Xinvhrsnty fo Gmikumkhs mic Nithrimtnfimg Nithrimtnfimg Utucnhs _nhtimd Imtnfimg Xinvhrsnty
NISHQEXGSXQMG EFDDXINEMSNFI ONIMG HUUM^
Efdduinemtnfi Efdduinemtnfi stygh mt tlh _nhtimdhsh mic Bmpmihsh [frjpgmeh
Ay2 Ikuyhi Dmil Lm ― ]L10=0.H=? Gheturhr2 Dr. Ikf Luu Lfmik
EFDDXINEMSNFI US^GH MS SLH _NHSIMDHUH MIC BMPMIHUH BMPMIHUH [FQJPGMEH
SMAGH FO EFISHISU N. NISQFCXESNFI .......................................................................................................................................... = =.
Qmtnfimgh Qmtnfimg h ................. ................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ................. =
1.
Unkinonemieh Unkinonemie h ................ ................. ................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .............. =
NN. CH_HGFPDHIS ................ ................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. ................. 1 =. Eugturh................ ................. .................. ................. .................. ................. .................. ................. ......... 1 1. Efdduinemtnfi ..................................................................................................................................... 1 5. Nithreugturmg efdduinemtnfi ................................................................................................................ 1 3. Efdduinemtnfi stygh mt tlh wfrjpgmeh ................................................................................................ 5 m. Frkminzmtnfimg eugturh ....................................................................................................................... 5 a. Ufdh pfthitnmg prfaghds ni dugtneugturmg wfrjnik hivnrfidhit .................................................... 3 8. Bmpmihsh efdduinemtnfi stygh mt wfrjpgmeh ....................................................................................... 3 m. Bmpmihsh efdduinemtnfi stygh ......................................................................................................... 3 a. Lfw Bmpmihsh efdduinemth mt wfrjpgmeh ...................................................................................... 8 ?. _nhtimdhsh efdduinemtnfi stygh mt wfrjpgmeh ................................................................................... ; m. _nhtimdhsh efdduinemtnfi stygh ..................................................................................................... ; a. Lfw _nhtimdhsh efdduinemth mt wfrjpgmeh .................................................................................. < NNN. EFIEGXUNFI .......................................................................................................................................... =0 Qhohrhiehs2 ................................................................................................................................................. =1
N. NISQFCXESNFI NISQFCXESNFI =. Qmtnfimgh Ni rhehit yhmrs, dmiy gnikunsts, rhshmrelhrs mic selfgmrs ni gnikunstnes tfkhtlhr wntl prfohssnfimgs wfrjnik wfrjnik ofr nithrimtnfimg efdpminhs lmvh lnklgnklthc lnklgnklthc tlh ndpfrtmieh fo jifwghckh fo cnoohrhit eugturhs mic tlhy mrh uimindfus ni tlmt kgfamgnzmtnfi lms arfuklt mafut tlh krfwnik trhic tf efdduinemth wntl phfpgh orfd cnoohrhit eugturmg amejkrfuics. [ntl tlh nierhmsnik snkinonemieh fo tlh nithkrmtnik _nhtimd dmrjht ni tlh wfrgc hefifdy ni vnhw fo tlh sfenfhefifdne chvhgfpdhit fo tlh twhity onrst ehitury, dmiy nithrimtnfimg efdpminhs mic ef-fphrmtnfis ruslhc mic pgmiihc tf phihtrmth nitf _nhtimdhsh dmrjht tf hxpgfrh ausnihss fppfrtuintnhs. fppfrtuintnhs. Lhieh, nithrimtnfimg wfrjnik thmds mpphmrnik ni _nhtimd mrh qunth uanquntfus tlhsh cmys. Slns lms mt tlh smdh tndh spurrhc tlh ihhc ofr erfss-eugturmg rhshmrel ni _nhtimd. Ahemush, fieh _nhtimd nithkrmthc nitf tlh wfrgcwnch hefifdy, tlh quhstnfi gnjh "lfw tf uichrstmic _nhtimdhsh/Bmpmihsh phfpgh sf ms tf wfrj wntl tlhd hoohetnvhgy" lms feeupnhc tlh dnics fo dmiy phfpgh wlf mrh pgmiinik tf wfrj fr lmvh mgrhmcy wfrjhc ni m dugtneugturmg frkminzmtnfi. Slmt ns wly tlh mutlfr fo tlns sdmgg stucy chenchc tf
elffsh tlh tfpne ‘Efdduinemtnfi stygh mt tlh
_nhtimdhsh mic Bmpmihsh [frjpgmeh‟ ofr tlh Onimg Hssmy fo tlh Nithreugturmg efdduinemtnfi suabhet wntl m vnhw tf nivhstnkmtnik mic chsernanik tlh _nhtimdhsh mic Bmpmihsh efdduinemtnfi stygh mt tlh wfrjpgmeh.
1. Unkinonemieh Unkinonemieh
Sf tlh rhshmrelhr„s jifwghckh, tlns sdmgg stucy ns tlh vhry onrst rhshmrel fi tlh eugturh-rhgmthc tlhdhs. Slhrhofrh, nt wngg hirnel tlh gnthrmturh fi tlns tfpne. Dfrhfvhr, lfphouggy, tlns sdmgg stucy wngg ah fo kffc ush ni mssnstnik phfpgh, hsphenmggy tlfsh wlf sht fut tf mppgy ofr m bfa fr mrh wfrjnik ni m dugtn-eugturmg =
wfrjnik hivnrfidhit, ni lmvnik m anrc-hyh vnhw fo pfssnagh prfaghds feeurrnik wlhi _nhtimdhsh mic Bmpmihsh stmoo efdduinemth wntl fih miftlhr mt wfrjpgmeh. Slhrhofrh, tlhy emi lmvh m chhphr uichrstmicnik fo tlh twf eugturhs mic mvfnc dnsuichrstmicniks dnsuichrstmicniks wlhi efdduinemtnik wntl fih miftlhr. Mccntnfimggy, ni tlh mkh fo kgfamgnzmtnfi wlhi nithreugturmg efdduinemtnfi ns efddfi ifwmcmys, tlns sdmgg-semgh stucy mgsf lfphs tf efitrnauth tf tlh wfrgcwnch rhshmrel fi erfsseugturmg efdduinemtnfi tf sfdh hxthits.
NN. CH_HGFPDHIS =. Eugturh Meefrcnik tf Arffjs Phthrsfi (Eugturmg Nithggnkhieh, 1003, p. =;) , ‘Eugturh‟ ns tlh rhgmtnvhgy stmagh sht fo niihr vmguhs mic ahgnhos khihrmggy lhgc ay krfups fo phfpgh ni efuitrnhs fr rhknfis mic tlh iftnehmagh ndpmet tlfsh vmguhs mic ahgnhos lmvh fi
tlh phfpgh„s futwmrc ahlmvnfrs mic hivnrfidhit. hivnrfidhit. 1. Efdduinemtnfi Efdduinemtnfi Slh thrd efdduinemtnfi emi ah chonihc ni dmiy wmys. Ghvnih mic Mchgdmi (=>>5) chonihc efdduinemtnfi ms tlh prfehss fo slmrnik dhminik tlrfukl vhramg mic ifivhramg ahlmvnfrs. Meefrcnik tf Ahnsghr (1003), efdduinemtnfi ns tlh trmisdnssnfi orfd fih phrsfi tf miftlhr fo m dhssmkh wlnel ns uichrstffc ay tlh rhehnvhr ms tlh shichr nithichc.
5. Nithreugturmg Nithreugturmg efdduinemtnfi efdduinemtnfi Nithreugturmg efdduinemtnfi ns rhkmrchc ms nithrmetnfi ahtwhhi phfpgh wlf gnvh ni cnoohrhit efuitrnhs mic efdh orfd cnoohrhit eugturmg amejkrfuics. Nt ns, meefrcnik tf Qnelmrcs & Pgmtt (=>>1 ),
mi hxelmikh fo nchms, niofrdmtnfi hte. ahtwhhi
phrsfis orfd cnoohrhit cnoohrhit eugturmg amejkrfuics. Ni ftlhr wfrcs, meefrcnik tf Umdfvmr 1
mic Pfrthr (=>>=) nithreugturmg efdduinemtnfi feeurs wlhihvhr m dhssmkh ns prfcuehc ay m dhdahr fo fih eugturh ofr efisudptnfi ay m dhdahr fo miftlhr eugturh, m dhssmkh dust ah uichrstffc. Nt pgmys suel m pnvftmg rfgh tlmt Chafrml Smiihi (=><8) msshrts cnoohrhit gmikumkhs, cnoohrhit sphhel mets‟.
tlmt2 ‘cnoohrhit eugturhs,
Slhsh cnoohrhiehs, ms m rhsugt, ghmc tf
tlh krhmt pfthitnmg ofr dnsuichrstmicniks fr dnsnithrprhtmtnfis ni erfss-eugturmg nithrmetnfi. Slhrhofrh, nt ns ndpfrtmit tf rmnsh erfss-eugturmg mwmrhihss ofr mvfncnik eugturh slfej mic efdduinemtnfi efdduinemtnfi arhmjcfwi.
3. Efdduinemtnfi stygh mt tlh wfrjpgmeh m. Frkminzmtnfimg eugturh
Eugturh ns tlh pmtthri fo tmjhi-ofr-krmithc mssudptnfis mafut lfw m knvhi efgghetnfi fo phfpgh slfugc tlnij, met, mic ohhg ms tlhy kf mafut tlhnr cmngy moomnrs (Bfyit & [mrihr,=>>?). Lfosthch (=>>;) mccrhsshs tlmt tlhrh mrh twf jnics fo eugturhs2 frkminzmtnfimg
eugturh
mic
imtnfimg
eugturh, wlnel cnoohrs wlhi nt efdhs tf vmguhs mic prmetneh. _mguhs efdh orfd tlh hxphrnhieh fo gnoh, ni ftlhr wfrcs, fih„s vmguh efdhs orfd omdngy mic selffg ni tlh hmrgy yhmr fo lns/lhr gnoh. [lngh prmetnehs efdh orfd sfenmg hxphrnhieh2 wfrjnik. Slh cnoohrhiehs ni imtnfimg eugturh gnh ni vmguhs rmtlhr tlmi prmetneh. [lngh, ni frkminzmtnfimg ghvhg, eugturh cnoohrhiehs mpphmr dfstgy ni prmetneh rmtlhr tlmi vmguh.
5
a. Ufdh pfthitnmg prfaghds ni dugtneugturmg wfrjnik hivnrfidhit
Dugtneugturmg hivnrfidhit fothi khihrmths orustrmtnik cnghddms. Dmimkhdhit mt tlh
wfrjpgmeh
typnonhs
tlns
omet.
Eugturmg cnoohrhiehs emi
erhmth
suastmitnmg fastmeghs
– aut tlhsh dmy ah suatgh mic cnooneugt tf rhefkinzh uitng tf hoohetnvh thmdwfrj snkinonemit cmdmkh lms mgrhmcy ahhi cfih. Ufdh pfthitnmg prfaghds dmy rnsh ms ofggfws2 Slh onrst prfaghd ns tlh dmtthr fo gmikumkh amrrnhrs. . Slh shefic prfaghd dmy gnh ni tlh cnoohrhieh fo mttntuchs tfwmrc lnhrmrely mic mutlfrnty, wlnel efugc ah tlh puietumgnty fo stmoo tf tlh efdpmiy, hte. Dfrhfvhr, eugturhs cnoohr hifrdfusgy wlhi nt efdhs tf chensnfi dmjnik – pmrtneugmrgy, lfw qunejgy chensnfis slfugc ah dmch mic lfw duel mimgysns ns rhqunrhc ahofrhlmic. Ni mccntnfi, meehits mic oguhiey emi mgsf emush trfuagh. Gmst aut ift ghmst, ifi-vhramg efdduinemtnfi emi ah m ank prfaghd ni dugtneugturmg dugtneugturmg hivnrfidhit. hivnrfidhit.
8. Bmpmihsh efdduinemtnfi stygh mt wfrjpgmeh m. Bmpmihsh efdduinemtnfi stygh
Nt ns pfnithc fut tlmt tlrfuklfut tlh gfik lnstfry fo Bmpmi, tlh Bmpmihsh lmvh eugtnvmthc tlhnr uinquh efdduinemtnfi styghs wlnel mrh amshc fi tlhnr lnklefithxt, efgghetnvnstne, mic mgdfst lfdfkhihfus sfenhty (Nslnn ht mg., =>>?). Slh Bmpmihsh mrh rhpfrthc tf ah rhshrvhc, emutnfus, hvmsnvh, snghit, mic mdankufus (Amriguic, =>;8), pgmenik mi hdplmsns fi ift lurtnik ftlhrs mic jhhpnik lmrdfinfus rhgmtnfis wntl hmel ftlhr. Slns hdplmsns fi lmrdfiy lms lhgphc tf 3
dfgc m sfenhty ni wlnel tlh mangnty tf mssndngmth cnoohrhiehs mic tf hiknihhr efishisus ns vmguhc mafvh m tmghit ofr mrkudhit (Amriguic, =><>). Slh purpfsh fo tlh cnmgfkuh ns ift tf egmrnoy tlh pfnits fi wlnel cnsmkrhhdhit hxnst, aut tf efionrd tf tlh vnhws fo tlh ftlhr pmrty (Juinlnrf). Ni tlns efdduinemtnfi-pmssnvh sfenhty fo Bmpmi, dfchsty, ludngnty, mic supprhssnfi fo shgo mrh efisnchrhc tf ah dfrmg nchms (Fjmah, =><5), mic phfpgh mrh rmtlhr rhguetmit tf cnsegfsh tlhnr truh ohhgniks (Amriguic, =>;8). a. Lfw Bmpmihsh efdduinemth mt wfrjpgmeh
Ms rhkmrcs tf tlh Bmpmihsh efdduinemtnfi stygh mt wfrjpgmeh, afwnik ns fih fo
tlh
dfst
typnemg
pmrmcnkds. Nt ns fashrvhc hvhrywlhrh ni tlh eugturh, hsphenmggy
ni
ausnihss. Afwnik Afwnik ns ushc tf krhht phfpgh, suel ms wlhi nitrfcuenik, mejifwghcknik, mejifwghcknik, fr whgefdnik whgefdnik sfdhfih. Nt emi ah ushc tf slfw sniehrnty ay foohrnik sfdhtlnik fr slfw krmtntuch ay efikrmtugmtnik fr sydpmtlnznik sfdhfih, fr slfw ludngnty ludngnty ay rhquhstnik rhquhstnik fr mpfgfknznik. Nt ns mgsf mgsf ushc mt tlh fisht fr egfsnik fo hvhits mic ehrhdfinhs gnjh efdphtntnfi fr ihkftnmtnfis. Dfstgy nt ns ushc ushc tf mkrhh mic tf mejifwghckh wlmt wlmt tlh ftlhr phrsfi ns smynik.
8
Ay mic gmrkh, tlh Bmpmihsh mrh efisnchrhc tf sht m krhmt stfrh ay tlh meeurmey ni hvhrytlnik tlhy cf mic miytlnik tlhy smnc ms whgg.
Slhy mrh efisnchrhc ‘stnejhrs
ofr tlh rughs‟ fr ‘sphmjhrs ay tlh affjs‟ ms tlhy mgwmys fahy tf tlh rughs mic rhkugmtnfis mt miy rmths. Fih fo tlh ahst ghssfis ghmrihc orfd Bmpmi wfrjnik stygh ns tlmt tlhy put qunth m lnkl vmguh fi wfrjnik tndh. Hvhryafcy nivnthc nivnthc tf m dhhtnik fo m efdpmiy dust prhshit mt tlh dhhtnik lmgg mt ghmst 8 dniuths prnfr tf tlh stmrt. Fo mgg tlh msphets fo chmgnik wntl tlh Bmpmihsh, tlh fihs wlnel prfamagy emush tlh ankkhst cnghddms cnghddms mrh fccs-fi tf efiehri efdduinemtnfi cnooneugtnhs. Ni omet, hvhry eugturh lms nts fwi rughs rhkmrcnik htnquhtth. Ni tlh emsh fo Bmpmi, sfdh fo tlhsh rughs mrh strmnkltofrwmrc wlngh ftlhrs mrh dfrh suatgh. Fih fo tlh amsne efiehpts fo Bmpmihsh sfenhty, wlnel strfikgy moohets tlhnr efdduinemtnfi stygh mt wfrj, ns tmthdmh mic lfiih. Lfiih dhmis tlh truh ohhgniks fo phfpgh wlngh tmthdmh ns
tlh omeh tlhy prhshit tf tlh wfrgc. [lngh tlhy cf ift nkifrh tlhnr
ohhgniks, Bmpmihsh efisnchr
tmthdmh
tf ah dfrh ndpfrtmit ni dmnitmninik m
lmrdfinfus sfenhty ni khihrmg, mic wfrjnik hivnrfidhit ni pmrtneugmr. Bmpmihsh efdduinemtnfis mrh hpntfdnzhc ay suatghty mic iumieh, wlhrh lfw fih mpphmrs mic wlmt fih puagnegy stmths (tmthdmh) mic wlmt fih rhmggy tlnijs (lfiih) mrh fothi pfghs mpmrt. Slhrh ns fothi m lukh cnstmieh ahtwhhi tlh hxprhsshc 'tmthdmh' mic tlh ohgt 'lfiih' – tlhy emi fothi hvhi ah efitrmcnetfry.
Nt ns ‘tmthdmh‟ mic ‘lfiih‟ tlmt dmjh Bmpmihsh turi nitf mi nehahrk ms suel ift
?
figy mt tlhnr wfrjpgmeh aut mgsf ni tlh sfenhty ni khihrmg ms whgg. [lmt tlhy cnspgmy ni puagne ns bust m tlnrc fo tlh nehahrk. Slh ftlhr twf ns lncchi. Slh chvhgfpdhit fo rhgmtnfislnps mic rmppfrts ni m efdpmiy ni Bmpmi ns fothi chphichit fi phfpgh's mangnty tf rhmc tlh uichrgynik trutl wlnel dmy uichrpni tlh spfjhi rlhtfrne. Nt emi, fo efursh, ah vhry cnooneugt ofr tlh ifi-Bmpmihsh tf imvnkmth tlhsh vhry efiousnik pmrmcfxhs. Nt ns prfamagy ahst tf smy tlmt hvhrytlnik slfugc ah quhstnfihc ni frchr tf hisurh tlmt eghmr uichrstmicnik lms ahhi melnhvhc. Nt ns sukkhsthc tf cfuagh-elhej amej shvhrmg tndhs ofr egmrnonemtnfi fo miytlnik tlmt rhdmnis uieghmr. Efdduinemtnfi cnooneugtnhs mrh ourtlhr efdpfuichc ay tlh omet tlmt ni tndhs fo strhss fr cnooneugty curnik m dhhtnik mt wfrj, tlh Bmpmihsh wngg fothi rhsfrt tf snghieh ni frchr tf rhghmsh tlh thisnfi ni tlh rffd mic mggfw phfpgh tf dfvh mwmy orfd tlh mrhm fo cnooneugty (tf prhshrvh lmrdfiy wlnel ns tmitmdfuit). Xiofrtuimthgy dmiy whsthrihrs mrh hxtrhdhgy uiefdofrtmagh wntl snghieh ni dhhtniks mic ohhg tlh ihhc tf ongg tlh snghieh wntl dfrh cnseussnfi fvhr tlh nssuh tlh Bmpmihsh wfugc rmtlhr mvfnc. Ni mccntnfi, Bmpmihsh afcy gmikumkh ns vhry dnindmg, dmjnik nt cnooneugt ofr tlh uitrmnihc fashrvhr tf rhmc. Slh Bmpmihsh shhd tf ah vhry stngg ni dhhtniks, snttnik ni m ofrdmg uprnklt pfsturh. Nt ns rmrh ofr miy rhmetnfi fr hdftnfi tf ah vnsnagh.
?. _nhtimdhsh efdduinemtnfi stygh mt wfrjpgmeh m. _nhtimdhsh efdduinemtnfi stygh
Unieh aftl Bmpmi mic _nhtimd ahgfik tf Msnm, efdpmrhc wntl Bmpmihsh efdduinemtnfi stygh, _nhtimdhsh fih amsnemggy lms qunth m ohw sndngmrntnhs. Ofrdmgnty, rhsphet, mic nithrphrsfimg lmrdfiy mrh eugturmg vmguhs hvnchit ni
;
vhramg efdduinemtnfi mdfik _nhtimdhsh. Sf mvfnc efiorfitmtnfi fr snkis fo cnsrhsphet, hsphenmggy wntl phrsfis fo lnklhr stmtus, _nhtimdhsh dmy ift hxprhss cnsmkrhhdhit. Nisthmc, tlhy dmy ift miswhr m quhstnfi cnrhetgy, fr tlhy dmy rhdmni snghit (GmAfrch, =>>?). Slfukl _nhtimdhsh dmy ifc mic ush tlh wfrc
‘yhs‟ fr ‘ym‟ tf slfw rhsphet mic efivhy tlmt tlhy mrh gnsthinik, tlns cfhs ift ihehssmrngy nicnemth uichrstmicnik fr mkrhhdhit (Utmuoohr, =>>8). Lhieh, nt ns sukkhsthc tlmt ofrhnkihrs slfugc ift
mssudh tlmt ifccnik fr rhspficnik ‘yhs‟ tf
tlhnr quhstnfis dhmis tlmt m _nhtimdhsh phrsfi mkrhhs fr uichrstmics. Nt dmy dhmi tlmt lh ns gnsthinik fr wmits tf slfw rhsphet tf tlh sphmjhr. [lmt ns dfrh6 Dnsuichrstmicnik ifivhramg euhs tf quhstnfis mafut cnmkifsns mic trhmtdhit lms ahhi dnstmjhigy gnijhc wntl trhmtdhit trhmtdhit ifiefdpgnmieh (Luit, 1001: 1001: Gnicsmy ht mg., =>><). Ofr tlmt rhmsfi, sf ms tf
hgnent m pmtnhit„s u ichrstmicnik fo cnmkifsns,
trhmtdhit, fr ftlhr lhmgtl nssuhs, nt ns rhefddhichc tf
mvfnc msjnik ‘yhs fr if‟
quhstnfis: nisthmc, msj fphi-hichc quhstnfis tlmt emgg ofr dfrh tlmi m sndpgh fihwfrc rhspfish. a. Lfw _nhtimdhsh efdduinemth mt wfrjpgmeh
_nhtimdhsh lmvh mi fgc smynik, wlnel kfhs2 onrst tlniks tlhy gffj mt mrh trust mic
‘Ahofrh _nhtimdhsh cf ausnihss, tlh
rhgmtnfislnps‟ (E. Ikuyhi, phrsfimg
efdduinemtnfi, Ifvhdahr >, 100;). Srugy, fi tlh wlfgh, tlh wmy _nhtimdhsh efdduinemth chphic duel fi tlh trust mic rhgmtnfislnp. Khihrmggy, _nhtimdhsh phfpgh mgwmys jhhp m cnstmieh wlhi sphmjnik tf sfdhfih Lfwhvhr, tlhrh ns m efddfi tlnik ns tlmt, mt wfrjpgmeh, _nhtimdhsh thic tf
efivhy
rhsphet
mic
ftlhr
<
trmcntnfimg vmguhs rnklt tlrfukl ifivhramg khsturhs suel ms khitgh afws, sdnghs, ifcs (Luit, 1001: Gnicsmy, =>><). _nhtimdhsh mgwmys slfw tlhnr emrh ofr efgghmkuhs. No fih cmy m phrsfi efdhs tf tlh fooneh mic ftlhr _nhtimdhsh stmoo cf ift krhht lnd vhry wmrdgy mic tlhy jhhp qunht fr ofeus fi tlhnr wfrj rmtlhr tlmi msjnik sfdh quhstnfis mafut lns cmngy gnoh, nt ns m eghmr snki tlmt tlhy mrh ift lmppy wntl lnd. Lh dmy whgg lmvh hntlhr cfih sfdhtlnik tlhy cnc ift gnjh, fr lh lmvh omnghc tf cf sfdhtlnik tlmt lh slfugc lmvh cfih ofr tlhd. Ufdh khsturhs tlmt _nhtimdhsh dmy vnhw ms nimpprfprnmth fr foohisnvh, hsphenmggy mt wfrjpgmeh nieguch wnijnik (hsphenmggy wlhi cnrhethc mt tlh fppfsnth shx), ahejfinik sfdhfih wntl tlh nichx onikhr, pgmenik lmics ni pfejhts fr fi lnps
wlngh tmgjnik, pmttnik m phrsfi„s amej, mic pfnitn ik tf ftlhr phfpgh wlngh tmgjnik (Luit (1001). _nhtimdhsh shgcfd ush tfuel ms m dhmis fo efdduinemtnfi mt wfrjpgmeh, hsphenmggy wntl hgchrgy phfpgh, dhdahrs fo fppfsnth shx, mic tlfsh fo lnklhr stmtus. Ahsnchs tlh omet tlmt tfuelnik ftlhr hdpgfyhhs fr ausnihss aus nihss pmrtihrs mrh cnsefurmkhc ni _nhtimd (hxehpt ofr lmicslmjhs), gffjnik
mt phfpgh„s hyhs wlhi tlhy mrh
sphmjnik mrh mgsf ift m kffc nchm, hsphenmggy ms sphmjnik tf hgchrs (E. Ikuyhi, phrsfimg efdduinemtnfi, efdduinemtnfi, Ifvhdahr Ifvhdahr >, 100;). Nt ns sndngmr tf Bmpmi ni tlmt _nhtimdhsh prhohr tf sphmj ni m vhry nicnrhet dmiihr, niegucnik enreudstmiehs mt wfrj. Ndpfrtmit quhstnfis fr nssuhs mrh rmnshc nicnrhetgy. Ni _nhtimd, m dfrh enreugmr rfuth ns fothi dfrh mpprfprnmth. Slh slfrthst cnstmieh ahtwhhi twf pfnits ns ift mgwmys m strmnklt gnih. Slhrhofrh, nt ns vhry cnooneugt tf jifw no tlh phrsfi wntl wlfd yfu mrh sphmjnik ns lmppy, cnsmppfnithc, fr ftlhrwnsh: wntlfut sfuicnik trnth, nt emi ah smnc tlmt _nhtimdhsh, gnjh dmiy Msnmi phfpgh, lmvh omenmg hxprhssnfis tlmt mrh sfdhwlmt >
cnooneugt tf rhmc. Ihvhrtlhghss, nt ns ift uiefddfi tf shh phfpgh ahefdh hirmkhc fr rmnsh tlhnr vfnehs, pmrtneugmrgy wlhi m suphrnfr ns tmgjnik tf m buinfr hdpgfyhh. Unieh ifafcy wmits tf gfsh omeh, dhhtniks mpphmr tf rhdmni rmtlhr suphronenmg mic dmiy cnseussnfis tmjh pgmeh ahlnic tlh sehihs, aut usumggy ni tlh hic hvhryfih efdhs tf m dutumggy meehptmagh shttghdhit. shttghdhit.
Ni slmrp efitrmst tf ‘stnejnik -tf-tlh-rugh‟ eugturh fo Bmpmihsh, ni _nhtimdhsh gfemg kfvhridhitmg frkminzmtnfis, chmcgnihs mrh ift strnetgy mclhrhc mic dmy ah chgmyhc ay ohw cmys. Slh smdh ns truh ofr tndh, tlhrh hxnsts m sf-emgghc
‘ruaahr tndh‟ ni
_nhtimd. Ofr hxmdpgh, no yfu hxphet phfpgh tf efdh tf m dhhtnik mt
NNN. EFIEGXUNFI EFIEGXUNFI Slns stucy lms crmwi fut m rhgmtnvhgy eghmr nchm mic khihrmg jifwghckh fo nithreugturmg efdduinemtnfi efdduinemtnfi mic sfdh prfaghds tlmt dmy feeur ni tlh nithreugturmg wfrjnik hivnrfidhit. Dfrhfvhr, ay utngnznik m shghetnvh dmthrnmgs mic qufths orfd prhstnknfus rhshmrelhrs mic selfgmrs mgg fvhr tlh wfrgc, tlh stucy shts fut tf nivhstnkmth tlh _nhtimdhsh mic Bmpmihsh efdduinemtnfi stygh mt tlh wfrjpgmeh mic sfdh pfthitnmg prfaghds wlhi _nhtimdhsh mic Bmpmihsh efdduinemth wntl hmel ftlhr mrh nchitnonhc. Slh stucy pfnithc fut tlmt, _nhtimdhsh mic Bmpmihsh, slmrh dmiy efddfi trmnts ms rhkmrcs tf efdduinemtnfi stygh mt wfrjpgmeh. Onrst, aftl mrh orfd m efgghetnvnstne mic lnkl-efithxt eugturmg amejkrfuic, mic mrh dfrh gnjhgy tf efdduinemth nicnrhetgy mic tf lmvh m lnklhr chkrhh fo tfghrmieh fo mdankunty ni efdduinemtnfi. Slhy thic tf efitrfg tlhnr ohhgniks mic hxprhss tlhd ni m dfrh suatgh dmiihr. Uhefic, _nhtimd mic Bmpmi lmvh ahhi aftl m ehitrmgnzhc sfenhty ofr tlfusmics mic =0
luicrhcs fo yhmrs rhsphetnvhgy, sf tlh prmetneh fo lnhrmrely ns chhpgy rffthc ni aftl sfenhtnhs. Slh hdpgfyhhs fo tlh twf efuitrnhs whrh rhpfrthc tf ah tf fahy fr efdprfdnsh tf tlh mutlfrnty. Ahsnchs, tlh cnooneugt-tf-rhmc omenmg hxprhssnfi ns mgsf m slmrhc hghdhits fo hdpgfyhhs fo tlh twf efuitrnhs. Ni mccntnfi tf sf dmiy sndngmr ometfrs, tlhrh stngg hxnsts shvhrmg cnoohrhiehs ni efdduinemtnfi stygh mt wfrjpgmeh, wlnel wngg ah ehrtmnigy fo krhmt ush tf hntlhr Bmpmihsh fr _nhtimdhsh hdpgfyhhs tf uichrstmic hmel ftlhr. Onrst fo mgg, uignjh tlh
bfyougihss vnsnagy ohmturhc ni mgdfst hvhry snikgh _nhtimdhsh hdpgfyhhs„ omehs ms tlhy kf tf wfrj, Bmpmihsh prfvh tlhdshgvhs vhry efgc mt wfrj fi tlh suromeh ms tlhy mrh vhry rhshrvhc. Ourtlhrdfrh, Ourtlhrdfrh, tlh efiehpt fo tndh mgsf cnoohrs krhmtgy ahtwhhi ahtwhhi _nhtimdhsh _nhtimdhsh mic Bmpmihsh eugturh. Bmpmihsh Bmpmihsh thic tf ah fi tndh wlngh dmiy dmiy _nhtimdhsh cf ift lmvh lmvh tlns lmant. Onimggy, ifivhramg euhs fo hmel efuitrnhs mrh wlmt aftl _nhtimdhsh mic Bmpmihsh slfugc pmy m egfsh mtthitnfi tf. Put sndpgy, afwnik ni Bmpmi ns cnvnchc nitf tlrhh ghvhgs. Slh niofrdmg afw ns afwnik cfwi =8° wntl tlh lmics mt tlh snchs. Slns afw ns ushc ofr emsumg feemsnfis ofr mgg rmijs. Slh ofrdmg afw ns typnemggy ushc ni ausnihss. Nt ns m 50° ahic orfd tlh wmnst wntl pmgds omehc cfwi fi tlh jihhs fr fi tlh snchs. Nt ns lhgc ofr m ohw shefics ahofrh ahofrh rhturinik. Slh gmst gmst typh ns lmrcgy ushc. Nt ns dmnigy ushc ofr tlh ndphrnmg omdngy. Nt ns m afw knvhi wlngh snttnik fi tlh ogffr wntl tlh ghks ahihmtl yfu. Slhrhofrh, uighss _nhtimdhsh hdpgfyhhs dmsthr tlfsh rughs, tlhy emiift phrofrd afwnik ni tlh dfst suntmagh dmiihr. Mgg efuitrnhs mrh elmiknik. Slfukl nt dmy ah sgfwhr tlmi ftlhrs, Bmpmi mic _nhtimd ns if hxehptnfi. Ulmjnik lmics ns ahefdnik dfrh efddfi ni Bmpmi wlngst dfrh _nhtimdhsh _nhtimdhsh mrh ahefdnik rhehptnvh mafut mafut afwnik. Smjh tlhsh tnps
==
‘wntl m krmni fo smgt‟ ahemush ni m wfrgc wlhrh mgg tlh imtnfis mrh strukkgnik tf ahefdh dfrh kgfamg, kgfamg, hvhrytlnik lms dmiy slmchs slmchs fo krmy.
Qhohrhiehs2 Ni Hikgnsl =. Mi Nitrfcuetnfi tf Nithreugturmg Efdduinemtnfi 1 (Puagnslhc ay tlh Xinvhrsnty fo Gmikumkhs mic Nithrimtnfimg Utucnhs, _IX) 1. Cfnik Ausnihss wntl Bmpmihsh Phfpgh - Dnmdn Xinvhrsnty Uuphrvnshc ay Cr. Uffui Ghh Qhtrnhvhc orfd lttp2//www.wfrgcausnihsseug lttp2//www.wfrgcausnihsseugturh.efd/Bmpmih turh.efd/Bmpmihsh-Ausnihsssh-AusnihssEfdduinemtnfi-Utygh.ltdg 5. Eugturmg Nithggnkhieh ay Arffjs Phthrsfi (1003) 3. Eugturmg Niofrdmtnfi ― _nhtimd _nhtimd Qhtrnhvhc orfd lttp2//www.nithreugturhs.em/eng-emn/e lttp2//www.nithreugturhs.em/eng-emn/en-ne-hik.msp6ns n-ne-hik.msp6nsf4vi f4vi 8. Bmpmihsh Efdduinemtnfi Utygh Qhtrnhvhc orfd lttp2//www.wfrgcausnihsseug lttp2//www.wfrgcausnihsseugturh.efd/Bmpmih turh.efd/Bmpmihsh-Ausnihsssh-AusnihssEfdduinemtnfi-Utygh.ltdg ?. Htnquhtth ni Bmpmi Qhtrnhvhc orfd lttp2//www.bmpmizfih.efd/ihw/htnquhtth.sltdg ;. Efdduinemtnik Efdduinemtnik wntl Bmpmihsh ni Ausnihss (=>>>,1000) <. Fvhrvnhw fo _nhtimdhsh Eugturh Eugturh (Elmpthr (Elmpthr 1)
=1
>. Mdhrnemi cfnik ausnihss ni _nhtimd2 Efdduinemtnfi cnoohrhiehs ay Jmtrnih Uyppgn Jflg. EFD >?8?2 Nithrimtnfimg Ausnihss Ausnihss Efdduinemtnfi Omgg 100; =0. M efdpmrmtnvh efdpmrmtnvh Utucy Utucy fo Efdduinemtnfi Efdduinemtnfi Utyghs mdfik mdfik Bmpmihsh, Mdhrnemis, mic Elnihsh tfwmrc mi uichrstmicnik uichrstmicnik fo nithreugturmg n ithreugturmg ornetnfi. Ay Shruyujn Judh, Mtsujf Sfjun, Ifrnjf Lmshkmwm, Jhnjf Jfcmdm. ==. Cnoohrhit eugturhs, cnoohrhit gmikumkhs, mic cnoohrhit sphhel met rhvnshc ay Qfdmi Jmgnsz. =1.. =1.. Lfosthch, K. L. & Afic, D. L. (=><<). (=><<). Slh Efiouenus Efiouenus efiihetnfi2 Orfd Orfd eugturmg rffts tf hefifdne krfwtl .Hgshvnhr Uenhieh Puagnslnik Efdpmiy, Efdpmiy, Nie =5. [nhrzanejm, M. (1005), (1005), Erfss-Eugturmg Erfss-Eugturmg Prmkdmtnes - Slh Uhdmitnes Uhdmitnes fo Ludmi Nithrmetnfi, Cnh Chutselh Anagnftlhj, Ahrgni. =3. ^ahdm, U. & Ayui, L. (100>). Eugtnvmtnik Eugturh Cnoohrhiehs ni Msyddhtrne Msyddhtrne Pfwhr Qhgmtnfis. Erfss Eugturh Dmimkhdhit, > (5), pp. 55>-58<. =8. Lntt, [. C. (=>>8). Slh ghmrinik frkminzmtnfi2 frkminzmtnfi2 Ufdh rhoghetnfis fi frkminzmtnfimg rhihwmg. Ghmchrslnp & Frkminzmtnfi Chvhgfpdhit Bfurimg, p. =;-1? =?. Deplhh, Q. C. (=><8). Frkminzmtnfimg efdduinemtnfi2 efdduinemtnfi2 Srmcntnfimg tlhdhs mic =;. Ihw Ihw cnrhetnfis. Ahvhrgy Ahvhrgy Lngg, EM2 Umkh, pp. =3>-=;; =3>-=;; Ni _nhtimdhsh =. IkuyỈi ]umik (100;). Knmf tnẶ p pln ikói tỪ qum eíe iọi vąi lfí, I\A Đậ n LỄe ]uờe Knm Là IỞn.
=5
