LAPORAN RESMI PRAKTIKUM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA II
MATERI LEMAK
Disusun Oleh : Kelompok
: V / SELASA PAGI
1. DIAN ISWAHYU HADI
NIM : 21030113120053 21030113120053
2. BILAL TEGUH PRABOWO
NIM : 21030113130158 21030113130158
3. HIKMAH OLIVIA
NIM : 21030113120091 21030113120091
LABORATORIUM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA II TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG 2014
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LEMAK
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN
1. Judul Praktikum
:
Lemak
2. Kelompok
:
1. Dian Iswahyu Hadi 2. Bilal Teguh Prabowo 3. Hikmah Olivia
Telah disahkan pada : Hari
:
Tanggal
:
Semarang,
Juni 2014
Telah Menyetujui, Asisten
Renita Dyah Ayuningtyas
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LEMAK
PRAKATA
Puji syukur kami ucapkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa berkat rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan laporan resmi Praktikum Dasar Teknik Kimia II dengan lancar dan sesuai dengan harapan kami. Ucapan terimakasih turut kami ucapkan kepada : 1. Sri Budiarti selaku dosen penanggung jawab Laboratorium Dasar Teknik Kimia II 2. Bapak Rustam dan Ibu Dini selaku Laboran Laboratorium Dasar Teknik Kimia II 3. Semua assisten yang telah membimbing kami sehingga laporan resmi ini dapat terselesaikan 4. Serta teman-teman praktikan yang telah membantu dan memotivasi kami Laporan resmi Praktikum Dasar Teknik Kimia II ini berisi materi tentang Lemak. Lemak adalah senyawa organik yang tidak larut dalam air, tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik non-polar . Lemak tersusun atas asam lemak dan gliserol. Ada berbagai cara untuk mengambil minyak/lemak dari tumbuh – tumbuhan tumbuhan atau jaringan hewan yaitu dengan cara pressing (penekanan). Cara ini digunakan apabila kadar dari sampel yang diambil itu besar. Kemudian cara extraction (menggunakan solvent). Jenis solvent yang digunakan adalah n-hexane dan ester. Kegunaan lemak yaitu untuk obat – obatan, obatan, minyak goring, cat, vernis, dan lainlain Diharapkan dengan adanya laporan resmi ini memberi manfaat bagi kita semua. Mohon maaf apabila dalam pembuatan makalah ini masih terdapat banyak kesalahan. kritik dan saran yang membangun kami harapkan guna memperbaiki laporan resmi ini
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LEMAK
DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................................................................. PENGESAHAN .................................................................................................................. i PRAKATA PRAKATA ................................................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR ISI ISI .............................................................................................................................................. iii DAFTAR TABEL TABEL ..................................................................................................................................... iv ................................................................................................................................. v DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................................................. INTISARI INTISARI ........................................................................................................................................................ SUMMARY SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................... BAB I PENDAHULUAN PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................................................... 1 I.1.
Latar Belakang Belakang ................................................................................................................ 1
I.2.
Tujuan Percobaan ........................................................................................................... Percobaan ........................................................................................................... 1
I.3.
Manfaat Percobaan Percobaan ........................................................................................................ 2
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA PUSTAKA ........................................................................................................... 3 BAB III METODE PRAKTIKUM ....................................................................................................... PRAKTIKUM ....................................................................................................... 7 III.1. Bahan dan Alat yang Digunakan ............................................................................... Digunakan ............................................................................... 7 III.2. Gambar Rangkaian Alat ............................................................................................... Alat ............................................................................................... 7 III.3. Langkah Kerja Kerja ................................................................................................................. 9 ........................................ .................. 11 BAB IV HASIL PERCOBAAN DAN PEMBAHASAN.................... PEMBAHASAN .......................................... IV.1. Hasil Percobaan ............................................................................................................ Percobaan ............................................................................................................ 11 IV.2. Pembahasan .................................................................................................................... Pembahasan .................................................................................................................... 11 BAB V PENUTUP PENUTUP .................................................................................................................................. 16 V.1. Kesimpulan .................................................................................................................... Kesimpulan .................................................................................................................... 16 V.2. Saran ................................................................................................................................. Saran ................................................................................................................................. 16 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................................................. PUSTAKA ............................................................................................................................. 17
LAMPIRAN
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LEMAK
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel IV.1. 1. Uji Kadar Lemak Pada Sampel Kacang Mete .................................... .................................... 11 Tabel IV.1. 2. Uji Kadar Air Pada Sampel kacang Mete ........................................... ........................................... 11
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LEMAK
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Struktur Gliserol .................................. ........................................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ 3 Gambar 2.2. Struktur Lemak...................................... ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Gambar 3.1. Rangkaian Alat Ekstraksi ........................... ................................................. ............................................. ....................... 7 Gambar 3.2. Rangkaian Alat Destilasi ........................ .............................................. ............................................. ........................... .... 8
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LEMAK
INTISARI
Lemak adalah senyawa organik yang tidak larut dalam air, tetapi larut dalam dalam pelarut organik non-polar. Lemak tersusun atas asam lemak dan gliserol. Ada berbagai cara untuk mengambil minyak/lemak dari tumbuh – tumbuhan atau jaringan hewan yaitu dengan cara pressing (penekanan). Cara ini digunakan apabila kadar dari sampel yang diambil itu besar. Kemudian cara extraction (menggunakan solvent). Jenis solvent yang digunakan adalah n-hexane dan ester. Kegunaan lemak yaitu untuk obat – obatan, obatan, minyak goring, cat, vernis, dan lain lain. Bahan yang digunakan yaitu kacang mete 10 gram dan n-hexane 150 mL. sementara alat yang digunakan adalah serangkaian alat ekstraksi dan destilasi. Langkah yang pertama yang harus dilakukan adalah melakukan ekstraksi selama 1,5 jam dengan solvent n-hexane. Setelah itu, lakukan proses destilasi hingga nhexane tidak menetes lagi. Selanjutnya, melakukan uji kadar air dengan cawan yang berisi sampel kacang tanah dioven selama 1 jam dengan suhu 100 0C. Kemudian, timbang sampai sampai berat konstan. Dari praktikum prakti kum yang telah dilakukan, kadar lemak yang kami temukan te mukan pada ekstraksi lemak adalah sebesar 9,05%, lebih kecil dari kadar aslinya yaitu 9,554%. Hal ini disebabkan karena recycle tidak optimum dan terdapat zat lain yang larut dalam n-hexane. Kadar lemak pada proses destilasi yaitu 30,564%, lebih besar dari kadar aslinya yaitu 9,554%. Ini disebabkan adanya zat lain ikut terekstraksi dan denaturasi protein. Kadar air yang kami temukan 5,5%, lebih besar dari kadar aslinya 5% . hal ini disebabkan karena kurang sempurnanya penguapan air pada kacang mete. Sebagai saran, sampel harus halus dan kering, saat destilasi akan berakhir pastikan n-hexane ti dak menetes lagi, rangkailah alat dengan hati – hati, cuci alat sebelum dan setelah praktikum dan lakukan praktikum sesuai prosedur.
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LEMAK
SUMMARY
Fats are organic compounds that are insoluble in water, but soluble in non polar organic solvents. Fats are composed of fatty acids and glycerol. There are various ways to take oil / fat from growing - plant or animal tissue that is by pressing (suppression). This Th is method is i s used when the levels of samples taken was great. Then the extraction extr action method (using solvent). The type of solvent used was nnhexane and esters. The usefulness of fat that is on drugs, cooking oil, paint, varnish, etc. The material used is 10 grams cashews cashews and150 mL n-hexane. While, the tool used is a series of extraction and distillation tools. The first step to do is to perform the extraction solvent for 1.5 hour with n-hexane. After that, do the distillation process to n-hexane is not dripping anymore. Furthermore, to test the moisture content content sample cup containing containing peanuts peanuts roasted for 1 hour at a temperature of 1000C. Then, weigh to a constant weight. From our practice, we found that the fat content in the extraction of fat is equal to 9.05%, lower than the original grade is 9.554%. This is because the recycle is not optimum and there are other substances that are soluble in nhexane. Levels of fat in the distillation process is 30.564%, larger than the original level is 9.554%. This is due to the presence of other substances extracted and denatured proteins participate. We found that the water content of 5.5%, greater than 5% of their original levels. this was due to defective water evaporation on cashews. As a suggestion, the sample should be smooth and dry, while distillate will end n-hexane sure not to drip again,bund again,bund the tools with carefully, washing tools before and after practice and doing lab work in accordance with procedures.
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LEMAK
BAB I PENDAHULUAN I.1.
Latar Belakang
Lemak dan minyak merupakan zat makanan penting untuk menjaga kesehatan tubuh manusia. Selain itu, lemak atau minyak juga merupakan sumber energi yang lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan karbohidrat dan protein. Satu gram minyak atau lemak dapat menghasilkan 9 kkal, sedangkan karbohidrat dan protein hanya menghasilkan 4 kkal/gram. Minyak atau lemak, khususnya minyak nabati, mengandung asam-asam lemak essensial seperti asam linoleat, lenolenat, dan arakidonat yang dapat mencegah penyempitan pembuluh darah akibat penumpukan kolestrol. Minyak dan lemak juga berfungsi sebagai sumber dan pelarut bagi vitamin-vitamin A, D, E, dan K. Dalam percobaan kali ini, lemak yang tersusun atas asam lemak dan gliserol akan dianalisa dengan proses ekstraksi, destruksi dan uji kadar air. Hal – hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam analisa lemak, diantaranya luas permukaan, waktu ekstraksi, temperatur dan solvent yang digunakan. Aplikasi ekstraksi lemak diantaranya pengambilan minyak atsiri, menentukan kandungan lemak pada makanan dan minuman. Aplikasi kadar air diterapkan pada pembuatan gliserin, dimana air dapat mempengaruhi kualitas dan keawetannya. I.2.
Tujuan Percobaan
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LEMAK
I.3.
Manfaat Percobaan
1. Mampu menyusun rangkaian alat dan mengoperasikan alat pada analisa lemak. 2. Mampu memahami reaksi – reaksi – reaksi reaksi yang terjadi pada analisa lemak. 3. Mampu menentukan kadar lemak dan kadar air pada sampel kacang mete sesuai dengan prosedur yang benar.
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LEMAK
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA II.1.
Pengertian
Lemak adalah senyawa organik yang tidak larut dalam air tetapi larut dalam pelarut organik non polar. Lemak termasuk ester yang tersusun atas asam lemak dan gliserol, dimana ketiga radikal hidroksil dari gliserol diganti dengan gugus ester. Istilah fat (lemak) biasanya digunakan untuk trigliserida yang berbentuk padat atau lebih tepatnya semi padat pada suhu kamar, sedang istilah minyak (oil (oil ) digunakan untuk trigliserida yang pada suhu kamar berbentuk cair. II.2.
a.
Komponen – komponen komponen Lemak
Gliserol. Sering disebut gliserin atau propantial 1,2,3 adalah bermartabat tiga yang strukturnnya adalah
H2
C
OH
H
C
OH OH
H2
C
OH
Gambar 2.1. Struktur Gliserol Sifat fisisnya yaitu berbentuk kristal, rasa manis, tidak berwarna, dalam keadaan murni bersifat higroskopis, netral terhadap lakmus. Tidak larut
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LEMAK
II.3.
Rumus umum Lemak O H2C
HC
O
C O
O
C O
H2C
O
C
R 1
R 2 R 3
Gambar 2.2 Struktur Lemak Ada berbagai cara untuk mengambil minyak atau lemak dari tumbutumbuhan atau jaringan hewan. Cara tersebut antara lain :
Cara Pressing Cara Pressing (penekanan) (penekanan)
Cara Extraction Cara Extraction (menggunakan (menggunakan solvent) Ada berbagai jenis solvent yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan
pengekstrak lemak, diantaranya adalah n-hexane dan diethil eter. II.4.
Kegunaan Lemak
1.
Untuk obat-obatan
2.
Untuk minyak goreng.
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LEMAK
Caranya dengan merefluks campuran lemak dengan KOH berlebih dan menitrasi kelebihan KOH. 2. Bilangan asam Bilangan asam adalah bilangan yang menunjukkan berapa mg KOH yang diperlukan untuk menetralkan lemak (khususnya asam lemak bebas) dalam 1 mg lemak. Bilangan asam ditentukan dengan titrasi alkalimetri, yaitu teknik titrasi dengan pereaksi suatu alkali (KOH). Reaksi yang terjadi sebagai berikut: R-COOH + KOH
R- COOK + H2O
3. Bilangan Iod Bilangan iodine adalah bilangan yang menunjukkan berapa mg halogen (dinyatakan sebagai iodine) yang dapat diikat oleh 100 mg lemak, atau berapa persen halogen yang dapat diikat lemak. Senyawa halogen yang diperlukan untuk penentuan bilanga iodine adalah senyawa antar halogen, yaitu iodobromida. II.6.
Hal – hal hal yang perlu diperhatikan pada proses ekstraksi ekstraksi
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LEMAK
melalui cara hidrogenasi. Ketiga, sebagai bahan pembuatan sabun. Sabun dapat dibuat dari reaksi KOH dan d an NaOH. Sabun yang mengandung logam Na disebut sabun keras atau disebut juga sabun cuci. Sementara sabun yang mengandung logam K disebut sabun lunak dan biasanya disebut sabun mandi. Kacang mete adalah salah satu jenis kacang yang mengandung lemak. Biji kacang mete yang telah dipetik masih memiliki kadar air sekitar 25%. Sehingga,
biji
mete
yang
telah
dipanen
segera
dikeringkan
untuk
mempertahankan kualitas biji. Pengeringan dapat dilakukan dengan car dijemur dibawah panas matahari, pengeringan dilakukan hingga kadar mencapai 5%. Kandungan lemak dalam kacang mete seluruhnya 47,77 gram (per 100 gram). Kandungan lemak itu dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu lemak jenuh sebesar 8,478 gram (per 100 gram), lemak tak jenuh ganda 8,546 (per 100 gram) dan lemak tak jenuh tunggal sebesar 25,923 gram (per 100 gram). (http://www.fatsecret.co.id/kalori-gizi/umum/kacang-mete http://www.fatsecret.co.id/kalori-gizi/umum/kacang-mete)) (http://www.heyrarie.blogspot.com/2011/11/sekilas-kacang-mete.html http://www.heyrarie.blogspot.com/2011/11/sekilas-kacang-mete.html)) (http://www.organiksmakma3b01.blogspot.com/2013/03/seputar-tentang-
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BAB III METODE PRAKTIKUM III.1. Bahan dan Alat yang Digunakan III.1.1 Bahan yang digunakan
1. Sampel (kacang mete) 13 gram 2. n-hexane 150 mL III.1.2 Alat yang digunakan
1. Statif dan klem 2. Kompor listrik 3. Beaker glass 4. Corong 5. Cawan Porselin 6. Oven 7. Gelas ukur 8. Timbangan
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Keterangan : 1. Statif
8. n-hexane
2. Klem
9. Labu alas bulat
3. Pendingin Balik
10 .Thermostat
4. Tabung soklet
11. Thermocouple
5. Sampel dalam kertas saring
12. Heater
6. Pipa aliran embun
13. Waterbath
7. Pipa aliran uap
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III.3. Langkah Kerja III.3.1. Ekstraksi Lemak
1. Mengeringkan labu ekstraksi dalam oven pada suhu 105-110 ºC, didinginkan. 2. Menimbang 10 gr sampel yang sudah dihaluskan dan dikeringkan. 3. Membungkus bahan dengan kertas saring bebas lemak dan diikat dengan benang dan dimasukkan dalam dalam tabung soklet. 4. Memasukkan 150 mL n-hexane dalam labu alas bulat. 5. Melakukan ekstraksi selama 1,5 jam.
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4. Setelah selesai dikeringkan, masukkan cawan berisi sampel ke dalam desikator, didinginkan dan timbang berat sampel kering dan cawan hingga berat kosntan.
( )) ( )) ( )) ( )
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LEMAK
BAB IV HASIL PERCOBAAN DAN PEMBAHASAN IV.1. Hasil Percobaan
Tabel IV.1.1. Uji Kadar Lemak pada Sampel Kacang Mete No.
Proses Tahapan Uji Lemak
Berat (gr) awal
Akhir
Kadar Praktis (per 20 gr)
Kadar Teoritis (per 20 gr)
1.
Ekstraksi
21,32
19,51
9,05 %
9,554 %
2.
Destilasi
28,096
34,2229
30,64 %
9,554 %
3.
Recycle
Σ Recycle
26 kali
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Sehingga recycle optimum dapat dicapai pada saat recycle 27 kali. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/14/1065205 http://www.scribd.com/doc/14/1065205))
b.
Terdapatnya zat lain yang larut dalam n-hexane n-hexane adalah solvent yang melarutkan senyawa – senyawa non polar yang mengandung riboflavin. Riboflavin merupakan jenis senyawa vitamin B-12 yang ada dalam kacang mete. Saat pengukuran
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LEMAK
b.
Denaturasi kandungan protein Pengeringan yang dilakukan dalam praktikum dimaksudkan
untuk menghilangkan kandungan n-hexane pada sampel. Akan tetapi pengovenan yang dilakukan juga menyebabkan kerusakan (denaturasi) kandungan protein pada sampel kacang mete, sehingga menyebabkan selisih berat sampel sebelum dan sesudah ekstraksi serta pengovenan semakin besar. Sehingga kadar lemak yang ditemukan lebih besar dari kadar teoritis. (Wikipedia, 2013) IV.2.3 Kadar Lemak Pada Sampel Hasil Destilasi Lebih Besar dari
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LEMAK
tinggi pada tekanan atm, sehingga adanya ikatan rangkap yang semakin banyak maka kadar lemak yang ditemukan juga semakin besar.
H
H
H
H
H
H
|
|
|
|
|
C
C
C
C
H
H
C
C
H H |
C
C
C
|
C
H
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LEMAK
sampel, dan sampel tersebut akan terlarut pada solvent yang telah kembali ke fase cair. Dengan demikian, solvent akan melarutkan kembali lemak yang tertinggal dalam sampel karena daya larut solvent dalam melarutkan proses recycle
terbatas.
Adanya penguapan solvent yang diikuti
pengembunan membuat solvent dapat melarutkan lemak yang tersisa
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LEMAK
BAB V PENUTUP V.1.
Kesimpulan
1.
Pada praktikum analisa sampel kacang mete, alat yang dirangkai
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LEMAK
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Alfa. 2011. Laporan Resmi Lemak . http://id.scribd.com/doc/14065203/lapres pdtk-1-lemak — 4-rabu-siang/, 4-rabu-siang/, diakses pada 8 Mei 2014 Rosalina, Almalina. 2008. Penetapan Kadar Lemak dengan Metode Ekstrak
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DATA HASIL PERCOBAAN
LABORATORIM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA II JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO MATERI: LEMAK I. VARIABEL Suhu operasi Waktu ekstraksi
0
= 85 C = 90 menit
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DATA HASIL PERCOBAAN
LABORATORIM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA II JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNIK
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DATA HASIL PERCOBAAN
LABORATORIM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA II JURUSAN TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
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LEMBAR
KUANTITAS REAGEN
LABORATORIUM DASAR TEKNIK KIMIA II
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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