ONKOLOGI KEPERAWATAN MASALAH KEJIWAAN PADA PASIEN DENGAN KANKER OTAK
Ns. Herman, M.Kep DISUSUN OLEH : 1.
Suci Ramadhanty
I1032141005
2.
Audina Safitri
I1032141009
3.
Bagus Febry Hariandi
I1032141014
4.
Deviliani
I1032141026
5.
Eni Sartika
I1032141047
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWATAN FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS TANJUNGPURA PONTIANAK 2017
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penyusun panjatkan kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya, sehingga penyusun dapat menyelesaikan makalah yang berjudul “Masalah Kejiwaan Pada Klien Dengan Kanker Otak ”. ”. Adapun penyusunan makalah ini merupakan salah satu bentuk tugas terstruktur pada mata kuliah Onkologi Keperawatan.Dalam kesempatan ini, penyusun mengucapkan terimakasih kepada 1. Bapak Ns. Herman, M.Kep selaku dosen pembimbing yang telah membimbing kami dalam penyusunan makalah ini. 2. Teman-teman anggota kelompok yang telah berkerja sama untuk menyelesaikan makalah ini, serta semua pihak yang telah turut membantu, memberikan bimbingan, serta memberikan motivasi kepada penyusun sehingga makalah ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Penyusun sadar bahwa makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan.Oleh karena itu, penyusun mengharapkan saran dan kritik yang membangun agar makalah ini lebih baik lagi. Semoga makalah ini dapat menjadi sarana belajar dan bermanfaat bagi masyarakat pada umumnya dan khususnya bagi pembaca.
Pontianak, April 2017
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang
Otak merupakan organ vital yang berperan sangat penting bagi tubuh. Otak mengatur proses berfikir, berbahasa, kesadaran, emosi dan kepribadian seseorang. Selain itu, otak manusia juga berfungsi mengatur dan mengkoordinir, gerakan, perilaku dan fungsi tubuh, serta homeostasis seperti tekanan darah, detak jantung, suhu tubuh, keseimbangan cairan, keseimbangan hormonal, mengatur emosi, ingatan, aktivitas motorik dan lain-lain. (Dewi, 2016) Salah satu penyakit yang banyak menyerang otak adalah tumor otak. Tumor otak meliputi 85-90% dari seluruh tumor susunan saraf pusatdengan frekuensi 80% terletak intrakranial dan 20% di kanalis spinalis.Insidensi berkisar antara 6,6 per 100.000 penduduk per tahun di Amerika Serikat dengan angka mortalitas 4,7 per 100.000 penduduk p er tahun. Mortalitas lebih tinggi pada pria.Urutan frekuensi neoplasma di dalam ruang intrakranial adalah sebagai berikut: glioma 35-60%, meningioma sekitar 9-22%, hipofisoma 5-16%, neurilemoma 7-9%. (Dewi, 2016) Tumor otak merupakan penyebab kematian yang kedua dari semua kasus kanker yang terjadi pada pria berusia 20-39 tahun.Di Amerika Serikat insidensi kanker otak ganas dan jinak adalah 21.42 per 100.000 penduduk per tahun (7.25 per 100.000 penduduk untuk kanker otak ganas, 14.17 per 100.000 pendudukper tahun untuk tumor otak jinak).Angka insidens untuk kanker otak ganas di seluruh dunia berdasarkan angka standar populasi dunia adalah 3.4 per 100.000 penduduk.Angka mortalitas adalah 4.25 per 100.000 penduduk per tahun.Mortalitas lebih tinggi pada pria. 1.2. Rumusan Masalah
1.2.1
Apa Definisi dari Tumor Otak?
1.2.2
Bagaimana Etiologi dari Tumor Otak?
1.2.3
Bagaimana Patofisiologi dari Tumor Otak?
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1.2.7
Bagaimana Penatalaksaan dari Tumor Otak?
1.2.8
Bagaimana Reaksi Psikologis dari Tumor Otak?
1.2.9
Bagaimana Asuhan Keperawatan pada Pasien Tumor Otak?
1.3. Tujuan
1.3.1
Apa Definisi dari Tumor Otak?
1.3.2
Bagaimana Etiologi dari Tumor Otak?
1.3.3
Bagaimana Patofisiologi dari Tumor Otak?
1.3.4
Bagaimana Klasifikasi dari Tumor Otak?
1.3.5
Apa Manifestasi Klinis dari Tumor Otak?
1.3.6
Bagaimana Pemeriksaan Penunjang dari Tumor Otak?
1.3.7
Bagaimana Penatalaksaan dari Tumor Otak?
1.3.8
Bagaimana Reaksi Psikologis dari Tumor Otak?
1.3.9
Bagaimana Asuhan Keperawatan pada Pasien Tumor Otak?
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BAB II TINJAUAN TEORI 2.1. Definisi
Tumor intracranial meliputi lesi desak ruang jinak maupun ganas yang tumbuh di otak, meningen, dan tengkorak.Klien tumor intracranial datang dengan berbagai gejala yang membingungkan oleh karena itu penegakkan diagnosis menjadi sukar. Tumor intracranial dapat terjadi pada semua umur, tidak jarang menyerang anak-anak dibawah usia 10 tahun, tetapi paling sering terjadi pada orang dewasa pada usia 50-60 tahun. (Muttaqin, 2008) Tumor otak atau tumor itrakranial adalah neoplasma atau proses desak ruang space (space occupyinglesion atau space atau space taking lesion) yang lesion) yang timbul di dalam rongga tengkorak baik di dalam kompartemen supratentorial maupun infratentorial. Di dalam hal ini mencakup tumor-tumor primer pada korteks, meningen, vaskuler, kelenjar hipofise, epifise, saraf otak, jaringan penyangga, serta tumor metastasis dari bagian tubuh lainnya.(Satyanegara, 2014). Kanker otak adalah sekumpulan massa sel-sel otak yang tumbuh abnormal, di luar kendali. Sebagian besar kanker otak dapat menyebar melalui jaringan otak, tetapi jarang menyebar ke area lain dari tubuh. Pada kasus tumor otak jinak, saat mereka tumbuh, mereka dapat menghancurkan dan menekan jaringan otak yang normal lainnya, yang dapat berakibat pada kelumpuhan ataupun fatal.Karena itu, dokter lebih suka menggunakan istilah "tumor otak" daripada "kanker otak."Yang menjadi concern utama pada pasien kanker otak maupun tumor otak ini adalah seberapa cepat mereka menyebar melalui bagian otak/syaraf tulang belakang lainnya dan apakah mereka bisa diangkat dan tidak kambuh lagi.Kanker Otak dan syaraf tulang belakang pada orang dewasa berbeda dengan pada anak-anak.Mereka sering terbentuk di daerah yang berbeda, berkembang dari tipe sel yang berbeda, dan mungkin pendekatan pengobatann ya juga berbeda. (Nurwati, 2014)
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2.2. Etiologi
Menurut Reiza (2014) tumor otak tidak memiliki etiologi yang pasti, namun melibatkan faktor-faktor risiko seperti: 1).
Umur Umur memegang peran penting karena sebagian besar tumor otak terjadi pada anak-anak dan orang dewasa tua meskipun setiap kelompok usia memiliki peluang yang sama untuk mengidap tumor otak.
2).
Jenis kelamin Berdasarkan jenis kelamin, laki-laki lebih mungkin menderita tumor otak daripada perempuan, namun beberapa jenis tumor otak yang spesifik seperti meningioma lebih umum terjadi pada perempuan.
3).
Industri dan pekerjaan Zat-zat karsinogenik dan neurotoksik seperti pelarut organik, minyak pelumas, akrilonitril, formaldehida, hidrokarbon aromatik polisiklik, dan fenol dapat menginduksi tumor otak pada hewan coba.Pekerjaan-pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan operasi mesin kendaraan bermotor, pengolahan karet, dan penggunaan pestisida berkaitan dengan insidensi tumor otak.
4).
Radiasi ionisasi Radiasi
ionisasi
dosis
tinggi
diketahui
dapat
meningkatkan
risiko
meningioma, glioma, dan nerve sheath tumor 5).
Makanan dan diet Konsumsi senyawa N-nitrosourea diduga berperan sebagai neurokarsinogen dengan mekanisme-mekanisme yang melibatkan kerusakan pada DNA
6).
Pemakaian telepon selular Telepon selular memiliki sebuah transmiter kecil yang memancarkan radiasi frekuensi radio berenergi rendah tepat di samping kepala sehingga memunculkan kekhawatiran bahwa individu yang terpapar radiasi memiliki risiko untuk mengidap tumor otak. Namun, penelitian-penelitian yang sudah ada belum menunjukkan
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7).
Supresi imun Supresi sistem imun yang didapat seperti pada infeksi HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) atau terapi imunosupresif kronis setelah transplantasi organ meningkatkan risiko limfoma SSP primer. Risiko glioma juga meningkat pada individu yang terinfeksi HIV .
8).
Obat-obatan dan bahan kimia lainnya Beberapa penelitian telah menemukan adanya hubungan antara tumor otak pada anak-anak dengan paparan prenatal terhadap obat fertilitas, kontrasepsi oral, obat tidur, obat antinyeri, antihistamin, dan diuretik.Pada orang dewasa, obat sakit kepala, antinyeri, dan obat tidur memiliki efek protektif yang tidak signifikan terhadap tumor otak.
9).
Sindrom genetik Sejumlah sindrom herediter berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko tumor otak.
Misalnya,
neurofibromatosis
tipe
1
meningkatkan
risiko
glioma,
neurofibromatosis tipe 2 meningkatkan risiko schwannoma vestibular dan meningioma, dan sindrom Li-Fraumeni yang berkaitan dengan mutasi pada gen supresor tumor p53 menyebabkan glioma dan meduloblastoma. 2.3. Patofisiologi
Tumor otak terjadi karena adanya proliferasi atau pertumbuhan sel abnormal secara sangat cepatpada daerah central nervous system (CNS). Sel ini akan terus berkembang mendesak otak yang sehat di sekitarnya, mengakibatkan terjadi gangguan neurologis (gangguan fokal akibat tumor dan peningkatan tekanan intrakranial) (Prince & Wilson,
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Setiap tipe sel ini dapat berubah menjadi neoplastik sehingga meduloblas menjadi meduloblastoma, neuroblas menjadi neuroblastoma dan ganglioneuroma, astrosit menjadi astrositoma, oligodendrosit menjadi oligodendroglioma, dan sel ependimal menjadi ependimoma.Tumor yang berasal dari sel-sel glia ini d inamakan glioma. (Reiza, 2014) Identifikasi penyimpangan kromosom tertentu yang timbul pada sel-sel tumor sistem saraf memberi kesanbahwa biogenesis dan perkembangan tumor otak disebabkan olehgangguan kendali siklus sel. Sebagian defek molekuler memengaruhi terbentuknya tumor, sedangkan sebagian yang lain mendasari perkembangan berikutnya, mempercepat transformasi menjadi ganas, dan menimbulkan sensitivitas atau resistansi terhadap kemoterapi. Mutasi pada gen-gen yang normalnya menekan proliferasi sel, yaitu gen supresor tumor, dapat memicu perkembangan tumor, contohnya mutasi berupa delesi gen supresor tumor p53 pada kromosom 17p yang ditemukan pada 50% kasus astrositoma kavum kranii memiliki volume yang terbatas dan memiliki tiga unsur yang relatif tidak dapat terkompresi, yaitu otak (sekitar 1.200-1.400 mL), cairan serebrospinalis (70-140 mL), dan darah (150 mL). Hukum Monro-Kellie menyatakan volume total ketiga unsur ini selalu konstan dan penambahan volume salah satu unsur mengurangi volume unsur lainnya. Tumor yang tumbuh di salah satu bagian otak akan menekan jaringan otak di sekitarnya dan mengurangi volume cairan serebrospinalis dan darah. (Reiza, 2014) Begitu batas akomodasi ini telah dicapai, tekanan intrakranial (TIK) akan meningkat. Seiring pertumbuhan tumor, venula-venula di jaringan otak yang berdekatan dengan tumor akan tertekan sehingga tekanan kapiler meningkat, terutama pada jaringan substansia alba di mana edema lebih mencolok. Pertumbuhan tumor yang lambat memungkinkan otak
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2.4. Klasifikasi
Menurut Muttaqin (2008) jenis-jenis tumor otak intracranial adalah: a. Glioma Glioma bertanggung jawab atas sekitar 40-50% tumor intrakranial.Glioma diklasifikasikan atas dasar asal embriologis.Pada orang dewasa, sel neuroglia sususan saraf pusat berfungsi untuk perbaikan, penyokong, dan pelindung sel-sel saraf yang lunak.Glioma terdiri atas jaringan penyambung dan sel-sel penyokong, yaitu neuroglia yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk terus membelah selama hidup.Sel-sel glia berkumpul membentuk parut p arut sikatriks padat di bagian otak, tempat neuron menghilang oleh karena cedera atau penyakit.Terdapat tiga jenis sel glioma, yaitu mikroglia, oligodendroglia, dan astrosit.Mikroglia secara embriologis berasal dari lapisan mesodermal oleh karena itu pada umumnya tidak diklasifikasikan sebagai sel glia sejati.Mikroglia masuk ke dalam susunan saraf melalui sistem pembuluh darah dan berfungsi sebagai fagosit, membersihkan debris, serta melawan infeksi.Oligodendroglia dan astrosit merupakan neuroglia sejati seperti neuron dan berasal dari lapisan embrional ektodermal.Oligodendroglia berperan dalam pembentuan mielin.Fungsi astrosit masih dalam penyelidikan.Bukti-bukti memperlihatkan bahwa sel-sel ini mungkin berperan dalam menghantarkan impuls dan transmisi sinapsis dari neuron dan bertindak sebagai saluran penghubung antara pembuluh darah dan neuron. b.
Oligodendroglioma Oligodendroglioma mirip dengan astrositoma namun terdiri atas sel-sel oligodendroglia.Tumor relatif avaskular dan cenderung mengalami klasifikasi.
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Pada umumnya, astrositoma tidak ganas walaupun dapat mengalami perubahan keganasan menjadi glioblastoma (suatu astrositoma yang sangat ganas).Tumor-tumor ini pada umumnya tumbuh lambat.Oleh karena itu, klien sering tidak datang berobat walaupun tumor sudah berjalan bertahun-tahunsampai timbul gejala misalnya serangan epilepsi atau nyeri kepala.Glioblastoma multiforme adalah adalah glioma yang paling ganas. Tumor ini mempunyai kecepatan pertumbuhan yang sangat tinggi dan eksisi bedah yang lengkap tidak mungkin dilakukan.Harapan hidup pada umumnya kira-kira 12 bulan.Tumor ini dapat terjadi di mana saja tetapi paling sering pada hemisfer serebri dan sering menyebar ke sisi yang berlawanan melalui korpus kalosum. e.
Tumor Meningeal Meningioma merupakan tumor asal meningen, sel-sel metosel, serta sel-sel jaringan penyambung arachnoid dan dura meter yang paling penting. Sebagian besar tumor adalah jinak, berkapsul, dan tidak menginfiltrasi jaringan yang berdekatan namun menekan struktur yang berada di bawahnya.Oleh karena pertumbuhan tumor yang lambat, gejala-gejala mungkin tidak diperhatikan dan diagnosis sama sekali salah. Gejala-gejalanya antara lain epilepsi idiopatik, hemiparesis, dan afasia.
f.
Tumor Hipofisis Tumor hipofisis berasal dari sel-sel kromofob, eosinofil, atau basofil dari hipofisis anterior.Tumor-tumor ini menimbulkan nyeri kepala, hemianopsia bitemporalis (disebabkan oleh karena penekanan pada kiasma optikum), dan tanda-tanda kelainan sekresi hormon hipofisis anterior.Bermacam-macam cacat lapang penglihatan yang sering ditemukan bila lesi melibatkan traktus optikus.
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h.
Adenoma Eosinofilik Umumnya lebih kecil dan tumbuh lebih lambat daripada tumor kromofob.Gejalagejalanya adalah akromegali paa orang dewasa, gigantisme pada anak-anak, nyeri kepala, gangguan berkeringat, parestesia, nyeri otot, dan hilangnya libido.Gangguan lapang penglihatan (hemianopsia bitemporalis) jarang dijumpai.
i.
Adenoma Basofil Pada umumnya kecil, tumor ini dihubungkan dengan gejala-gejala sindrom Cushing (obesitas, kelemahan otot, atrofi kulit, osteoporosis, pletora, hipertensi retensi garam dan air, hipertrikosis, dan diabetes melitus).
j.
Neurilemoma Tumor saraf pendengaran merupakan 3-10% tumor intrakranial.Tumor ini mungkin berasal dari sel-sel Schwann selubung saraf.Serabut-serabut saraf kranial VIII menjadi rusak. Pada
penyakit
Recklinghausen
dapat
terjadi
neurilemoma
auditorius
bilateralis.Pada umumnya tumor ini jinak tetapi kadang-kadang dapat mengalami perubahan menjadi ganas.Gejala-gejala neurilemoma pendengaran awal adalah tuli, tinitus, kehilangan reaktivitas vestibular terhadap kalori, dan vertigo yang disusul rasa tidak enak pada suboksipital, berjalan terhuyung-huyung, gangguan pada saraf-saraf otak yang berdekatan, dan tanda-tanda peningkatan tekanan intrakranial. Pada umumnya terdapat nistagmus, terutama horizontal. Pengobatan adalah dengan pengangkatan total jika memungkinkan, karena pengangkatan yang tidak menyeluruh umumnya akan diikuti kekambuhan tumor. Sebagai konsekuensi
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2.5. Manifestasi Klinis
Menurut Reiza (2014) gejala klinis tumor otak bergantung pada lokasi dan derajat peningkatan TIK.Tumor-tumor yang tumbuh dengan lambat di daerah-daerah yang relatif tenang seperti lobus frontalis mungkin saja tidak terdeteksi dan dapat menjadi cukup besarsebelum memunculkan gejala.Tumor-tumor kecil di daerah-daerah penting dapat menimbulkan kejang, hemiparesis, atau afasia. Tumor otak biasanya muncul dengan salah satu dari tiga sindrom: (1) progresi subakut dari suatu defisit neurologis fokal, (2) kejang, atau (3) kelainan neurologis nonfokal. Adanya gejala sistemik seperti malaise, penurunan berat badan, anoreksia, atau demam cenderung menunjukkan suatu metastasis dibandingkan suatu tumor otak yang primer. Defisit neurologis fokal yang progresif munculdari kompresi neuron dan jaras-jaras pada substansia alba oleh karena perkembangan tumor dan edema di sekitarnya. Tumor otak jarang muncul dengan defisit neurologis fokal yang bersifat tiba-tiba seperti pada stroke.Kejang dapat disebabkan oleh gangguan pada sirkuit kortikal.Kelainan neurologis nonfokal biasanya menunjukkan peningkatan TIK, hidrosefalus, atau penyebaran tumor yang difus.Peningkatan TIK dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan yang lebih luas dengan
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Menurut Reiza (2014) gejala klinis tumor otak b ervariasi menurut lokasinya,seperti: 1). Tumor lobus oksipitalis menyebabkan hemianopia dan gangguan penglihatan. 2). Tumor lobus frontalis sering menyebabkan perubahan kepribadian, demensia, kelainan cara berjalan, seizure, hemiparesis, dan afasia ekspresif dari hemisfer serebri yang dominan 3). Tumor lobus temporalis menyebabkan perubahan kepribadian, termasuk gangguan berbahasa dari hemisfer serebri yang dominan, kejang parsial kompleks, dan defisit lapangan pandang. 4). Tumor pada korpus kalosum dapat menyebabkan demensia apabila kalosum anterior terlibat, perubahan kepribadian dan kehilangan ingatan yang berat dengan sindrom amnestik apabila splenium terlibat, atau tanpa gejala sama sek ali. 5). Tumor pada sudut serebelopontin dapat menyebabkan ketulian ipsilateral, mati rasa pada wajah, kelemahan, dan ataksia. 6). Tumor basis kranii umumnya memengaruhi saraf kranialis. 7). Tumor pineal menyebabkan hidrosefalus dan sindrom Parinaud dengan upgaze yang terganggu dan kelainan pada pupil.
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Menurut Reiza (2014), pemeriksaan pencitraan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi adanya massa intrakranial antara lain: 1).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) MRI merupakan pilihan utama dalam mengevaluasi tumor intrakranial.MRI lebih sensitif daripada CT scan untuk menggambarkan detail anatomis dan tumor-tumor di fossa posterior. Functional MRI(fMRI) dapat menunjukkan hubungan tumor dengan struktur intrakranial yang lain seperti pusat motorik atau berbicara sehingga dokter bedah dapat memastikan keamanan reseksi komplit sebelum pasien dibawa ke ruang operasi.
2).
Computed tomography scan (CT scan) CT scan berguna dalam mendeteksi erosi tulang pada tumor metastasis atau hiperostosis pada meningioma, namun kurang sensitif untuk tumor yang terletak di fossa posterior.Administrasi kontras pada CT scan dan MRI dapat mendeteksi defek pada sawar darah-otak dan tumor ekstraaksial. Baik CT scan maupun MRI dapat menvisualisasikan perdarahan (hemorrhage) pada suatu tumor.
3).
Positron-emission tomography(PET)
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7).
Analisis cairan serebrospinalis Analisis cairan serebrospinalis umumnya tidak diperlukan untuk kebanyakan neoplasma intrakranial.Tes ini bermanfaat hanya untuk stagingneurologis yang dibutuhkan dalam diagnosis limfoma SSP primer, tumor germ cellintrakranial, meduloblastoma, atau pineoblastoma.
2.7. Penatalaksaan
Pasien kanker otak memiliki beberapa pilihan pengobatan.Tergantung dari jenis dan stadium kanker, pasien dapat diobati dengan operasi pembedahan, radioterapi, atau kemoterapi.Beberapa pasien menerima kombinasi dari perawatan diatas.Selain itu, pada setiap tahapan penyakit, pasien mungkin menjalani pengobatan untuk mengendalikan .rasa nyeri dari kanker, untuk meringankan efek samping dari terapi, dan untuk meringankan masalah emosional.Jenis pengobatan ini disebut perawatan paliatif.(Nurwati, 201 4) 1)
Pembedahan Untuk Kanker Otak
Pembedahan adalah pengobatan yang paling umum untuk kanker otak.Tujuannya adalah untuk mengangkat sebanyak kankernya dan meminimalisir sebisa mungkin peluang kehilangan fungsi otak.Operasi untuk membuka tulang tengkorak disebut
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Dokter bedah dapat menempatkan sebuah tabung, panjang dan tipis (shunt) dalam ventrikel otak. Tabung ini diletakkan di bawah kulit ke bagian lain dari tubuh, biasanya perut.Kelebihan cairan dari otak dialirkan ke perut.Kadang-kadang cairan dialirkan ke jantung sebagai gantinya. Infeksi adalah masalah lain yang dapat berkembang setelah operasi (diobati dengan antibiotic). Operasi otak dapat merusak jaringan normal.kerusakan otak bisa menjadi masalah serius. Pasien mungkin memiliki masalah berpikir, me\ihat, atau berbicara.Pasien juga mungkin mengalami perubahan kepribadian atau kejang.Sebagian besar masalah ini berkurang dengan berlalunya waktu.Tetapi
kadang-kadang
kerusakan
otak
bisa
permanen.Pasien
mungkin
memerlukan terapi fisik, terapi bicara, atau terapi kerja.(Nurwati, 2014) 2)
Radiosurgery Stereotactic
Radiosurgery stereotactic adalah teknik "knifeless" yang lebih baru untuk menghancurkan kanker otak tanpa membuka tengkorak.CT scan atau MRI digunakan untuk menentukan lokasi yang tepat dari tumor di otak.Energi radiasi tingkat tinggi diarahkan ke tumomya dari berbagai sudut untuk menghancurkan tumornya.Alatnya bervariasi, mulai dari penggunaan pisau gamma, atau akselerator linier dengan foton,
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Jadwal pengobatan tergantung pada jenis dan ukuran tumor serta usia pasien. Setiap sesi radioterapi biasanya hanya berlangsung beberapa menit. Beberapa bentuk terapi radiasi antara lain fraksinasi dan hiperfraksinasi. Fraksinasi merupakan radioterapi yang biasanya diberikan lima hari seminggu selama beberapa minggu. Memberikan dosis total radiasi secara periodik memban tu melindungi jaringan sehat di daerah tumor. Pada bentuk hiperfraksinasi pasien mendapat dosis kecil radiasi dua atau tiga kali sehari, bukan jumlah yang lebih besar sekali sehari. Efek samping dari radioterapi dapat meliputi: perasaan lelah berkepanjangan, mual, muntah, kerontokan rambut, perubahan warna kulit (seperti terbakar) di lokasi radiasi, sakit kepala dan kejang (gejala nekrosis radiasi). (Nurwati, 2014)
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Pemeriksaan psikologis yang perlu .Setelah diagnosis penyakit primer pasien ditegakkan, jika diduga pasien mengalami masalah psikologis atau perlu mengetahui masalah psikis pasien beserta derajat keparahannya, maka diperlukan pemeriksaan psikologis. Secara klinis, lingkup pemeriksaan psikologis yang umum meliputi watak, emosi, maupun gejala psikis. Materi konkrit di tentukan berdasarkan keperluan.
-
Lingkungan yang di perlukan bagi psikoterapi. Pada umumnya di perlukan ruangan tersendiri dengan situasi nyaman, dan asri. Selama psikoterapi umumnya tidak diperkenankan ke hadiran pihak ketiga.
b. Pemilihan metode psikoterapi
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Hubungan psikoterapi dan dukungan keluarga serta masyarakat. Pada pasien kanker kondisi psikisnya dapat sangat sedih, bahkan timbul kebencian pada dunia. Di samping itu terhadap masalah ekonomi keluarga, pekerjaan dan lain – lain – lain lain yang membawa pengaruh besar. Dalam keadaan itu, hanya mengandalkan dokter dalam terapi jelas tidak cukup. Diperlukan dukungan dan kerja sama dari keluarga pasien dan masyarakat (rekan kantor maupun tetangga), barulah dapat secara efektif meredakan emosi buruk dan gejala psikis lain dari pasien, sehingga pasien koo peratif dalam terapi.
-
Waktu psikoterapi Metode psikoterapi yang di perlukan bervariasi menurut pasien.Waktu
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Terapi Emotif Rasional Terapi emotif rasional adalah sejenis terapi kognitif, tetapi didalamnya bercampur dengan sejumlah metode terapi perilaku, maka disebut juga sebagai terapi kognitif perilaku.
-
Hipnoterapi Hipnoterapi adalah metode psikoterapi melalui teknik hipnosis yang membuat lingkup kesadaran pasien menjadi sangat sempit, dengan bantuan kata-kata sugestif dari dokter, agar hambatan psikis dan faal pasien lenyap.
-
Terapi Sugestif Terapi sugestif adalah sejenis psikoterapi. Pasien tidak menggunakan
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Derajat dan manifestasi reaksi psikologis tersebut berkaitan langsung dengan jenis kelamin, usia, tingkat budaya, pengalaman hidup, pemahaman akan pengetahuan medis, seperti ciri pribadi. (Desen, 2011) 2).
Reaksi Psikologis yang Muncul saat Diagnosis
Ketika seseorang didiagnosis menderita kanker, ia dapat mengalami reaksi psikologis yang rumit dan kacau. Reaksi tersebut dapat berupa: a. Penolakan Ini merupakan jenis reaksi pertahanan psikologis yang umum pada pasien kanker saat pertama mengetahui diagnosisnya.Ia meragukan hasil diagnosis, mencari bantuan terapi kemana-mana, melakukan pemeriksaan berulang kali,
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Sering kali pasien kanker sering klai berharap banyak pada upaya dokter atau kerabat dekatnya, berharap akan adanya keajaiban. Sebagian kecil pasien mengalami ilusi, halusinasi dan gejala penyakit jiwa lain. (Desen, 2011)
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4).
Reaksi Psikologis Pasien Kanker Stadium Lanjut
Karena siksaan akibat kanker dan efek samping dari berbagai terapinya serta kelemahan fisik pasien, maka reaksi psikologis pasien stadium lanjut lebih kuat dan
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2.9. Komplikasi
Menurut Ariani (2012), komplikasi yang dapat terjadi yaitu: 1)
Edema Serebral
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BAB III ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN
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b. Riwayat Kesehatan
-
Riwayat Kesehatan Dahulu
:-
-
Riwayat Kesehatan Sekarang
: Klien didiagnosis mengalami kanker otak lobus
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