KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS I. KASAYSAYAN Salaysay na may saysay ng isang pangkat ng tao na iniuulat sa kanyang sariling wika Passed on from what people heard; dialogue of each person SHARED CONSENSUS Individually, we have our own kasaysayan. Espanyol o Kasaysayan in their POV (friars) Amerikano o Wrote history of America in PH Jose Rizal o Started writing kasaysayan in Filipino’s POV a. BIPARTITE VIEW OF KASAYSAYAN Dilim ---> Liwanag Kastila said PH had nothing before they came, even vices came from them Kastila stole our identity Learned wrong by retrieving treasures of Filipinos Florante at Laura o Francisco Balagtas Pasyon o Epic Born everyone singing and praising Tinaksilan and pinatay Resurrection Went back to all epics and stories to prove Dilim – Liwanag – Liwanag is wrong SOLUTION: Return to who we are (epics, stories) b. TRIPARTITE VIEW OF KASAYSAYAN Liwanag ---> Dilim ---> Liwanag (precolonial) *Friar’s POV *Filipino’s POV - pinalimot ang liwanag na meron ang PH Jose Rizal’s 3 books Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas with o Annotations [Liwanag] Noli (Nolo) [Dilim] o El Fili [Liwanag] o Fighter (Simon) Simon Failed bec of vengeance o Should think for kapakanan ng bayan o like Bonifacio Bonifacio (Katipunan) Initiation o Kalagayan noon [Liwanag] Ngayon [Dilim] Kinabukasan [Liwanag]
Hindi lamang pinaglaban ang KALAYAAN, kundi PAGKATAO o identity c. KASAYSAYAN NG PILIPINAS Epiko, awit, korido Not 1-to-1 correspondence with reality, but gives lessons (values) from events PROBLEM: naniniwala tayo sa sinasabi (promises) ng foreigners c1. HISTORICAL NARRATIVE - must have in writing history - Elements Timeline - Fernand Braudes (French) Social Time o Pakikipag-ugnayan sa ibang tao Mabagal bec attitude ng tao, kaisipan, panlasa Pagbabago sa loob ng isang lipunan Political time o Madalas nakikita Mabilis change Immediate effect to society; if rebellion, baka diff president Geographical Time o Nagbabago ang heograpiya Pinakamabagal Ex: now may Sierra Madre, which affects culture, etc. Happened millions of years (influence buhay ng tao) Ex: Central Luzon has diff way to plant rice than Ifugaos (rice terraces) Bec of these changes in 3 types, dito o pumapasok importance of timeline Evidences Primary o Artifacts (man-made) Fossils (natural) Eyewitnesses accounts Authors may write to clear their name SOLUTION: compare with other sources Internal Criticism o Sulat External Criticism o Others against Epics and legends (values of people) Ex: rhino remains in Cagayan Valley 700,000 BC suggest animals were systematically slaughtered with tools BC = Before Christ o
BP = Before present/ 1950 (year carbon-dating machine was invented) Secondary o Perspective ONE only; based on facts o Combination of all OPINIONS o Leah Salonga said mabait si Marcos (bec she was supported since young) People got mad but opinion lang niya Need to BALANCE opinions of everyone, through their eyes, so we can write a NARRATIVE about what happened CSI Film [Tony Candlewell] o c2. THEORIES ON THE PEOPLING OF THE PH Wave Migration Theory (H. Otley Beyer) PH was populated with different waves of o migration, from Negritos, Indonesians, then Malays DEBUNKED by F. Landa Jocano o Negritos/Aetas Tabon man oldest person revealed o Tabon man fossils should be them, but only fossilized bones remain Tabon man are women bec bones are stronger; calcium comes from mother, but cannot determine skin color Indonesians Maragtas by Pedro Monteclaro Document/narrative of 10 o Bornean datus migrating to island of Panay and bartering it for golden salakot and kwintas, then went to different places FORGERY o W. Henry Scott Dubious bec can’t find texts and sources but Monteclaro said based on what he read F. Landa Jocano No evidence of salakot and kwintas Malays Perak man 11,000 BP o Oldest known Malays o Tabon man 45,000-42,000 BP o Oldest known Filipinos o Perak man can’t be ancestors of Tabon man Core Population Theory (F. Landa Jocano)
Original Filipino race in the Philippines Callao Man o 67,000 BP Metatarsal found by Armand Mijaros in Callao Cave in Cagayan, with butchered animals Sure homo erectus but not sure if homo sapiens Believed to be population where Tabon Man came from Laguna Copperplate Inscription o 900 AD Oldest written document to come from the Philippines Prehistoric Before 900 AD Protohistoric After 900 AD Prehistoric (67,000 BP) is too far from o Protohistoric (900 AD) to claim that they are our ancestors Austronesian Auster (South in Latin) o 1. Wilhelm Schmidt Theory of Primitive Monotheism Used linguistics (similar Austronesian language) Missionaries went to diff islands 2. Peter Bellwood Used Schmidt’s Southern Yangtze River ---> Madagascar ---> Eastern Island 3. Wilhelm Solheim II Borneo ---> Islands ---> Madagascar Most recent o China ---> Taiwan ---> Batanes (stayed 1000 years) ---> Palawan (outrigger canoe) ---> West Proof is language Rice o Nasi Goreng (Indonesia) Nasing Puti (Pampanga) Religion is also the same c3. PANANAMPALATAYA AT RELIHIYON Pananampalataya Anumang pananalig na may kalikasang o nasa loob ng isang tao Relihiyon Pananampalatayang naitatag sa isang o institusyon 2 larangang pangunahing pag-aaral sa pananampalatayang Pilipino o
Larangang Pangkasaysayan Ileto at Rafael Relihiyon ng Kastila ginamit para sa kolonisasyon ng o Pilipinas ginamit ng Pilipino laban sa Kastila o Schumacher Relihiyon sa Pilipinas Resulta ng pagkakamali at o kaguluhang politikal na naka-ugat sa kontrobersyang politikal ng Espanya 3 books Pasyon and Revolution Salita ni Kristo ang rason at o ginamit to reach out to others and revolusyon Contracting Colonialism Wika ginamit against Kastila o Pasyon and Revolution and o Contracting Colonialism looks at indigenous and reaction to Christianity (Ileto at Rafael) Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism: Its Historical Causes Napabayaan ng Kastila ang o pagturo ng relihiyon kaya naging synchretic Pagkakamali (Schumacher) o Larangang Sikolohikal o Phenomena and Their Interpretation (Jaime Bulatao) Split-level Christianity Synchretism o Ex: bring home communion, let o chicken eat to win in sabong Anituism Zeus A. Salazar o Religion of Filipinos before Kastila o Diff from Paganism (Kastila called some this o for living in outskirts, not center) Manipulasyon sa mga espiritung tinatayang o umiiral sa buong kapaligiran Concept of Anito o Pananampalataya ng sinaunang Pilipino Binibigyan ng “offerings” at gumagawa ng “rituals” upang mabigyan ng “blessings” Pumpwolff o Student of Wilhelm Schmidt Anitu Protoaustronesian term Souls of people who went ahead Anito Tagalog/Indones Ghosts from Gőtze o
Vatu/Nitu Melanesyano, Fijiano Stein (stone) Studied dialects of Bikol, Bisaya, Tagalog, etc., and found out different terms that are potential anito Bikol – diwata, divata Bisaya – anito, diwata, umalagad Tagalog – anito Ang Kwento ng Pajo o Ginamit ang alamat ng Pajo tree upang maipakita sa mga tao ang kasinungalingan nito at ang katotohanan ng Diyos Luis de Jesus (Rekolekto, 1681) Nagalit kasi anito raw sa puno Sabi niya ay demonyo, hindi anito Exorcised tree with Christ on the cross, went up and got mango, ate it then went down Cut the tree People followed him believing he is more powerful than anito Luis thought he converted people o to Christianity, but did not really remove belief of anituism Manipulasyon o Naka-ugat sa teoryang nilikha ng tao ang kanyang sinasamba Pakikipagkapwa o Value of anituism Naka-ugat sa paniniwalang ang “iba” ay hindi iba sa sarili kundi magkatulad lamang; may tungkulin ang bawat isa na panatilihin ang kaginhawaan ng bawat isa Ex: we call strangers “ate” or “ale” How we relate to anito Mutual responsibility between anito and tao Alagaan ang isa’t isa, or else, walang pakikipagkapwa Some anitos di na napapansin kasi di nakakapagbigay ng kaginhawaan Need bigyan kaginhawaan para bigyan sila Sandugo/Sanduguan o Institutionalized pakikipagkapwa Official na ugnayan between 2 people, 2 anito, etc. Pakikipagkapwa tungo sa kaginhawaan Responsibility ng Espanyol sa Pilipino Not just economically well, dapat state na no need to ask for more WELL-BEING Legaspi nakipagsandugo sa atin Gov. gen. ng PH 1565
c4. ESKRIMA/KALI (film) Art of the bum Eskrima (fighting stick) ---> Kali (came from KERIS which means patalim) KRIS (present term of Keris) o Any asymmetrical dagger with blade-like pattering Variants of Kali Gising o Kalahating tulog o Tulog o Blade of Kali Symbolizes snake (underworld) o Handle of Kali Symbolizes “sarimanok” (messenger) o Panday Creates weapons o Ginamit ng Kastila to make santo, o simbahan, etc. Bayani Eskrima masters who went underground o or hid during Spanish colonization If reject offer of Christianity, you can be killed bec tingin sa kanila is sugo ng demonyo Kung pumigil sa pagspread ng Christianity, devil Tago bec rejected not the Kastila but the offer Tago also bec sanay sa malayang buhay “ang bida ng dating lipunan ay naging o kontrabida ng bagong lipunan” Warriors during precolonial time o Belong in Maharlika o Babaylan Matatalinong babae/priestesses o (masters of epikos, constellations, and weapons) Siniraan ng Kastila at tinawag na bruha o Ginawan ng Kastila ng kumbento upang o magbago ng ugali Sistema ng Lipunan Maguinoo o Maharlika/timawa o Alipin o Classification of Alipin Namamahay o Household servant Walang bahay Can’t be sold by maharlika Saguiguilid o Slave worker Lives with maharlika Can be sold by marhalika Bulislis o Alipin ng alipin
Continuity and Change c5. REDUCCION “reduce” or “to gather”/”to defeat” Method used to spread Christianity Previous method was one tribe to another, o but when gone back to the first tribe, Christianity was already forgotten SOLUTION: gather people to one place o Pueblo Referred to people before but evolved to o town Reduccion was the term before o Can also be Poblacion o Ex: Manila Cathedral Bajo La Campana If rinig bell, gather around o Mga institusyong ipinakilala ng mga Espanyol Encomienda o Lupang bigay sayo if you help sakop the place Encomendero Provide Evangelization and Proteccion (if may pirates, organize people to fight pirates) to Indigenas Tributo en Trabaho forzado Tributo in the form of forced o labor as payment for evangelism and protection, but not really equal Tributo o Inutos ni Carlos V noong 1522 ang pagkolekta ng buwis Halagang ginagamit sa pagpapatakbo ng pamahalaan Polo y Servicio o Construction of infrastructure Ex: Intramuros made under forced labor Lalaki na may edad 16-60 kailangang magtrabaho para sa pagsasaayos ng kolonya sa loob ng 60 araw sa isang taon Kababaihang 16-60 ay magtrabaho sa simbahan sa loob ng 60 araw sa isang taon Bandala o For Kastila to sustain their stay in the Philippines Lahat ng ani ng mga Indio ay ibebenta sa pamahalaang Espanyol Binibili sa murang halaga Utang na di binabayaran Monopolyo o “absolute control” ng pamahalaan sa produksyon at pagbebenta ng mga partikular na produkto o pagkakakitaan
Tabako, sabong, sugal Focused on production of tobacco kaya di nagproduce rice Bumaba produksyon Galit ang Espanyol sa Chinese bec hindi macontrol ang opium British monopolyo ng opium sa Hong Kong Kalakalang Galyon o Dala ng tobacco Kalakalang Maynila-Acapulco Hindi lahat kasali Polave Tree only grown if may marble Used for Galleon ships para matibay d. 3 REAKSYON NG PILIPINAS SA PAG-IISIP NG KASTILA Pagtanggap Pagtanggi Pagtanggal o Remontado o Pumunta sa bundok at bumalik Indigenous people o Ifugao, Kalinga – North Igorot – generic na pagpunta sa bundok dahil ayaw sa Reduccion Stayed as they were until Americans/present Pag-aalsa Rebellion ≠ Revolution o Mga pag-aalsang Pilipino bago ang Pambansang Himagsikan ng 1896; Uri ng Pag-aalsa Pag-aalsang politikal Pag-aalsang relihiyoso Babaylan tinawag na bruha o Pag-aalsang agraryo Prayle owned lupa and singil o *see table for list of pag-aalsa e. 19th CENTURY Starts at 1780, not 1800 1776 (Cause) Revolution in America o Britain and Spain were threatened o 1780 (Effect) Issuance of cedula (royal decree galing sa hari) o Centralization of government o Religious orders dapat malapit sa gobernador heneral para mas ugnay sa local government instead of maestro from in Rome British also ayaw mapasukan ng Kastila kaya o strengthened army/navy e1. DEVELOPMENTS Economic Development Manila Acapulco Galleon Trade (with Mexico) o Hawak ng prayle
Ended in 1815 Mexican revolution right after led by Hidalgo (secular priest) Reason why Spain natakot sa secular priest Encomienda to Hacienda o Hacienda divided into Inquilinatos (managed by Inquilinos) Inquilino turned into middle class kasi yumaman (Jose Rizal’s father) = BIGGEST CHANGE Inquilinatos divided among “kasamas” (bungkal and tanim sa lupa) Religious orders as owners pa rin because encomienda is given to who helps sakop the place, but once dead, given to friars End of Tobacco monopoly and other o monopolies Privatization instead Steam ship was invented to chase Muslims bec o no wind before Tobacco plantation in Norte ran by Muslims Political Development Liberals vs. conservatives (pro-monarchy) in o Spain (constant political battle) Leader always changes, that’s why Kastila from PH may be poor when gone to Spain In effect, nangungurakot sa mga Pilipino Changes in rulers bring new Spanish o employees Filipinos deprived of positions given to o Spaniards who don’t know anything Graft and corruption o Countryside = poverty People alis pueblo Go to mountains Raid goods in pueblo Tulisang Aso Patay after salakay o Tulisang Bulbol Steal only o “Tulisanes” multiplied in provinces prompting o formation of “guardia civil” which committed more abuses Guardia civil Tambay/walang trabaho kaya binigyan posisyon More corruption o Symbol of Spanish oppression Filipinos, not Spaniards Cultural Developments Educational reforms of 1860s o Indios allowed to enter school Steps: o Maestro
No fixed number of years Colegio 4 years leading to “Bachiller en Artes” High school Ateneo Municipal Universidad 4 years or more Bachiller (4 yrs) Licenciado (2 yrs) Doctorado (2 yrs) Religious Developments Development of anti-clerical sentiments (formed o bec higher grades than Kastila but still called Tu (informal 3rd person) instead of Usted (3rd person with respect)) Secularization Paring Pilipino ready for position If parokya is self-supporting, dapat bigay ng prayle to secular priests, but doesn’t happen Jesuits left/Recollects went to Mindanao Absence = secularization De-secularization Bumalik Jesuits Naging assistants ang secular priests again Re-secularization Pedro Pelaez headed resecularization movement Secular priest ---> parish priest [FILM] 1558 = religious orders came 2 important people for Spanish colonization Miguel Lopez de Legaspi o 1559 = Panay (second Spanish settlement) Andres de Urdaneta o 1568 = death Both came back after Magellan was o defeated Both from Mexico o Legaspi died then Urdaneta went back to o Mexico Reduccion Positive aspect of colonialization Influences that make up a Filipino o European influence Mexican influence Native influence Chinese influence Manila Acapulco Trade o Chinese goods were actually traded, not Filipino goods Chinese became rich Rise of Chinese mestizo
Architecture Bahay kubo ---> Bahay-na-bato Bahay-na-bato symbol of wealth o many Chinese own a house o like this, married to Filipina prevents air circulation unlike o Bahay Kubo 24 lighthouses created to guide ships Propaganda movement o Many illustrados were Chinese mestizo Death of GOMBURZA led to many Illustrados questioning Spanish rule Participated by exiles and students of European universities (UST) Wanted reforms only, not independence 1896 Revolution o Supposedly peaceful reforms only 1892 La Liga Filipina that led to exile of Rizal in Dapitan Execution of Rizal in 1896 Bec of these, revolution started 2 groups Eskrimador Bahay-na-bato (Illustrados) e2. 3 SALAYSAY Ibang kaisipan sa Sala, Kasalanan, Krimen, Kriminalidad Kriminalidad at Pananampalatayang Kristiyano Salaysay na Panlipunan o Tao ay centered sa pakikipag-kapwa sa anito, pinuno, bayan PAKIKIPAGKAPWA Salaysay na Eklesiyastiko o Superstitions lamang belief ng taong Pilipino MGA MAKASALANAN ang Pilipino Salaysay na Sibil o Tao dapat maglingkod sa monarkiya MGA KRIMINAL ang Pilipino Both institutions (Eklesiyastiko and Sibil) o want to impose Bagong Nakaraan/Krimen at Kasalanan bilang Konsepto Panlipunan tumanggi ---> Pagbalikwas ng o Bayan “Kasalanan” at “Krimen” bilang panlaban sa kawalang pakikipag-kapwa ng mga kolonisador Salaysay na Panlipunan (from Filipino) Tao/mamamayan o Pakikipagkapwa Anito Pinuno Manifests kagalingan ng anito o Bayan If pinuno may pakikipago kapwa with anito, may o
pakikipagkapwa with bayan also Kaayusan Panlipunan/ Kaginhawahang Panlahat “sala” if di naganap Salaysay na Eklesiyastiko (from Prayle) Tao/Infilies o Walang paniniwala Makasalanan if pananampala-taya is diff from Katoliko Humartolos/Hamartiya Sumala Bagong nakaraan o Ang bayang nasa dilim, hawak ng demonyo, dapat linisin, “sala” sa lahat Bagong kasalukuyan o Bayang nilinis sa “Kasalanan”/ Bayan ng Diyos Salaysay na Sibil Tao/Infilies o Kriminal kapag: Di tumira sa reduccion Di nagbayad tributo Walang polo y servicios Di naglingkod sa monarkiya Bagong nakaraan o Bayang walang batas, pamahalaan, kalinangan, kaayusan Bagong kasalukuyan o Bayang kinupkop ng hari at/o reyna “Krimen” ang hindi pagsunod sa kanila
Year 1544-1545
Pag-aalsa Pag-aalsa nina Lakandula at Soliman (Sulayman)
Namuno Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-16 na Lakandula at Sulayman Pinuno ng Maynila
1587-1588
“Sapakatan Magat Salamat (conspiracy) sa Anak ni Tondo” sa pamumuno Lakandula ni Magat Salamat Agustin de Legaspi Pamangkin ni Lakandula Pinsan ni Salamat Sent navy to drive Kastila away
Sanhi Dantaon (Political) Legaspi (Northern side of Pasig River) nakipagkasundo kay Lakandula (Malate area) pero di natupad Pagpataw ng tributo Pagbigo ng Espanyol sa pangakong karapatan bilang mamamayan Paalisin ang mga Espanyol sa Maynila
Kinahinatnan
Natigil ang pag-aalsa dahil sa paghimok (persuasion) ng Kastila about pagbigay ng pribilehiyo
Not successful Martin Pangan (gobernadorcillo) nagtraydor and sinumbong sa Kastila Death of Salamat and Legaspi Legaspi o Binitay Tinali sa kabayo around Intramuros Hinati body sa 4 corners of Intramuros Kastila gave privileges to datus (ginoo) para di na mag-alsa Can opt not to pay tax o Collect tax o
1621-1622
Tamblot sa Bohol; Bankaw sa Leyte
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-17 na Dantaon (Religious) Tamblot Panunumbalik ng Babaylan katutubong relihiyon Bankaw Girls required to go to Babaylan kumbento Lalaki Babaylan shifted from girl to boy Giginhawa ang buhay kung bumalik sa dating relihiyon Magalat Pagpataw ng buwis o Tributo Polo y servicios
Nasupil ng pwersa ng Kastila
1629-1631 (1596)
1643
1649-1650
1660
Pag-aalsa ni Magalat sa Tuguegarao, Cagayan (Magalat Revolt) Pedro Ladia sa Bulacan
Pag-aalsa ni Sumuroy, anak ng isang Babaylan at ni Pedro Caamug, isang Datu, Samar, Leyte, Bicol... Pag-aalsa nina Francisco Maniago ng Pampanga at ni Andres Malong
Pedro Ladia Taga-Malolos
Juan Ponce Sumuroy and Pedro Caamug
Francisco Maniago Andres Malong
Hinimok ni Ladia ang mga taga-Malolos na mag-alsa laban sa pamahalaan ng Kastila Ayaw ipadala Visayan laborers (taga-Samar) to Cavite for shipbuilding
Forced buying of pamahalaan sa produkto ng katutubo, lalo na rice Forced labor
Pinatay ng sariling sundalo bec promised reward from Gob. Hen. Francisco Tello Kaagad napigilan matapos madakip at patayin si Ladia Pinatay
Hindi tinuloy dahil gantimpala sa pagsuko Macapagal ang nagsumbong saan nagtago si Maniago
1663
Pag-aalsa ni Tapar, isang kabibinyag na Babaylan mula sa Oton, Iloilo
Tapar Panay
Ibalik ang katutubong relihiyon
1680
1718
Pag-aalsa ni Francisco Rivera sa Cagayan (Magtangaga Revolt)
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-18 na Dantaon (Agraryo) Francisco Rivera Gobernadorcillo Alyas “Papa Rey” Bustamante gusto ibalik (Pope and King) economic system Trade with Thailand but ayaw ng friars bec they are conservative (Thailand = Buddhist) Ayaw ikalat Kristiyanismo Juan Caragay Stop alkalde mayor using force to collect tribute and draft labor Francisco Dagohoy Brother is former Babaylan but ayaw ibless and give Kristiyanong libing nung namatay sa duel Jose de la Vega Usurpation of Filipino Francisco Santos de lands Medina
Dinakip at pinakain sa buwaya si Tapar
Pinasabog yung place of ritual ng mga Babaylan Sinunog mga Babaylan na unang nahuli
1719
Pag-aalsa ni Juan Caragay sa Dagupan
1744-1829
Pag-aalsa ni Francisco Dagohoy sa Bohol (Longest rebellion)
1745 (Agraryo)
Pag-aalsa ng mga Maginoo ng Silang, Cavite (umabot hanggang Bulacan at Batangas) Diego Silang sa Ilocos at Juan dela Cruz Palaris sa Pangasinan Pag-aalsa ni Labutao, isang kalinga, at ni Baladdon, isang Babaylan sa Cagayan Pag-aalsa ni Andres Magtanong at Francisco Malibiran dahil sa monopolyo ng tobako
1762
1785
1787
1807
Pag-aalsa ni Padre Mateo
1822
Pag-aalsa nina Luis de los Santos (Panang) at Juan Sinestre (Juan Upay) sa Cavite Continuation of 1745 pag-aalsa Pagbubuo at pagaalsa ng Cofradia sa pamumuno ni Apolinario de la Cruz sa Tayabas
Diego Silang Gabriela Silang Juan dela Cruz Palaris Labutao Baladdon
Andres Magtanong Francisco Malibiran
Pagpataw ng tributo
Imposition against monopolyo ng tobako
Monopolyo ng tobako
Failed
Pinatay ang mga Silang Binitay at hinati-hati katawan ni Palaris Killed
Hanged Bodies quartered Heads put on stake
Nasupil ang pag-aalsa
Mga Pag-aalsa ng ika-19 na Dantaon (Agraryo) Padre Mateo Government monopoly of Basi manufacturing Luis de los Santos Juan Sinestre
Killed alkalde but slain by Juan Ramos
Failed
1832-1841
Apolinario de la Cruz
Gusto maging prayle pero ayaw dahil Indio siya
Binaril at pinagputul-putol ang kamay
1860
Pag-aalsa ni Casimiro Camerino sa Cavite
1870-1871
1872
Januario Labios
Against land grabbing of friars Nagpalit gobernador heneral from dela Torre (liberal) to a conservative one Tanggal benefits o
Pag-aalsa sa Cavite Puerto (last rebellion before Cavite Mutiny)
Cavite Mutiny Brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal o GOMBURZA was executed in connection to this o Led to shared consciousness na even if matalino (Burgos = 8 degrees) or same level with Kastila, executed pa rin From 1574-1872, hindi nabigay ng Espanyol ang ginhawa despite sandugo All failed pag-aalsa = fai led pakikipagkapwa
Pagbuhay ni Januario Labios sa Cofradia ni Apolinario de la Cruz
Casimiro Camerino
American Colonization 1896 Himagsikan Pamahalaang Sibil corrupted both Filipinos and Spaniards 1897 Tejeros Convention April o Cavite o People were angry that Bonifacio won o as DILG kasi di naman siya abogado BUT Bonifacio was in fact the one who o goes to BIG wars. Cavite yung duwag. Aguinaldo’s government system is good o reputation to foreigners (external/no pakikipagkapwa) kasi Americans di recognize ang pre-occupation ni Aguinaldo Trying to prove na existing siya Local governments Same style of government system na o nakuha from Kastila (corrupt) 1898 Kastila limited to Intramuros because central government was here Filipinos nanalo na sa provinces Aguinaldo declared surrender then went with Goyo to Hong Kong Germany, French, British (and sometimes Dutch nasa Indonesia) Eyed for Philippines bec weakest colony o in 19th century was Spain Wala na Mexico, so PH na Sends reports of what’s happening sa o PH to their own country U.S. Malaking part ng investments is in Cuba o Ex: sugar, cigar Cuban Revolution o Can’t produce products for U.S. Colony of Spain na nagrebel U.S.S. Maine o Sumabog sa port ng Cuba U.S. blamed Cuba for it pero di naman talaga nila fault Reason why U.S. was at war with Spain Inuna outposts (Cuba, PH) o Battle of Manila Bay o Pacific fleet May 1, 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence (from Spaniards) June 12, 1898 o Why Kawit, Cavite? o Kasi surrounded ang Intramuros
Ayaw ng Kastila pumasok si Aguinaldo sa Intramuros Dapat U.S. papasok sa Intramuros para equal race ang makatalo sa Kastila Spain = talo na nga sa Cuba from Latin Americans, dapat equal race makatalo Filipinos were viewed as inferior race kaya di worthy Mock Battle of Manila August 13, 1898 o Kunwari laban U.S. and Spain pero no o bala tumama Para dating is Spain didn’t give up PH o without a fight U.S. and Spain secretly joint plan of o transferring control of Manila (city center) while keeping Philippine Revolutionary Army led by Aguinaldo out of the city center Treaty of Paris December 10, 1898 o Spain relinquishing nearly all remaining o Spanish Empire, esp Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam and PH to U.S. 1776 American revolution from British o Uncle Sam U.S. personification John Bull Britain personification Bipartite View Kastila o Kristanisasyon (rehash) as way to civilize PH U.S. o No civilization to civilization White Man’s Burden U.S. and British believe they (white) have the responsibility na idala ang black to civilization Americans established themselves as rulers of PH starting 1898 PH-American war Ended 1902 o America’s POV Ended 1913 o Filipino’s POV Battle of Bud Bagsak in Mindanao by Moros (last battle) The establishment of an independent Philippines, however, became a long struggle from both the elite and non-elite Filipinos Political elite o
Filipinos sent politicians to U.S. in order to diplomatically work for the independence of the Philippines Non-elite o Struggle ranged from diff social movements to continuous resistance on the diff levels of society U.S. president William McKinley Issued benevolent assimilation o Dec 21, 1898 “future control, disposition, and government of PH ceded to U.S.” Did not declare PH’s independence Applied U.S. government to PH (White House)
o
UP
Handled by Americans (pumasok Thomasites establishing public schools) Built 1908 State university (but Chartered university before) Guerrilla/Conventional Warfare Declared on Nov 15, 1899 o
Justification: need to colonize kasi acting like children (di marunong warfare)
American troops Filipino troops Antonio Luna o Best known for this Siya nagsabi na guerrilla warfare dapat, but no one listened
1899
Start of Philippine-American War February o Fiilipino was shot by an American o beside Pasig River 1899-1902 Countryside yung wars o Hamletting Method used by Americans o Transform pueblo into military camp o Entrance/exit hinarangan, need may o pass Pag lumabas ng pueblo, di na o makakabalik Inalis mga Pilipino far from fields, o sinunog ng Americans para di na matulungan mga Pilipino sa labas Gen. Miguel Malvar Last Filipino General to surrender to o Americans Surrendered para stop na war within o pueblo Others continued war Amigo warfare o Morning nasa pueblo, friends with Americans Alam ng soldiers ano mga supplies Evening meeting for guerrilla warfare (di pa alam ng Americans at that time) Ambush platoons Papaputok twice then retreat para mag-aaim palang Americans, wala na Filipinos
1901
“Sedition Law” of 1901 outlawed any Philippine advocacy of independence
1907
“Flag Law” of 1907 prohibited the display of the Philippine flag Macario Sakay Execution, people may PH flag outside o para balutan bangkay, but pinagbawalan flag These became occasions for the rise of creative ways of resistance expressed through literature and popular culture Kahapon, ngayon at bukas o Title of a play Actors wore red, blue, yellow, white, dikit-dikit to show flag, then disperse when Americans enter
1913
End of war
1918
November 1918, the Philippine Legislature created the Commission of Independence, “for the purpose of studying all matters related to the negotiation and organization of the independence of the Philippines PH assembly o Looking out for interest ng PH Thoughts of Filipinos fully controlled na o by Americans, kaya Americans thought pwede nang pakawalan Composed of 11 senators headed by Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmena, they presented independence as the national ideal of the Filipino people
Lobbyists Influence congressman o Ex: want CCTV, ask congressman to o create batas to build CCTV Partylist marami from lobbyists o
1919
Bugaboo was the derisive term used when this potential threat was dismissed in discussion But Quezon still saw this as a potential o threat Commonwealth Act No. 1 Quezon created PH army o Anahaw leaf helmet o Japanese Colonization (1941-1945) [FILM] 1942 Japanese entered after bombing of open city and attack on Pearl Harbor (in Hawaii) through bicycles and yelled banzai (PH didn’t know it was a battle cry) Jan 2, 1942 o 3 PHASES OF WWII 1. Philippine Defense Campaign Dec 7-8, 1941 – May 6, 1942 o Attack on Pearl Harbor o Dec 7-8, 1941 Gen. Douglas MacArthur left o March 11, 1942 Bataan Death March o April 9, 1942 South West Pacific Area (SWPA) o Name given to Allied supreme military command Last command disappeared when Corregidor fell on May 6 2. Japanese Colonization 3. Philippine Liberation Campaign Meat of Filipino contribution o Youngsters inculcated with patriotism o and nationalism Hunters ROTC o Jan 15, 1942 70-80 young boys Residents of San Juan Raided center Miguel Ver Military commander Gustavo Ingles Intelligence officer Knows Bisaya and Tagalog How to avoid Japanese to get to center Nakapasok then kinuha firearms Underestimated bec very young National Bilibid Prison (broke in then freed prisoners; successful on 2nd time) Philippine Guerrilla Movement o o
The first Parliamentary Mission was sent to the U.S. in 1919. This resulted to Woodrow Wilson’s recommendation to Congress in favor of Philippine Independence Parliamentary Mission o Lobbyists lobby laws in favor of PH independence The only Parliamentary Mission o successful
1922
April 1922, 2nd mission led again by Quezon and Osmena went to Washington. The succeeding missions of 1923, 1924 and 1925 were unsuccessful in gaining legislation for Philippine Independence
1933
Osmena-Roxas (OsRox) Commission from 1931-1933 succeeded in securing the passage of o Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act which became a law in Jan 17, 1933 Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act o Independent PH after 10 years Quezon Ayaw magpatalo sa pogi points kaya left o for U.S. for the purpose of securing a “better” law, Tydings-McDuffie Act (10 years transition period also) Vetoed Hare-Hawes-Cutting na same o lang naman with Tydings-Mcduffie American gave independence to PH because of Great Depression 1925-1933 Cannot sustain PH anymore o Politically, independent during 1933, but o people believe in 1898
1935
Inauguration of the PH Commonweatlh Nov 15, 1935 o Administrative body that governed PH til o 1946 Aguinaldo vs Quezon o J. Edgar Hoover Has list of mistresses of Quezon Japanese Bugaboo There were already formal arguments of o the Japanese menace before passing the Tydings-McDuffie Act since pumapasok na Hapon sa PH
No shoes and gun July 4, 1942 o Miguel Ver died Revenge became idealism Aug 30, 1942 o Pugad Lawin Ambush 200 Japanese 19 Filipinos Walang binuhay na Japanese Hunters grew to 25000 armed men o Anti-Guerrilla Operations by Japanese o kasi strong yung Hunters Sona Arrest men, bring to church, keep them there Use of threat and torture High ranking officers Ingles as leader was tortured to spill info pero di naggive in Laurel o Caused hate sa hunters kasi di pro-Japanese Christmas Truce o Hunters (17-18 yrs old) asked Sakai who agreed Hunters felt they knew better Pride of youth Marking’s Guerrillas (20-30 yrs old) Killed Sakai Battle of Leyte Guld o MacArthur arrived on Leyte and removed Japanese there Oct 20, 1944 Nasugbu Landing o American troops landed in Nasugbu and liberated Batangas Shimbu Line o 50,000 Japanese soldiers Failed bec Filipino troops at front and back of line Sept 2, 1945 o Japan surrenders USS Missouri
Pinalitan with military Japan had no idea that PH is independent during 1898 Japan attacked Hawaii so no airplane can supply aid to PH Hawaii connected U.S. to PH o Without Hawaii, no U.S. plane has direct o flight to PH
o
Japan US attack
Hawaii
Supply aid through plane
PH
[PPT]
Thailand Only place not colonized o If pumasok foreigners, deal lang o Bridge in River Kwai Pinag-aagawan ng Axis and Allied o Meiji Restoration Reconstruct Japan into Westernized, o modern military power Last samurai o
Japanese bombed Isla ng Wake o Bombed kasabay ng Pearl Harbor Nichols Air base (Villamor) o Sangley Point, Cavite o Clark Field, Pampanga o Davao o Baguio o Aparri o Intelligence reports to Japanese came from: Davao-kuo o Japanese community in Davao full of spies providing intelligence report tungkol sa Pilipinas Karayuki-san o Japanese prostitutes somewhere in Sampaloc, near Intramuros American army goes to Sampaloc Karayuki-san gets info from American soldier by pabebe Dec 22, 1941 Malakihang pagdating ng Japanese sa Lingayen, Mauban, Atimonan at Siain Dec 24, 1941 Quezon, his family and kasapi ng gabinete ay inilikas sa Corregidor Mahalaga ang paglikas na ito bec hindi nagtagumpay si Masaharu Homma na palibutan ang USAFFE sa Manila United States Armed Forces of the Far o East
o
Agriculture and Business Education Health Public Works and Communication Pagbabagong Pang-edukasyon Public schools opened in March 31, o 1942 Opened schools with vocational studies o that teaches agriculture, medicine, fishing and engineering Kempei-Tai Japanese police o Oct 14, 1943 Jose P. Laurel declared as President of PH under Japan Tried ipasok nationalism into Filipinos o despite colonization Made Tagalog into pambansa at opisyal o na wika Hindi pumayag nag awing “conscripts” o ng hukbong Hapones ang mga Pilipino Asked by Quezon to take presidency o kasi magiging pro-Japanese ang leader Not seen as “puppet leader” by Guerrilla o people Told by Japanese na sabihing we’re at o war Said we’re in “state of war” only o Aguinaldo Sent letter to Guerrilla in Bataan saying o sumuko na Want Japanese to give him pension o Sipsip sa Japanese o May katana kasi Honorary Samurai o Benigno S. Aquino and Ramon Avancena Mga pangalawang pangulo ni Laurel o Aquino is a collaborator ng Japanese o (believes Japanese is the solution) Guerrilla Movement 2 primary groups o USAFFE and ROTC HUKBALAHAP These are the groups that provided info o regarding movements of enemies in PH These groups ang masasabing o continued fight and freed us from Japanese Nung dumating mga Amerikano, o napaalis na ng Guerrilla ang Hapon sa Leyte Makapili Armed group of Filipinos who are proo Japanese Need money to feed family o Covered face with paper bag o
Bataan
Destroy before enter
Manila
Corregidor War Plan Orange All army will be placed in Corregidor and peninsula of Bataan Unlike other countries in Southeast Asia, hindi nakuha ng Japan ang PH sa kabila ng 50 days na itinakda para sa pananakop. Ikinagalit ng Hapones Japanese expected PH will welcome o them like others Indonesia welcomed Japan bec arrival = o fulfillment of Indonesian prophecy that yellow people will save them from Dutch (by Joyo Boya) Gen. Homma “Dumating kami upang palayain kayo sa o mapang-aping dominasyon ng Amerika at hayaan kayong makapagtatag ng isang “Pilipinas para sa mga Pilipino” bilang kasapi ng Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere at upang magkamit kayo ng satiling pag-unlad at kultura” (Jan 3, 1942) Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere All will go to Japan’s Legislative Assembly Feb and March, 1942 Wala pang nangyayari o April, 1942 Death March o May 1942 Di pa rin sumuko si Gen. Wainwright o Pres. Roosevelt promised convoy and o supplies but tapusin muna battle with Europe before SE Asia Yamashita o Tiger of Malaya Replaced Homma Convicted and punished in PH Binago ang Kaayusang Pampamahalaan Named Central Administrative o Organization Composed of the ff 15epts..: Interior Pananalapi (Bank) Justice o
Traitors Pillbox Fortification o Box with machine gun used in war o War changed attitude of Filipinos Before, no need for police because o trustworthy, but war taught us robbery Japanese destroyed bridges, so we built pontoon bridges o
PROBLEM Great Cultural Divide Spanish o Ladino Bridge bet Kastila and Pilipino Paring Sekular Burgos (mas malayo pa sa Pilipino bec educated in seminary Orientation is very far from nasa baba Separated Bahayan/ Filipinos into: Estadong etniko (Ifugao) Estadong kolonyal (pueblo, reduccion) Americans (19th century) o Ilustrado Can study abroad Modern na ang Europe after 1789 French revolution (liberalized) and wanted idea of Nation State introduced sa PH (specifically Rizal) Rizal forgot concept of Bayan that evolved from Bahayan (Spanish time pa) Rizal not aware of Dambuhalang Pagkakahati Bonifacio 1896 used Bayan model Each ay kapatid (Bayan = one kalooban) That’s why called PH, Haring Bayang Katagalugan Saw both Nation State and paguugnay ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan But 1897 Tejeros Convention, Aguinaldo takes position Aware of Dambuhalang Pagkakahati Pensionado Fulbright Government pays for expenses of students studying abroad Koreans and Japanese sponsor Fil. scholars in their country, then
babalik sa PH thinking we should learn Korean! Kaya nakapasok ang Korean sa DepEd language Same uri naghahawak sa Pilipinas Political dynasty, kaya di makamove on o
SOLUTION Paano pagkaisahin ang Dambuhalang Pagkakahati?
