLJa>, CFPFLILDa> V dMQF@> ERJ>K>P, >DKFK ABP@OFB ABKQOL AB QOBP MOLMLPF@FLKBP (L@Q>S>, A_@FJ> V AB@FJL@R>OQ>) @R>QOL OBPMRBPQ>P OBI>@FLK>A>P @LK I> JF@OLFLILDa>.31
28 >I>AFKBP #. LP OFJBOLP M>PLP AB I> JLABOKFA>A BK I> RAFBK@F> AB RFQL. PQRAFL FKQOLAR@QLOFL. K: E> #@ I> K > I@@@ '. "". #>OILP >I>AFKBP. RFQL. . 2009. 23-44. 29 >OD>P *LP_ >Oa>. H > I> @ > E @ > &@ EQ> . RFQL. 30 +BBAFKD . BAF@FK>. " . E@ > $R@. " I>R@ @ > > A@ '. HHBE>OQ +BBAFKD. "#. RFQL. 2005: 94-106.
31 >DKFK *., .*. #>> @ @P @ D D D . KFSBOPFA>A AB >K OBDLOFL. (1747). A: RFQL. 2009. (#$-).
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
">;<;/ !/@: RL ; /;@ ;@;S. 24@ ><@ P# ; @><>/? >DKFK V> E>@B JBK@FdK AB I>P EBOO>JFBKQ>P dMQF@>P @LJL BI JF@OLP@LMFL M>O> I> LPBOS>@FdK AB JF@OLFLP V >@QBOF>P.
CN@ > R@ , > >, > @ >, > O> > >@, > @@ >> > P >N K > >> N N@ > P K > O K >> >L@ > , @@ @ >> @@ > @ , <> @ > @, @ > >, @ > @@, O @@, @ K ! 32 ">;<;/ D/: R% >> = @>S 19 ><@ F>@/ ;@;. >DKFK >I ABP@OFFO >@BO@> ABI Q>J>cL AB ILP BIBJBKQLP AB I> K>QRO>IBW> IIBD> > MI>KQB>OPB BI Q>J>cL AB ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP SFPQLP >I JF@OLP@LMFL.
+@ > @ > L Q @ > 9.216 N@> ; >L> @ > @ Q; @ > L <@ > @ &@, >N@ K > > K @, @ @ ' > >>@ @ P P > >; L > @ >> > > >@ >> >@ @ > @ @ @; >> >@ @ >>R@ >> K @ O K @ P @@ >>R@ >>; K > S@@ S@ @ > @ 27 >>@ N Q > QP @ @ > . E K @ @P>. @ @ P >@ >; @, > @ S@ @ > R@ > > @ P N Q, > < @, > @, > P @> > , > , >@ @ @ K > @ @ @ O > . 33 26@ ><@ PC > > //> ; =? >DKFK PB >ABI>KQ> BK I> C>OJ>@LILDa> J_AF@> >I ABCFKFO I> BCF@>@F> AB I> NRFK> V I> W>OW> @LJL @ LJL MI>KQ>P @LK BCB@QL >KQFJF@OLF>KL:
" K > >> @>@ @ > >> @. WCR J> > @ @@ @? $@ @ > P > P>: > > LL >@ > > > P > @ K > > K @ > @ @ > S> @@, > , @ JR@ , K > >@ K <@ @ @ > , > @ @ @ @. 34 32 aA., M. 154. 33 aA., M. 212. 34 aA., M. 217.
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">;<;/ D/; C>@: R% <> @/ @> >;S 5@ ><@ R% <> @/ / @> = <>/<@ = <;; ;@>;S. I P>@BOALQB PRFWL >CFOJ> I> MOBPBK@F> AB I> CILO> JF@OLF>K> LO>I, >Pa @LJL I> BQFLILDa> JF@OLF>K> AB I> IBMO> V I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP SBK_OB>P.
N@ @ @ > @ @ > . M> @ <> >@ > > @ > >R@ @@> ; N S@, > @ > @, > > K > @@ @O @ @ @ >R@ . *@P @ >@ > J@ @ QN @ > > .] 35 > LO> AB >DKFK QFBKB RK> QOFMIB QO>P@BKABK@F>: MOFJBOL, BPQOR@QRO> RK @>JFL AB @LK@BM@FdK CFILPdCF@> E>@F> I> @FBK@F> JLABOK> PRPQBKQ[KALPB BK I> CFILPLPCa> @>OQBPF>K>; PBDRKAL, S>ILO> I> K>QRO>IBW> IL@>I AB I> RAFBK@F>, M>O> >ODRJBKQ>O PR AFP@RPFdK CFILPdCF@>; V MLO hIQFJL, @LKPQORVB ILP @FJFBKQLP AB I> AL@QOFK> JF@OLFLIdDF@> AB I> OBDLOF>K>, BK BI RPL ABI JF@OLP@LMFL JF@OLP@LMFL,, I> BQFLILDa> JF@OLF>K> AB I>P FKCB@@FLKBP SBK_OB>P V I> IBMO>, E>PQ> BI RPL AB I> CILO> >RQd@QLK> @LJL I> NRFK> BK BI QO>Q>JFBKQL AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP CBOFIBP. J; M> LIA&I %.J. (1735- ?) >@BOALQB FQ>IF>KL K>@FAL BK "RPBKQL, PFBKAL AFP@aMRIL ABI . *R>K ">RQFPQ> DRFOOB BK I> KFSBOPFA>A AB >K OBDLOFL, BP@OFB BK BI >cL AB 1759, @R>OBKQ> V PBFP QBPFP PLOB JBAF@FK> V dMQF@>, I>P NRB PLK MRIF@>A>P @LJL M>OQB ABI MOFJBO IFOL FJMOBPL BK RFQL. K RK> AB BII>P >LOA> I> DBKBO>@FdK BPMLKQ[KB> AB I> SFA>. F/ ">@/>. ">@ %
&?? **I. K I> NRB PB E>I> AB I>P OBI>@FLKBP BKQOB BI @RBOML V BI >IJ>, FK>QF KFBD> I> DBKBO>@FdK BPMLKQ[KB> AB MI>KQ>P, >KFJ>IBP B FKPB@QLP:
[ " @ > >@ @ > > @ @R@ > , , @N@; > @, > >@, > > @, @@ @ >> @ @, >>O> P @ @ >. " @ @ > @>, @>, @> >> >>@ >>@ @ @ LR, LR, @ @@ @@ > > R@, @ R> @ @R@. " R> P @ K > >> @ @@ @> @ @> >@ 36 35 aA., M. 333. 36 FK>QF *.., .*. BPFP AB FILPLCa>. dDF@> >VLO V dDF@> BKLO. aPF@> >OQF@RI>O. (1759). K &@@ I> E@. A. #>OILP >I>AFKBP. #LOMLO>@FdK AFQLO> >@FLK>I. "#. RFQL. 1981: 133-134.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
I AFP@aMRIL AB DRFOOB MRIF@>, BK @LK@LOA>K@F> @LK I> AL@QOFK> AB PR J>BPQOL, RKL AB ILP CRKA>JBKQLP AL@QOFK>OFLP AB I>P @FBK@F>P FLIdDF@>P, BI NRB >OB BI @>JFKL AB I> QBLOa> BQFLIdDF@> AB I>P BMFABJF>P BK LMLPF@FdK > I> AL@QOFK> BP@LI[PQF@> AB I> DBKBO>@FdK BPMLKQ[KB>. J B@@ AG'I$$E %.J. (1725- 1786) FGL AB M>AOBP DR>V>NRFIBcLP, K>@Fd BK RK> @>P> AB E>@FBKA> AB I> OBDFdK AB $>RIB (R>V>P-@R>ALO). PQRAFd BK BI #LIBDFL AB >K RFP AB ILP *BPRFQ>P AB RFQL V IRBDL FKDOBPd >I KLSF@F>AL > ILP 15 >cLP. RB P>@BOALQB, MLBQ>, CFIdPLCL V @FBKQaCF@L, MOLCBPLO AB FILPLCa> V BLILDa> LO>I AB I> OBDLOF>K> ABPAB 1756 > 1759. 37 $B PRP JhIQFMIBP @ROPLP PB E> QO>AR@FAL ABI I>QaK BI J>KRP@OFQL * FP, BI NRB @LKPQ> AB @R>QOL IFOLP, BK ILP NRB > M>OQFO AB PFBQB AFPMRQ>P PB BPQ>IB@BK 43 @RBPQFLK>JFBKQLP V M>O> ILP NRB, > QO>S_P AB >OQa@RILP, PB A>K JhIQFMIBP OBPMRBPQ>P > ILP JFPJLP BK CLOJ> AB >PBO@FLKBP V L
[email protected] ">; $BPAB BI FKF@FL AB PR O>Q>AL AB aPF@> V AB J>KBO> ML_QF@>, DRFOOB BK BI MOB[JRIL, KLP >ABKQO> BK PR BK@F@ILMBAF> AB @LKL@FJFBKQL, I> NRB KLP >IBOQ> AB I> ARIWRO> V I>P J>O>SFII>P AB I>P FKSBPQFD>@FLKBP FLIdDF@>P > SBKFO:
@ > L > "R[. >> @, @ > K D > @P > FP K C@ $>: P @ @ , @ @ @, @ @@ <, @ @ >S , @>@ >, @@ @ K >>@ @@> >>, @ @ 39 K @ @@ I @LKQBKFAL JF@OLFLIdDF@L ABI O>Q>AL AB aPF@> PB OBPRJB >I IFOL OFJBOL NRB QO>Q> AB @LKQBKFALP >@BO@> AB I> K>QRO>IBW>: PRP MOFK@FMFLP, I> J>QBOF>, PR BPBK@F>, MOLMFBA>ABP, AB I> CLOJ>, I> RKFdK V ABI @LJMRBPQL PRPQ>K@F>I. L>; ">>; F/: D ; <>/<; @>/; @ @> D<@ II. D @>, / <>;< C@ I. uR_ BP I> J>QBOF> V NR_ BP BI PRGBQL PRG BQL CaPF@L? $B I> MBNRBcBW V AFSFPFFIFA>A AB I> J>QBOF>: 37 _OBW FJBKQBI. . *R>K ">RQFPQ> DRFOOB . D@ BN > E. KQBOKBQ: EQQM://TTT.AF@@FLK>OFLFLDO>CF@LB@R>ALO.@LJ/FLDO>CF>.EQJ @@BPL: 1 J>VL 2010. 38 DRFOOB *. ". FP. KFSBOPFA>A >K OBDLOFL (1757). A *RIFL BO[K $RQ>OF. KFSBOPFA>A #>QdIF@>. "#. 1982. 39 DRFOOB *. ". &N>. FP . KFSBOPFA>A >K OBDLOFL (1757). A *RIFL BO[K $RQ>OF. KFSBOPFA>A #>QdIF@>. "#. 1982:144-154.
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C@ J@. @ > < @ @@ @ C @ @ P> > @ @ Q @ > @ @ @, K > K N 40 ">GL BPQ> >CFOJ>@FdK PB ABJRBPQO> @LKQRKABKQBJBKQB NRB DRFOOB BO> RK @FBKQaCF@L BUMBOFJBKQ>IFPQ>, NRFBK QBKa> BK I> KFSBOPFA>A OBDLOF>K> RKL AB ILP JBGLOBP JF@OLP@LMFLP @LKPQORFALP BK KDI>QBOO> > JBAF>ALP ABI PFDIL . KPQORJBKQL NRB BPQRSL, @LJL BP AB BPMBO>OPB, >I >I@>K@B AB MOLCBPLOBP V BPQRAF>KQBP AB I> KFSBOPFA>A, NRFBKBP V> BPQRSFBOLK FKJBOPLP BK BI @>JML AB I> LPBOS>@FdK JF@OLP@dMF@> A>KAL LOFDBK >I ABP>OOLIIL AB I> JF@OLFLILDa> BUMBOFJBKQ>I ABI >@QR>I @R>ALO. D<@ III. D ;> @/41 C@ II. F I> CLOJ> PRPQ>K@F>I AB I>P MI>KQ>P V AB ILP FKPB@QLP AFJ>K> AB I> MRQOBC>@@FdK. P*"%e*a A+e*c"5&. A @: > > @> >
@>, @ >> >>@ >> @ @, @ @ @@ > @ @@ O@ 42 Se&da A+e*c"5&. A @ @ >: > > >@ @ @-
@ > , , @ @N@@, @ N @ > >@, @ > @, @@ > @, @ @>, @@ >@ >> 43 > @ K > >> @ Te*ce*a A+e*c"5&. A @ >: > @ @@ @> K @ @> K >@ 44 I MFB AB BPQ>P QOBP >PBO@FLKBP KL @>B ARA> BK >CFOJ>O, NRB BI @FBKQaCF@L DRFOOB ABOORJ> RKL AB ILP MRKQ>IBP ABI BP@LI>PQF@FPJL AB I> _ML@>, I> QBLOa> AB I> DBKBO>@FdK BPMLKQ[KB>, M>O> AB BPQ> J>KBO> MLABO @LKPQORFO RK> AL@QOFK> @FBKQaCF@> >@BO@> ABI LOFDBK V I> QO>KPJFPFdK AB I>P BMFABJF>P. D<@ III. D ;> @/ K BPQB BPM>@FL PB FKF@F>K ILP >ODRJBKQLP NRB A>K PRPQBKQL > I> AL@QOFK> JF@OLF>K> ABI . DRFOOB. 40 DRFOOB *. ". . D > QL K > > . D II II . aPF@>. KFSBOPFA>A >K OBDLOFL (1757). A *RIFL BO[K $RQ>OF. KFSBOPFA>A #>QdIF@>. "#. 1982: 69-74.
41 DRFOOB *. ". D III, D > @>. FP. KFSBOPFA>A >K OBDLOFL (1757). A *RIFL BO[K $RQ>OF. KFSBOPFA>A #>QdIF@>. "#. 1982: 127-196. DRFOOB OOB *. *. ". ". & 42 DRF & A AR@. R@. C CR@ R@ II. > > @ @> > > > >@ >@ K > @ @ @ > > R@. R@. D III. FP FP. KFSBOPFA>A >K OBDLOFL (1757). A *RIFL BO[K $RQ>OF. KFSBOPFA>A #>QdIF@>. "#. 1982: 144. 43 aABJ., @ AR@. M. 148-150. 44 aABJ., * AR@. M. 150-151.
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C@ II. F I> CLOJ> PRPQ>K@F>I AB I>P MI>KQ>P V AB ILP FKPB@QLP AFJ>K> AB I> MRQOBC>@@FdK.45 A>@/; I. B @FBOO> BI M>PL > I>P LGB@FLKBP: DRFOOB >CFOJ>, >CFOJ>, ABPAB BI FKF@FL, FKF@FL, NRB BI >FOB V BI >DR> QO>KPMLOQ>K QO>KPMLOQ>K ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP, JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP, ILP @R>IBP FKDOBP>K >I @RBOML ERJ>KL MLO ILP >IFJBKQLP V I> OBPMFO>@FdK:
@ @ @ > @ > Se&da a&',ac"5&. E R> @ @ @ > , > K >@ > K . & > : * > >>@ S, @. * N >>@ R>. & > K N @> @ @@@ R> >> K @ > R@, K @ > >@ > , . 46 I P>@BOALQB DRFOOB ABP@OFB BI aKCFJL Q>J>cL AB ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP NRB PB E>II>K BK ILP >IFJBKQLP, >DR> V E>PQ> BK I> !P>KDOB! > ILP @R>IBP PB P B ILP JFO> @LK BI JF@OLP@LMFL. B PRPQBKQ> BK BI @LKL@FJFBKQL AB BBRTBKELBH, >I NRB BOO>A>JBKQB IL JBK@FLK> @LJL |BRSLFPB@H}: Te*ce*a \ Te*ce*a
a&',ac"5&. D R> QP @ K @ @@ -
@ @ @S @@. D P , @ K > , @ @@> O@ Q @P>@ Q, @ > , > , > , > @, > >, . E> @@P "= @ @ >> O@ @ @, 90.000 >> @ >P@ > Q @ @ @. &@ J@ > , K @@ > > > > .47 B FKPFPQB, PRPQBKQ>AL BK LQOLP FKSBPQFD>ALOBP GBPRFQ>P >Pa @LJL BK >IBWFBR PLOB I> MBNRBcBW AB ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP > I> JFO>A> ABI JF@OLP@LMFL:
E> &. C O@ @ @ < . AP @@ K R O@ >> O@ > > &. "@ K > @R@ @ > >. " @ > Q ">L @ > H > A &P, > @ R @ > >@ >P, @> @ Q @ >>@ >> @ >P > Q @ @ @.48 P >ELO> @R>KAL MLABJLP SBO I> QO>P@BKABK@F> AB DRFOOB >I ABP@OFFO ILP JF@OLLOD>45 DRFOOB *. ". OQa@RIL . B @FBOO> BI M>PL > I>P LGB@FLKBP. #RBPQFdK . F I> CLOJ> PRPQ>K@F>I PRPQ>K@F>I AB I>P MI>KQ>P V AB ILP FKPB@QLP FKPB@QLP AFJ>K> AB I> MRQOBC>@@FdK. $FPMRQ> . aPF@>. KFSBOPFA>A >K OBDLOFL (1757). A *RIFL BO[K $RQ>OF. KFSBOPFA>A #>QdIF@>. "#. 1982: MM. 151-154. 46 aABJ, BDRKA> KLQ>@FdK. M.152. 47 aABJ, BO@BO> KLQ>@FdK. M.152-153. 48 aABJ, M. 153.
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KFPJLP BK I> P>KDOB, E>PQ> BI MRKQL AB >CFOJ>O PLOB BI MOLKdPQF@L JLOQ>I AB PR MOBPBK@F> BK ILP ERJ>KLP:
E O@ O@, , S@ S@ > @ @ > &. &. "@ @@ @@@ @ O@ O@ @ > @ @ @ >> @@ , @ @> @@, @ > > O@ @ @ < @L, > N @ L.49 >NRa, PRPQBKQ>AL BK QE>K>PFRP +FO@EBO, I> @RIJFK>@FdK AB I> AL@QOFK> AB I> QO>KPJFPFdK MLO >FOB AB ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP @>RP>KQBP AB I>P BMFABJF>P NRB >PLI>>K > ILP MRBILP AB I> B>I RAFBK@F> AB RFQL:
F > &. K <L@ > S@ > @ > O@ >@ >>@ @ > @ @ @P> K , @ @ > , @ > .50 LO hIQFJL, MLABJLP SBO @LJL BI . *R>K ">RQFPQ> DRFOOB CFK>IFW> PR AL@QOFK> JF@OL FLIdDF@> FKSFQ>KAL FKSFQ>KAL > PRP IB@QLOBP > BUMBOFJBKQ>O @LK BI JF@OLP@LMFL: JF@OLP@LMFL:
[ R > @ @ >> : @ @ K > N>; K > > N O@ > .51 I @LKL@FJFBKQL @FBKQaCF@L ABI . DRFOOB PB BKORJ> >I CRQROL AB I>P @FBK@F>P AB I> _ML@>, V> NRB PRMBO> >I AB I>P @FBK@F>P AB PM>c> ALKAB PB ABP@LKL@a> MLO @LJMIBQL PLOB BI LOFDBK AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@@FLP>P, MLO IL NRB I> AL@QOFK> @FBKQaCF@> ABI P>@BOALQB DR>V>NRFIBcL KL PLIL PB E>II> >I JFPJL KFSBI ABI OBPQL BROLMBL, PFKL NRB PB IL >ABI>KQ>, > MBP>O AB NRB I> RAFBK@F> AB RFQL BP RK MOLSFK@F> IBG>K> ABI BFKL PM>cLI BK J_OF@>.52-53 > NRB BK FBK>, OB@F_K BK BI >cL AB 1762, @FK@L >cLP ABPMR_P ABI @ROPL AB DRFOOB BK RFQL, BI J_AF@L BPILSBKL >O@L KQLKFL LK IBK@FW MRIF@> BI IFOL | % K} ALKAB >CFOJ> NRB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@@FLP>P PLK @>RP>A>P MLO JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP SFSFBKQBP \@>> @] L \@>> @@>] V V NRB E>V JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP M>OQF@RI>OBP M>O> @>A> BKCBOJBA>A. K BPB JLJBKQL PB A> FKF@FL BK ROLM> > I> QBLOa> JF@OLF>K> AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@@FLP>P; FKCB@@FLP> P; MBKP>JFBKQL @FBKQaCF@L NRB @RIJFK> > JBAF>ALP ABI PFDIL @LK LRFP >PQBRO, NRFBK @LKPQORVB I> AL@QOFK> @FBKQaCF@L BUMBOFJBKQ>I >@BO@> AB I> BQFLILDa> JF@OLF>K>, I> KBD>@FdK AB I> DBKBO>@FdK 49 aABJ, M. 153. 50 aABJ, M. 153. 51 aABJ, M. 154. I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP. BKCBOJBA>ABP. I #R>OQL #BKQBK>OFL #BKQBK>OFL AB I> IIBD>A> AB > #LJM>ca> 52 FII>I> *., .*. LP _OJBKBP F@OLP@dMF@LP @>RP>K I>P AB *BPhP >I @R>ALO. " @ > E. ###. ##. 1987: MM. 132-133. 53 Bc> . C>P O> O> K @ @: @@ @ J >N > > III. " C D. ##/1; 1987: MM. 21-35.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
BPMLKQ[KB>, I> QO>KPJFPFdK AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@@FLP>P V BI FKF@FL AB I> JF@OLFLILDa> JLABOK>. >O> CFK>IFW>O, BI EFPQLOF>ALO DR>V>NRFIBcL _OBW FJBKQBI >CFOJ> AB A @ N @ >R @ > A@ K PR @LQBOO[KBL : |y A
@ @> > >@, > @@> R> @ LR@ > @ > @>L, @ > @@ @@ @>@ .}54 LAL BPQB MOL@BPL AB ABP>OOLIIL AB @LKL@FJFBKQL @FBKQaCF@L RKFSBOPFQ>OFL PB ABQRSL AB J>KBO> PhFQ> BK BI >cL AB 1767, BK BI @R>I @ R>I PB BUMRIP> > QLALP ILP GBPRFQ>P AB ILP ALJFKFLP BPM>cLIBP NRBA>KAL >>KALK>A> I> KFSBOPFA>A AB >K OBDLOFL >DKL V I> B>I RAFBK@F> AB RFQL >RPBKQB AB >NRBI BPMaOFQR BPMaOFQR @FBKQaCF@L FKKLS>ALO FKKLS>ALO NRB ABPAB E>@B RK @R>OQL AB PFDIL E>a> DBKBO>AL BI RBDL >DO>AL ABI @LKL@FJFBKQL AB I> FPFdK BLA_PF@> O>K@L PM>cLI> ABPAB 1736 > 1743.
E'GEI! E%"EJ!: EL AM AMA AEC ECE$ E$ DE LA I IFE FEC& C&!L !L!G !GUA UA AM AME$ E$IC ICA AA A RDBKFL O>K@FP@L >SFBO AB >KQ>@ORW V PMBGL K>@B BK RFQL BK BI >cL AB 1747 V > I> BA>A AB 12 >cLP @ROPd PRP BPQRAFLP AB >BPQOL BK OQBP BK BI #LIBDFL AB >K RFP ABPAB 1759 > 1762 >GL I> QRQBI> ABI . *R>K AB LPMFQ>I .*. BK BI @ROPL PRPB@RBKQB >I ABI . *R>K ">RQFPQ> DRFOOB. LO LSF>P O>WLKBP EBOBAd ABI P>@BOALQB DR>V>NRFIBcL DR>V>NRFIBcL I> LMLOQRKFA>A AB SFSFO I> @FBK@F> BUMBOFJBKQ>IFPQ> NRB E>a> BK BI #LIBDFL AB >K RFP V I> KFSBOP KFSBOPFA>A FA>A AB >K OBDLOFL, BK ALKAB BUFPQa> RK JF@OLP@L JF@OLP@LMFL MFL AB +RCC. $B I> JFPJ> J>KBO>, PB >IFJBKQd AB ILP MOFK@FMFLP @FBKQaCF@LP AB I> @FBK@F> JLABOK>, V> NRB CRB PR @LJM>cBOL, JJ>KRBI >OO> >GL I> MOBPFABK@F> ABI . LPMFQ>I NRFBK PLIBJKBJBKQB, V MLO SBW MOFJBO> BK I> J_OF@> PM>cLI>, MOBCFOFBO> I> BLOa> #LMBOKF@>K> AB ILP PFPQBJ>P ABI JRKAL PLOB I> BLOa> QLIBJ>F@>, BI 14 AB $F@FBJOB AB 1761 . #LK BPQB >D>GB AB CRKA>JBKQLP @FBKQaCF@LP, PMBGL BPQRAF> BAF@FK> BK I> KFSBOPFA>A AB >KQL LJ[P AB ILP >AOBP $LJFKF@>KLP BK ALKAB PB DO>Ah> AB _AF@L BK 1767, BI JFPJL >cL AB I> BUMRIPFdK AB PRP J>BPQOLP, ILP GBPRFQ>P.55 K BI >cL AB 1785, BK BI NRB ERL RK> FJMLOQ>KQB BMFABJF> AB SFORBI>P BK I> RAFBK@F> AB RFQL NRB MOLSL@d AB 5 > 8 JFI JRBOQBP, IIBD>OLK > BPQ> @FRA>A >IDRKLP BGBJMI>OBP AB " DR@ FP #O @ > > @ O -
> > > > > > J@R@ >> @ @, @RVL >RQLO BP BI $O O>K@FP@L FI, _AF@L AB #[J>O> V NRB IRBDL AB PR MR IF@>@FdK BK 1784, CRB OB@LJBKA>AL MLO MLO BI BV M>O> NRB PB AFPQOFRVBO> AFPQOFRVBO> BK PR OBFK>AL V PB MRBA> AB BPQ> J>KBO> BAR@>O > ILP J_AF@LP >@BO@> ABI JB@>KFPJL AB @LKQOLI AB I>P SFORBI>P.56 EQQM://TTT.AF@@FLK>OFLFLDO>CF@LB@R>AL LFLDO>CF@LB@R>ALO.@LJ/FLDO>CF>. O.@LJ/FLDO>CF>.EQJ EQJ 54 _OBW FJBKQBI. . *R>K ">RQFPQ> DRFOOB . %. . KQBOKBQ: EQQM://TTT.AF@@FLK>OF @@BPL: 1 J>VL 2010. *L>K, hcBW-OBFIB "VOLK. * $ .*. I FKF@FL FKF@FL AB I> @FBK@F> JLABOK> BK I> B>I R55 BII>K F >KLKBII>P *L>K, AFBK@F> AB RFQL 14 AB AF@FBJOB AB 1761. @K>. BSFPQ> #RIQRO>I. LOQLSFBGL. s 30: M. 17-37. 56 FI O>K@FP@L. DR@ FP #O @ > > > @ O > > > >. >. # . JMOBKQ> AB *L>@EFJ >OO>. 1784.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
MOLSB@E>KAL BPQ>P @FO@RKPQ>K@F>P @FO@RKPQ>K@F>P BI #>FIAL AB I> #FRA>A AB AB RFQL PLIF@FQ> >I $O. PMBGL OB>IF@B RK @LJBKQ>OFL > I>P OB@LJBKA>@FLKBP J_AF@>P J_AF@ >P MOLMRBPQ>P MLO BI $O. O>K@FP@L FI. LO IL NRB >I ML@L QFBJML PMBGL BKQOBD> PR J>KRP@OFQL, BI 11 AB KLSFBJOB AB 1788, >I NRB IL QFQRI>: >J@ > , @ K @@@
@, @ F@ G>, <@ > > @ @ "@L K , @ > > O #, @ R@ P-O, @ O > > > >. PMBGL @LKPQORVB PR LO> J_AF@> @LJL RK> OBPMRBPQ> @FBKQaCF@> > I>P MOLMRBPQ>P AB @LKQBK@FdK AB I>P BMFABJF>P AB SFORBI> S FORBI> @LK RK J_QLAL AB >FPI>JFBKQL MOLMRBPQL MLO O>K@FP@L FI. #LKPFABO>KAL NRB BI >FPI>JFBKQL AB ILP BKCBOJLP SFOLIBKQLP BK RK> @>P> AB P>IRA IL@>IFW>A> CRBO> AB I>P @FRA>ABP PB E>a> MOL>AL @LJL BI JBGLO JB@>KFPJL AB @LKQOLI AB RK OLQB BMFA_JF@L AB SFORBI>P. PMBGL, AB BPQ> J>KBO>, OBA>@Q> RK J>KRP@OFQL @LK RK> MOLCRKAFA>A @FBKQaCF@> hKF@> BK PR _ML@>. P @>M>W AB PRPQBKQ>OPB BK AB@BK>P AB OBCBOBK@F>P FIFLDO[CF@>P NRB I>P ABP@OFB JFKR@FLP>JBKQB @LJL BIBJBKQLP AB PRPQBKQL M>O> BI >K[IFPFP EFPQdOF@L AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP QO>KPJFPFIBP V > I> SBW CLOJRI> RK> AL@QOFK> AB MBKP>JFBKQL @FBKQaCF@L @FBKQaCF@L NRB IB MBOJFQB PRMBO>O I> AL@QOFK> BK LD> AB ILP ERJLOBP V JF>PJ>P @LJL GRPQFCF@>QFSL AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@QL-@LKQ>DFLP>P, PRMBO>KAL BI @LK@BMQL JBAFBS>I AB I> AL@QOFK> ABI @LKQ>DFL MLO BI >FOB, M>O> >CFOJ>O NRB BP I> MOBPBK@F> AB JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP I> @>RP> AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP QO>KPJFPFIBP V NRB BI >FOB BP PLIL RK SBEa@RIL AB ILP JFPJLP. >O> BI >K[IFPFP AB I> BCIBUFLKBP PB QLJ>O[ I> hIQFJ> BAF@FdK AB I> #>P> AB I> #RIQRO> @R>QLOF>K> MRIF@>A> BK BI >cL AB 2009, V PB >K>IFW>O[K PRP @LKQBKFALP ABPAB RK> SFPFdK FLJ_AF@> AB I> KCB@QLILDa> JLABOK>.57
CK/- I/@;/P JRV BSFABKQB I> ABP@OFM@FdK @IaKF@L-AFCBOBK@F>I, NRB E>@B PMBGL, BKQOB ALP M>QLILDa>P FKCB@@FLP>P: I> SFORBI> V BI P>O>JMFdK.
E@ > R@ @ @@@ > @ @ >: @ > > @ @>@ @. E@ > @ @ > @R@ >; @ > @ @ > K @ @R@ . E@ >; O > R@ >, > N > . E@ O, O > R >L, @, @ R@ @, @ R@ @@, @ R@ , >, >@, @ @@N@ > > @, @ @@ > >@; K, @ @, > @ @J > @, @, @ > >P > N@ @. +@ @R@ > >> > >@ @ @ R@. > @>L >> > , < S@ @ <>, @, , O . & P >< > @R@ J > > >> P > > >. 58 57 PMBGL RDBKFL. >J@ @ O > > > > . AFQLO #>OILP >I>AFKBP. % C>. LJL . ##. 2009. 58 aA., MM. 30z31.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
&> K RK> _ML@> V BK RK BKQLOKL >IBG>AL ABI ABP>OOLIIL @FBKQaCF@L @LJL BK ROLM>, PMBGL MI>KQB> I> QBLOa> ABI @LKQ>DFL @LJL MOBIRAFL M>O> I> BUMIF@>@FdK JF@OLF>K> AB I> @>RP> AB I>P BMFABJF>P.
P@ > > @ P. A@ > > O @ O, > > > > @ @ @ >@ >@. . E E R@ @ E @ @ N@ @>@ > @, @ @@, @ @. AN > @ N@ @ > R@ @ L > >, @P > D @ > @@R@. & > , O@ > @ >P@ @ @@ P, @ @ > @ > , K @> > > @R@ > @>; R@ @, > > @R> > @ > DR@. E> > K, > @>@ >, > > > N O> O, @ > > @. A@ @ @ @O @ > @ O, K @ E, P @ > @>@ > @, K @@> > @ P > > @, @ O> @ @ R@ @ @ >, O@ K @@ > @>L > > >. 59 KPFPQB BK BI >K[IFPFP ABI >FOB @LJL @>RP>I AB I>P BMFABJF>P.
@ > @ Q > > O, , @ > >@ K @ @ > > @ O. > , > R, @ @, @, @ @ @>< K @ > @>P >@.60 OLCRKAFW> BK I> QBLOa> AB ILP ERJLOBP V JF>PJ>P @LJL @>RP>I AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP @LKQ>DFLP>P.
A, , R > @ @ R@ , N @@ > @ @ @>L >@ K @ > @R@ > @: N @ @ O, K P@ @@ > > > @@ @ > >@ K @ > @Q. " @R@ > @ @ @ > > @. D >>P @@ @@ > @P, > @@, > R>, > @@P K > N@ @ > K @ .61
59 aA., M. 44. 60 aA., M. 62. 61 aA., M. 63.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
B MI>KQB> BI >K[IFPFP AB I>P BPQOR@QRO>P MBPQFIBK@F>IBP ( JF@OLFLP) V PR OBI>@FdK @LK ILP QBGFALP.
W'O@ N @ > @ <@ @ > @@ < > , K @ , <>? " >R L@ > @R@ > >O> >@> K > P > N @K@ > > > . +@ >R>, , @N @ @ >; @ S> , @ N > , O. O. 62 I> @>M>@FA>A AB BPQLP BIBJBKQLP @>RP>IBP AB QO>KPJFQFOPB > QLALP ILP ERJ>KLP DBKBO>KAL I>P BMFABJF>P.
" N @ P K R @ > R > @ @> , N R@ @ > @ @ >@ >N@@ K , @ @@>: @@ > N @>. 63 $BCFKB BI JB@>KFPJL AB @LKQ>DFL > M>OQFO ABI >FOB > ILP OBPMB@QFSLP QBGFALP, >I OBPQL AB MBOPLK>P V LQOLP MRBILP, MBOL Q>JF_K PB >ABI>KQ> > ABCFKFO PR @>RP>: ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP.
@R@ > , > @, > @, > R>, J>@ P K N@@ > @ , K @ > @ > >: @ @ @ @R@ @ >@, O > > R@, @ > >@ @ N @ > > @, R@ K @. & @@ > @ N@ K @ > R@, K @ > K @ K @ K > @ > > @ >@ >>. $ K P JQ J@, @ > LR@ @ > @. 64 L M/>;;; K BPQB PBDJBKQL ABPQOLW> I> QBLOa> AB ILP ERJLOBP V JF>PJ>P @LJL @>RP> AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP QO>KPJFPFIBP, M>O> ABJLPQO>O NRB BI >FOB BP RK SBEa@RIL AB I> QO>KPJFPFdK V NRB ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP BK @LKGRK@FdK @LKGRK@FdK QO>KPJFQBK I> BKCBOJBA>A FKCB@@FLP>. FKCB@@FLP>.
D @, > > @ N @ P> @ !ac"a !ac"a d"e*+'+ (&,'+ $a !e,e*'e&e"dad de )e e+,2 *eca*ad' @ . " > @ > @ > @, e+(ec"a$%e&,e e+(ec"a$%e&,e de $a+ e("d3%"ca+ ; K P>, @ > @, @ @ >> @ > > >@> >N, >> . " @ $a 62 aA., M. 63 63 aA., M. 65 64 aA., M. 68
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
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PMBGL PB MOBDRKQ> >@BO@> AB I> CLOJ> AB ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP NRB PLK QO>KPMLOQ>ALP QO>KPMLOQ>ALP BK BI >FOB.
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& @ R@ @ @ @< > @@@, O > > >, K , @ >@, >> @@, @ @, > > P, @ > @ >@L. 67 >ELO> >MOBPQ_JLKLP > IBBO I> MLOQBKQLP> >CFOJ>@FdK PLOB I> @>RP> JF@OLF>K> AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@@FLP>P. $BPAB BI RFQL @BKQBK>OFL, BK BI @BKQOL ABI JRKAL, BK BI >cL AB 1785. !K PFDIL >KQBP AB >PQBRO!
E@ > @@ >> @, @ @ @ > J> > > @ @, K P@ @ @ > R@. 68 >P KRBPQOL @FBKQaCF@L KL PLIL >CFOJ> I> O>WdK @>RP>I AB I>P FKCB@@FLKBP, MBKBQO>, GRKQL >I JF@OLP@LMFL, BK I> @FBK@F> AB ILP B@LPFPQBJ>P; BK I> OBI>@FdK AB I>P >@QBOF>P @LK I> K>QRO>IBW>, @LK ILP PBOBP SFSLP, @LK BI ER_PMBA ERJ>KL, IL NRB ELV II>J>JLP KRBPQO> CILO> OBPFABKQB, JF@OLFLQ> L JF@OLFLJ> ERJ>KL. I> SBW >CFOJ> I> BPMB@FCF@FA>A NRB QFBKBK ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP @LK @>A> BPMB@FB V E>PQ> @LK @>A> dOD>KL V QBGFAL.
C , > O@ , @ > @ > @ K > @ @>, @ >, > , > , > , > >, > , > >, > N>, > , > >; @ @, > @ @ @ @ @@ @>@ @ > . E@ , > > N P K > O >, @ , > N @> . F @ @Q, > @ @ >> > @ @ , @ > >, @ > , @ > P, @ > LR@, @ > <, @ > > K @ > @. $ > > S> K > 65 aA., M. 65. 66 aA., M. 66. 67 aA., M. 66. 68 aA., M. 67.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
> , @ > @@ > > @ , < , @ >>@ N K @. @@ @ @, > B>> @>> @R@ @ > >> > >, > K & C > @ > @>@, K @ @ @. AP @ K < @ > @@ @ O @@ > > @ O @ > @>>>.69 I @LKCLOJFPJL @FBKQaCF@L KL BP M>OQB AB KRBPQOL J_AF@L, B FKSFQ> > FKSBPQFD>O J[P >II[ ABI @LKL@FJFBKQL AB ILP P>FLP AB I> _ML@> S>IF_KALPB AB I> EBOO>JFBKQ> ABI JF@OLP@LMFL, >@LJM>c>AL AB I> AFK>JF> ABI @OB@FJFBKQL @ OB@FJFBKQL >@QBOF>KL M>O> >Pa MLABO BKQBKABO I> O>WdK AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@@FLP>P.
@ N > @ R, S@ N >>N > > >@@ #>, , B@ K $, LN @@P @ > @R@, >>@, R@, , @ K R@ S> >, > > > P P J> J> > @>L, , K P@ P@ > O, K @ > > >.70 I>KQB> I> MLPFFIFA>A AB FKQBO>@@FdK FLIdDF@> BKQOB ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJL V ILP MLPFIBP OBPRIQ>ALP NRB BIIL MRBABK QBKBO BK PR SFORIBK@F>.
&P K N @, O@ @ > > @, @ > N @> , K L> @ @>> @ @ @; K @ > @ @ @ @ @ >> >P@; @@ @ @ @@ K @ @ > > , > @ > @ @ @ @ @ > @. 71 LO IL Q>KQL >CFOJ> NRB I> SFORBI> QFBKB RK C>@QLO @>RP>I, ILP JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP: \A
< @ @ >@ > LR@ >R, > > > J> > > .] 72 BOJFK>KAL AB >CFOJ>O NRB IL AF@EL PB PRPQBKQ> BK MOB@BMQLP MOBSF>JBKQB BPQ>IB@FALP V GRPQFCF@>KAL BI JB@>KFPJL AB QO>KPJFPFdK AB I> SFORBI> > QO>S_P ABI @LKQ>@QL V KL ABI >FOB. $>KAL AB BPQ> J>KBO> PRPQBKQL @FBKQaCF@L > I>P OB@LJBKA>@FLKBP AB O>K@FP@L FI:
I>@ @ P>. &: @ <@ > > > > > @ > >; @ , @ @@ > O @, @ > P, K @ > 69 aA., MM. 67-68. 70 aA., M. 68. 71 aA., MM. 68-69. 72 aA., M. 71.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
>@ > > , N@ @ @@ > K @ >>, @ Q @O. @: > > > >, @ > R@ @ @ @ @ P RJ, @@ @ , > > @ @ @ > >@, L K R@ > . @K >L@ > >@ > O @ F@ G>. A@ @ @ > N> > S> > >, > N N N> L @<, @>. & >J@. 73 "@; RBDL AB E>BO @FJBKQ>AL ILP @LK@BMQLP [PF@LP AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP QO>KPJFPFIBP: BI >DBKQB @>RP>I, BI SBEa@RIL V BI ER_PMBA; PMBGL MI>KQB> ILP MOL>IBP JB@>KFPJLP M>QLD_KF@LP AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@@FLP>P. M>OQFO AB I> Sa> FKE>I>QLOF> MI>KQB> I> >@QBOFBJF> V ILP BCB@QLP BPMB@aCF@LP BPMB@aCF@LP > KFSBI QFPRI>O.
A, , R > @ @ R@ , N @@ > @ @ @>L >@ K @ > @R@ > @: N @ @ O, K P@ @@ > > > @@ @ > >@ K @ > @Q. " @R@ > @ @ @ > > @.74 M>O> I> BUMIF@>@FdK ABI BCB@QL M>QLD_KF@L QFPRI>O BPMB@aCF@L MLO M>OQB AB ILP >DBKQBP @>RP>IBP, MI>KQB> I> OBI>@FdK ABI Q>J>cL, CLOJ> V BPMB@FCF@FA>A ABI >DBKQB @>RP>I @LK I> BPQOR@QRO> QFPRI>O >CB@Q>A>.
W'O@ N @ > @ <@ @ > @@ < > , K @ , <>? " >R L@ > @R@ > >O> >@> K > P > N @K@ > > > . +@ >R>, , @N @ @ >; @ S> , , @ N > , O. AP > @N @N @@S@ P> @ > R@ @ > > >R@ > @: > @ >, > K > >N@> >>, @ : > >P < N @ @ > P, @ @ > L, O. P @ @ > @@ K > @ > . &, W R@ @@ P @, P > R@ >>, > R@ > > N@ @>? E K @>, K > P @ > @@ > @ @ > @ @ > @>L. 75 73 aA., M. 76. 74 aA., M. 63. 75 aA., MM. 63-64.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
I;; PMBGL MI>KQB> I> FKNRFBQRA AB I> MOLQB@@FdK FKJRKFQ>OF> FKJRKFQ>OF> > M>OQFO AB I> BUMLPF@FdK MOB SF> > I> SFORBI> >Pa @LJL AB I> FKJRKL M>QLD_KBPFP M>QLD_KBPFP AB I> O>F>.
" > N @> > > >, >, @ > > @ @ @, K @@ O@ > K > P@ . WAR@ N > @@ N >@ @ @? AP @ K @ >> @ @ > K @ @@. & @ >@ > @ > > @ >>R@: > @, K, <, > > @>L, @ @ @<@ @@ @@ K . W'O@ @ > > @@ P > @? W'O@ @ > @>L > @ > > , > @ @ > @ K @ Q, @ @ @ @ @ @ @@; K P @ > @, P, @>, @ K ? # O > < P > K > @ > >@ N @. E @ > > > @>L > @, <L O @ > > >. 76 BK@FLK> AB @FBOQ> MOBAFPMLPF@FdK M>O> >ANRFOFO @FBOQ>P BKCBOJBA>ABP BPMB@aCF@>P > M>OQFO AB I> SFORIBK@F> AB ILP >DBKQBP @>RP>IBP
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aA., M. 67.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
P; O, @ N @ @ >>, > @ K > @R@, > @ @ . @ < O > @ > @ @, > P L @ > @ @ L, , @ > @@ > J@ K @ ( J> P), O K JQ. O P (O@ @N ), @ @ >@ > @R@. AP, , L , > @@, >@ > , > , > @ G, >> @ @.77 L <>/ > PMBGL BP @LKL@BALO ABI S>ILO > I> FKL@RI>@FdK (S>@RK>) BK @LKQO> AB I> SFORBI>, >KQB I> FJMLPFFIFA>A AB @LKPQORFO @>P>P AB >FPI>JFBKQL BK ILP MRBILP AB QLA> I> RAFBK@F>; SBFKQB >cLP >KQBP >KQBP AB I> IIBD>A> IIBD>A> AB >IS>KV @LK I> UMBAF@Fd UMBAF@FdK K FI>KQOdMF@> FI>KQOdMF@> AB I> >@RK> BK @LKQO> AB I> SFORBI>. PQ>IB@B I> KB@BPFA>A AB I> FKL@RI>@FdK >KQB I> MLPFFIFA>A AB I> QO>KPJFPFdK AB I> SFORBI> > QLALP ILP MLI>ALOBP AB I> RAFBK@F> AB RFQL.
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aA., MM. 74-75. 78 aA., MM. 121-122.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
% $BI J>I SBK_OBL E>@B RK> >JMIF> ABP@OFM@FdK EFPQdOF@>, @LK@IRVBKAL BK PR LOFDBK, BK BI SFBGL JRKAL. I> SBW E>@B RK> OBSB ABP@OFM@FdK @IaKF@> AB I> JFPJ>:
C@ @ > K @T, > @ HR > @R, L @, K@ > P@, > O @ > LR@ >, @ > >>@ @ @R@, K K >>O > > @. & @@ > > > &P@ > @, @O > O N> @ @ > @. " >> @, , @ > , >@ @ K , @ > L, > >> N > K > > N K @L > ; > @>@ >; > @ > @, > > ; > @@R@ > @, @ >@ @ @ >>; > R@ > ; >R@ > , @ >>; > P > >>, > @>@ > P>, > > N @ > > > @; > S> > , @; > O> @ @ > @> O. & P@ > HR @ > >@> G 79 L<> $B J>KBO> PFKQ_QF@> KLP E>I> AB I> @>RP> JF@OLF>K> V QO>KPJFPFdK ABI J>I AB >KPBK >Pa @LJL AB I> MOBPBK@F> AB IL JF@OLLOD>KFPJLP > KFSBI AB I> PRMBOCF@FB AB I> MFBI
[ > @ > > @ @ @ N @; @ @ R@ @, @@ < > P>, K @ > , K > @ @@. E R@ N >> R@ @ > >, >> , @ K @ @ > , >@, K @ > @.80 E<;; $B J>KBO> M>OQF@RI>O, PMBGL MI>KQB> BI @[I@RIL BPQ>AaPQF@L AB I> JLOQ>IFA>A AB I> BMFABJF> AB SFORBI> V PR FJM>@QL PL@F>I BK RFQL.
& @, @, > K @< > > > @ @ @ > >. " N J>@ > @@> @ > >> > >. E @< >> N@, R> @ > < > @ K @ > > R@. E@ @ > > ', @ @ > , > O > @, @ @>P > >R@. A, , > R@, >@ 79 aA., M. 118. 80 aA., M. 129. 81 aA., M. 30.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
, @ @, > N @@ >. 81 $B I> JFPJ> J>KBO> MI>KQB> > ILP @LIBD>P J_AF@LP AB RFQL I> OB>IFW>@FdK AB RK BPQRAFL BMFABJFLIdDF@L AB IBMOLPLP BK I> @FRA>A
[.K > @ > G@, > #K I> C>, P > #O, @ > @S >L@ @ @ @ > , K @N > @ >. @ R> @, @ @ > R@ O, > @ LR@ @ > @ <L >. E@ K@ @ @ @ > > >K > @, K @ @> @ P K , > , @, @ > > @ P @ @@ @ > AO, S@ > @ @ <@ > >K C>>. 82 P JRV @LK@OBQ> I> >CFOJ>@FdK AB PMBGL M>O> BI @LKQOLI AB I> IBMO> M>OQFBKAL AB RK> >@QFS> SFDFI>K@F> BMFABJFLIdDF@> AB I> JFPJ>:
E@ @ > J@ > > >, O @ > R@ N > @> L@: &. EN@ > O K <@, @ > R@ K >, @ > > . DO>, , @ @ >> @ @ > > <, < >> @ > >, K @ LR@ @> , K @ @, @ > # > @@ >>, @, > K < @@ @ > . 83 > PFDRFBKQB BP I> @LMF> AB I> @>OQ> NRB PMBGL BP@OFFd > QLALP ILP J_AF@LP BK BGBO@F@FL M>O> OB>IFW>O RK >K[IFPFP BMFABJFLIdDF@L >@BO@> AB I> MOBS>IBK@F> AB I> SFORBI> V I> IBMO> BK I> @FRA>A AB RFQL.
C, K 8 1785. #K Q P: & > > > > #K I> C> R R @ @ K K , , @@> K N@ >@ K > >>@ @ > @, > @ > >>, > @S @ > , @ @ > Q O, > J > @ K > N @@ <L @@@ @. E@ > >> > @@@ > K, K N @ K @ @. D F@ E@ @ CL K E<.84
82 aA., M. 126. 83 aA., M. 127. 84 aA., M. 375.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
L % "N/ K @RJMIFJFBKQL AB I>P OB@LJBKA>@FLKBP AB O>K@FP@L FI, PMBGL ABQ>II> BI QFML AB @>P> AB >FPI>JFBKQL AB MLOQ>ALOBP AB BKCBOJBA>ABP @LKQ>DFLP>P, PR IRD>O, BI @IFJ> V ILP >JFBKQBP K>QRO>IBP >AB@R>ALP NRB I> OLAB>K. $> PLIR@FLKBP BK BI @LKQBUQL AB I> >IRA hIF@> AB I> _ML@>.
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a> J_AF@> NRB SFDFIB V >AJFKFPQOB BPQB QFML AB >@QFSFA>ABP AB @LKQOLI.
" > K K K @@ @@ , , , @ @ > J@R@ @ @ <L@ > N , L, N, > J@ @> >@ @. A > , @ ' @ > @@@ > > S>; @ @ >> > > K, > > @ > > >P O. 86 I ABP@OFFO I>P M>OQF@RI>OFA>ABP AB I> #FRA>A AB RFQL >K>IFW> BK ABQ>IIB I>P J>I>P @LKAF@FLKBP P>KFQ>OF>P AB I> @FRA>A. KF@F> @LK I> ABP@OFM@FdK ABI J>I >FOB MLO I> MOBPBK@F> AB @BOALP, J>I> BIFJFK>@FdK AB BU@OBQ>P V I> BP@>PBW BP@ >PBW AB >DR>. 85 aA., MM. 42-43. 86 aA., M. 76.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
AIE &%&+"A.- M M O K >>@ JQ , K > K , @: 1.V " , @ P > >>, K @ @ @ > @ , @ @>@ > @ K > L. 2.V E , @ @ @, @ > N P@ N T@L, @ > >L> K >> N S> > . 3.V " Q Q > , , , @@ K @>@ @>@ K O R@, @ O <@ > @@ > @ > ; @ >> @ K @N@ . 4.V " P > >> > . 87 $BP@OFB I>P J>I>P @LKAF@FLKBP AB >IJ>@BK>JFBKQL V MOLAR@@FdK ABI QOFDL, BI M>K, ILP IF@LOBP V ILP SaSBOBP.
C%#IDA BEBIDA.- * @ >@ @ (LN @ ), > @ . " > @@ P>, N @ > > @ > @R@ @ @ @ > >. & > @ > ; @ @ @ > > , K > @@ K >, , @ P >>> >>> @ >. E@ > @ P> > K @ @ @ @ K @ < > >. E K >> N@ @ >S@ R@, @@ @, K > N >> @. & > @> P> @, @ 1V #> ; 2V > @; 3V @ R@ @@ > ; 4V L P.88 RKQR>IFW> I> J>I> EFDFBKB ABI ELPMFQ>I, JLK>PQBOFLP B FDIBPF>P.
"I#&IEA "%CA" DE '+I*%.- A @, @@@ > >@ , @ > R > @@. 1.V " @. 2.V E> >. 3.V " > .89 >JF_K MRKQR>IFW> BK ILP E[FQLP EFDF_KF@LP AB I>P MBOPLK>P V ILP BKCBOJLP, MLO IL NRB OB@LJFBKA> PR >FPI>JFBKQL
"I#&IEA &E%$A" DE '+I*%.- & P >> > @ > @, @@ >@ > , @ >@ @ @, @ Q > S@ > @ . A > >> > ', @ > > <L @ >> >@, @ @@ @ @ > E K > N > @, @ @ @ P >@ >>, @ > N > @, >. E> , >>@ @ A@R@, > > @ @ > >, > P @ @ @ > . HK, , HO87 aA., MM. 76-77. 88 aA., M. 79. 89 aA., M. 95.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
&, > @O, K @@ @ > @ K . > > @ @O N> @ > , K N> @. DP P > O@ @, @ >S@ Q @> > S>; @@O @ R> @: 1.V " @ > @O. 2.V " P K O. 3.V " @@ K >@. 4.V " >. 5.V " > O.90 >@B I>P OB@LJBKA>@FLKBP AB P>IRA MhIF@> M>O> BI @LKQOLI ABI >I BK_OBL (PaCFIFP B FKCB@@FLKBP AB QO>KPJFPFdK PBUR>I) GRKQL > RK> ABP@OFM@FdK ABI @[K@BO RQBOFKL:
@@ < N @@, Q , @ @ R@ @; , @ @, > @ >P @N > O @ > >> @ @ N @, K , @ O@ < @ R@ >, @ > <@; K O > @@ >@, K K @ >@P > @, >@ L @ @ >. E >@ N @ @ > < , > > >@ @ @@, @ > > > , O, @ > > <@ : @ K > > @ @ @ K J@, > @ @O @ <
> >, K >> >>@ >@, > O > @ @ @ @, K @ > @ @@ @ > @@ >< >@, @ @ <>; K, > , @ < @ @ @. % > @ > @ @-> K , , @@@ > @, @ @Q P@; O @ > >R@ > > > L, K > @ , @@ @L K @ K , K @, P > > R@ N >> K N, J@O@ > @> K > . D @ > O @@ < K @@ @ @@ > @, > @ @R. @ > # O@ > @, @@ @ > >R@ > , @ @ K @ , > @ @P > > > R. # R @, @ @ <@. 91 $B I> JFPJ> J>KBO> M>O> BI @LKQOLI AB ILP QaPF@LP V E_@QF@LP ( QRBO@RILPFP)
2.V " P K O.- * @ , ><> @ >R@ @ @ >. A@ >@ @ < > < P, @ @ N> @ K >N> @ @ Q @ >@ @. F H@ >@ > , K @@ @@> P @ , K > 90 aA., M. 111. 91 aA., MM. 119-120.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
> O @ @ <@ R@, K O@ @ > >>. $ K , @@ > >> >@ @; K > <> @ >R P, @ O@ > : O> > @ > @< @ @ K, > > O@ > @R > > @ @ > @. @= @ , > > > P @ @ @, @ O >R >, @ >@ > >> . " O " @ @ <> > . & N @ @ > O @. D @ K @ @ > O > PBcLOBP >> @, , @ >> >>@, @@ > > < @ @ > K @> N @ > @; @@ @ @ @ @ > @, K >, @ > > , O > @N > <; @ @ >@ @ > > @ @ @ > > O K > P.92 BI @LKQOLI @LKQOLI AB I> SFORBI> BK I> @>P> AB >FPI>JFBKQL @LK I>P OB@LJBKA>@FLKBP >IFJBKQF@F>P M>O> BI @RFA>AL > ILP BKCBOJLP
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aA., MM. 120-121. 93 aA., MM. 122-123.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
AB ILP FKCB@Q>ALP BK I> @>P> AB >FPI>JFBKQL.
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
E C;@>; I// ;;/; KQB I> ARA> NRB DBKBO> I> >CFOJ>@FdK AB PF BP C>@QFIB >DORM>O BK I> JFPJ> JFPJ> #>P> AB I> >IRA hIF@> (ELPMFQ>I AB >FPI>JFBKQL) > IBMOLPLP V SFOLIBKQLP, PMBGL MOLCRKAFW> BK ILP MOL>IBP JB@>KFPJLP AB QO>KPJFPFdK AB I>P FKCB@@FLKBP BK BI BKQLOKL KLPL@LJF>I, CLOQ>IB@FBKAL PR AL@QOFK> JF@OLF>K> @LJL @>RP>I AB I> M>QLILDa> FKCB@@FLP>. K @ @ >, @ @ @ P@ > < >@ K >, N K <, @>> . & > , @ K > @ > , K @ R> @ @ @ > @ >@ , @ , @ > >; @ @ @ @ @ >, @ @ @ > @, K @ WO @ @>, , @ J@? J@? D > J > S> @@ @ > > > , K @ @ @ S@ > >@ K > > >, @ @ @ @ N P, P, K @@ , @ > > > > @. 95
$BQBOJFK> I> PRP@BMQFFIFA>A FKQOaKPB@> > ILP JF@OLFLP >Pa @LJL > I>P @LKAF@FLKBP JBAFL>JFBKQ>IBP. 94 aA., MM. 123- 124. 95 aA., M. 130.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
" @>L > @ N >@, @ @ > > R@ >@, , < , @ @@@ &@ > @ @ @R@, K >, N> J@ K , >@ @ K K L. & > > @ >, @ K @, @ J@ > R@ K @. A@ @ > > @ > > > @, @ @ @, @ , > , >> O>, @@ @ > @ @ P, K L > L @@. $ K K , , N@ > @, @O@ @ , >> @ , @ , @ R@. D> K @ @ > >@ K >R@, @ , K >> @ > N> K @; > >> > @ >. 96 #RBKQ> AB RK> BUMBOFBK@F> MBOPLK>I V LQO> GRKQL > PR M>AOB BK BI LPMFQ>I AB I> FPBOF@LOAF> AB RFQL, BK ALKAB @LK@IRVB I> ML@> QO>KPJFPFFIFA>A AB I> IBMO> MLO M>OQB AB BPQLP M>@FBKQBP.
H Q K @P > R@ > &>, , > >@P, N@> > > K @ K >> R@ R. > @ > @ K , @, > >>@ @ @ , K @ >@ K @@ @>@. E> Q 62, @ K @P 14 Q, ; K P @ > H> <, N, @ > @ P, P @ >, > > * , @ > &<, @ > @.V 15, @R >, K, @ R> > R@ R , " @ CL K E<, <@ K @ >> , @ > >> @ >, >R @ @. 97 M/ %;/ PMBGL BKRK@F> ILP MOFK@FMFLP JLO>IBP, _QF@LP V CFILPdCF@LP ABI FBK @LJhK, MhIF@L V PL@F>I.
3.V DO@> DO@> > E@P E@P &>P, > @ >@ > @ > @ S@. " > R@ @ P ( > O L), @ > K > @ @ @ > K K N > > @ > &. & K >@, @ N> , > @ R@: E> @ S@ > >. & @ > N N S@@ > @O > S> > @O > @. & @ @ N @ > 96 aA., M. 130. 97 aA., M. 132.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
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>V NRB M>OQFO AB RK> KRBS> SFPFdK AB I> EFPQLOF> B@R>QLOF>K> M>O> MLABO QBKBO RK> FKQBOMOBQ>@FdK FKQBDO>ALO> ABI ABP>OOLIIL EFPQdOF@L AB I> FKCB@QLILDa> B@R>QLOF>K> BK BI PFDIL , ABPAB RK> MBOPMB@QFS> ELIaPQF@> BK ALKAB, > J[P AB >K>IFW>O ILP EB@ELP @FBKQaCF@LP, PB ABBK FKQBDO>O I>P OB>IFA>ABP EFPQdOF@L-PL@F>IBP, I> @LPJLSFPFdK AB I> @LJRKFA>A, I>P @RIQRO>P, ILP P>BOBP >K@BPQO>IBP IL@>IBP V >Pa MLABO A>O RK SBOA>ABOL PFDKFCF@>AL >I ABP>OOLIIL @FBKQaCF@L NRB PB AFL BK RK> _ML@> AB I> EFPQLOF> AB I> B>I RAFBK@F> RFQL 101. PQ> KRBS> CLOJ> AB SBO I> EFPQLOF> AB I> JBAF@FK> ABI @R>ALO, ABQBOJFK>A> MLO I> RKFdK AB I> EFPQLOF> AB PR MRBIL V PR NRBE>@BO @FBKQaCF@L, JBAF>KQB I> FKQBOOBI>@FdK AB ILP C>@QLOBP PL@F>IBP, @RIQRO>IBP, MPF@LIdDF@LP, >JFBKQ>IBP, BMFAB98 aA., MM. 31-32. 99 aA., M. 33. 100 aA., M. 35. 101 #RKKFKDE>J . > QO>KPCLOJ>@FdK AB I> MBPQB: I I>LO>QLOFL V I> FABKQFA>A AB I>P BKCBOJBA>ABP FKCB@@FLP>P. A H27-71. @ #@ @ I>>@@. LI. 11, 1991: MM. 27-71.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
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104 +BBAFKD . >P #FBK@F>P >QRO>IBP BK I> RAFBK@F> AB RFQL: I PFPQBJ> @LMBOKF@>KL V I>P IBVBP KBTQLKF>K>P. B>P@ > A $@> H . RFQL. 1973; MM. 122: 43.
L A R E A L A U D I E N C I A D E Q U I T O C U N A D E L A I N F E C T O L O G Í A D E A M É RI RI C A
IL >CFOJ> +BBAFKD: |PMBGL OBRKa> @LJL MOLMFBA>A PRV> RK> FIFLQB@> MOFS>A>, NRB IL NRB OBCFBOB > I>P @FBK@F>P BU>@Q>P, KL ABG>> K>A> NRB ABPB>O: y< QO>Q>ALP >@BO@> AB I>P @FBK@F>P JLABOK>P, > M>OQB AB ILP KRJBOLPLP IFOLP AB JBAF@FK> V C>OJ>@LILDa>, KLP A>K MORB> BSFABKQB NRB BI EB@EL AB RDBKFL PMBGL ARO>KQB ILP AFBW >cLP >KQBP AB PR JRBOQB, PB CLOJ>> BK MOFJBO IRD>O MLO BP@OFQLP BAFQ>ALP BK >OaP, >RPP>KKB, BFABK, BKB@F> V >ORODL (IBJ>KF>).} 105 BOL PMBGL KL PB ABQFBKB BK IL JBO>JBKQB FLIdDF@L, V SF>G> >I CRQROL AB I> JBAF@FK> MI>KQB>KAL >PMB@QLP AL@QOFK>OFLP AL@QOFK>OFLP AB I> P>IRA MhIF@>, I> P>IRA @LIB@QFS> V I> JBAF@FK> PL@F>I M>O> PLIR@FLK>O ILP MOLIBJ>P AB P>IRA AB PR @LJRKFA>A. #LK@BMQLP NRB BK I> >@QR>IFA>A PB E>II>K BK LD> @LJL M>OQB AB I> JBAF@FK> JLABOK> V NRB, MLO ABPDO>@F>, >RK KL PB SFPR>IFW>K BK BI NRBE>@BO AB I> P>IRA MhIF@> B@R>QLOF>K>. PMBGL AB BPQ> J>KBO> PB @LKSFBOQB BK RK MOB@ROPLO AB I> JBAF@FK> PL@F>I V PR @LKL@FJFBKQL @FBKQaCF@L PB SRBISB, > I> SBW, BK RK> EBOO>JFBKQ> BJ>K@FM>ALO> ABI JMBOFL PM>cLI. #LJL IL PBc>I> BI J_AF@L-CFIdPLCL RATFH IB@H, NRFBK >I BPQRAF>O I> EFPQLOF> AB I> PaCFIFP \[
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105 +BBAFKD . >P #FBK@F>P >QRO>IBP BK I> RAFBK@F> AB RFQL: I PFPQBJ> @LMBOKF@>KL V I>P IBVBP KBTQLKF>K>P. B>P@ > A $@> H . RFQL. 1973; MM. 122: 67. 106 aLP ., BP> . $ >P > > @R@ >-@. I@R@ > @@ @P @ >P . #". BABIIaK 2009; LKAL AFQLOF>I #". MM. 45-72.
H I S T O R I A D E L A S C I E N C I A S Y E L P E N S A M I E N TO TO C I E N T Í F I C O E N E L E C U A D O R
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