UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
TOPOGRAFIA 1 INFORME FINAL PROFESORES:
Ing. Hugo Salazar Ing. Jorge Uribe
SECCION:
“
ALUMNOS: CCOPA, Daniel LEON ZORRILLA, Franklin |
QUISPE TOLEDO, Maverick RAMOS ESTRADA, Kevin HERNANDEZ ATAIPOMA, Junior
LIMA 2014
G”
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UNIVERDIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
ÍNDICE: 1. OBJETIVOS 2. ANTECEDENTES 3. EQUIPOS UTILIZADOS 4. ALCANCES 5. PROCEDIMIENTO 6. RESULTADOS 7. CONCLUSIONES 8. RECOMENDACIONES 9.
ANEXOS
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UNIVERDIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
INTRODUCCIÓN En el presente trabajo se presenta el resultado de una ardua labor de nuestro grupo (GRUPO 5), en el cual se plasma desde el primer día de labor hasta el último día de gabinete. Este informe
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1. ANTECEDENTES Siendo el último informe y el más importante de todo el ciclo, se detallará cada incidente por el cual el grupo está motivado terminar totalmente y de una buena forma el trabajo se nos dio a inicio del este ciclo 2014-1 1.1.
El motivo de nuestro interés en hacer el trabajo es trabajar en equipo, exigiendo a todos y exigiéndose a sí mismo.
1.2.
El equipo quiere iniciar iniciar bien todas las partes del escalonado de Topografía I y no sería mejor comenzó que tener una nota muy alta en nuestro primer informe.
1.3.
El primer trabajo fue demasiado tedioso ya que se nos asignó “el departamento de post-grado de la FIGMM” teniendo en cuenta que el
trabajo era hallar detalles y aprender a usar los instrumentos de medición como la guincha metálica, regla metálica, brújula, etc. El principal problema era las condiciones en que se encontraban las instalaciones; en sus alrededores se encuentran desperdicios inorgánicos como orgánicos, específicamente en la parte posterior de la estructura. Esto puede causar enfermedades en el grupo e infecciones. 1.4.
Pasaron 3 semanas del inicio de clases y llego la hora de tener tener una poligonal en donde trabajaríamos desde el inicio del ciclo hasta el final del mismo. El Ing. Salazar nos asignó “la losa dela Facultad de Geología, Minas y Metalúrgi ca”. Al parecer la losa es lo más fácil de
todos los trabajos por la carencia de detalles, pero una característica de este lugar es que está cerca de un cerro por lo que los profesores nos sugerían que si o si deberíamos tener un punto en cualquier parte del cerro adyacente. 1.5.
Al iniciar el trabajo de levantamiento topográfico, específicamente la colocación de puntos en la poligonal siguiendo la teoría hecha en clases. Se hizo 6 puntos dos de ellos muy cerca al cerro que está muy cerca de nuestro lugar de levantamiento.
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el inconveniente de que una parte del cerro había desaparecido eliminando todo rastro del punto e incluso de sus referencias. Esto causo que modifiquemos nuestra poligonal y perder tiempo en el cálculo de sus ángulos internos. 1.7.
Al terminar el cálculo de los ángulos de la poligonal y su corrección respectiva; se regresó a la semana siguiente para continuar con el cálculo de cotas y nuevamente nos llevamos una sorpresa. La FIGMM había demolido una pared, eliminado parte del cerro y talado un árbol para la ampliación de unos de sus laboratorios; causando que nuevamente otro punto de la poligonal sea afectado, eliminando todo tipo de rastro de referencia y dejando un gran hueco cerca de nuestra poligonal. Al tener nuevamente este problema el grupo decidió solo tener 4 puntos para nuestra poligonal y que cuando lleguemos al tema de relleno incluiríamos muchos puntos del cerro que aún queda.
1.8.
El grupo ya había terminado de tener las cotas de cada punto con sus respectivos ángulos. El tema que teníamos que terminar era el cálculo de distancia de cada lado de la poligonal. Teníamos ya dos lados y tuvimos un problema. Un grupo del curso de Topografía II había instalado su estación total en el mismo punto que tenía nuestra poligonal; atrasando casi todo el trabajo ese día. Finalmente esperamos hasta que terminen para iniciar nuestra parte del trabajo.
1.9.
Ya nos acercábamos al final del levantamiento topográfico y nos tocaba el relleno topográfico. Ya habíamos avanzo dos puntos de la poligonal y teníamos que terminar los dos últimos. Ya estábamos a punto de terminar cuando veíamos varias incoherencias en los resultados y analizándolos nos percatamos que el teodolito estaba mal. El tambor no giraba cuando pasaba los 180° y nos causó que todo lo hecho durante el día este mal.
1.10. Finalmente terminamos el relleno pero muy retrasados causando que en la Pre-presentación nos faltaran detalles causados por todo lo que en los anteriores párrafos se le ha detallado. Y cuando se terminó no se pudo aprovechar la oportunidad que el profesor nos dejó en presentar nuevamente ya que llegamos muy tarde ese día.
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UNIVERDIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
1. OBJETIVOS A. El principal objetivo del presente trabajo, es el de realizar un levantamiento levantamiento topográfico conforme a lo aprendido a lo largo del curso de topografía; sin embargo no solo se busca el tener conocimiento de los distintos métodos para un levantamiento topográfico, sino se exige al alumno a no solo realizar un levantamiento sino también obtener una precisión adecuada, estando así capacitando al alumno para que pueda realizar trabajos topográficos de bastante nivel. 1. Conforme a lo mencionado en lo anterior, el presente trabajo realizara un levantamiento topográfico con una precisión no mayor de 1/1000. B. Aprender el correcto uso del teodolito y la brújula en el campo. C. Determinar los ángulos de la poligonal. D. Obtener el azimut de como mínimo uno de los lados de la poligonal haciendo uso de la brújula. E. Compensar los errores que se obtengan de manera que se logre cerrar el polígono.
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2. MATERIALES Y EQUIPOS
TRÍPODE: Es un instrumento que cuenta con un tornillo en la plataforma superior para ajustar instrumentos como el nivel de ingeniero, teodolito, estación total, etc. Además consta con tres patas reguladoras que pueden ser de diverso material, cuya función es procurar que la plataforma superior este lo más horizontal posible.
o
TEODOLITO: Es un instrumento de medición mecánico- óptico con el cual se pueden medir ángulos horizontales y verticales, alinear
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o
JALONES.- Son varas largas de madera de sección circular, que cuentan en la parte inferior con un regatón de acero por donde se clavan en el terreno. Generalmente se utilizan para marcar puntos fijos en el levantamiento de planos topográficos, topográficos, para trazar alineaciones.
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o
o
BRÚJULA: Aquel instrumento que se utiliza para determinar la meridiana magnética que pasa por un punto. Está constituida por una caja metálica no magnética en cuyo interior se aloja una aguja imantada apoyada en su centro de gravedad sobre un pivote, este instrumento es muy importante para realizar un plano topográfico pues le da orientación al plano, además de poder medir los azimuts de los lados de la poligonal.
MIRA: Regla graduada que con ayuda de un nivel topográfico permite hallar el desnivel entre dos puntos, en este caso se utilizó para poder obtener la distancia que existe desde el punto que se visa por medio del teodolito y el punto en el que estaciona el teodolito.
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o
PLOMADA: Material empleado para nivelar la mira o jalón, es decir para mantenerlos verticales.
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3. FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO 3.1.
Método por poligonales perimetrales o poligonación:
Este método es usado cuando el terreno es bastante grande y/o existen obstáculos que impiden la viabilidad para efectuar el levantamiento total del terreno. Es bastante sencillo, ya que solo requiere calcular los ángulos internos de la poligonal, calcular las distancias de sus lados, y tener el azimut de uno de sus lados. Lo primero que hay que hacer es ubicar los puntos que servirán de vértices en el terreno (marcarlos o clavar estacas en estos puntos para poder ubicarlos si es que es necesario). Estos vértices deben cumplir con ciertas reglas: -
-
-
El punto escogido debe de estar en un área donde no estorbe, o donde sea dificultoso el trabajo con los equipos en ese lugar (de preferencia no se deben ubicar en asfalto, pistas o veredas). Desde el punto escogido se debe tener la seguridad de que se podrá visualizar los dos vértices adyacentes escogidos, o restringirán los vértices a escoger luego. Los vértices escogidos no deben estar muy cerca unos de otros.
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“
Desde el punto escogido se debe tener la seguridad de que se podrá visualizar los dos vértices adyacentes escogidos, o restringirán los vértices a escoger luego. ”
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Se procederá a medir el azimut con ayuda de la brújula de cualquier lado, luego estacionando el teodolito en cada vértice se medirán los ángulos internos. Ahora para la medición de ángulos se tiene una recomendación: -
-
Se debe medir dar 2 vueltas al ángulo con la vista del teodolito normal, y 2 veces con la vista invertida; para poder evitar los errores de las lecturas internas. Al final solo se dividirá entre cuatro el ángulo marcado por el teodolito (percatarse si es que el ángulo resulto ser mayor a los 360°). Luego de obtener con el método anterior los ángulos de la poligonal, estos deberán sumar por geometría elemental: , donde n es el número de vértices de la poligonal. Obviamente se tendrá un error, que deberá ser menor al error máximo; calculado de la siguiente forma:
√ Si es que se ha cumplido con este requisito, se procederá a corregir los ángulos, repartiendo el error entre los ángulos (se aumentara si es que falto, o se reducirá si es que sobró). Ahora con los ángulos ya corregidos se procederá procederá a calcular los azimuts de los
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Se observa del gráfico, y se deduce que: El azimut de BC es igual a:
AZ AB
De esta fórmula, para calcular el azimut de cierto lado, se requiere el azimut del lado anterior y el ángulo del vértice donde empieza el lado a calcular, ambos son conocidos. Ahora con los azimuts conocidos se calculara los rumbos de cada lado, esto es más sencillo.
3.2.
TAQUIMETRIA:
La Taquimetría es un método de medición rápida de no mucha precisión. Se utiliza para el levantamiento de detalles donde es difícil el manejo de la cinta métrica, para proyectos de Ingeniería Civil u otros.
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Debemos visualizar en la mira la altura del teodolito para obtener α. Donde α es la medida del ángulo vertical. Debemos señalar q ue si el teodolito mide
ángulos cenitales (medidas desde la normal del teodolito al punto visado) debemos de restarle 90° al ángulo medido (si sale negativo quiere decir que el punto visado está más arriba del punto estacionado).
3.3.
CÁLCULO DE COORDENADAS COORDENADAS Pero porque es que estamos haciendo esto, es que es necesario calcular los rumbos para poder realizar las proyecciones de cada lado para poder calcular, que tanto hemos fallado en el cálculo de las distancias (se supone que no hemos fallado en los ángulos, ya que estos ya han sido corregidos); a esto se le es llamado precisión. Ahora la base teórica para esto radica en la teoría de vectores, sabemos las direcciones de cada lado, pero aún no hemos corregido las distancias; entonces partimos de que según la teoría de vectores, si ciertos vectores forman un polígono
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UNIVERDIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
Ahora se sumaran todas las proyecciones proyecciones tanto del Norte como del Sur y del Este como del Oeste. Se calculara cual es la diferencia en el eje del Norte
3.4.
ERROR DE CIERRE TOTAL O ABSOLUTO
Es la distancia que estará alejada el punto de partida hasta el punto de llegada, del grafico anterior observamos que es gracia a este error que no llegamos al mismo punto.
Representa el error de cierre total cometido al hacer la poligonal; generalmente se
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UNIVERDIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
∑ ∑ Luego de haber corregido las proyecciones se procederá a calcular las coordenadas de cada vértice, tenemos la distancia N-S y E-W de cada vértice a cada vértice, por lo que calcular la coordenada de un punto será tarea fácil. El objetivo de realizar una poligonal de apoyo es que una vez realizada, se pueda a través de esta obtener los distintos puntos de la zona a levantar (levantamiento de detalles) por los métodos que se desee; sin embargo el método de radiación es muy
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UNIVERDIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
4. DATOS DE CAMPO 4.1.
Ángulos Horizontales Ángulos Obtenidos en el campo son los siguientes:
Punto A
Ángulos Ángulo Leídos Ob. 86:40:50 173:21:20
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4.2.
Cálculo de Cotas y Distancias Horizontales Estadimétricas Estacionamos el equipo en primero en D, y luego en B debido a que, en nuestro punto B se encontró una estación total instalada la cual nos dificulto debido a que se estaciono por casi toda la tarde. Estación
D
Cota D
107.545
Pt. Visado
˂ Obtenido
G (Hs-Hi)
D
A
89:39:50
0.61
60.7
C
89:42:10
0.38
38
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UNIVERDIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
Datos obtenidos desde el vértice B D. sup.
D. inf.
ang. Vert. grados
minutos
ang. Horiz segundos
grados
ang. Hz
minutos
segundos
poste 1
14.15
12.5
91
14
0
59
1
10
59:01:10
árbol 2
14
12.6
92
15
20
42
40
0
42:40:00
esquina 3
13.8
12.8
92
2
50
26
6
20
26:06:20
esquina 4
14.3
12.28
91
24
0
0
47
40
00:47:40
esquina 5
14.21
12.28
91
24
20
357
50
0
357:50:00
esquina 6
14.48
12.1
90
54
30
67
11
30
67:11:30
arbol 7
14.32
12.29
91
35
20
59
57
10
59:57:10
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UNIVERDIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
*Debido a que los datos no son una cantidad pequeñas los datos restantes están agregados al CD en un archivo .XLX de Excel para la facilidad de ser leído
5. CÁLCULOS 5.1.
Ángulos Horizontales
Punto
ngulos Leídos
ngulo Ob.
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5.2.
Cálculo de Cotas y Distancias Horizontales, con los Hilos
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UNIVERDIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
ΣE
48.94101
ΣN
64.058247
ΣW
49.019176
ΣS
63.9777
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UNIVERDIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
6. PRECISIÓN
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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