Kelebihan Dan Kelemahan Sistem Ekonomi

JLKLFADNO MNO JLKL@NDNO NO]NVN UAU]L@ LJHOH@A Jnwa}nku`l+ Uhuankau`l+ mno Aukn` >

Fq Snao|mmao+ Ua}a Uva @|u}n}a+ O|vjdnunond

WLOMND\K\NO N/ Kn}nv Flknjnob

Ul}anw `no|uan wnu}a `lobaobaojno jlulcnd}lvnno mno jlfndnbanno mnkn` dam|woqn/ On`|o |o}|j `loenwna dnk a}|+ mawlvk|jno |wnqn|wnqn qnob }amnjknd `|mnd/ Mnkn` jncano ljhohà+ wnvn wnjnv flv|wnqn ul`njua`nk `|objao mnkn` `loblk|nvjno wlomnwn} `lvljn |o}|j `lobljuwkhvnua uau}l` ljhohà `non qnob mnwn} macnmajno vlilvloua `no|uan mnkn` `l`lo|da jlf|}|dno dam|woqn ulv}n }lvenwnaoqn jlulcnd}lvnno mno jlfndnbanno qnob maaobaojno/ Ul}anw uau}l` qnob mafnob|o `no|uan wnu}aoqn flv}|c|no `l`f|n} wlobno|} uau}l` qnob flvunobj|}no `locnma klfad fnaj `lujaw|o }|c|no mnva ul}anw uau}l` a}| flvflmnflmn/ ]amnj }lvjle|nka uau}l` ljhohà+ uau}l` aoa maf|n} |o}|j `l`lendjno `nunknd ljhohà/ Uau}l` ljhohà qnob manj|a m|oan nmn }abn+ uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau`l+ uhuankau`l+ mno Aukn`/ Uau}l`uau}l` ljhohà }lvulf|} `nuaob`nuaob `l`w|oqna jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno }lvulomava mno mnva ulba }lv}lo}|/ Jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno ma uaoaknd qnob `lonvaj wlvdn}ano }a` wlo|kau |o}|j macnmajno wlv`nunkndno mnkn` `njnknd aoa/ Qnob `locnma wlvdn}ano nmnknd `loblona nwnjnd uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` qnob manb|objno wnvn wlàjav `|uka` ulfnbna uau}l` ljhohà qnob ul`w|von mnkn` jldam|wno ljhohàu `l`w|oqna jlkl`ndno njno mafndnu jh`wvldlouai ma uaoa/ >

]a` wlo|kau nmnknd @ndnuaurn U]NAO Wnknobjnvnqn C|v|uno Uqnvand Wvhma Ljhohà Uqnvand nobjn}no 67>7

>

Wnmn ka}lvn}|v ka}lvn}|v qnob nmn+ dnkdnk ulwlv}a aoa }amnj maf|n} jncano uwluaiaj mno ulknk| mauauawjno wnmn wl`fndnuno |`|`/ Hkld jnvlon a}|knd wlo|kau `l`f|n} mno `l`nwnvjno nv}ajlk `njnknd aoa klfad uau}l`n}au nbnv mnwn} mawndnà/ Mnkn` `njnknd aoa+ wlo|kau klfad ihj|u `loclknujno jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno mnva jl}abn uau}l` ljhohà qnob }lknd maulf|}jno ma n}nu+ nmn ulmaj}a mliaoaua mno wlvfnomaobnooqn qnob }lvmnwn} mnkn` wl`fndnuno `loblona jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno mnva jl}abn uau}l` ljhohà aoa/

F/ V|`|uno @nunknd

Nmnw|o qnob `locnma v|`|uno `nunknd mnkn` `njnknd aoa nmnknd nwn jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno mnva jl}abn uau}l` ljhohà3 >/ Jnwa}nkau`l 6/ Uhuankau`l 5/ Aukn`

E/ ]|c|no Wlo|kauno

]|c|no wlo|kauno `njnknd aoa }amnj knao nmnknd |o}|j `lobl}nd|a nwnnwn uncn jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno mnva uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l+ jnwa}nkau`l+ mno Aukn`/

M/ Jlb|onno Wlo|kauno

>/ Ulfnbna fndno aoihv`nua `loblona wlvfnomaobno uau}l` ljhohà+ jd|u|uoqn wnmn jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno uau}l` ljhohà/ 6/ Ulfnbna fndno wlobl}nd|no flv|wn fnenno akànd fnba `ndnuaurn qnob `lobn`fak `n}n j|kand wlvfnomaobno uau}l` ljhohà/ 5/ Ulfnbna fndno aoihv`nua mno wlobl}nd|no |o}|j `lon`fnd wlobnkn`no wlo|kau mno wadnjwadnj qnob aobao `lobnmnjno wlvjl`nobno `loblona wlv`nunkndno aoa/ =/ Ulfnbna fnbano mnva jhkljua fnenno jnvqn akànd ma wlvw|u}njnno U]NAO Wnknobjn Vnqn/

6

WL@FNDNUNO

N/ Jlklfadno mno Jlkl`ndno Uau}l` Ljhohà Jnwa}nkau`l

Uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau`l n}n| maulf|} c|bn ljhohà kaflvnk wnmn mnunvoqn `lv|wnjno `lv|wnjno uau}l` ljhohà `l`wvahva}nujno jlwlo}aobno aomayam|/ Uau}l` ljhohà qnob mawlkhwhva Nmn` Uà}d aoa `lobnomnkjno `ljnoau`l wnunv ulfnbna aou}v|`lo qnob wnkaob }lwn}/6 Jlwlàkajno mnkn` uau}l` aoa }lo}|oqn nmnknd jlwlàkajno urnu}n/5 Nmnw|o jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno qnob nmn mnkn` uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau`l qnob njno mawnwnvjno ulfnbna flvaj|}3 >/ Jlklfadno Uau}l` Ljhohà Jnwa}nkau`l

Uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau`l `locncajno jlflfnuno ljhohà aomayam|nk fnba jn|` jnwa}nkau/ ]aobjn} jlflfnuno wnmn uau}l` ljhohà aoa cn|d klfad klk|nun mafnomaobjno mlobno uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l mno Aukn`/ Wl`ndn`no aoa maaouwavnua mnva wlàjavno Nmn` Uà}d qnob `lob|}n`njno jlwlo}aobno njno mava ulomava mnwn} `l`f|n} wnunv }lvulklobbnvn mlobno fnaj mno wlv}|`f|dno ljhohà qnob maaobaojno/= Nmnw|o jlflfnuno ljhohà qnob macnocajno jn|` jnwa}nkau nmnknd ulfnbna flvaj|}3 n/ Jlflfnuno Mnkn` Jlwlàkajno mno Wlomnwn}no Mnkn` `lomnwn}jno

uau}l` mno

ljhohà `làkaja

jnwa}nkau`l+ fnvnob

qnob

`nuqnvnjn}

macnào

maaobaojno

ulu|na

mnwn} }aobjn}

jlw|nunooqn+ mlobno jn}n knao ulfnoqnj qnob `lvljn aobaojno/ ]amnj nmn fn}nuno jlwlàkajno mno wlomnwn}no+ jnvlon uau}l` ljhohà aoa }amnj `lobaobaojno ao}lvilvloua wl`lvao}nd mnkn` `lobn}|v nwn qnob `locnma àkaj aomayam| mno flvnwn flunv fn}nunooqn/ 6

W|un} Wlobjncano mno Wlobl`fnobno Ljhohà Aukn`+ Ljhohà Aukn`+ Cnjnv}n3 Vncnrnka Wlvu+ 6771+ d/ 47 5

Nma`nvrno Jnva`+ Ljhohà @ajvh Aukn`+ lmaua 6+ Cnjnv}n3 AAA] Aomholuan+ 6775+ d/ 99

=

W|un} Wlobjncano mno Wlobl`fnobno Ljhohà Aukn`+ Ljhohà Aukn`/// d/ 4441

5

f/ Jlflfnuno Mnkn` Wlolo}|no Dnvbn mnkn` @ljnoau`l Wnunv Uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau`l c|bn `l`fhkldjno wlolo}|no dnvbn wnunv hkld aomayam| a}| ulomava+ fndjno `lklfada dnvbn wnunvno/ Dnk aoa majnvlonjno unknd un}| `h}ai mnva uau}l` aoa nmnknd jl|o}|obno qnob ulflunvflunvoqn+ }amnj wlm|ka nwnjnd dnvbn qnob ma}lo}|jno }lvulf|} mnwn} `l`lvnu jlwlo}aobno hvnob knao/ Ulknao a}|+ jlflfnuno aoa c|bn maulfnfjno uau}l` aoa `loqlvndjno `ljnoau`l wnunv mnkn` `lobho}vhk wlv}|`f|dno ljhohà uldaobbn }amnj `lobaobaojno ao}lvilvloua wl`lvao}nd mnkn` `lolo}|jno dnvbn wnunv u|n}| fnvnob/ 6/ Jlkl`ndno Uau}l` Ljhohà Jnwa}nkau`l

n/ ]lvcnma Jlulocnobno Mau}vaf|ua mno Nkhjnua U|`flv Mnqn Uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau `l`nob `l`flvajno jlflfnuno fnba ul}anw aomayam| `loblkhkn mno `loqnk|vjno u|`flv mnqn mnkn` `l`lo|da jlf|}|dno `lvljn `nuaob `nuaob/ Njafn} mau}vaf|ua mno nkhjnua u|`flv mnqn }lvulf|} ulenvn kaflvnk+ `njn hvnobhvnob ma ulja}nv aomayam| }lvulf|} njno `lvnun jlj|vnobno mno jldaknobno dnjoqn mnkn` `loaj`n}a u|`flv mnqn }lvulf|}/ Ua}|u ao}lvol} Bkhfnk Auu|lu mno jhvno dnvano Jh`wnu ulfnbna`non qnob maj|}aw hkld Damnqn}|kknd @|}}n~ao mnkn` nv}ajlkqn flvc|m|k ‛Fnbna`non

Ljhohà Aukn` @loulcnd}lvnjno M|oan8‐ `loqn}njno3

Jl}a`wnobno mno `nunknd mau}vaf|ua jljnqnno `lv|wnjno wloqnja} jvhoau ljhohà Jnwa}nkau/ @lo|v|} D|`no Mlylkhw`lo} Vlwhv} 6772+ 67, wlom|m|j wnkaob jnqn `lobdnuakjno 5(= wlomnwn}no m|oan+ ulmnobjno =7, wlom|m|j wnkaob àujao dnoqn `lobdnuakjno <, wlomnwn}no m|oan/ Klfad mnva 67, wlom|m|j m|oan dam|w ma fnrnd bnvau jlàujaono mlobno u}nomnv \U- >+6< wlv dnva $Bkhfnkauu|lu/hvb+ Whylv}q Ine}u nom U}n}u!/ Mnkn` knwhvno INH+ wnmn 6771 mawvlmajua mnva 9+< àkqnv wlom|m|j m|oan 195 c|}n ma no}nvnoqn jlknwnvno $Jh`wnu+ >7(>6(6774!/< <

Damnqn}|kknd @|}}n~ao+ Fnbna`non Ljhohà Aukn` @loulcnd}lvnjno M|oan+ C|vonk Ljhohà Amlhkhbau+ mnva d}}w3((rrr/c|vonkljhohà/hvb(fnbna` d}}w3((rrr/c|vonkljhohà/hvb(fnbna`nonljhohàaukn`` nonljhohàaukn``loulcnd}lvnjnom|oa loulcnd}lvnjnom|oan( n( $hokaol 647567>6! =

Flvmnunvjno j|}anwno ma n}nu mnwn} mawndnà fndrn jlulocnobno c|bn mnwn} maulfnfjno hkld mau}vaf|ua jljnqnno qnob }amnj `lvn}n/ Jlulocnobno aoa njno }lv|u `lvncnklkn+ }lvcnma `hohwhka mnkn` wnunv mno nobjn jlàujaono ul`njao flv}n`fnd nwnfakn }amnj mano}auawnua/ f/ Ohv`n mno L}ajn Wlvunaobno ]lvnfnajno @lobaobn}

`h}ai

mno

}|c|no

uau}l`

ljhohà

jnwa}nkau

nmnknd

`lomnwn}jno jl|o}|obno qnob ulflunvflunvoqn+ wlknj| ljhohà aoa faun uncn `lobnfnajno ohv`n mno l}ajn qnob flvknj|/ Dnk aoa ulvaob }lvcnma wnmn wnunv mnkn` flo}|j wlvunaobno flfnu+ `lvljn `lobdnknkjno ulbnkn envn mlà jl|o}|obno `njua`nk qnob mawlvhkld+ }lv`nu|j `locn}|djno wlunaoboqn n}n| mlobno `loa`f|o fnvnob nbnv mnwn} `lol}nwjno dnvbn ul}aobba `|objao/ W5LA `lolbnujno mnkn` f|j|oqn ‛Ljhohà Aukn`‐ `loblona wnunv

wlvunaobno flfnu fndrn3 ‛Aukn` `lohknj jhoulw wnunv mnkn` flo}|j wlvunaobno flfnu }nown fn}nu uldaobbn `lobnfnajno ohv`n mno l}ajn/ Wnunv ulwlv}a aoa }amnj `n`w| `lvlnkaunuajno }|c|no `loenwna inknd+ fndjno `|objao njno 9 `lomau}hvuaoqn/‐

@nunknd aoa ulflonvoqn mnwn} man}nua mlobno wloblomnkano }lv}lo}| flv|wn uhuankaunua mno a`wkl`lo}nua l}ajn fauoau ulv}n jho}vhk dnvbn ulwlv}a wnmn uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l mno Aukn` n}n| c|bn jlunmnvno wnmn mava ulomava/ @lobaobn} fndrn j|vnobqn jlunmnvno njno wlo}aoboqn njdknj mno `hvnk qnob fnaj fnba wlknj| ljhohàoqn/ Hkld jnvlon a}|knd wnmn wlvunaobno }amnj uldn} aoa+ ulvaobjnka dnkdnk qnob olbn}ai ulwlv}a wlv}ajnano mno wlvulobjl}nno }lvcnma mnkn` m|oan |undn mno wlvk| |wnqn no}auawnua/ e/ @aoaòqn Oakna Uhuank

9

W|un} Wlobjncano mno Wlobl`fnobno Ljhohà Aukn`+ Ljhohà Aukn`/// d/ 45

<

Uau}l` Jnwa}nkau`l c|bn flvmn`wnj olbn}ai wnmn jldam|wno uhuank majnvlonjno jlwlo}aobno aomayam| qnob flvklfadno/ Wnvn wlknj| jnwa}nkau `lobnfnajno mn`wnj nwn qnob njno }lvcnma wnmn hvnob knao n}n| kaobj|obno ulja}nvoqn/ Fndjno `lvljn aobao `locnmajno hvnob knao n}n| kaobj|obno ulja}nvoqn ulfnbna }|`fnk mnkn` `lomnwn}jno jl|o}|obno wvafnma/ NudUdnmv $6774 d/ 1>! `lolbnujno fndrn wnmn uau}l` jnwa}nkau`l aoa+ qnob `locnma dnj àkaj aomayam| }amnj fhkld mabnobb| b|bn}/ Aomayam| }lvulf|} fhkld `lobb|onjno dnj àkajoqn ulu|jnoqn }nown `l`wlvm|kajno mn`wnjoqn wnmn hvnob knao qnob `lvnun }lvbnobb|/ m/ ]lvdnknoboqn Wlvno Wl`lvao}nd Fnba wl`lvao}nd+ uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau`l `lv|wnjno dn`fn}no mnkn` `l`|}|ujno jlfacnjno iaujnk/ Dnk aoa majnvlonjno uau}l` ljhohà aoa `loqlvndjno ulk|v|doqn wnmn `ljnoau`l wnunv/ Mlobno jn}n knao+ wlvno wl`lvao}nd ma uaoa }amnj mawlvk|jno fakn mafnomaobjno mlobno uhuankau`l mno Aukn`/ Flvmnunvjno flflvnwn jlkl`ndno qnob }lknd ma|vnajno ma n}nu+ mnwn} maua`w|kjno fndrn jlkl`ndno n}n| mn`wnj olbn}ai mnva uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau`l anknd hvnob knao `lvnun mav|bajno+ }lv|}n`n qnob flvnmn ma ulja}nv wlknj| jnwa}nkau/ Mlobno `l`lo}aobjno mava ulomava+ jlwlo}aobno uhuank }lvnfnajno mno `loa`f|kjno jlulocnobno uhuank/ @nunknd aoa ulflonvoqn mnwn} man}nua mlobno maknj|jnooqn wl`fn}nuno wl`fn}nuno }lv}lo}| wnmn jlban}no ljhohà+ ulwlv}a qnob ma}lvnwjno wnmn uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l mno Aukn`/

F/ Jlklfadno mno Jlkl`ndno Uau}l` Ljhohà Uhuankau`l

Uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l wnmn mnunvoqn `lv|wnjno uau}l` qnob klfad jlwnmn jlwlo}aobno hvnob knao n}n| flvun`n/ @lo|v|} Raonvoh mno Au`nqn $6775!+ uhuankau`l nmnknd ‛Wndn` jlolbnvnno mno ljhohà |o}|j `lob|wnqnjno dnv}n flomn+ aom|u}va+

mno wlv|undnno `locnma àkaj olbnvn/‐ $d/ 51>!/

9

Uau}l` ljhohà qnob c|bn maulf|} mlobno uau}l` ljhohà jh`nomh n}n| }lvw|un} aoa `lobnomnkjno wl`lvao}nd ulfnbna aou}v|`lo |}n`n mnkn` wl`fnob|ono ljhohà/ ]lv|}n`n mnkn` `l`f|n} jlfacnjnojlfacnjno ljhohà ulwlv}a ma no}nvnoqn `lobn}|v dnvbn wnunv mno wncnj/ Uau}l` ljhohà qnob mawlkhwhva Jnvk @nvt aoa `l`w|oqna jlklafadno mno jlkl`ndno qnob njno mawnwnvjno ulfnbna flvaj|}3 >/ Jlklfadno Uau}l` Ljhohà Uhuankau`l

n/ Mau}vaf|ua Ulenvn Nmak mno @lvn}n Uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l `locnocajno jlulcnd}lvnno fnba ul`|n hvnob+ dnj ululhvnob |o}|j `loaj`n}a jljnqnno mnva hvnob knao njno }lvwlo|da/ Wl`lvao}nd mnwn} `l`fnbafnba wlobdnuakno n}n| jlwlàkajno mnva ululhvnob jl hvnob knao ulwlv}a `lknk|a wncnj mlà jlwlo}aobno flvun`n/ Jlulocnobno qnob maulfnfjno hkld uau}l` jnwa}nkau`l mnwn} man}nua mlobno `lolvnwjno uau}l` ljhohà aoa/ f/ ]lvjlomnkaoqn Dnvbn Wnunv Uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l aoa c|bn `locnocajno fnba jhou|`lo jnvlon wl`lvao}nd `l`fn}nua dnvbn wnunv/ ]amnj ulwlv}a jnwa}nkau`l+ fanunoqn fn}nuno dnvbn wnunv qnob ma}lo}|jno nmnknd dnvbn qnob }lvcnobjn| mno wvhm|ulo }amnj flvdnj `lolo}|jno dnvbn qnob klfad `ndnk mnva a}|/ 6/ Jlkl`ndno Uau}l` Ljhohà Uhuankau`l

n/ ]lvfn}nuoqn Jlflfnuno Aomayam| Jlflfnuno aomayam| mafn}nua hkld wl`lvao}nd+ fnaj mnkn` jlwlàkajno `n|w|o wlomnwn}no/ Jnvlon ul}anw nwn qnob `lvljn àkaja mno wlvhkld dnv|u mafnbajno ulenvn `lvn}n jlwnmn wadnj knao qnob `l`f|}|djno/ ]amnj `lobdlvnojno fndrn uau}l` aoa `lv|wnjno à`wa f|v|j fnba wlobno|} jnwa}nkau/ Wl`fn}nuno wnmn uau}l` uhuankau`l flvflmn mlobno qnob nmn wnmn uau}l` ljhohà Aukn`/ Uqlm Onrnf Dnamlv On~ra `loclknujno u}vn}lba wl`fn}nuno wnmn uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` `loblona jlflfnuno aomayam| qna}|3

2

‛Flo}|j }lvfnaj ‟jlflfnuno‘ aomayam| nmnknd flo}|j qnob }amnj flv}lo}nbno mlobno }|o}|}no jlulcnd}lvnno hvnob àujao mnkn` `nuqnvnjn} qnob mamnunvjjno wnmn njua`n }nobb|obcnrnf/ Jnvlon nknuno aoa+ jl}ajn Aukn` `lào}n rnvbnoqn |o}|j flvjhvfno+ `lvljn njno `l`flvajnooqn n}nu mnunv wlvao}nd `hvnk mno `lknj|jnooqn ulenvn u|jn vlkn‐2

Flvmnunvjno j|}awno ma n}nu+ Aukn` `l`fhkldjno jlflfnuno aomayam| mnkn` jlwlàkajno mno flv|undn ulkn`n jlflfnuno }lvulf|} }amnj `lv|bajno hvnob knao n}n| }amnj flv}lo}nobno mlobno }|o}|}no dnj hvnob àujao mnkn` `loaj`n}a jljnqnno/ f/ ]aomnjno Wl`lvao}nd qnob Lbhau Wl`lvao}nd }lvjnmnob `loblk|nvjno jlfacnjnojlfacnjno iaujnk n}nu aoauan}ai wl`lvao}nd

ulomava/ Dnk aoa majnvlonjno wl`lvao}nd `lv|wnjno

aou}v|`lo |}n`n mnkn` vhmn wlvljhohàno olbnvn uljnkab|u `lobn}|v jlfacnjno `lknk|a wlvloenonno }lvw|un}+ uldaobbn }amnj `lo|}|w jl`|objaono wlvnono wl`lvao}nd mnkn` uau}l` uhuankau`l }amnj wnmn cnkno qnob uldnv|uoqn/ Nknuno knao mnva jl`|objaono wloqa`wnobno aoa nmnknd wnomnobno uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`loqn elomlv|ob ulj|knvau`l+ nv}aoqn nbn`n }amnj fhkld `lknj|jno ao}lvilvloua mnkn` dnk aoa/ Mlobno jn}n knao wl`lvao}nd }lvjnmnob elomlv|ob jnwa}nkau}aj mnkn` uau}l`/ \`lv Ednwvn mnkn` f|j| }lvcl`ndnooqn flvc|m|k Aukn` mno ]no}nobno Ljhohà }lknd `lolbnujno `loblona wlvnono wl`lvao}nd n}n| wlvloenonno

}lvw|un} fndrn3

Wlvloenonno w|un} mno jhklj}ayaunua }amnj flvdnuak `lomhvhob wl`lvn}nno+ fndjno `loqlfnfjno jhoulou}vnua jlj|n}no wnmn ulblkao}av nobbh}n whka}favh/ Aoa fndjno klfad f|v|j mnvawnmn jnwa}nkau`l `hohwhkau}aj+ jnvlon `lujaw|o `lobnjafn}jno jhoulo}vnua jlj|nunno mno jljnqnno+ }amnj njno `l`|objaojnooqn `lob|`w|kjno jlj|n}no qnob flba}| ao}lou+ jnvlon nmnoqn wvhulu wl`f|n}no jlw|}|uno qnob maulo}vnkaunua ulenvn |`|`/ Klfadklfad knba+ uau}l` uhuankau qnob 2

Uqlm Onrnf Dnamlv On~ya+ @lobbnbnu Ak`| Ljhohà Aukn`+ Fnom|ob3 W|u}njn Wlkncnv+ 6775+ d/

>72

4

flvwnomnobno n`hvnk mno ulj|klv a}| }lknd `locn|djno mavaoqn mnva uau}l` oakna qnob ulenvn uhuank maulwnjn}a/4 Flvmnunvjno wlomnwn} ma n}nu+ `njn mnwn} mawnu}ajno uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau flk|` `n`w| `loulcnd}lvnjno vnjqn} `lujaw|o nmn wlvnono wl`lvao}nd/ Wl`lvn}nno mnkn` `nuad flk|` `loenwna dnuak qnob madnvnwjno ul`lo}nvn jlflfnuno aomayam| }lvauhknua hkld jlfacnjno wl`lvao}nd+ jd|u|uoqn wl`lvao}nd qnob `l`lo}aobjno mava ulomava n}n| kl`fnbnoqn $mlulo}vnkaunua |`|`!/ e/ Daknoboqn L}hu Jlvcn Wlolvnwno uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l qnob vnmajnk njno flvmn`wnj wnmn l}hu jlvcn aomayam|/ Dnk aoa fanunoqn }lvcnma mnkn` m|oan fauoau/ Fn}nuno fn}nuno qnob ma}l}nwjno wl`lvao}nd ulwlv}a dnvbn fnvnob+ c|`knd jljnqnno ulv}n jl|o}|obno qnob mawlvhkld ma}n`fnd knba wl`lvao}nd }amnj `n| wlm|ka njno j|nka}nu fnvnob ulv}n clvad wnqnd wlob|undn mnkn` `lomnwn}jno `hmnk |undnoqn/ Njafn} mnva en`w|v }nobno wl`lvao}nd }lvulf|}+ jlflfnuno aomayam| }lvjljnob+ h}h`n}au l}hu jlvcn njno flvj|vnob }lv|u`lolv|u+ ulv}n }aobjn} jlw|nuno c|bn njno flvj|vnob/1 Wnmn mnunvoqn l}hu jlvcn flv`h}aijno jl|o}|obno `njua`nk qnob aobao mawlvhkld ululhvnob mnkn` `locnknojno |undnoqn/ Cnma rncnvknd fndrn uau}l` ljhohà aoa flvwlobnv|d olbn}ai }lvdnmnw l}hu jlvcn ululhvnob/

E/ Jlklfadno mno Jlkl`ndno Uau}l` Ljhohà Aukn`

Ljhohà Aukn` wnmn mnunvoqn `lv|wnjno u|n}| uau}l` ljhohà qnob vlb|knuaoqn flvnunujno l}ajn mnkn` Nk^|v‘no mno U|oond/ Uau}l` ljhohà qnob

4

\`lv Ednwvn+ Aukn` mno ]no}nobno Ljhohà+ $}lvc/! Ajdrno Nfamao Fnuva+ lmaua 6+ Cnjnv}n3 Bl`n Aounoa+ 6779+ d/ 5== 1

Nma`nvrno Jnva`+ Ljhohà @ajvh Aukn`+ ///d/ 569

1

}lvfaknob ohv`n}ai aoa manobbnw ulfnbna wloqla`fnob mnva jlm|n uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau mno uhuankau`l+ jnvlon `n`w| `lo|}|wa jlkl`ndnojlkl`ndno qnob }lvmnwn} mnkn` jlm|n uau}l` }lvulf|}/ Uljaknu uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` àvaw mlobno uau}l` ljhohà en`w|vno+ jnvlon un`nun`n `lv|wnjno wlolobnd mnva jlm|n uau}l` jnwa}nkau mno uhuankau`l/ On`|o wnmn }|c|no mno `l}hml wloenwnanooqn Aukn` flvflmn cn|d mlobno uau}l` en`w|vno/ Aukn` unobn} `loljno oaknaoakna mno wvaouawwvaouaw auknà fakn mafnomaobjno mlobno uau}l` ljhohà en`w|vno+ uhuankau`l+ mno jnwa}nkau`l/>7 Nmnw|o jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno mnva uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` nmnknd ulfnbna flvaj|}3 >/ Jlklfadno Uau}l` Ljhohà Aukn`

@loblona jlklfadno ujhohà Aukn` u|mnd }amnj wlvk| mawlv}noqnjno knba/ Uau}l` ljhohà aoa unobn} ehehj mno vlklyno fnba `nuqnvnjn} qnob `loqnmnva wlo}aoboqn l}ajn Auknà mnkn` jldam|wno/ Nmnw|o jlklfadnooqn nmnknd ulfnbna flvaj|}3 n/ ]lvwlo|daoqn dnj Aomayam| mno Uhuank Ulwlv}a maclknujno ulflk|òqn+ uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` `lv|wnjno wloqla`fnob no}nvn uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau`l mno uhuankau`l/ Uldaobbn dnj Aomayam|+ flvun`n+ mno Olbnvn ula`fnob+ fnaj mnkn` jlwlàkajno+ wl`lo|dno jlf|}|dno+ mno wlomnwn}no }lvwlo|da/ Afvnda` nk]ndnra ulfnbna`non qnob maj|}aw hkld $67>7! flvwlomnwn} fndrn uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` mnwn} ma}lvnjno mlobno `l`flvno}nu jlàujaono mno jljdnrn}avno `nuqnvnjn} njno `nunknd ljhohà+ mlobno en}n}no jlf|}|dn` ul}anw hvnob }lvwlo|da/ Mlobno mlàjano uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` c|bn `locnào jlflfnuno ul}anw hvnob on`|o klfad k|onj mnvawnmn jnwa}nkau`l/ f/ ]lvcnàooqn Jln`nono mnkn` ]vnounjua >7

kadn} Njd`nm @|cndamao+ Ljhohà Aukn`+ Cnjnv}n3 W]/ Vncn Bvniaomh Wlvunmn+ 6772+ d/ >=  62Kadn} c|bn W|un} Wlobjncano mno Wlobl`fnobno Wlobl`fnobno Ljhohà Aukn`+ Ljhohà Aukn`/// d/ <49<+ mno f|j| ljhohà aukn` knaooqn |o}|j wloclknuno klfad klobjnw

>7

Ljhohà Aukn` c|bn `locnào jln`nono }vnounjua mlobno n}|vno n}|vno uqnvand/ Dnk aoa flv}|c|no nbnv unknd un}| wadnj qnob flv}vnounjua }amnj `lvnun mav|bajno `lobaobn} Uau}l` Ljhohà Aukn` c|bn `lobno|} wvaouaw jlnmakno/ Mafnomaobjno mlobno uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l+ uau}l` aoa klfad `locnào jln`nono }lv|}n`n wnmn jldnknkno u|n}| fnvnob/ e/ Mau}vaf|ua qnob Nmak Mau}vaf|ua qnob nmak mnkn` uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` flvflmn mlobno uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l wnmn wvaouaw qnob macnknojno/ Jlnmakno `lo|v|} aukn` }amnj dnv|u `lvn}n+ on`|o maulu|najno wnmn jlf|}|dno `nuaob`nuaob aomayam| n}n| `nuqnvnjn}/ Dnk aoa flvmnunvjno uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` `lobnj|a jlwlàkajno |`|`+ aomayam|+ mno Olbnvn/ 6/ Jlkl`ndno Uau}l` Ljhohà Aukn`

@loblona jlkl`ndno qnob nmn wnmn uau}l` ljhohà aukn`+ flvmnunvjno jncano w|u}njn+ }amnj nmn ka}lvn}|vka}lvn}|v $ulwlv}a f|j|+ nv}ajlk+ muf/! ljhohà Aukn` qnob `l`fndnu jlkl`ndno }lvulf|} mnva ulba }lhvaoqn/ Dnk aoa majnvlonjno uau}l` ljhoh` aukn` `lo|v|} ka}lvn}|v `lobnobbnw fndrn uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` `lv|wnjno uhk|ua nk}lvon}ai `nunknd wlvljhohàno qnob maulfnfjno hkld jnwa}nkau`l mno uhuankau`l/ Faun manv}ajno fndrn uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` `lo|v|} wnvn wnjnv+ `lv|wnjno uau}l` ljhohà qnob wlvile} mno vlklyno mnkn` jldam|wno |`n}/ Jnkn|w|o nmn+ qnob mauaobb|ob mnva uau}l` aoa dnoqnknd `nunknd a`wkl`lo}nua mno }no}nobno uau}l` ljhohà aoa mno a}|w|o dnoqn flflvnwn mnva ka}lvn}|v qnob `loclknujno mlàjano jnvlon uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` `lo|o}|} jlunmnvno wlknj|oqn njno wlo}aoboqn oakna jlc|c|vno mno jlnmakno+ ulmnobjno mlrnun aoa dnk }lvulf|} u|ka} ma}lvnwjno/ Mlobno mlàjano uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` }amnj `l`w|oqna jlkl`ndno+ on`|o `làkaja `nunknd`nunknd }lv}lo}| qnob dnv|u mano}auawnua/ Uau}l` ljhohà aukn` `l`f|}|djno wlvc|nobno qnob lju}va`+ qna}| `lobdnmnwa }no}nobno mnva wndn` jnwa}nkau`l mno uhuankau`l qnob u|mnd `lomhàonua jldam|wno |`n} `lobaobn} uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` `nuad }lvfaknob fnv|/ Jnwa}nkau`l mno uhuankau`l |`|òqn elomlv|ob ulj|klv+ uldaobbn rncnv >>

jnkn| jlmn}nobno uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` nmn qnob `lolo}nobqn/ @luja flba}|+ m|oan ao}lklj}|nk fnvn} fnoqnj `lobnj|a jlklfadno mno jl|}n`nno uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` aoa/ Mnkn` a`wkl`lo}nua uau}l` aoa c|bn+ wnmn jloqn}nnooqn }amnj ulk|v|doqn mnva uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` flvcnkno mlobno fnaj/ @nunkndoqn nmnknd u|`flv mnqn `no|uan }lv|}n`n j|nka}nu njamnd+ `hvnk mno njdknjoqn+ nwnfakn uau}l` ljhohà aukn` manwkajnuajno mlobno j|nka}nu $njamnd+ `hvnk mno njdknj! qnob j|vnob fnaj n}n| fndjno }nown a}|+ `njn uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` }amnj mnwn} flvcnkno knoenv mno `njua`nk mno dnoqn uljlmnv jncano }lhva flknjn/ \`lv Ednwvn }lknd `lolka}a flflvnwn wlv`nunkndno mnkn` wlolvnwno Uau}l` ljhohà Aukn` jnvlon flk|` mau}nomnvaunua ma}n`fnd knba jncano ia~ad `loblona `nunknd jncano iajad `loblona jl|nobno `nuad flk|` `lol`|jno }a}aj }lvnoboqn/ Flvaj|} wlv`nunkndnooqn qnob ma}lka}a \`lv Ednwvn }lv|}n`n mnkn` m|oan wlvfnojno Aukn` qnob njno ma|objnwjno ma no}nvnoqn ulfnbna flvaj|}3>> n/ Nul} wnmn fnoj Aukn` `nuad klfad jleak mafnomaobjno mlobno nul} fnoj jhoylouahonk/ Dnk aoa majnvlonjno fnoj Aukn` `nuad mnkn` wlv}a`fnobno fnoj ulo}vnk `lblona flunv nul} |o}|j kaj|ama}nu fnoj ulv}n vauajhvauajh mnva wvhm|j wlvfnojno Aukn`/ f/ Flk|` nmn kl`fnbn n}n| aou}a}|ua wlom|j|ob nbnv uau}l` wlvfnojno qnob Auknà flvcnkno mlobno knoenv mno `|voa uqnvand $ i|kk-wklmblm i|kk-wklmblm fnojaob uqu}l` u qu}l`!+ jnkn|w|o nmn `nuad flk|` `njua`nk/ Kl`fnbn }lvulf|} wlvk| mnkn` `lobnonkauau mn}n nv|u jnu onunfnd mlfa}|v n}nu mnon fnoj qnob mab|onjno+ `lobn}|v wvhwhunk wl`fanqnno jlwnmn onunfnd+ `loqlmanjno knwhvnoknwhvno }lo}nob wvhwhunk aoylu}nua fnaj onunfnd `n|w|o fnoj+ mno knao ulfnbnaoqn/ \o}|j mnwn} `lvlnkaunuajno uau}l` ljhohà aoa mlobno vlklyno+ mawlvk|jno jlunmnvno wlo|d mnva ul}anw wlknj| ljhohà Aukn` aoa ulv}n hvnob qnob `locnknojno uau}l` aoa/ \wnqn uhuankaunua dnv|u klfad mabnknjjno jlwnmn `nuqnvnjn} }lo}nob jl|}n`nno mnva uau}l` ljhohà aoa/ Uau}l` njno flvcnkno >>

Kadn} \`lv Ednwvn+ @nun Mlwno Ak`| ljhohà3 Ulf|nd ]aocn|no Aukn`+ $}lvc/! Ajdrno Nfamao+ Cnjnv}n: Bl`n Aounoa Wvluu+ 677>+ d/ 661656 |o}|j jl}lvnobno klfad knoc|}/

>6

mlobno fnaj nwnfakn wlknj| uau}l` `locnknojno mlobno fnaj c|bn/ Mlobno mlàjano+ fnaj mno f|v|joqn u|n}| uau}l`+ }lvbno}|ob wnmn wlknj| qnob `locnknojnooqn/

>5

WLO\]\W

N/ Jlua`w|kno

Ul}anw uau}l` qnob macnknojno wnu}a `làkaja jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno }lv|}n`n mnkn` uau}l` ljhohà/ Nmnw|o jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno mnva `nuaob`nuaob uau}l` ljhohà nmnknd ulfnbna flvaj|}3 >/ Jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno uau}l` ljhohà jnwa}nkau`l3 n/ Jlklfadno uau}l` jnwa}nkau`l+ Nmnoqn jlflfnuno no}nv aomayam| mnkn` jlwlàkajno+ wlomnwn}no+ wlolo}|no dnvbn+ ulv}n wlvunaobno/ f/ Jlkl`ndno uau}l` jnwa}nkau`l3 >! Jlulocnobno mnkn` mau}vaf|ua mno nkhjnua u|`flv mnqn/ 6! Jlunmnvno ohv`n}ai j|vnob fndjno }lvnfnajno/ 5! Oakna uhuank qnob àoa` 6/ Jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno uau}l` ljhohà uhuankau`l3 n/ Jlklfadno uau}l` uhuankua`l3 >! ]lvcnàooqn dnj ul}anw hvnob 6! Mau}vaf|ua qnob nmak mno `lvn}n 5! Dnvbn wnunv }lvjlomnka f/ Jlkl`ndno uau}l` uhuankau`l3 >! Jlflfnuno aomayam| mafn}nua 6! Wl`lvao}nd }lvjnmnob lbhau mno mnwn} `loqlfnfjno mlulo}vnkaunua |`|` 5! Daknoboqn l}hu jlvcn mnkn` flvfauoau 5/ Jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno ua}l` ljohohà Aukn`3 n/ Jlklfadno uau}l` ljhohà Aukn`3 >! ]lvwlo|daoqn dnj aomayam| mno uhuank 6! Jln`nono flv}vnounjua }lvcnào f/ @nunknd uau}l` ljhohà Aukn`3

>=

>! Mnkn` wlolvnwno+ flk|` `njua`nk jnvlon uau}l` aoa }lvfaknob fnv| ulwlv}a wnmn m|oan wlvfnojno Aukn` 6! Mhàonua jnwa}nkau`l mno uhuankua`l }lknd `lvncnklkn `locnma u|ka}oqn wloqlfnvno wndn` uau}l` ljhohà Aukn`

F/ Unvno

>/ Jlwnmn `ndnuaurn $a! nbnv mnwn} `l`ndnà mno `lknj|jno wloqlkamajno klfad knoc|} `loblona wlv`nunkndno qnob maun`wnajno mnkn` `njnknd aoa nbnv `lon`fnd mno `l`wlvk|nu rnrnuno wlobl}nb|nooqn/ 6/ Jlwnmn ul}anw `ndnuaurn $a! qnob `l`fnen `njnknd aoa nbnv mnwn} `l`flvajno `nu|jno+ }nobbnwno+ mno jh`lo}nv qnob whua}ai mno `l`fnob|o nbnv wlobl`fnobno `njnknd aoa klfad ul`w|von/ 5/ Jlwnmn mhulo qnob flvunobj|}n nbnv `l`flvajno wloclknuno qnob clknu+ `loml}ak mno jh`wvldlouai nbnv `ndnuarn $a! jd|u|uoqn wnmn wvhbvn` u}|ma Ljhohà Uqnva‘nd U]NAO Wnknobjn Vnqn mnwn} `l`ndnà }lo}nob fnbna`non

wlvfnomaobno uau}l` ljhohà jd|u|uoqn wnmn wl`fndnuno `njnknd aoa `loblona jlklfadno mno jlkl`ndno mnva uau}l` ljohohà/

><

MNI]NV W\U]NJN

Ednwvn+ \`lv+ 677>+ @nun Mlwno Ak`| ljhohà3 Ulf|nd ]aocn|no Aukn`+ $}lvc/! Ajdrno Nfamao+ Cnjnv}n: Bl`n Aounoa Wvluu/ XXXXXXXXXXXX+ 6779+ Aukn` mno ]no}nobno Ljhohà+ $}lvc/! Ajdrno Nfamao Fnuva+ lmaua

6+ Cnjnv}n3 Bl`n Aounoa/ Jnva`+ Nma`nvrno+ 6775+ Ljhohà @ajvh Aukn` $Lm/ Jl6!+ Cnjnv}n3 AAA] Aomholuan/

@|cndamao+ Njd`nm+ 6772+ Ljhohà Aukn`+ Cnjnv}n3 W]/ Vncn Bvniaomh Wlvunmn/ @|}}n~ao+ Damnqn}|kknd+ Fnbna`non Ljhohà Aukn` @loulcnd}lvnjno M|oan+ C|vonk Ljhohà Amlhkhbau+ mnva d}}w3((rrr/c|vonkljhohà/hvb(fnbna`nonljhohà

aukn``loulcnd}lvnjnom|oan( $hokaol aukn``loulcnd}lvnjnom|oan( $hokaol 647567>6! On~ya+ Uqlm Onrnf Dnamlv+ 6775+ @lobbnbnu Ak`| Ljhohà Aukn`+ Fnom|ob3 W|u}njn Wlkncnv/

W|un} Wlobjncano mno Wlobl`fnobno Ljhohà Aukn`+ 6771+ Ljhohà Aukn`+ Cnjnv}n3 Vncnrnka Wlvu/ NudUdnmv+ @|dn``nm Fn~av+ 6774+ F|j| Aom|j Ljhohà Ljhohà Aukn`3 A~}audnm|on+ Cnjnv}n3 Sndvn

>9

Kelebihan Dan Kelemahan Sistem Ekonomi

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