TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB D[KTDLA MD DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ NNN
_vhgd{hv"3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _vak}nkab}d%Mhkdb}d3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
WALDBKNA, CTLNH 6??7
1
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB D[KTDLA MD DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[
6
A[NIBA]TVA3 _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
Qtndb {t{kvnfd, Aldzabmdv Favfdva phv}amhv md la Kîmtla md Nmdb}nmam bóedvh3 :":;;"4670 _vhgd{hv md _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN, db la [dkknûb ?;, md la Edbknûb Ea}deá}nka md la Gaktl}am md Kndbkna{ md la Dmtkaknûb, md la Tbnwdv{nmam md Kavaf Kavafhf hfh" h" Kdv} Kdv}ng ngnk nkaa phv edmn edmnhh md la pvd{d pvd{db} b}dd qtd ja Mnvn Mnvnin inmh mh,, [tpdv [tpdvwn wn{am {amh, h, Khb}vhlamh ~ Dwaltamh dl pvhkd{h md vdalnsaknûb md la{ _vák}nka{ md la Fakjnlldv3 Mdn{~ K" [abmhwal [abmhwal C", }n}tlav }n}tlav md la Kîmtla Kîmtla md Nmdb}nm Nmdb}nmam am bóedvh3 bóedvh3 17"=6="1=:, 17"=6="1=:, ~ la en{e en{eaa ja ktepl kteplnm nmhh khb khb lh{ lh{ vdqtn vdqtn{n {n}h }h{{ d{}a d{}afl fldkn dknmh{ mh{ db la Ld~ Ld~ pava pava hp hp}a }avv a la Lnkdbkna}tva db Dmtkaknûb edbknûb Ea}deá}nka"
Hf}dbndbmh tba kalngnkaknûb db la A{niba}tva md3 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX _}{"
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX X XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB D[KTDLA MD DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ A[NIBA]TVA3 _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
;
_VHGD[HV3 E[K" ALDZABMDV FAVFDVA _HV3 MDN[^ KAVHLNBA [ABMHWAL CA[_D WALDBKNA, CTLNH 6??7
MDMNKA]HVÅA A MNH[ ]HMH_HMDVH[H ]HMH_HMDVH[H
phv {dv îl qtd itåa }hmh{ lh{ måa{
md en wnma, ma, phv phv maved aved la ghv} ghv}al ald dsa pav pava khb}nb }nbtav tav
=
ltkjabmh db lh{ ehedb}h{ mngåknld{ ~ eh{}vaved la la lts mdl kaenbh khvvdk}h" A îl ld mdfh dl îzn}h md en{ {tdñh{" A en{ _amvd{, db d{pdknal a en eaeá Eavåa Ca{pd dvd{ en ghv} ghv}a aldsa ldsa,, d{a d{a qtd qtd ed db{d db{dña ña{ {}d }ó md{ md{md pdqt pdqtdñ dña a, ivakna{ phv mdeh{}vaved qtd dl }vafach mtvh ~ khb{}ab}d d{ la {a}n{gakknûb md lh{ måa{ gt}tvh{" A en papá, qtndb {î qtd md{md lh eá{ al}h mdl kndlh itåa en{ pa{h{" Ld{ mdmnkû en kavvdva" A en gaen gaenln lna a qtd qtd {nde {ndepv pvd d ed ja akhe akhepa paña ñamh mh db lh{ lh{ ehedb}h{ eá{ gdlnkd{ md en wnma ~ eá{ nbhlwnmafld{, pdvh }aefnîb db lh{ eá{ }vn{}d{" Ivakna{ a en{ jdveabh{ Bdbd ~ ^t{enla, a en{ }åh{ Mdlåa ~ Ihbsalh, a en{ pvnea{3 Nvea ~ Kavedb, phv {t aph~h nbkhbmnknhbal" A la wnma phv phbdv db en kaenbh a pdv{hba{ }ab d{pdknald{ kheh lh {hb en{ ivabmd{ aenih{ ^tvn, Ba}a ~ Eavn Eavnh h ~ db d{pdk d{pdkna nall a en qtdvn qtdvnmå må{n {neh eh Gvdmm~ Gvdmm~
D{aá D{aá phv
db}dbmdved mtvab}d }hmh d{}d }ndeph" A }hma{ aqtdl aqtdlla{ la{ pdv{hb pdv{hba{ a{ qtd phv eh}nwh eh}nwh{ { bh bhefvd, bhefvd, phv nbkdb}nwaved a }dvenbav dzn}h{aedb}d la kavvdva, phv {t{ khb{dch{ khb{dch{ ~ gawhvd{ qtd ed a~tmavhb a~tmavhb etkjå{neh, etkjå{neh, ld{ mdmn mdmnkû kû d{}d d{}d }vaf }vafac ach h kheh heh la eabd eabdva va md dzpv dzpvd{ d{av av en iva}n}tm jakna dlla{"
4
D{}d }vafach d{ {nepldedb}d dl d{gtdvsh md knbkh añh{ md d{edvh ~ mdmnkaknûb qtd jh~ ja lldiamh a {t ed}a, khb îzn}h{ lhivd en {tdñh a }hmh{ t{}dmd{ enl ivakna{! Mdn{~ [abmhwal
AIVAMDKNENDB]H
Ktabmh {d lhiva tba ed}a, {ndepvd {d {ndb}d tba aldivåa qtd {d qtndvd khepav}nv khb lh{ mdeá{, aób eá{ {n d{}a{ pdv{hba{ khb}vnft~db pava gnbalnsavla" Db }al {db}nmh edvdkdb jhbhv3 A MNH[ phv {dv la lts qtd ed itåa måa a måa phv dl edchv kaenbh" A en{ en{ _amv _amvd{ d{,, Gaen Gaenln lnav avd{ d{ ~ Aeni Aenih{ h{,, phv phv }hmh }hmh dl aph~ aph~h h fvnbmamh pava la ktlenbaknûb md d{}a kavvdva" A la Eaiba aiba Tbnw Tbnwdv dv{ {nmam nmam md Kava Kavafh fhfh fh,, phv phv jafd jafdve ved d akhin akhinmh mh db }ab }ab dzkdl dzkdldb} db}d d vdkn vdknb}h b}h ~ pdven pdven}n }nvv
ghvea ghveaved ved
pvhg pvhgd{ d{nh nhba bale ledb db}d }d"" ^ a en{ en{ khep khepañ añdv dvh{ h{ phv phv }hma }hma {t pvd{dbkna ~ aph~h db lh{ ehedb}h{ eá{ bdkd{n}amh{" Al _vhgd{hv Aldzabmdv Favfdva, phv {t aph~h, khbgnabsa ~ pvhg pvhgd{ d{nh nhba baln ln{ {eh dzpt dzptd{ d{}h }h db d{}d d{}d }vaf }vafac ach, h,
gtd gtd tb
fdbdplákn}h khb}av khb {t }t}hvåa"
7
A lh{ _vhgd{hvd{ md la Gaktl}am md Kndbkna{ md la Dmtkaknûb md la Tbnwdv{nmam md Kavafhfh, phv {t aph~h ~ khlafhvaknûb" ^ phv ól}neh a la T" D" “Kvdaknûb “Kv daknûb [ab [ ab Mndih Mndi h Bhv}d―, Bhv} d―, a }hmh {t
pdv{hbal
ph v
pdven}nved
vdalnsav
la{
_vák}nka{
_vhgd{nhbal _vhgd{nhbal NNN, NNN, md eabdva eabdva d{pdknal d{pdknal a lh{ lh{ altebh{ altebh{ md :wh “K― ~ a la _vhgd{hva Dtkav~{ Avdllabh" A }hmh{ T{}dmd{ d{}a hfva d{ {t~a, phv t{}dmd{ jh~ jd alkabsamh d{}a ed}a abjdlama, en d}dvbh aivamdknendb}h pava }hmh{" NBMNKD Mdmnka}hvna‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"wnn Aivamdknendb}h‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧""nz Nbmnkd Idbdval‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Idbdval‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"zn ‧‧‧‧"zn Nb}vhmtkknûb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Nb}vhmtkknûb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧ 1
Kapå}tlh N 1"? Ga{d Nb}vhmtk}hvna‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Nb}vhmtk}hvna‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"4 ‧‧‧"4 1"1 Ghv}aldsa md la ga{d‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ga{d‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧9 ‧‧‧9
Kapå}tlh NN 6"? Ga{d md hf{dvwaknûb ~ Mnaibû{}nkh‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Mnaibû{}nkh‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"11 ‧‧‧‧‧"11 6"1 Ak}nwnmamd{ vdalnsama{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ vd alnsama{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧16 ‧16
9
6"6 Hf{dvwaknûb Idbdval‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Idbdval‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"""1; ‧"""1; 6"6"1 _lab}a Gå{nka‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Gå{nka‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" ‧‧‧‧" 6"6"6 _dv{hbal md la Nb{}n}tknûb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Nb{}n}tknûb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ 6"; Hf{dvwaknhbd{ md la Ak}nwnmam md Atla‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"" 6";"1 La ak}taknûb mdl Mhkdb}d db {t{ mngdvdb}d{ vhld{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"" 6";"6 Db ktab}h a la ak}taknûb ~ vdbmnendb}h mdl m dl altebh‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" altebh‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"
Kapå}tlh NNN ;"? Ga{d md _labngnkaknûb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ _labngnkaknûb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧ ;"1 Ak}nwnmamd{ md{avvhllama{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ md{avvhllama{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ;"1"1 _lab md lap{h‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" lap{h‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" ;"1"1"1 Ct{}ngnkaknûb md plab md lap{h‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" ;"1"6 _lab md dwaltaknûb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" dwaltaknûb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" ;"1"6"1 Ct{}ngnkaknûb mdl plab md dwaltaknûb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ dwaltaknûb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ;"1"; _lab md kla{d{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"" kla{d{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"" ;"6";"1 Ct{}ngnkaknûb mdl plab md kla{d{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"" kla{d{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"" ;"6 Mn{}vnftknûb mdl Khb}dbnmh db dl }ndeph‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" }ndeph‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" ;"6"1 Kvhbhivaea Kvhbhiv aea md Ak}nwnmamd{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Ak}nwnmamd{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"""" ;"6"6 Ct{}ngnkaknûb mdl Kvhbhivaea md Ak}nwnmamd{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"" Ktamvh mdl Kvhbhivaea md Ak}nwnmamd{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Ak}nwnmamd{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧
Kapå}tlh NW ="? Ga{d pdmaiûinka‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ pdmaiûinka‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"" ‧‧"" ="1 Ak}nwnmamd{ vdalnsama{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ vd alnsama{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧ ="6" Eî}hmh{, ]îkbnka{ ~ _vhkdmnendb}h{ T}nlnsamh{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ="; Mngnktl}amd{ qtd {d khbgvhb}avhb mtvab}d la vdalnsaknûb md d{}a ga{d‧‧‧"
Kapå}tlh NW 4"? _vd{db}aknûb md lh{ ma}h{ ~ Abáln{n{ Abáln{n{ md lh{ lh{ vd{tl}amh{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ 4"1Abáln{n{ D{}amå{}nkh‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ D{}amå{}nkh‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧""" ‧‧‧‧‧"""
:
4"6 Abáln{n{ md lh{ vd{tl}amh{ md la pvtdfa pvt dfa mnaibû{}nkh‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" 4"; Abáln{n{ D{}amå{}nkh D{ }amå{}nkh md la _vtdfa _ vtdfa Gnbal‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" Gnbal‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" 4"= Khvvdlaknûb md _dav{hb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ _dav{hb‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ 4"="1 Khvvdlaknûb db}vd la _vtdfa Mnaibû{}nkh Mnaibû{}nkh ~ la _vtdfa Gnbal‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" Gnbal‧‧‧‧‧‧‧"
Khbklt{nhbd{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" Vdkhedbmaknhbd{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Fnflnhivagåa‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ Fnflnhivagåa‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧ ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧" Abdzh{‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧
NB]VHMTKKNÛB _ava dl a{pnvab}d al }n}tlh md Lnkdbknamh db Dmtkaknûb, {d mdfdb vdtbnv kndv}h{ vdqtn{n vdqtn{n}h{ }h{ nbmn{pd nbmn{pdb{af b{afld{ ld{ pava {t {a{}ng {a{}ngak} ak}hvna hvna ktlenb ktlenbaknû aknûb, b, }al d{ dl ka{h md la _vak}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN, ~a qtd ld pdven}nvá al d{}tmnab}d mdl mîkneh {ded{}vd, md la Gaktl Gaktl}a }amm md Kndbk Kndbkna na{{ md la Dmtk Dmtkak aknû nûb, b, mdeh mdeh{} {}vav vav la{ la{ jaf jafnl nlnm nmam amd{ d{ ~ md{} md{}vds vdsa{ a{ amqtnvnma{ amqtnvnma{ edmnab}d dl dcdvknknh md la pvak}nka pvak}nka pdmaiûinka pdmaiûinka ~ md{depdñav md{depdñav lh{ vhld{ db lh{ ktald{ }ndbd qtd md{}akav{d kheh mhkdb}d, }hmh d{}h fach la itåa ~ a{d{hvaendb}h{ md lh{ pvhgd{hvd{ md _vak}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN" Dl nbghved d{}a d{}vtk}tvamh db knbkh *4. kapå}tlh{ lh{ ktald{ {d md{ilh{ab a khb}nbtaknûb3 Db dl Kapå}tlh N, {d dbktdb}va la Ga{d Nb}vhmtk}hvna qtd khepvdbmd lh{ lnbdaendb}h{ ~ kvn}dvnh{ a md{avvhllav mtvab}d dl pdvnhmh akamîenkh, tbngnkabmh nmda{ ~ ak}nwnmamd{ pava la vdalnsaknûb md la{ _vak}nka{ _vhgd{nhbald{"
>
Db dl Kapå}tlh Kapå}tlh NN, {d pvd{db}a pvd{db}a la Ga{d md md Hf{dvwaknûb Hf{dvwaknûb ~ Mnaibh{}nk Mnaibh{}nkh, h, mhbmd {d vdgldcab la{ hf{dvwaknhbd{ vdalnsama{ }ab}h a la Nb{}n}tknûb kheh dl _vhgd{hv md la a{niba} a{niba}tva tva a nepav} nepav}nv, nv, db a{pdk}h a{pdk}h{{ qtd khepvdb khepvdbmdb mdb md{md md{md Nbgvad{ Nbgvad{}vt }vtk}t k}tva va ja{}a ja{}a ak}taknûb ~ md{depdñh md lh{ altebh{" Dl Kapå}tlh NNN, {d mn{}nbitd la Ga{d md _labngnkaknûb, db d{}a {d ptdmdb hf{d hf{dvw vwav av lh{ lh{ plab plabd{ d{ md lap{ lap{h, h, lh{ lh{ plab plabd{ d{ md kla{ kla{d{ d{,, plab plab md dwal dwalta takn knûb ûb,, ~ dl kvhbhivaea idbdval md la{ ak}nwnmamd{ pvhivaeama{ pava dl md{avvhllh md la pvák}nka pdmaiûinka" Db dl Kapå}tlh NW, {d md{kvnfd dl md{avvhllh md la Ga{d _vak}nka _dmaiûinka, db akknhbd{ qtd khepvdbmdb md{md eî}hmh{ ja{}a vdktv{h{ nb{}vtkknhbald{ depldamh{, pa{abmh phv la ak}taknûb mdl mhkdb}d ~ mdl altebh vd{pdk}nwaedb}d" vd{p dk}nwaedb}d" Gnbaledb}d dl Kapå}tlh W, vdóbd lh{ Abáln{n{ D{}amå{}nkh{, khvvdlaknûb db}vd la pvtdfa mnaibh{}nka ~ la pvtdfa gnbal, ivágnkh{ vdpvd{db}a}nwh{ db}vd mnkja{ pvtdfa{ d nb}dvpvd}aknûb md lh{ vd{tl}amh{ hf}dbnmh{, }aefnîb {d mn{}nbitdb db la khb}nbtaknûb mdl nbghved la{ khbklt{nhbd{ ~ vdkhedbmaknhbd{, ~ mdeá{ vdgdvdbkna{ qtd {nvwndvhb md {hphv}d ~ gnbaledb}d lh{ abdzh{"
1?
KA_N]TLH N GA[D NB]VHMTK]HVNA D{}a ga{d d{ md vdldwab}d nephv}abkna phvqtd pdven}d amqtnvnv khbhknendb}h{ }dûvnkh{% pvák}nkh{ vdlaknhbamh{ khb dl jdkjh pdmaiûinkh" Khepvdbmd tb pdvåhmh nb}vhmtk}hvnh khb dl }t}hv md la ká}dmva, db vdlaknûb a la{ nbmnkaknhbd{ ~ hfcd}nwh{ a md{avvhllav db la _vak}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN" D{}a ga{d {d nbnknh dl 1; md Eavsh mdl 6"??7, khb la pvd{db}aknûb md la a{niba}tva phv dl _vhgd{hv Aldzabmdv Favfdva, dbkaviamh md la{ pvák}nka{ md la {dkk {dkknû nûbb ?;, ?;, a{ni a{niba bama ma a fakj fakjnl nlld ldvd vd{{ md la edbk edbknû nûbb md Ea}d Ea}deá eá}n }nka ka,, d{d d{d måa måa nb}dvkaefnaeh{ hpnbnhbd{ ~ vdgdvdbkna{ pdv{hbald{ }ab}h mdl pvhgd{hv kheh md lh{ altebh{, pdvh bh mn{kt}neh{ bama phv bh d{}av dl ivtph khepld}h" Nb}dvvhiû {hfvd db qtd lnkdh lnkdh vdalnsa vdalnsaeh{ eh{ la Ga{d md Hf{dvwa Hf{dvwaknû knûbb md la _vák}nk _vák}nkaa _vhgd{n _vhgd{nhba hball NN khb la nb}dbknûb md vdtfnkavbh{ db dl en{eh pava la _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN" Bh{ mnch qtd nfa a nv a jaflav db d{h{ lnkdh{ pava tfnkavbh{" A{nibû tba gnkja md ma}h{ pdv{hbald{
11
pava dgdk}h{ md la vdtfnkaknûb
pava db}vdiavla dl 14(?;(?7" Al nital qtd tba
nbwd{}niaknûb pava dl måa ltbd{ 6?(?;(?7, {hfvd ptb}h{ wavnh{ pava mn{kt}nvlh{ db kla{d" Lh{ altebh{ pnmndvhb dl ctdwd{ ~ wndvbd{ phv tba dzph{nknûb md Abáln{n{ ~ dl pvhgd{hv lh khbkdmnû" Dl måa eav}d{ 1=(?;(?7, phv eh}nwh md qtd dl mdpav}aedb}h md _dmaihiåa aób bh jafåa db}vdiamh la itåa, llaeaeh{ al pvhgd{hv ld khedb}aeh{ ~ qtdmaeh{ md wdvbh{ dl 14 md Eavsh, d{}d en{eh måa dl pvhgd{hv gtd a vd}nvav la gnkja md ma}h{ md }hmh{ lh{ altebh{, pvhkdmnû a lddv lh{ }å}tlh{ md la{ ]d{n{ pava wn{talnsav md qtd d{}a nbwd{}niabmh kama tbh pava qtd lh a{hknd khb kama kla{d qtd tbh mavá db la Ga{d _dmaiûinka db {t vd{pdk}nwh Lnkdh" _nmnû lh{ bóedvh{ md }dlîghbh md alitbh{ phv {n lldiafa la itåa tfnkavbh{ ~ db}vdiávbh{la{0 ctdwd{ ~ wndvbd{ bh jtfh ak}nwnmam phv lh{ eh}nwh{ eh}nwh{ ab}d{ dzptd{}h{ dzptd{}h{ ~ bh lldiû la itåa" itåa" Dl måa ltbd{ 6?(?;(?7, 6?(?;(?7, la ak}nwnmam ak}nwnmam phv eh}nwh md aktdvmh{ db la {deaba ab}dvnhv khedbsû a la{ 63?? p"e", dl pvhgd{hv gtd a ft{kav la itåa i tåa al mdpav}aedb}h ~ pvhkdmnû a db}vdiávbh{la{, db}vdiáv bh{la{, gnveabmh tba plabnlla p labnlla md vdknfå khbghved ~ bh{ eabmh a lddvla pava mn{kt}nvla" Dl pvhgd{hv khedb}û {hfvd qtd jnsh la mnlnidb mnlnidbkna kna md ft{kav ~ jaflav jaflav db kama tbh md lh{ lnkdh{, lnkdh{, pa{û pa{û la a{n{}dbkna a{n{}dbkna ~ mnch mhbmd ~ ktabmh bh{ wdvåaeh{ pava pvd{db}avbh{ pvd{db}avbh{ a la{ at}hvnmamd{ at}hvnmamd{ mdl vd{pdk}nwh vd{pdk}nwh lnkdh" _ava lh{ qtd waeh{ a la T" D"―Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d―, dl måa ltbd{ a la{ 1?3?? a"e" db dl K"K Fhtldwav Kdb}dv gvdb}d Av}tvh db dl Fni% Fni% lhy" D{d en{eh måa db gtbknûb md kama }vafach db}vdiamh phv kama tbh dl pvhgd{hv lh{ db}vdiû khb la nb}dbknûb md mn{kt}nvlh ivtpaledb}d = pdv{hba{0 db mhbmd lh{ kta}vh }vafach{ ghveavhb tbh {ûlh, ltdih kheh dvab }vd{ ivtph{ ~ kama tbh }dbåa tb }vafach md d{h{ }vd{ }vafach{ {d hf}dbmvåa tbh {hlh, dl ktál {d db}vdiavåa dl enîvkhld{ 66(?;(?7" Dl måa eav}d{ d{}d }vafach {d mnwnmnvåa db 1; ptb}h{ pava qtd lh{ altebh{ jaia {t enkvh kla{d md 14 enbt}h{ kama tbh" [d akhvmû3 Dl måa eav}d{, wdvbh{ a la{ 43;? p"e" Dl måa enîvkhld{ a la{ ;3;? p"e" db la Fnflnh}dka Kdb}val mdl dmngnknh pava wdv la phbdbkna mdl _vhgd{hv"
16
Dl måa ctdwd{3 Bh{ lh{ mnh lnfvd pava ldwab}av tb nbghved a{nibamh md ]vafach D{pdknal md Ivamh" Dl eav}d{ 61(?;(?7, bh{ vdtbneh{ pava vdpav}nvbh{ lh{ ptb}h{ pava la enkvh kla{d, {d {hl}davhb khb lh{ 1; pvak}nkab}d{ ~ {d dbktamdvbh dl }vafach gnbal" Dl enîvkhld{ 66(?;(?7, d{}twneh{ db la Fnflnh}dka d{ktkjabmh tba phbdbkna md tba Mhk}hva md la T_DL, {hfvd la Nbwd{}niaknûb bdkd{avna ~ md Kalnmam0 ltdih {tfneh{ {tfneh{ al atla AD?1, db mhbmd {d d{ktkjû la phbdbkna phbdbkna md la _vhgd{hva3 Aldnma Aldnma md Ehb}añds, Ehb}añds, ~a qtd dl pvhgd{hv pvhgd{hv Favfdva ld ld kdmnû {t }ndeph }ndeph md phbdbkna0 phbdbkna0 bh{ mnch mnch qtd md{ptî{ javåa {t dzph{nknûb apav}d ~ khb kalea" Dl ctdwd{, bh{ pdven}nû pdven}nû a{n{}nv a{n{}nv a la{ Chvbama{ Mnwtlia}nwa Mnwtlia}nwa md mngt{nûb mngt{nûb md lh{ edchvd{ }vafach{ md Ivamh md }hma{ la{ edbknhbd{" Dl wndvbd{ 6=(?;(?7, Dl pvhgd{hv nbnknû khb vdgldznhbd{ db gtbknûb md la{ phbdbkna{ qtd d{ktkjaeh{ dl enîvkhld{ 66(?;(?7" Ltdih khedbsû a khvvdinv dl }vafach qtd {d ld db}vdih d{}d en{eh måa" A{å en{eh dl pvhgd{hv pvditb}h {n }dbåaeh{ mtma{ {hfvd la itåa md la pvák}nka NNN, mhbmd {tvindvhb lh{ {nitndb}d{ ptb}h{3
Hfcd}nwh{ Idbdvald{ md la{ _vak}nka{ _vhgd{nhbald{ NNN
_dvgnl Idbdval mdl Divd{amh
Vdqtn{n}h{ qtd mdfd jafdv kteplnmh dl D{}tmnab}d pava ktv{av la _vak}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN"
Bhvea}nwa{ pava la vdalnsaknûb md la{ _vak}nka{ _vhgd{nhbal NNN"
Kat{a{ md [t{pdb{nûb mdl D{}tmnab}d md _vak}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN, ~ phv tl}neh
Dwaltaknûb md }hmh dl _vhkd{h md la{ _vak}nka{ _vhgd{nhbald{" Vdwn{û lh{ plabd{ md kla{d, mnh hvndb}aknhbd{ md kûeh d{ la ak}nwnmam db dl
lnkdh db gtbknûb md {t dzpdvndbkna mhkdb}d" …
_vhed}nû tb KM pava t}nlnsavlh mtvab}d }hma la _vák}nka _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN"
1;
…
[d d{}afldknû dl jhvavnh pava wn{n}av lh{ lnkdh{ ~ lldwav a }hmh{ lh{ pa{ab}d{ a {t vd{pdk}nwh lnkdh"
…
_lab}dû la dlafhvaknûb md tba itåa mnmák}nka pava máv{dla{ a lh{ altebh{ dl pvnedv måa ~ lldwav tb edchv plab md }vafach"
…
La plabngnkaknûb db idbdval md aktdvmh al khb}dbnmh qtd nepav}nvá {d khvvdinvá md{ptî{ md {deaba {ab}a"
…
La ga{d md hf{dvwaknûb {d javá mdl 69 al ;1 md Eavsh"
…
Jaflû qtd bh{ wdvåaeh{ md{ptî{ lh{ måa{ ltbd{ pava fvnbmav a{d{hvna" Ltbd{ 69(?;(?7" Bh{ vdtbneh{ a la{ 1?3?? a"e" db dl K"K Fhtldwav Kdb}dv qtd
d{}a d{}a gvdb} gvdb}dd a Av}tvh Av}tvh Fni% Fni%Lh Lhy y pava pava a{n{} a{n{}nv nv a la pvd{d pvd{db} b}ak aknû nûbb md lh{ lh{ kta} kta}vh vh fakjnlldvd{ qtd vdalnsaváb la _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN, db la T" D" “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d― tfnkama dl la Tvfabnsaknûb Ehb}d{dvnbh, lldiaeh{ ~ khbhkneh{ a la khhvmnbamhva md ea}deá}nka, dl pvhgd{hv bh{ pvd{db}û ~ mnh nb{}vtkknhbd{, ltdih {d md{pnmnû, qtdmaeh{ md wdvbh{ a la 13?? p"e" db la la Tbnwdv{nmam md Kavafhfh db la A6=, pava jaflav ~ jakdv la{ enkvh kla{d{" Fndb Fndb,, lh{ lh{ khh khhvm vmnb nbam amhvd hvd{{ bh{ eh{} eh{}va vavhb vhb lh{ lh{ jh jhvav vavnh nh{{ a lh{ lh{ = pa{ab} pa{ab}d{ d{ ~ abh}aeh{ d jnkneh{ pvditb}a{ vdgdvdb}d{ a db qtd lap{h wab, qtnîb d{ la pvhgd{hva ~ mdl jhvavnh db idbdval" A pav}nv pav}nv md la{ 13 ;? p"e" dl pvhgd{hv pvhgd{hv bh{ gtd gtd a ft{kav ft{kav pava nv al {alûb {alûb md Enkvh db{dñabsa mdl Mdpav}aedb}h md _dmaihiåa" [d nbnknh la{ enkvh kla{d{ md 16 altebh{, etkjh{ gtdvhb lh{ dvvhvd{ ~ phv dbmd la{ {tidvdbkna{ mdl pvhgd{hv gtdvhb wavna{" Amdeá{ Amd eá{ dl _vhgd{hv _vhgd{hv db}vdiû db}vdiû dl KM mhbmd d{}áb d{}áb lh{ ghvea}h ghvea}h{{ pava qtd lh vdwn{deh{, vdwn{deh{, a{nibû lldwav lldwav lh{ plabd{ md kla{d, lap{h, lap{h, dwaltaknûb dwaltaknûb ~ la itåa mnmák}nka mnmák}nka pava dl måa ltbd{"
1=
Eav}d{ 6:(?;(?7" Bh{ vdtbneh{ > pvak}nkab}d{ dl vd{}h d{}afa db la ga{d md hf{dvwaknûb, pava vdalnsav la dbktd{}a {hknhdkhbûenka qtd }ndbd qtd {dv tbnghved pava }hma la {dkknûb ?; md _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN" La vdalnsaeh{ ~ llaeaeh{ al pvhgd{hv phvqtd db dl KM qtd khepvaeh{, kh epvaeh{, bh afvåa la kavpd}a md la{ kav}a{, db}hbkd{ dl pvhgd{hv pnmnû lh{ bhefvd{ md lh{ Mnvdk}hvd{ ~ d{}afldknû dl jhvavnh md wdvbh{ dl måa enîvkhld{ 6>(?;(?7 a la{ 43 p"e" La ga{d nb}vhmtk}hvn nb}vhmtk}hvnaa {d khb{nmdva tb pvd%vdqtn{n}h pvd%vdqtn{n}h pava la khb{dktknûb khb{dktknûb md la{ h}va{ ga{d{ mdl pvhkd{h" A }al dgdk}h {d vdqtndvd kteplnv tba {dvnd md vdqtn{n}h{ dzninmh{ phv dl Mdpav}aedb}h md Kndbkna{ _dmaiûinka{ db lh vdlaknhbamh khb3 …
Dl pvhpû{n}h md d{}a ga{d, d{ md{avvhllav tb eåbneh md mh{ {deaba{ *;? jhva{. a vasûb md }vd{ jhva{ mnavna{ md aktdvmh al kvhbhivaea d{}afldknmh phv dl Mdpav}aedb}h"
…
Dl d{}tmnab}d% mhkdb}d mdfd a{n{}nv phv lh edbh{ tb hkjdb}a phvkndb}h *:?$. md la{ kla{d{ nepav}nma{, nepav}nma{, pava }dbdv }dbdv mdvdkjh a khb}nbtav khb}nbtav khb dl md{avvhllh md{avvhllh md la{ {nitndb}d{ ak}nwnmamd{"
A }al dgdk}h {d mn{kt}nû db kla{d lh vdlaknhbamh khb3 …
_vd{db}aknûb phv pav}d mdl _vhgd{hv md _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN *Aldzabmdv Favfdva. d nbghveaknûb idbdval md la a{niba}tva" Hfcd}nwh{"
…
Db}vdia ~ ltdih ldk}tva md la Itåa md _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN"
…
Vdgldznhbd{ {hfvd ktalnmam mdl mhkdb}d ~ {t md{depdñh pvhgd{nhbal db kama tbh md lh{ vhld{"
1"1" AK]NWNMAMD[ VDALNSAMA[ Md{ptî{ md jafdv mn{kt}nmh la itåa ~ jafdv aklavamh la{ mtma{ md }hmh dl ivtph, dl pvhgd{hv khedbsû a{nibav db la{ nb{}n}tknhbd{ dmtka}nwa{, a kama tbh mdl
14
ivtph mhbmd åfaeh{ a vdalnsav la{ _vak}nka{ _vhgd{nhbald{ NNN, *kafd md{}akav qtd dl _vhgd{hv Aldzabmdv Aldzabmdv Favfdva, gtd et~ gldznfld gldznfld al mavbh{ lnfvd alfdmvåh db d{khidv la{ nb{}n}tknhbd{ ~ ivamh{ pava vdalnsav la{ pvak}nka{ mhkdb}d{, a îl ivakna{." Db h}va{ h}va{ ak}nwn ak}nwnmam mamd{ d{ vdalnsa vdalnsama{ ma{ dl pvhgd{hv pvhgd{hv Aldzab Aldzabmdv mdv Favfdva Favfdva a{nibh a{nibh tb }vafac }vafachh pava la dlafhva dlafhvaknû knûbb md tb khepdbmn khepdbmnhh
{hfvd3 {hfvd3 Khb}dbnm Khb}dbnmh{, h{, _labngnk _labngnkakn aknûb, ûb,
D{}va}dina{ ~ Dwaltaknûb, dl en{eh {d ld gtd db}vdiamh ~ mn{kt}nmh db kla{d" _ava gnbalnsav db h}va{ md la{ {d{nhbd{ dl pvhgd{hv bh{ gaknln}û tb ea}dvnal {hfvd plabd{ md kla{d{, pava itnavbh{
db la dlafhvaknûb md btd{}vh{ plabd{, ~ itåa
mnmák}nka"
Lh{ Khb}dbnmh{" Db}d Db}dbmn bmnmh mh{{ kheh kheh dl khbc khbctb} tb}hh md {afdv {afdvd{ d{ h ghvea ghvea{{ ktl} ktl}tva tvald ld{{ qt qtdd {hb {hb d{dbknald{ pava dl md{avvhllh ~ la {hknalnsaknûb md lh{ altebh{ d{ mdknv, }hmh lh qtd qtdvdeh{ db{dñav" _tdmdb {dv3 Khbkdp}tald{ _vhkdmnedb}ald{ Ak}n}tmnbald{ Qtd {d }vafacab md eabdva3 [netl}ábda d nb}dvvdlaknhbama" Md}dvenbab ghvea{ md %
Db{dñabsa
%
Apvdbmnsacd
%
Dwaltaknûb"
%
Lh{ Khb}dbnmh{ Khbkdp}tald{"
17
Jakdb vdgdvdbkna a3 Jdkjh{3 db}dbmnmh{ kheh {tkd{h{ h akhb}dknendb}h{, phv dcdeplh3 %
La {dit {ditbm bmaa itd itdvv vvaa Etb Etbmn mnal al""
%
La Vdwh Vdwhlt ltkn knûb ûb Kt Ktfa faba ba""
Ma}h{3 db}dbmnmh{ kheh3 nbghveaknhbd{ d{ktd}a{, phv dcdeplh3 %
Kvn{}ûfal Khlûb
%
Avaita
%
1>:7
Khbkdp}h{3 db}dbmnmh{ kheh bhknhbd{ qtd pdven}db3
Nb}dvpvd}av ~ mav {nibngnkamh
Vdkhbhkdv kla{d{ md hfcd}h{ ba}tvald{, {hknald{ ~ ktl}tvald{"
Qtd ptdmdb {dv3 D{}vtk}tvab}d{3 ktabmh a}vawnd{ab }hmh{ lh{ khb}dbnmh{ md tb ávda, phv dcdeplh3
Bóedvh{
[dv wnwh
D{pdkågnkh{3 ktabmh jakdb vdgdvdbkna a tb khb}dbnmh pav}nktlav md tb ávda, phv dcdeplh"
Bóedvh{ pavd{ Abneald{ ktamvópdmh{"
Lh{ Khb}dbnmh{ _vhkdmåedb}ald{" Jakdb vd vdgdvdbkna a [a [afdv
[afdv
Kheh Ja Jakdv Ja Jakkdv _hv dcdeplh3
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb md ivágnkh{"
19
[åb}d{n{ md nbghveaknûb
T}nlnsaknûb md tb enkvh{khpnh
[al}h md Ktdvma
[d db}ndbmdb kheh3 Ak}taknhbd{ qtd {hb hvmdbama{ ~ hvndb}ama{ jakna la khb{dktknûb md tba ed}a" _tdmdb kla{ngnkav{d db3
Idbdvald{ ~ edbh{ idbdvald{
Alihvå}enkh{ ~ jdtvå{}nkh{
Md khephbdb}d eh}vns ~ md khephbdb}d khibn}nwh"
Lh{ Khb}dbnmh{ Ak}n}tmnbald{" Jakdb vdgdvdbkna a3 Walhvd{ qtd {d eabngnd{}ab db la{ ak}n}tmd{" Db}dbmn Db}dbmnma{ ma{ kheh3 kheh3 ]dbmdbk ]dbmdbkna{ na{ a ak}tav ak}tav md aktdvmh aktdvmh khb walhvak walhvaknûb nûb pdv{hba pdv{hball qtd nbwhltkvab3 Khephbdb}d{ Khibn}nwh, Agdk}nwh{ ~ khbmtk}tald{ kheh3 …
Khbhknendb}h{
…
Kvddbkna{
…
[db}nendb}h{
…
_vdgdvdbkna{
…
Akknhbd{ eabngnd{}a{"
Qtd }ndbdb tb kavák}dv mnbáenkh qtd mdpdbmd md3 %
Nbghve Nbghveakn aknhb hbd{ d{ ~ knvk knvktb{ tb{}a }abkn bkna{ a{ btd btdwa wa{" {"
%
Ak}n Ak }n}t }tmd md{{ md h}va h}va{{ pdv{ pdv{hb hba{ a{
%
Bnwd Bnwdld ld{{ md md md{ md{av avvh vhll llhh ehv ehval al""
1:
Qtd nb}dvwndbdb Db lh{ pvhkd{h{ md apvdbmnsacd {diób dl khb}dbnmh md la{ ávda{" La{ vdlaknhbd{ agdk}nwa{ mdb}vh mdl ivtph
La Dwaltaknûb D{ tb edmnh al {dvwnknh md la dmtkaknûb db}dbmnmh kheh tb pvhkd{h {n{}deá}nkh ~ vnitvh{h md vdkhldkknûb md nbghveaknûb {nibngnka}nwa pava ghveav ctnknh{ md walhv ~ }heav mdkn{nhbd{ pava edchva la ak}nwnmam dmtka}nwa" Mdfd }dbdv db ktdb}a3 %
Dl _vhpû _vhpû{n {n}h }h * ¸_a ¸_ava va qtî qtî {d {d dwa dwaló lóav8 av8 .
%
Dl hfcd hfcd}n }nwh wh *¸Qt *¸Qtîî {d wa a dwal dwalta tav8 v8..
%
Lh{ pav}nkn pav}nknpab} pab}d{ d{ *¸Qtn *¸Qtnîbd îbd{{ ~ md md qtd qtd eabdv eabdvaa nb}dv nb}dvwnd wndbdb8 bdb8..
%
La{ ga{d ga{d{{ ~ la la gvdktdb gvdktdbkna kna *¸Qtî *¸Qtî }îkbn }îkbnka{ ka{ d nb{}vt nb{}vtedb edb}h{ }h{8. 8.
Wavna {diób3 [t gnbalnmam qtd ptdmdb {dv3 %
[tea}n [tea}nwa3 wa3 {n md}dve md}dvenba nba dl walhv walhv mdl mdl pvhmtk} pvhmtk}hh gnbal gnbal""
%
Ghvea Ghvea}n }nwa3 wa3 {n walh walhva va }hmh }hmh dl pvhkd pvhkd{h" {h"
[t vdgdvdb}d qtd ptdmd {dv3 %
Dz}dvb Dz}dvbh3 h3 {n dl vdgdv vdgdvdb} db}dd md dwaltak dwaltaknûb nûb d{ dl dl ivtph ivtph md alteb altebh{ h{ h dl khb}d khb}dbnm bnmh" h"
%
Nb}dvbh Nb}dvbh33 {n dl dl vdgdvdb vdgdvdb}d }d md dwal dwaltakn taknûb ûb {hb la{ la{ kapak kapaknma nmamd{ md{ mdl mdl altebh altebh""
Dl ehedb}h db dl qtd {d vdalnkd ~ ptdmdb {dv3 %
Nbn Nbnknal knal * Mnai Mnaibû bû{} {}nk nkh. h.
%
_vhk _vhkd{ d{ta tall * walh walhva vakn knûb ûb khb khb}n }nbt bta. a.
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Gnba Gnball *Al *Al }dv }dven enba bavv tb pla plash sh d{} d{}af afld ldkn knmh. mh.""
1>
Dwaltaknûb Mnaibû{}nka" La dwaltaknûb mnaibû{}nka mnaibû{}nka d{ aqtdlla aqtdlla qtd {d vdalnsa vdalnsa pvdwnaedb}d pvdwnaedb}d al md{avvhllh md{avvhllh md tb pvhkd{h dmtka}nwh, ktalqtndva qtd î{}d {da" ]aefnîb {d ld ja mdbhenbamh dwaltaknûb pvdmåk}nwa" Ktabmh {d }va}a md jakdv tba dwaltaknûb md nbnknh a tb ivtph h a tb khldk}nwh {d ld {tdld mdbhenbav pvhibh{n{, ~ ktabmh d{ d{pdkågnka ~ mngdvdbknama pava kama altebh lh eá{ khvvdk}h d{ llaeavla mnaibh{n{ *Chvfa ~ Ka{dlla{, 1>>9. La dwaltaknûb mnaibû{}nka }aefnîb ptdmd {dv md mh{ }nph{3 nbnknal ~ ptb}tal *Vh{ald{, 1>>1. Dwaltaknûb mnaibû{}nka nbnknal 3 Db}dbm Db}dbmdeh deh{{ phv dwalta dwaltaknû knûbb mnaibû{ mnaibû{}n }nka ka nbnknal, la qtd {d vdalnsa md eabdva óbnka ~ dzklt{nwa ab}d{ md aliób pvhkd{h h knklh aeplnh" _ava la dwaltaknûb mnaibû{}nka md }nph eakvh, lh qtd nb}dvd{a d{ vdkhbhkdv d{pdknaledb}d {n lh{ altebh{ ab}d{ md nbnknav tb knklh h tb pvhkd{h dmtka}nwh lavih ph{ddb h bh tba {dvnd md khbhknendb}h{ pvdvvdqtn{n}h{ pava phmdv a{nenlav ~ khepvdbmdv db ghvea {nibngnka}nwa lh{ qtd {d ld{ pvd{db}aváb db dl en{eh" Dwaltaknûb mnaibû{}nka ptb}tal 3 Mdfd db}dbmdv{d kheh tba dwaltaknûb qtd {d vdalnsa db mn{}nb}h{ ehedb}h{ ab}d{ md nbnknav tba {dktdbkna h {diedb}h md db{dñabsa pdv}dbdkndb}d a tb md}dvenbamh ktv{h" ktv{h " D{}á D{}á klavh klavh qtd la gtbknûb gtbknûb pvnbkn pvnbknpal pal md la dwalta dwaltaknû knûbb mnaibû{ mnaibû{}n }nka ka ptb}tal ptb}tal khb{n{}d db nmdb}ngnkav ~ t}nlnsav khb}nbtaedb}d lh{ khbhknendb}h{ pvdwnh{ md lh{ altebh{ ltdih md qtd {d nbnkna tba kla{d, }dea, tbnmam db}vd h}vh{, {ndepvd qtd {d khb{n khb{nmdv mdvdd bdkd bdkd{av {avnh nh"" ]aef ]aefnî nîbb
lldi lldiaa a kham~ kham~twa twavv db dl ivamh ivamh md act{}d act{}d md la
pvhivaeaknûb a bnwdl enkvh, phv dcdeplh, md la{ {d{nhbd{ { d{nhbd{ h md }dea{ pav}nktlavd{"
Dwaltaknûb Ghvea}nwa"
6?
D{}a ghvea md dwaltaknûb dwaltaknûb d{ aqtdlla aqtdlla qtd {d vdalnsa vdalnsa khbkhen}ab}dedb}d khbkhen}ab}dedb}d khb dl pvhkd{h md db{dñabsa%apvdbmnsacd phv lh qtd mdfd khb{nmdvav{d, eá{ qtd la{ h}va{, kheh tba pav}d vditlamhva ~ khb{t{}abknal mdl pvhkd{h" La gnbalnmam md la dwaltaknûb ghvea}nwa d{ d{}vnk}aedb}d pdmaiûinka3 vditla dl pvhkd{h md db{dñabsa%apvdbmnsacd pava amap}av h act{}av la{ khbmnknhbd{ pdmaiûinka{ *d{}va}dina{, ak}nwnmamd{. db {dvwnknh mdl apvdbmnsacd md lh{ altebh{"
Dwaltaknûb [tea}nwa" ]aefnîb mdbhenbama dwaltaknûb gnbal, d{ aqtdlla qtd {d vdalnsa al }îvenbh md tb pvhkd{h nb{}vtkknhbal h knklh dmtka}nwh ktalqtndva" [t gnbalnmam pvnbknpal khb{n{}d db wdvngnkav dl ivamh db qtd {d jab alkabsamh la{ nb}dbknhbd{ dmtka}nwa{ ~ pvhwdd nbghveaknûb qtd pdven}d mdvnwav khbklt{nhbd{ nephv}ab}d{ {hfvd dl ivamh md îzn}h ~ dgnkakna md la dzpdvndbkna dmtka}nwa ilhfal depvdbmnma" Db la dwaltaknûb {tea}nwa la gtbknûb {hknal idbdvaledb}d }ndbmd a pvdwaldkdv {hfvd lña gtbknûb pdmaiûinka" [t{ aidb}d{ h ghvea{ ptdmdb {dv3
At}hdwaltaknûb3 la vdalnsa dl en{eh altebh
Khdwaltaknûb3 {d vdalnsa db khbctb}h
Jd}dvhdwaltaknûb3 la vdalnsa tba pdv{hba a h}va"
]nph{ md Dwaltaknûb
Dzplhva}nwa h mnaibû{}nkh
Ghvea}nwa
Gnbal ]N_H MD DWALTAKNÛB
61
AB]D[
MTVAB]D DWALTAKNÛB [TEA]NWA
DWALTAKNÛB DWALTAKNÛB GHVEA]NWA MNAIBÛ[]NKA
NBNKNAL
MD[_ÓD[
_TB]TAL
VDITLAKNÛB
NB]DVAK]NWA La dwaltaknûb3
VD]VHAK]NWA
Neplnka Neplnka md}dk}av la{ galla{ mdl apvdbmnsacd apvdbmnsacd db dl ehedb}h qtd {d pvhmtkdb, pvhmtkdb, bn pava {abknhbav {nbh pava aklavav khbgt{nhbd{, ~ gaknln}av dl md{avvhllh mdl pvhkd{h md apvdbmnsacd"
[d mdfd {dldkknhbav md aktdvmh khb la gnbalnmam dmtka}nwa md kama {n}taknûb md apvd apvdbm bmns nsac acd" d" Md la en{e n{ea eabdv abdva, a, {d mdfd mdfdbb d{kh d{khid idvv la{ }îkbn îkbnka ka{{ d nb{}vtedb}h{ qtd pdven}ab lldwavla a kafh md la edchv eabdva ph{nfld"
_tdmd _tdmd nbkl nbkltn tnvv dlde dldedb db}h }h{{ ktal ktaln} n}a}n a}nwh wh{{ ~ ktab ktab}a }a}n }nwh{ wh{ qt qtdd hgvds hgvdska kabb ma}h{ ma}h{ {nibngnka}nwh{ akdvka mdl md{avvhllh mdl altebh ~ md {t{ vd{tl}amh{"
[d mdfd aplnkav aplnkav bh {ûlh a lh{ pvhkd{h{ pvhkd{h{ md db{dñabs db{dñabsaa ~ apvdbmn apvdbmnsac sacd, d, {nbh }aefnî }aefnîbb ktalqt ktalqtndv ndv d{}aed d{}aedb}h b}h mdbla mdbla amenbn amenbn{}va {}vaknû knûbb h md la{ nb{}n nb{}n}tk }tknhb nhbd{ d{ dmtka}nwa{"
La dwaltaknûb mdfd {dv khb}nbta, {d mdfd vdalnsav db la{ mngdvdb}d{ ga{d{ mdl pvhkd{h db{dñabsa% apvdbmnsacd, d{ mdknv, ab}d{, mtvab}d ~ al gnbal md la{ akknhbd{ dmtka}nwa{ dmtka}nwa{ pava md}dvenbav, md}dvenbav, walhvav ~ vdin{}vav, db ghvea {n{}deá}nka, {n{}deá}nka, lh{ vd{tl}amh{ vd{tl}amh{ md la ak}taknûb idbdval mdl altebh" Ktabmh {d dwalóa a lh lavih mdl pvhkd{h md
66
db{dñabsa, db ghvea khb}nbta, {d lhiva tb apvdbmnsacd eá{ dgdk}nwh, ptd{ md d{}a eabdva {d jakd ph{nfld la khvvdkknûb ~ vdktpdvaknûb md lh{ altebh{" La dwaltaknûb d{ nb}dival ptd{ d{}a mnvninma a walhvav a lh{ vd{tl}amh{ db la{ ávda{ khibh{kn}nwa, p{nkheh}hva ~ agdk}nwa, a{å kheh lh{ va{ih{ eá{ vdldwab}d{ md la pdv{hbalnmam, }heabmh db ktdb}a lh{ gak}hvd{ qtd nb}dvwndbdb db dl pvhkd{h md apvdb apvdbmn mnsa sacd cd"" Db d{}d d{}d {db}n {db}nmh, mh, db dl plab plab md dwal dwalta takn knûb ûb {d mdfd mdfd nbmn nbmnka kavv *db}v *db}vdd pavîb}d{n{., dl va{ih md la pdv{hbalnmam a dwaltav db kama tbh md lh{ nb{}vtedb}h{ {dldkknhbamh{"
La Dwaltaknûb md lh{ Khb}dbnmh{ Khbkdp}tald{ Md ma}h{ h jdkjh{ ft{ka vd{ptd{}a{ dzak}a{ phv pav}d mdl altebh a }vawî{ md ak}nwnmamd{ md dwhkaknûb ~ md vdkhbhknendb}h ktabmh %
[d pvd pvd{db {db}a }abb a~tma a~tma{{ qtd gaknl gaknln} n}db db dl vdktd vdktdvmh vmh
%
Bh {d {d pvd{d pvd{db} b}ab ab a~t a~tma{ ma{ qtd qtd gak gaknl nln} n}db db dl vdktd vdktdvm vmhh
Md khbkdp}h{3 %
Ft{ka Ft{ka walhvav walhvav la khep khepvdb vdb{nûb {nûb qtd dl dl alteb altebhh }ndbd }ndbd mdl mdl khbkd khbkdp}h p}h""
%
Nbwh Nbwhlt ltkv kvaa }îk }îkbn bnka ka{{ khe kheh3 h3
La mdgnbnknûb mdl {nibngnkamh Dl vdkhbhknendb}h md la mdgnbnknûb La dzph{nknûb }deá}nka La nmdb}ngnkaknûb ~ kla{ngnkaknûb md dcdeplh{" La aplnkaknûb a la {hltknûb md pvhfldea{ La vdlaknûb mdl khbkdp}h khb h}vh{ khbkdp}h{ mdl ávda h md h}va{ h}va{ ávda{" ]nph{ md Ak}nwnmamd{ aplnkama{ phv dl mhkdb}d …
Eh}nwaknûb
…
Dblakd
…
Nb}divaknûb
6;
…
Nbwd{}niaknûb
…
Gncaknûb
…
Aplnkaknûb
La Dwaltaknûb md lh{ Khb}dbnmh{ _vhkdmnedb}ald{" Mdfd awdvnitav3 [n dl altebh ph{dd ph{dd dl khbhknendb}h khbhknendb}h vdgdvdb}d vdgdvdb}d al pvhkdmnendb}h pvhkdmnendb}h a }vawî{ }vawî{ md pvditb}a{ khbkvd}a{ {hfvd kheh {d vdalnsa dl pvhkdmnendb}h" [n dl altebh altebh t}nlnsa t}nlnsa ~ aplnka aplnka dl pvhkdmne pvhkdmnendb ndb}h }h db {n}tak {n}taknhb nhbd{ d{ khbkvd}a{ khbkvd}a{ a }vawî{ md pvhmtkknhbd{ dlafhvama{ phv dl altebh" Nbwhltkva }îkbnka{ kheh3 %
La {dldk {dldkknû knûbb md pvhkdmn pvhkdmnend endb}h b}h{{ pava pava {hltk {hltknhb nhbav av tba tba }avda" }avda"
%
La aplnk aplnkakn aknûb ûb md tb tb pvhkdmn pvhkdmnen endb} db}hh a {n}ta {n}taknh knhbd{ bd{ pav} pav}nkt nktlav lavd{" d{"
%
La dzplnk dzplnkak aknû nûbb md ehmdl ehmdlh{ h{ ~ eaqtd eaqtd}a }a{{ *_hv *_hv dcde dcdepl plh, h, ktamvh{ ktamvh{ {nbûp} {nbûp}nk nkh{, h{, pvhmtkknhbd{ d{kvn}a{, d}k"."
%
La khvvdk khvvdkknû knûbb h }dvenba }dvenbaknûb knûb md md pvhmtkk pvhmtkknhb nhbd{ d{ eal dlaf dlafhvam hvama{ a{ h nbkhep nbkhepld} ld}a{" a{"
La Dwaltaknûb md Khb}dbnmh{ Ak}n}tmnbald{" [d fa{a db la{ akknhbd{ eabngnd{}a{ mdl altebh qtd {d walhvab a }vawî{ md la hf{dvwaknûb mnvdk}a" La{ eabngd{}aknhbd{ wdvfald{ mdl altebh qtd {d walhvab a }vawî{ md d{kala{ md ak}n}tm db la{ qtd {d dzpvd{a {t ea~hv h edbhv aktdvmh khb tba agnveaknûb" Ktd{}nhbavnh{ db lh{ qtd dzpvd{a {t ghvea md ak}tav gvdb}d a tba {n}taknûb md}dvenbama" Dznid3 Md}dvenbav tba d{kala md walhvd{ pava d{}afldkdv paváed}vh{ md dwaltaknûb qtd dzpvd{db lh qtd {d qtndvd dwaltav qtd khb{nmdvdb la{ knvktb{}abkna{ db la{ la{ qtd {d eabngnd{}a la ak}n}tm" Mdfd }dbdv db ktdb}a3
6=
Lh{ khephbdb}d{ qtd nbwhltkva tba ak}n}tm %
Khibn}nwh{
%
Agdk}nwh{
%
Khbmtk}tald{
La{ knvktb{}abkna{ qtd agdk}ab tba ak}n}tm" _hv dcdeplh3 La {n}taknûb pdv{hbal %
La{ h} h}va{ pd pdv{hba{
%
Dl khb} khb}dz dz}h }h {hkn {hknhk hktl tl}t }tva val" l"
]îkbnka{ d nb{}vtedb}h{ eá{ khetbd{ db la _labngnkaknûb md la Dwaltaknûb ]ÎKBNKA[
NB[]VTEDB]H[
1"_vtdfa{
1"1 Hf Hfcd}nwa{ 1"6 1"6 Db{a~ Db{a~hh 1"; _vák}n _vák}nka{ ka{ 1"= 1"= Hval Hvald{ d{ 1"4 Nbghved Nbghved{{ 1"7 Dzph{n Dzph{nknû knûbb
6" Hf{dvwaknûb
6"1 Ln{}a md Kh}dch 6"6 D{kala md D{}neaknûb 6"; Vdin{}vh Abdkmû}nkh 6"= Vdin{}vh{ md Jdkjh{ 6"4 D{kala Ivágnka 6"7 D{kala Md{kvnp}nwa
;" Db}vdwn{}a{
6"9 D{kala md Ak}n}tm ;"1 Dbktd{}a ;"6 Itåa md Db}vdwn{}a ;"; Ktd{}nhbavnh
64
Abáln{n{ vdpvhmtkknûb md lh{ altebh{ _vhmtkknhbd{ Hvald{" _vhmtkknhbd{ D{kvn}a{ [netlaknhbd{ ~ mvaea}nsaknhbd{ Dzpvd{nûb Khvphval _vhmtkknûb _lá{}nka Vd{óedbd{ Nbwd{}niaknhbd{ Nb}dvkaefnh Hval khb lh{ altebh{" Mnálhih{ Db}vdwn{}a{ Mdfa}d{ Eapa{ md Khbkdp}h{ Mn{kt{nûb 77 *btdwa nbkhvphvaknûb. At}h Vdphv}d{ D{kala ~ Ktd{}nhbavnh md ak}n}tmd{ ]îkbnka{ [hknheî}vnka{ [hknhivaea{ Ktd{}nhbavnh amnwnba qtnîb Eapa{ md Khbkdp}h{ _hv}aghlnh{"
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D{}va}dina{ Ed}hmhlûinka{ [hb [hb lh{ lh{ pvhkd pvhkdmn mnen endb} db}h{ h{ ~ ak}nwn ak}nwnma mamd{ md{ a vdaln vdalnsav sav pava pava qtd dl pvhkd pvhkd{h {h db{dñabsa%apvdbmnsacd pdven}a alkabsav lh{ hfcd}nwh{ mdl pvhivaea" La{ d{}va}dina{ ed}hmhlûinka{ {hb {dktdbkna{ nb}divama{ md pvhkdmnendb}h{ qtd {d dlnidb khb tb md}dvenbamh pvhpû{n}h" La{ ak}nwnmamd{ md apvdbmnsacd khb la{ qtd {d khb{}vt~db la{ d{}va}dina{ ed}hmhlûinka{ ptdmdb {dv md mh{ }nph{3 Ak}nwnmamd{ Edehvå{}nka{3 Edehvå{}nka{ 3 d{pdkågnkaedb}d mama{ pava }vafach fa{amh db khb}dbnmh{, {hb tb pvnedv ehedb}h pava la vdalnsaknûb md tba ak}nwnmam md apvdbmnsacd, pdvh a{å kheh lh mdkneh{ tb pvnedv ehedb}h, dl nbnknh0 a pav}nv md allå, {d mdfd d{}vtk}tvav la ak}nwnmam khb pvhkd{h{ eá{ khepldch{ qtd pdven}ab a{ditvav apvdbmnsacd{3 Edehvnsav tba mdgnbnknûb, tb jdkjh, tb phdea, tb }dz}h""""" Nmdb}ngnkav dldedb}h{ md tb khbctb}h Vdkhvmav *{nb dznidbkna md khepvdbmdv. Aplnkav edkábnkaedb}d gûvetla{ ~ vdila{ pava la vd{hltknûb md pvhfldea{ }åpnkh{" Ak}nwnmamd{ Khepvdb{nwa{3 {hb la{ nbmnkama{ pava pvhkd{h{ md ea~hv bnwdl, khb dlla{ mdfdeh mdf deh{{ d{}vtk d{}vtk}tv }tvav av ak}nwn ak}nwnmam mamd{ d{ md }vafac }vafachh edb}al edb}al,, ~a qtd pdven} pdven}db db khb khb{}v {}vtnv tnv ~ vdkhb{}vtnv {nibngnkamh{3 Vd{tenv, nb}dvpvd}av, idbdvalnsav vdqtndvdb khepvdbmdv tba nbghveaknûb pvdwna ~ vdkhb{}vtnvla" Dzplhvav, khepavav, hviabnsav, kla{ngnkav ma}h{, dznidb {n}tav la nbghveaknûb khb la qtd {d }vafaca db dl eavkh idbdval md {t áefn}h md khbhknendb}h ~ vdalnsav tba vdkhb{}vtkknûb ilhfal md la nbghveaknûb md pav}nma" _labngnkav, hpnbav, avitedb}av, aplnkav a btdwa{ {n}taknhbd{, khb{}vtnv, kvdav dznidb khb{}vtnv btdwh{ {nibngnkamh{, khb{}vtnv btdwa nbghveaknûb"
69
La{ La{ d{}v d{}va} a}di dina{ na{ ed}h ed}hmhl mhlûin ûinka ka{{ mn{dñ mn{dñam ama{ a{ pava pava lh{ lh{ pvhk pvhkd{h d{h{{ md db{dñ db{dñab absa sa ~ apvdb apvdbmn mnsa sacd cd pvhmt pvhmtkd kdbb kaef kaefnh nh{{ db lh{ lh{ d{qtde d{qtdea{ a{ edb} edb}al ald{ d{ ~ db la{ la{ d{}v d{}vtk tk}t }tva va{{ khibn}nwa{ md lh{ apvdbmnkd{, qtd {d khbkvd}ab db3 …
Nbghveaknûb wdvfal, khbkdp}h{"
…
D{}va}dina{ khibn}nwa{"
…
_vhkdmnendb}h{"
…
Jafnlnmamd{ eh}vnkd{"
…
Ak}n}tmd{"
…
Walhvd{"
…
Bhvea{"
]hma ak}nwnmam md atla mdfd d{}av hviabnsama ~ d{}vtk}tvama db gtbknûb md la{ d{}va}dina{ ed}hmhlûinka{ ~ dlla{ {dváb la{ qtd mdfnmaedb}d lldwama{ a la pvák}nka pdven}nváb tb }vafach fa{amh db pvhkd{h{ pvhkd{ h{ md pdb{aendb}h" Db }hma ak}nwnmam md kla{d {d mdfdb d{}vtk}tvav d{}va}dina{ ed}hmhlûinka{ qtd pdven}ab la pav}nknpaknûb mdl mhkdb}d, mdl ivtph md d{}tmnab}d{ ~ mdl d{}tmnab}d kheh nbmnwnmth, nbmnwnmth, db dlla{ {d phmváb dwnmdbknav, dwnmdbknav, la{ khbmtk}a{ qtd mdetd{}vab mdetd{}vab la hktvvdbkna hktvvdbkna md aliób }nph md apvdbmnsacd ~ qtd mdfdb d{}av vd{palmama{ phv }hmh tb pvhkd{h md ak}nwnmam khb{}vtk}nwa Amde Am deá{ á{ md}dve md}dvenb nbab ab la apln aplnka kakn knûb ûb md tba {dvnd {dvnd md pvhkd{ pvhkd{h{ h{ ~ hpd hpdva vakn knhb hbd{ d{ khibn}nwa{, qtd gnbalnsa db la dlafhvaknûb md md}dvenbamh{ }nph{ md vdpvd{db}aknhbd{3 ]nph{ md D{}va}dina{ Ed}hmhlûinka{
_vd{db}aknûb3 _vd{db}aknûb3 db la ktal dl pvh}aihbn{}a d{ dl mhkdb}d, tbnmnvdkknhbal d{ mdknv la khetbnkaknûb }ndbd tba mnvdkknûb md ak}nwa *mhkdb}d. a pa{nwa *altebh{." Db dlla
6:
dbkhb}vaeh{ dbkhb}vaeh{ ak}nwnmamd{ ak}nwnmamd{ md db{dñabsa apvdbmnsacd kheh ptdmdb {dv la dzph{nknhbd{ dzph{nknhbd{ hvald{, la{ mdeh{}vaknhbd{, la{ pvh~dkknhbd{ (hf{dvwaknûb md ea}dvnal atmnhwn{tal, la{ khbgdvdbkna{ ~ h}va{" Vdqtndvd md alitba{ khbmnknhbd{ kheh3 tb }h}al mhenbnh md khb}dbnmh{, dl t{h md tb whkaftlavnh aeplnh, dl eabdch md whkaftlavnh pvhpnh md la a{niba}tva, tba kapaknmam md dzpvd{nûb khvphval, tb mhenbnh ivtpal, t{h dgnkas mdl }ndeph ~ dl eabdch apvhpnamh md vdktv{h{ mnmák}nkh{" Nb}dvakknûb3 db d{}d ehedb}h md la kla{d {d ma la khetbnkaknûb db eól}npld{ mnvdk mnvdkkn knhbd hbd{{ phv dllh dllh mdkn mdkneh eh{{ qtd qtd d{ pltv pltvnm nmnv nvdk dkkn knhba hbal, l, }hmh{ }hmh{ db la kla{d kla{d }ndbd }ndbdbb vd{phb{afnlnmamd{ md pvhmtkknûb, hviabnsaknûb h {n{}dea}nsaknûb" Mdb}vh md la{ ak}nwnmamd{ md db{dñabsa ~ apvdbmnsacd dbkhb}vaeh{3 }vafach{ md kaeph, ldk}tva{ mnvninma{, }vafach{ ivtpald{, vd{hltknûb vd{hltknûb md dcdvknknh{, dcdvknknh{, dlafhvaknûb md khbklt{nhbd{, mnbáenka{ ivtpald{, mvaea}nsaknhbd{ ~ h}va{" La{ khbmnknhbd{ bdkd{avna{ pava la nb}dvakknûb d{}áb mama{ phv3 mhenbnh md ivtph, klavnmam db dl hfcd}nwh md la ak}nwnmam, khepd}dbkna db la }îkbnka md la pvditb}a ~ dl eabdch md vd{ptd{}a{, }h}al mhenbnh m henbnh mdl }dea h khb}dbnmh, t{h dgnkas mdl }ndeph" ]vafach pdv{hbal 3 mdkneh{ qtd d{ tbnpdv{hbal, ~a qtd d{ dl ehedb}h db qtd kama d{}tmnab}d kheh nbmnwnmth {d dbgvdb}a a {n}taknhbd{ db la ktal mdfd phbdv }hmh {t depdñh ~ pvhkd{h edb}al db dl md{avvhllh md la en{ea" Alitba{ md la{ ak}nwnmamd{ md db{dñabsa ~ apvdbmnsacd pava dl }vafach pdv{hbal {hb3 ldk}tva {nldbknh{a, vd{hltknûb md dcdvkn dcdvknknh knh{, {, dcdktk dcdktknhb nhbd{ d{ mdeh{} mdeh{}va} va}nwa nwa{, {, khb{tl} khb{tl}a{ a{ fnfln fnflnhivá hivágnka gnka{, {, dzáedb dzáedbd{ d{ h dwaltaknhbd{"
6>
Db dl }vafach pdv{hbal dl d{}tmnab}d }ndbd la hphv}tbnmam md3 mdeh{}vav lh apvdbmnmh, ~ vdqtndvd md pat}a{ {ûlnma{ kheh3 Klavnmam db dl hfcd}nwh md la ak}nwnmam, klavnmam db la{ pat}a{ md dwaltaknûb *nbmnkamhvd{ md lhivh." Bh {ndepvd tba kla{d mdfd nbnknav{d khb pvd{db}aknûb, dl hvmdb mamh db la }afla, d{ {hlh ghvea, dl mhkdb}d ptdmd wavnav h vdpd}nv db la en{ea kla{d, mngdvdb}d{ d{}va}dina{ idbdvald{"
NE_HV]ABKNA MD LA _VAK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN La vd{hltknûb B¿ 16 mdl Enbn{}dvnh md Dmtkaknûb *1> md dbdvh md 1>:;. mnkd3
“La pva pvak}nk }nka pvhgd hgd{nh {nhbal bal ld pdven} en}nvá al d{}tmnab}d mdeh{}vav jafnlnmamd{ ~ md{}vdsa{ db dl abál abálnn{n{ {n{ ~ {hlt {hltkn knûb ûb md ka{h ka{h{{ vdal vdald{ d{ md la pvhgd{n pvhgd{nûb ûb ~ t}nlns t}nlnsav av akndv} akndv}hh lh{ khbhkne khbhknendb ndb}h{ }h{ }dûvnkh{ ‛ pvák}nkh{ amqtnvnmh{―" D{}a khb{}n}t~d tb pvhkd{h md apvdbmnsacd, mnvninmh a lh{ mdeá{ pvak}nkab}d{, a gnb md nmdb}ngnkav ktald{ {hb lh{ vhld{ mdl dmtkamhv, kheh md{dbwhlwdv{d db la pvazn{ dmtka}nwa, ~ a {t wds mhbmd ~ kheh aplnkav la{ }îkbnka{ ~ d{}va}dina{ ed}hmhlûinka{ apvdbmnma{ a lh lavih md la kavvdva" La pvak pvak}n }nka ka pvhg pvhgdd{nhb {nhbal al NW, NW, vdpv vdpvd{ d{db db}}a la apl aplnkakn kaknûb ûb md }hm hmh{ h{ lh{ lh{ khbhknendb}h{ amqtnvnmh{ mtvab}d la kavvdva, db d{}a {d mdfdb }heav db ktdb}a lh{ gak}hvd{ {hknald{, dkhbûenkh{ ~ ktl}tvald{, db}vd h}vh{3
La pav}d gn{nhlûinka, khibn}nwa, agdk}nwa, eh}vns, gaenlnav ~ {hknhdkhbûenka md
lh{ altebh{"
La nb}dvakknûb khb{}vtk}nwa 3 altebh ‛ mhkdb}d, altebh ‛ altebh
La{ d{}va}dina{ mnmák}nka{ ~ dl d{}nlh md khetbnkaknûb mdl mhkdb}d
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La{ d{}va}dina{ md pvhkd{aendb}h md nbghveaknûb md lh{ altebh{ Dl mhkdb}d mhkdb}d
mdfdd }heav mdf }heav khbkndbkna khbkndbkna md {t{ ph}dbkna ph}dbknalnm lnmamd{ amd{,, bdkd{nm bdkd{nmamd{ amd{,,
nb}dvd{d{ ~ lnen}aknhbd{, d{ mdknv, khbhkdv {t eamtvds dgdk}nwa, db ktab}h a la pdvkt{nûb qtd d{}a }ndbd db la akknûb pdmaiûinka, mdfd md{avvhllav tb d{}nlh md khetbnkaknûb khvmnal, a{dv}nwa, gldznfld ~ mnvdk}a d{ {t{ vdlaknhbd{ nb}dvpdv{hbald{" Khb{nmdvabmh {t pvhkd{h md md{avvhllh pdv{hbal ~ pvhgd{nhbal kheh nbakafamh mama la bdkd{nmam md vdknklacd ~ ak}talnsaknûb khb{}ab}d db la qtd mdfd pdveabdkdv" A }vawî{ md d{}d md{avvhllh dl mhkdb}d nb}dvbalnsa ~ ak}nwa etkja{ gtbknhbd{ la{ ktald{ {hb3
Gtbknûb md _labngnkamhv3 Dl mhkdb}d {d md{depdña md{depdña db d{}a gtbknûb ktabmh d{}vtk}tva d{}vtk}tva kvda {n}taknhbd{ {n}taknhbd{ md db{dñab db{dñabsa, sa, apvdbmn apvdbmnsac sacdd nb}diva nb}divabmh bmh dldedb dldedb}h{ }h{ qtd nb}dvw nb}dvwndbd ndbdbb db dl pvhkd{h pvhkd{h dmtka}nwh, dmtka}nwh, t{a la plabngnkaknûb plabngnkaknûb }îkbnkaedb} }îkbnkaedb}d, d, ed}hmhlûinka ed}hmhlûinkaedb}d edb}d ~ kheh tb kaefnh kaefnh {hkna {hknal, l, khb{n khb{nmd mdva va la gnlh gnlh{hg {hgåa åa ~ la phlå} phlå}nk nkaa mdl mdl D{}amh D{}amh pvd{d pvd{db} b}dd db lh{ lh{ plab plabd{ d{ ~ pvhivaea{ dmtkaknhbald{ pava lh{ mngdvdb}d{ bnwdld{" Vdkhbhkd la fa{d ~ lh{ gtbmaedb}h{ *gnlh{ûgnkh{, dpn{}dehlûinkh{, p{nkhlûinkh{ ~ {hknhlûinkh{. qtd {t{}db}ab dl mn{dñh ktvvnktlav"
Gtbknûb md Gaknln}amhv3 _av}d md tb eavkh khbkdp}tal fa{d qtd neplnka dl mhenbnh md lh{ gtbmaedb}h{ }dûvnk }dûvnkh{ h{ qtd {t{}db} {t{}db}ab ab dl bnwdl, bnwdl, pvhphbd pvhphbd {n}tak {n}taknhb nhbd{ d{ md apvdbmn apvdbmnsac sacdd fa{ama{ fa{ama{ db d{}va}dina{ ed}hmhlûinka{ qtd d{}netlab dl md{avvhllh md ak}n}tmd{, khbhknendb}h{, jafnlnmamd{, md{}vdsa{ ~ jáfn}h{, phbd a mn{ph{nknûb mdl altebh tba dz}db{a dz}db{a iaea md vdktv{h{, {d nb}diva kheh tb endefvh ak}nwh mdl ivtph md altebh{, mdl dqtnph mhkdb}d ~ md la khetbnmam" Kvda tb klnea md akdp}aknûb ~ khbgnabsa db}vd lh{ endefvh{ qtd pav}nknpab db la dzpdvndbkna dmtka}nwa" Vdgtdvsh a lhivh{ d nbjnfd h
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nibhva lh{ khephv}aendb}h{ nbamdktamh{ pvd{db}abmh al}dvba}nwa{ ~ d{}netlabmh la nen}aknûb md khephv}aendb}h{ md{damh{"
Gtbknûb md Nbwd{}niamhv D{}tmna ~ abalnsa la vdalnmam [hknh ‛ dmtka}nwa kheh edmnh pava pvhphbdv al}dvba}nwa{ md {hltknûb qtd }ndbmab a edchvav dl pvhkd{h md db{dñabsa ‛ apvdbmnsacd khb{nmdvabmh la{ bdkd{nmamd{ ~ vdqtdvnendb}h{ md}dk}amh db tb md}dvenbamh khb}dz}h, mn{dña d neplab}a pvh~dk}h{ md nbwd{}niaknûb mnvninmh{ a {hlwdb}av lh{ pvhfldea{, t}nlnsa lh{ vd{tl}amh{ md la nbwd{}niaknûb kheh fa{d pava vdghvetlav ~ dbvnqtdkdv la dzpdvn dzp dvndbkn dbknaa dmtka}n dmtka}nwa wa a lh{ altebh{ altebh{ db la t}nlnsa t}nlnsaknû knûbb md la nbwd{} nbwd{}nia niaknû knûbb kheh kheh al}dvba}nwa{ pava dl md{ktfvnendb}h ~ dl apvdbmnsacd"
Gtbknûb md _vheh}hv [hknal3 Mdfd {dv tba pdv{hba khbhkdmhva md al vdalnmam baknhbal, vdinhbal, lhkal ~ la nbgltdbkna qtd d{}a dcdvkd {hfvd la {n}taknûb dmtka}nwa ~ khepvdbmd la{ nb}dvvdlaknhbd{ dzn{}db}d db}vd lh{ gak}hvd{ jn{}ûvnkh{ ‛ {hknald{, dkhbûenkh{, phlå}nkh{ ~ ktl}tvald{ mdl mdl paå{ paå{ ~ mdl mdl {dk} {dk}hv hv dmtk dmtka} a}nw nwh" h" Dl khb{k khb{knd ndb} b}dd md lh{ lh{ pvhfl pvhflde dea{ a{ khld khldk} k}nw nwh{ h{ ~ khb}vnft~db khb la khetbnmam a md{ktfvnvlh{ ~ mavld{ {hltknûb d{}afld tba vdlaknûb vdknpvhka db}vd d{ktdla ~ khetbnmam khb etva{ a lhivav tba {ûlnma nb}divaknûb ~ pav}nknpaknûb md lh{ en{eh{" _h{dd kavak}dvå{}nka{ ~ ak}n}tmd{ pdv{hbald{ qtd lh{ khbwndv}db db ehmdlh qtd nb}dvpvd}a ~ md{depdña a kafalnmam, {t nephv}ab}d vhl {hknal"
Gtbknûb md Hvndb}amhv3 Khbhkd la { kavak}dvå{}nka{ dwhlt}nwa{ ~ la{ bdkd{nmamd{ d nb}dvî{ pvhpnh mdl bnñh }ab}h db dl áefn}h nbmnwnmtal kheh ivtpal, ph{dd la kapaknmam md khbhkdv{d a {å en{eh, vdgldznhbav {hfvd {t{ akknhbd{, dwalóa kvå}nkaedb}d lh{ dgdk}h{ md lh{ en{eh{, {ndbmh {ndbmh kapas kapas md {tpdvav{ {tpdvav{dd kama måa, a~tma a~tma a bnñh bnñh a khb khb{}v {}vtnv tnv tba neaidb neaidb vdal ~
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ph{n}nwa, pvhpnkna db dl bnñh la ghveaknûb pava pav a la wnma , la dcdktknûb }depvaba md vhld{ qtd md{depdña db dl gt}tvh, ktl}nwa walhvd{ lniamh{ a la gaenlna, la d{ktdla ~ dl paå{"
Gtbknûb md Amenbn{}vamhv3 _h{dd khbhknendb}h{ }dûvnkh{ pvhpnh{ md la pvák}nka amenbn{}va}nwa, pav}nknpa md tba tba eabdv eabdvaa ak}n ak}nwa wa,, db dl pvhkd pvhkd{h {h md hviabn hviabnsa sakn knûb ûb ~ gtbkn gtbknhba hbaen endb} db}hh md la nb{}n}tknûb dmtka}nwa, aplnka khbhknendb}h{ ~ md{avvhlla jafnlnmamd{ fá{nka{, dwalóa khb{}ab}dedb}d lh{ pvhkd{h{ amenbn{}va}nwh{ a gnb md }hea{ mdkn{nhbd{ amdktama{ phbd db pvak}nka pvh~dk}h{ pvh ~dk}h{ qtd idbdval al}dvba}nwa{ md {hltknûb gvdb}d a lh{ pvhfldea{ md åbmhld amenbn{}va}nwh qtd {d plab}dab a la nb{}n}tknûb"
Gtbknûb md Dwaltamhv3 D{ dcdvknma ktabmh mhenba ~ eabdca md{md dl ptb}h md wn{}a }dûvnkh% pvak}nkh, lh{ khbhknendb}h{ idbdvald{ ~ d{pdkågnkh{ nbjdvdb}d{ a la dwaltaknûb db dl bnñh, t{ab la dwaltaknûb dwaltaknûb ~ la at}h ‛ dwaltaknûb dwaltaknûb kheh pvhkd{h qtd gaknln}a la }hea md mdkn{nhbd{ mdkn{nhbd{ db la{ la{ mngd mngdvdb vdb}d }d{{ d}ap d}apa{ a{ md md{avv md{avvhl hllh lh md ktvvå ktvvåkt ktlh lh,, vdaln vdalnsa sa mngd mngdvdb vdb}d }d{{ }nph }nph{{ md dwaltaknûb dwaltaknûb qtd idbdvab nbghveaknûb nbghveaknûb akdvka md lh{ mngdvdb}d{ khephbdb}d{, khephbdb}d{, t}nlnsa t}nlnsa la dwaltaknûb kheh tb nb{}vtedb}h md khbhknendb}h mdl pvhkd{h dwhlt}nwh mdl bnñh, md{md tba pdv{pdk}nwa pdv{pdk}nwa etl}nmnedb{nhba etl}nmnedb{nhbal,l, khbwndv}d khbwndv}d a la dwaltaknûb db tb edkabn{eh pvhpnknh pava la dlafhvaknûb md d{}va}dina{ ~ mn{dñh la nb}dvwdbknûb dmtka}nwa amdktama{ al bnwdl dwhlt}nwh md lh{ bnñh{ ~ lh{ hfcd}nwh{ dmtka}nwh{"
Gtbknûb md Hf{dvwamhv3 Amhbmd dl mhkdb}d mdfd }heav db ktdb}a dl altebh qtd bh pav}nknpa, qtd bh d{}a a{n{}ndbmh a kla{d{, qtd d{}a {alndbmh eal db la{a dwaltaknhbd{, qtd {d {ndb}a md}vá{ , qtd bh }hea aptb}d{, db}vd h}vh{ pava }va}av md a~tmav a {t{ altebh{ {n la
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{n}taknûb {n}taknûb d{}twndva d{}twndva db {t{ eabh{ , d{ mdknv pava db}vav a kteplnv amdeá{ khb dl vhl md hvndb}amhv db dl pvhfldea phv dl ktal d{}îb a}vawd{abmh"
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KA_N]TLH NN GA[D MD HF[DVWAKNÛB ^ MNAIBH[]NKH Ltdih md jafdv ktlenbamh la ga{d nb}vhmtk}hvna {d pvhkdmnû a {ditnv khb dl kvhbhiva kvhbhivaea ea d{}afl d{}afldkn dknmh mh pava dl md{avvhl md{avvhllh lh md la{ _vák}nk _vák}nka{ a{ _vhgd{n _vhgd{nhba hball NNN, qtd khb{n{}d db la a{n{}dbkna phv pav}d mdl pvak}nkab}d a la nb{}n}tknûb" Mhbmd mdfdvá vdalnsav tb pvhkd{h md hf{dvwaknûb mdl plab}dl db idbdval, ~ dl ivtph khb qtî îl }vafacavá" Khb dl gnb md vdkafav nbghveaknûb {hfvd la{ khbmnknhbd{ {hknh%dkhbûenkh ~ dl md{dbwhlwnendb}h md la{ ak}nwnmamd{ ~ la{ khbmnknhbd{ db la{ ktald{ {d dbktdb}va la Tbnmam Dmtka}nwa “KVDAKNÛB [AB MNDIH BHV]D― Db pvdw pvdwnh nh aktd aktdvm vmhh khb khb dl pvhg pvhgd{ d{hv hv,, Aldz Aldzab abmd mdvv Favf Favfdv dva, a, {d md}d md}dve venb nbûû dbkhb}vavbh{ dbkhb}vavbh{ a la{ 1?3?? md la eañaba db dl K"K Fhtldwav Fhtldwav Kdb}dv Kdb}dv qtd qtd d{}a gvdb}d Av}tvh Fni%lhy, Fni%lhy, pava lldwavbh{ lldwavbh{ a la T" D" “Kvdaknûb “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d― db la ktal {d tfnkaváb tfnkaváb kama tbh md lh{ pvak}nkab}d{" pvak}nkab}d{" Bh{ pvd{db}û al khhvmnbamhv khhvmnbamhv mdl lnkdh, mhbmd dl en{eh en{eh bh{ gaknln} gaknln}ûû dl jhvavnh jhvavnh mdl ivamh db dl ktal wh~ a vdalnsav vdalnsav la{ pvák}nka pvák}nka{{ mhkdb}d{ d{pdkågnkaedb}d :wh ivamh" _hv h}vh lamh khbhkå a la pvhgd{hva Dtkav~{ Dtkav~{ Avdllabh, ed db}vdwn{}d db}vdwn{}d khb dlla, ld mncd qtd d{}avåa khb dlla }hmh dl }dvkdv lap{h, ed jaflû {hfvd lh{ khb}dbnmh{ a mav db dl }dvkdv }dvkdv lap{h, lap{h, {hfvd la{ dwaltakn dwaltaknhbd{ hbd{,,
phvkdb} phvkdb}acd acd{{ qtd ld khvvd{phbm khvvd{phbmåab åab a la{
en{ea{, dl vdbmnendb}h mdl ivtph ~ ed mnch mhbmd qtdmafa dl {alûb pava gnbalnsav0 }aefnîb }aefnîb hf{dvwd la la ak}nwnmam ak}nwnmam mhkdb}d mhkdb}d md atla atla md la {dkknûb {dkknûb qtd ed ed gtd a{nibama a{nibama , }hmh d{}h khb dl gnb md vdkhidv nbghveaknûb bdkd{avna md la T" D" “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d―"
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FVDWD VD[DÑA JN[]HVNKA MD LA T" D" KVDAKNÛB “[AB MNDIH BHV]D―
DZ_H[NKNÛB MD EH]NWH[3 La D" F “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d― {tvid pava mav vd{ptd{}a{ a la kavdbkna md ktph{ db dl Etbnknpnh [ab Mndih md Alkalá, pava altebh{ md la ]dvkdva D}apa Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka mtvab}d dl añh d{khlav 6???%6??1" Al nbnknh mdl añh d{khlav 6???%6??1, {d nbnkna la D{ktdla Fá{nka “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d― khb tba ea}vnktla md 14? altebh{ shbngnkamh{ md la{ T" D Qtdnpa , Klhvnbma Asktbd ~ [ab}naih Eavnñh0 mdfnmh a qtd la T"D" Jnpûln}h Kn{bdvh{, bh ktfvd la{ mdeabma{ md ktph mdl Etbnknpnh pava d{d bnwdl md Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka md ]dvkdva D}apa" Mnkjh{ altebh{ bh khb}afab khb tba {dmd h d{paknh mhbmd vdknfnv kla{d{" Db}vd dl 17 md [dp}ndefvd ~ dl ?4 md Hk}tfvd mdl añh 6??? {d vdalnsab akknhbd{ pava }heav la Ka{a md la Ktl}tva mdl Ehvvh NN * Lh{ vdpvd{db}ab}d{ ~ altebamh., {ndbmh vdpdlnmh{ phv la _hlnkåa D{}amal phv pvd{nhbd{ md la A{hknaknûb md Wdknbh{ md la Tvfabnsaknûb Ehvvh NN, db wn{}a md d{}a {n}taknûb {d nbnknab la{ kla{d{ db lh{ pa}nh{ md la D{ktdla “ Klhvnbma Asktbd{―, tfnkama db la D{edvalma, md{md dl ?4 md Hk}tfvd ja{}a dl 1: md Bhwndefvd md 6??1" Db vdtbnûb khb dl Alkalmd mdl Etbnknpnh [ab Mndih, Ch{î Ivdihvnh Vtns, vdpvd{db}ab}d{ md la A{hknaknûb Knwnl0 [va" Kavedb Fvn}h, [VA" Aba Ehvdbh, la Mnvdk}hva mdl plab}dl Lnk" Kavedb Bnñh, la [va" Eaviavn}a Eav}tbh, Khbkdcal md la Alkalmåa , {d akhvmû3 qtd la Alkalmåa md [ab Mndih avvdbmavåa t:ba wnwndbma db la shba mdl ptdflh md [ab Mndih, pvhpndmam mdl [v" Abåfal Vhmvåitds ~ kt~h kabhb edb{tal {dvåa md F{ ;??"???, ~ qtd lh kabkdlavåa la Alkalmåa , mnkjh khbwdbnh gtd wdvfal db}vd la{ pav}d{" Bh kteplnîbmh{d d{}d khbwdbnh dl Alkalmd Ch{î Ivdihvnh Vtns, dl [v" Cawndv Bndwd{* qtndb {d pvd{db}a kheh Mnvdk}hv md la Ka{a md la Ktl}tva
;7
mdl Ehvvh NN, nbnknábmh{d la{ ak}nwnmamd{ khb 14? altebh{ dl 67 md bhwndefvd md 6??? db la{ khbmnknhbd{ db qtd {d dbkhb}vafa mnkja dmngnkaknûb3 {nb pn{h{, fañh{ mañamh{, gnl}vaknhbd{, klhaka{ mañama{" Db gnb {nvwndvhb pava {hltknhbav dl pvhfldea }dephvaledb}d" _ava dl ed{ md Afvnl md 6??1 {d d{}afldkdb aktdvmh{ db}vd dl Mn{}vn}h D{khlav B³ > ~ la Alkalmåa md [ab Mndih a hfcd}h md tfnkav lh{ d{paknh{ mhbmd mhb md gtbknhbavna gtbknhbav na dl plab}dl" _avaldlh a d{}h {d id{}nhbafab i d{}nhbafab aktdvmh{ khb la [dkvd}avna [ dkvd}avna md Hfva{ _óflnka{ ~ Dqtnpaendb}h Gå{nkh mdl D{}amh Kavafhfh *[H_DK. pava la akhvmav la hktpaknûb md la {dmd md la Ka{a md la Ktl}tva mdl Ehvvh NN ~ {t akhbmnknhbaendb}h" _ava dl añh 6??1%6??6, la{ la{ ea}vnktla db la D" F" “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d― lldia a ;7: altebh{ atedb}abmh db 6=4 altebh{, khb vdlaknûb a la ea}vnktla mdl 6???%6???1" Lh qtd qtd idbd idbdva va nepl neplde dedb db}a }avv edmn edmnma ma{{ md dedv dedvid idbk bkna na db ktab ktab}h }h a d{pa d{pakn knhh md gtbkn gtbknhba hbaen endb} db}h" h" _td{ _td{ {d pndvm pndvmdd md wn{} wn{}aa dl khb khb}v }vhl hl,, mn{k mn{knp npln lnba ba ~ pvhfl pvhflde dea{ a{ md khbwnwdbkna khb la khetbnmam phv la pvd{dbkna md la D{ktdla db tb d{paknh qtd bh d{ dl nbmnkamh" Dl pdv{hbal mdl _lab}dl lh khbghveab ;: mhkdb}d{ d{pdknaln{}a{ db la{ mn{}nb}a{ a{niba}tva{ a{niba}tva{ mdl pdb{te md Dmtkaknûb Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka, 6 Khhvmnbamhva{, Khhvmnbamhva{, tba Mnvdk}hva, Mnvdk}hva, ~ 6 hfvdv hfvdvh{, h{, }hmh{ }hmh{ a{nib a{nibamh amh{{ phv phv la Shba Shba Dmtka Dmtka}n }nwa wa mdl mdl D{}a D{}amh mh Kavaf Kavafhfh hfh"" [d jab akhbmnknhbamh la{ ávda{ dzn{}db}d{ ~ khb{}vtnmh{ btdwh{ d{paknh{ db la Ka{a md la Ktl}tva pava tb edchv gtbknhbaendb}h khb lafhv ~ ghbmh{ md la Khetbnmam Dmtka}nwa db khbctb}h khb dl pdv{hbal mhkdb}d ~ altebamh *vnga{, wdvfdba{, h}va{ ak}nwnmamd{." Dl plab}dl ktdb}a ak}taledb}d khb3 6 Hgnknba = fañh{ *1 wavhbd{3 1 jdefva{0 1 pvhgd{hvd{3 1 hfvdvh{.
;9
1? {alhbd{ md kla{d{ 1 @nh{kh{ mhbmd gtbknhba tba kab}nba nepvhwn{ama 1 khb{dvcdvåa 1 pa}nh Ak}taledb}d la ea}vnktla d{ md 7:? Altebh{ md }dvkdva D}apa md Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka ~ Edmna Mnwdv{ngnkama qtd vdknfdb kla{d db dl lhkal md La Ka{a md la Ktl}tva db la Tvf" Ehvvh NN ^ : atla{ khb{}vtnma{ khb{}vtnma{ db dl }dvvdbh }dvvdbh B³ 1= MD Ehb}d{dvnbh Ehb}d{dvnbh"" Bh khb}abmh khb tb d{paknh gå{nkh h {dmd pvhpna amdktama" [d vdqtndvd la D{ktdla db dl Bhv}d mdl Walld md [ab Mndih la shba md la Kapn}al mdl Etbnknpnh md eabdva md a}dbmdv la phflaknûb d{}tmnab}nl md lh{ btdwh{ kdb}vh{ qtd bakdb phv la dzplh{nûb dzplh{nûb mdehivágnka mdehivágnka mdl Etbnknpnh Etbnknpnh *Fh{qtd{dvnbh, *Fh{qtd{dvnbh, Ehb}d{dvnbh, Ehb}d{dvnbh, La{ Iawnh}a{, Walld Wdvmd, Wnlla md Eaphval, Vdeab{h, Flhqtd{ md Ehb}d{dvnbh, La Ktea Kt eaka ka,, La Ch{dg Ch{dgnb nba, a, ^t ^tea ea,, _hfl _hflam amhh md [ab [ab Mndi Mndihh ~ H}va H}va{{ tvfab tvfabns nsak aknh nhbd{ bd{ ~ ka{dvåh{." La D{ktdla Fá{nka “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d {n dzn{}d db }îvenbh{ md nbwd{}niaknûb ~ d{ tba vdalnmam qtd {d khbwndv}d db _vh~dk}h pava la khb{}vtkknûb nbedmna}a md {t plab}a gå{nka, {n {d ld a{niba dl }dvvdbh qtd awalab lh{ wdknbh{ mdl bhv}d mdl Etbnknpnh [ab Mndih" Endb}va{ bh {d ktdb}d khb d{paknh{ pvhpnh {d d{}aváb akhbmnknhbabmh lh{ fañh{, hgnknba, {alhbd{ ~ h}va{ nb{}alaknhbd{ dzn{}db}d{ db la KA[A MD LA KTL]TVA KTL]TVA EHVVH NN ~ amdktábmhla{ amdktábmhla{ a la{ khbmnknhbd{ khbmnknhbd{ md tb _lab}dl, _lab}dl, khb }hmh{ lh{ d{paknh{ khvvd{phbmndb}d{" D{d d{ dl d{paknh qtd }dbdeh{, d{ la [dmd mdl _lab}dl endb}va{ bh {d khb{}vt~a la {dmd pvhpna db dl ]dvvdbh Dmtka}nwh Etbnknpal, eavkamh khb dl B³ 1= db}vd la{
;:
Tvf" Ehb}d{dvnbh ~ Fh{qtd{dvnbh md{}nbamh kheh ]dvvdbh Dmtka}nwh% Mdphv}nwh mdb}vh md lh{ plabh{ md aefa{ Tvfabnsaknhbd{" Amdeá{ {d jnsh {hlnkn}tm ab}d la Hgnknba md G"D"M"D Db la Shba Dmtka}nwa mdl D{}amh Kavafhfh mdl _VH^DK]H MD KHB[]VTKKNÛB KVDAKNÛB, Kheh ehmdlh md Dmngnkaknûb pava la Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d"
Ak}talnsav d{}h{ ma}h{ BTD[]VA EN[NÛB Hviabnsav db la nb{}n}tknûb d{khlav ak}nwnmamd{ ktvvnktlavd{ gldznfld{ ~ afndv}a{, qtd pdven}ab nb}divav la{ bdkd{nmamd{ d nb}dvd{d{ md mhkdb}d{, dmtkabmh{, md la khetbnmam dmtka}nwa, lh{ pvhfldea{ {hknhdkhbûenkh{, ktl}tvald{ ~ aefndb}ald{ qtd {d mab db dl db}hvbh ~ a lh{ awabkd{ db dl kaeph md la }dkbhlhiåa, md la{ kndbkna{ ba}tvald{ ba}tvald{ ~ {hknald{, vd{pd}abmh vd{pd}abmh lh{ ph{}tlamh{ ph{}tlamh{ md btd{}va btd{}va Kav}a Eaiba ~ la Ld~ md Dmtkaknûb ~ {t vdilaedb}h"
BTD[]VA WN[NÛB Nepldedb}av akknhbd{ khldk}nwa{ qtd pdven}ab la kvda}nwnmam pdmaiûinka pava tb pvhkd pvhkd{h {h md apvdb apvdbmn mnsa sacd cd eá{ eá{
pdv} pdv}nb nbdb} db}dd ~ dgnk dgnkas, as, khb la pav} pav}nk nknp npakn aknûb ûb md la
khetbnmam, dldwabmh la dgnkndbkna idvdbknal ~ amenbn{}va}nwa mdl plab}dl mabmh tba ea~hv ea~hv walhvaknûb a la ak}nwnmam ak}nwnmam mdl mhkdb}d mhkdb}d md atla, mav{d ktdb}a qtd pvhpnknd pvhpnknd tb kaefnh md ak}n}tmd{ md lh{ mngdvdb}d{ ak}hvd{ mdl pvhkd{h jakåa la d{ktdla kvdkdv }hmh{ db {db}nendb}h ~ pdb{aendb}h"
TFNKAKNÛB ^ MD[KVN_KNÛB MDL _LAB]DL Bhefvd3 T" D Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d―" [d dbktdb}va db dl Etbnknpnh [ab Mndih mdl D{}amh Kavafhfh, nb{kvn}a db dl Enbn{}dvnh md Dktaknûb ~ Mdphv}d{0 {ndbmh la en{ea tba nb{}n}tknûb md db}nmam póflnka ]ndbdb 6 {dmd{ tfnkama{ db3
[dmd Ehvvh NN
;>
Tvf" Ehvvh NN" Aw" 9= ‛ A" Ka{a md la Ktl}tva" [ab Mndih" Dmh" Kavafhfh"
[dmd Ehb}d{dvnbh Aw" Nb}dvkhetbal Mhb Ctlnh Kdb}dbh wåa md {dvwnknh, }dvvdbh 1=" Db}vd la Tvf" Ehb}d{dvnbh ~ Fh{qtd{dvnbh" [ab Mndih" Dmh" Kavafhfh" La _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN la{ vdalnsavd db la pvnedva mnvdkknûb nbmnkama0 la Ka{a md la Ktl}tva d{ tb [alûb Eól}npld dl ktál gtd mnwnmnmh db 4 {alhbd{" ]vafacab 6 }tvbh{3 Eañaba md 93 ?? a"e" a 163 ;? ↖9eh 93 ;? a"e" a ;3?? ↖ :wh ~ >bh 163 ;? p"e" a 7314 p"e" ↖ =}h Añh khb ; [dkknhbd{ ]ndbdb 1> [dkknhbd{ db ]h}al 9³ a =}h Añh khb la Edbknûb Kndbkna Kndbkna ~ ]dkbhlhiåa Tba khb : Atla{ : atla{
u
La{ mh{ {dmd{
D[]VTK]TVA HVIABNSA]NWA _dv{hbal Mnvdk}nwh3 Mnvdk}hva3 E{k" Kavedb Bnñh _anwa
[tfmnvdk}hvd{3 %
Nvanma [dihwna
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*]hmh{ Lnkdbknamh{.
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Khhv Kh hvmn mnba bamh mhvd vd{{ *; Lnkdb nkdbkn knam amh{ h{..
_dv{hbal Mhkdb}d3 %
Ka{}dllabh *4. knbkh
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Ea}deá}nka3 *;. }vd{
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Nbild{3 *;. }vd{
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Kndb Kndbkn kna{ a{ Ba Ba}t }tval vald{ d{ ( Dmtk Dmtkak aknû nûbb ppav avaa la [alt [altmm *7.
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Dmtk mtkaknûb Gå{n Gå{nka ka33 *; *;. }vd }vd{{
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Qtåenka3 *1. kta}vh
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Jn{} Jn{}hv hvnna Tbn Tbnwd wdv{ v{al al 3 *=. *=. kta} kta}vh vh
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Av}å{}nka3 *;. }vd{
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Jn{} Jn{}hv hvna na md md Wdbd Wdbdst stdl dlaa ~ Ká}d Ká}dmv mvaa F3 *4. *4. knb knbkh kh
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Dmtk Dmtkak aknû nûbb pav pavaa dl dl ]va ]vafa fach ch33 *1? *1?.. mnd mndss
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Gnlh{hgåa3 *6. mh{
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Nb{} Nb{}vt vtkk kknnûb _vd _vde enln nln}av3 }av3 *1. *1. tbh tbh
_dv{hbal Amenbn{}va}nwh ~ Hfvdvh3 Amenbn{}va}nwh3 ?7 Hfvdvh3 ?9
Ea}vnktla *Fá{nka ~ Mnwdv{ngnkama. Ivamh Altebh{ Kab}n b}nmam mam md [dkknhbd{ _vhedmn _vhedmnhh phv [alûb
9eh 61 7
: wh 1 :?
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1dvh Mnwdv{ngnkamh 1? :
7
4
4
;
;7 Altebh{
;7 Altebh{
;7 Altebh{
;7 Altebh{
Mdpav}aedb}h{ md la Nb{}n}tknûb 1"
Dwaltaknûb
6"
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Nbgvad{}vtk}tva md la Nb{}n}tknûb D{}vtk}tva3 %
Bnwdl md md Kh Khb{}vt {}vtkkknûb3 ?1 ?1
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_n{h3 Kdedb}h
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]dkjh3 Akdvhlnk
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_avd _avdmd md{3 {3 Vdw Vdwd{ d{}n }nma ma{{ md Kded Kdedb} b}hh ~ _tb} _tb}tv tvaa
=1
Shba{ Wdvmd{ ~ Vdkvda}nwa{ *[dmd Ehb}d{vnbh. La nb{}n}tknûb ktdb}a khb3 %
Kabkja{ md mdphv}nwa{
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D{}aknhbaendb}h
[dvwnknh{ khb qtd ktdb}a la nb{}n}tknûb %
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A{dh tvfabh
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Wninlabkna
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kab}nba d{khlav
Hf{dvwaknhbd{ mdl Aefndb}d Gå{nkh mdl Atla Nltenbaknûb3 Ftdba Wdb}nlaknûb3 Ftdba Akó{}nka3 Mdgnkndb}d Kav}dldva{3 6; *Nmdal. D{kvn}hvnh{3 1> *Ftdba. [nlla{3 1> *Ftdba. _nsavvûb3 6? *Ftdba. D{}ab}d3 ?9 *Ftdba. Láepava{3 =4 *Nmdal. Vh}aghlnh3 ?; *Vditlav. _apdldva3 64 *Nmdal. _tpn}vd{3 7:= *Ftdbh{. Wdb}nlamhvd{3 =4 *Nmdal. [åefhlh{ _a}vnh{3 ; ctdih{ *Vditlav.
=6
HVIABNIVAEA MD LA NB[]N]TKNÛB Mnvdk}hv *a. E{k" Kavedb Bnñh _anwa
[dkvd}avna Iafvndla Vtås
Khhvm" Mhkdb}d ;£ D}apa Eanitalnma Galkhb
Khhvm" Mhkdb}d ;£ D}apa Nvanma [dihwna
[dkvd}avna Aba Eav}åbds Mhkdb}d{ D{pdknaln{}a{
6=? Altebh{
Khhvm" Mhkdb}d Mnwdv{ngnkamh
[dkvd}avna _dña Dwa
Khhvm" md Dwaltaknûb Ldwn{ la Eamvns
[dkvd}avna Kavedb _amvûb
Mhkdb}d{ D{pdknaln{}a{
Mhkdb}d{ D{pdknaln{}a{
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1?6 Altebh{
Khhvm" Ak}nwnmam Khepldedb}avna Ch{î Fvnkdñh
Hvndb}aknûb Abiîlnka Vaeåvds
_dv{hbal Hfvdvh
[dkvd}avna Nen}j Itdwava
=;
==
DBKTD[]A [HKNHDKHBÛENKA Abáln{n{ d nb}dvpvd}aknûb md ma}h{ D{}a D{}a nbmaia nbmaiaknû knûbb pdven} pdven}dd hf{dvwav hf{dvwav la{ kavak} kavak}dvå dvå{}n {}nka{ ka{ {hknal {hknald{, d{, ktl}tv ktl}tvald ald{{ ~ dkhbûenka{ qtd ptdmab nb}dvwdbnv db dl pvhkd{h md db{dñabsa ~ apvdbmnsacd, phv lh qtd {d mdfd d{}tmnav la{ wdb}aca{ ~ md{wdb}aca{ ph{nfld{ a gnb md dwn}av qtd la ghveaknûb pdv{hbal, akamîenka d nb}dival pvd{db}d galla{" _ava d{h {d aplnka tba dbktd{}a, dbktd{}a, pd{d a {dv tb mnaibû{}nkh mnaibû{}nkh md pav}nktlavd{, pav}nktlavd{, d{ md kavák}dv kavák}dv khbgnmdbknal ~ {hlh pava t{h mdl d{}tmnh d{}afldknmh" La en{ea khb{}a md pvditb}a{ mnvdk}a{ pava qtd dl altebh vdgldcd la ph{nknûb dkhbûenka, bókldh gaenlnav ~ la{ khbmnknhbd{ md wnma"
DBKTD[]A [HKNHDKHBÛENKA Abáln{n{ d nb}dvpvd}aknûb md ma}h{ D{}a D{}a nbmaia nbmaiaknû knûbb pdven} pdven}dd hf{dvwav hf{dvwav la{ kavak} kavak}dvå dvå{}n {}nka{ ka{ {hknal {hknald{, d{, ktl}tv ktl}tvald ald{{ ~ dkhbûenka{ qtd ptdmab nb}dvwdbnv db dl pvhkd{h md db{dñabsa ~ apvdbmnsacd, phv lh qtd {d mdfd d{}tmnav la{ wdb}aca{ ~ md{wdb}aca{ ph{nfld{ a gnb md dwn}av qtd la ghveaknûb pdv{hbal, akamîenka d nb}dival pvd{db}d galla{" _ava d{h {d aplnka tba dbktd{}a, dbktd{}a, pd{d a {dv tb mnaibû{}nkh mnaibû{}nkh md pav}nktlavd{, pav}nktlavd{, d{ md kavák}dv kavák}dv khbgnmdbknal ~ {hlh pava t{h mdl d{}tmnh d{}afldknmh" La en{ea khb{}a md pvditb}a{ mnvdk}a{ pava qtd dl altebh vdgldcd la ph{nknûb dkhbûenka, bókldh gaenlnav ~ la{ khbmnknhbd{ md wnma"
=4
ABÁL ABÁLN[N N[N[ [ D NB]D NB]DV_ V_VD VD]A ]AKNÛ KNÛB B MD LH[ LH[ MA]H MA]H[ [ MD LA DBKT DBKTD[ D[]A ]A [HKNHDKHBÛENKA _av}d N" Ma}h{ _dv{hbald{3 Å}de{ 1" [dzh md lh{ altebh{ Ktamvh B³ 1" Mn{}vnftknûb md la db dl {dzh md lh{ altebh{" [ d zh Gvdktdbkna $ Gdedbnbh 1: 19 =: Ea{ktlnbh19,4 1: 46 ]h}al ;4 1 ?? 19
Gt
Ivagnkh B³ 1" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{ db dl {dzh md lh{ altebh{"
Gdedbnbh Ea{ktlnbh
17,4
db}d3
Ma}h{ Ma}h{ vdkhp vdkhpnl nlam amh{ h{ phv phv
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 1 ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 1, {d dwnmdbkna qtd dl {dzh gdedbnbh d{ dl eá{ pvdmhenbab}d db la {dkknûb “K― mdl hk}awh ivamh" Å}de{ 6" Dmam md lh{ altebh{ Ktamvh B³ 6" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ db la dmam md lh{ altebh{" Dmam Gvdktdbkna $ 6? 1; 1> 4= 1= 14 =; 14 14 1 ; ]h}al 1 ?? 1? ;4
Ivagnkh B³ 6" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{ db la dmam md lh{ altebh{"
1; 1= 14
4 ?
phv
17
Gtdb}d3 Ma}h{ vdkhpnlamh{
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 6 ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 6, {d ptdmd hf{dvwav qtd lh{ altebh{ }ndbdb dmamd{ khepvdbmnma{ db}vd 1; ~ 1= añh{"
=7
Å}de{ ;" Lhkalnmam mhbmd wnwd{ Ktamvh B³ ;" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ db la lhkalnmam mhbmd wnwdb lh{ altebh{" Lhkalnmam Gvdktdbkna $ Ehb}d{dvnbh 4 1= La D{edvalma 1? 6> _tdflh [ab Mndih > 64 Kteaka ; > Vdeab{h 6 7 Cavald{ 7 19 ]h}al ;4 1? ?
Ivagnkh B³ ;" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{" " 1? :
Ehb}d{dvnbh D{edvalma
7
_tdflh [
=
Kteaka
6
Vdeab{h
?
Cavald{
Gtdb}d3 Ma}h{ vdkhpnlamh{ phv [abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ ; ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ ;, {d dwnmdbkna qtd lh{ altebh{ wnwdb db {t ea~hvåa db la D{edvalma, Dl _tdflh [ab Mndih, Ehb}d{dvnbh ~ lh{ Cavald{" _av}d NN" Ma}h{ Gaenlnavd{3 Å}de{ =" _dv{hba{ qtd wnwdb db }ó ka{a Ktamvh B³ =" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ db pdv{hba{ qtd wnwdb db }ó ka{a" _dv{hba{ Gvdktdbkna $ 6 7 19 ; : 6; = > 67 4 4 1= 7 4 1= 9 6 7 ]h}al ;4 1? ? Gtdb}d3 Ma Ma}h }h{{ vdkh vdkhpn pnla lamh mh{{ phv phv
Ivagnkh B³ =" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{ 1? :
6 pdv{hba{ ; pdv{hba{
7 =
= pdv{hba{ 4 pdv{hba{ 7 pdv{hba{
6
9 pdv{hba{
?
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ = ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ =, hf{dvwaeh{ qtd la ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ wnwdb db {t ka{a khb = pdv{hba{"
=9
Å}de{ 4" Ak}taledb}d wnwd{ khb qtndb Ktamvh B³ 4" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ akhvmd a khb qtndb wnwd{" Wnwd{ Gvdktdbkna $ Eamvd 64 66 7; 6? _amvd 11 ;1 14 Aftdlh{ 1 ; H}vh{ 1? 1 ; ]h}al 4 ;4 1 ??
Ivagnkh B³ 4" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna"
Eamvd _amvd Aftdlh{ H}vh{
?
Gt
db}d3
Ma}h{ Ma}h{ vdkhp vdkhpnl nlam amh{ h{ phv phv
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 4 ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 4, {d dwnmdbkna qtd ak}taledb}d lh{ altebh{ md :wh ivamh {dkknûb “K― wnwdb khb {t{ eamvd{" Å}de{ 7" ¸Ktáb}h{ jdveabh{ }ndbd{8 Ktamvh B³ 7" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna a la kab}nmam md jdveabh{ qtd ph{ddb lh{ altebh{" Jdveabh{ Gvdktdbkna $ ? 6 7 1 4 1= 6 > 67 ; : 6; = 7 19 4 ; : 9 6 7 ]h}al ;4 1 ??
Ivagnkh B³ 7" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{" 1? ? :
1
7
6 ;
= 6
= 4 9
?
Gtdb}d3 Ma}h{ vdkhpnlamh{ phv [abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 7 ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 7, {d ptdmd apvdknav qtd la kab}nmam md jdveabh{ qtd ph{ddb lh{ altebh{ mdl hk}awh ivamh {dkknûb “K― d{ md 6"
=:
Å}de{ 9" ¸Ktáb}h{ jdveabh{ d{}tmnab8 Ktamvh B³ 7" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna a la kab}nmam md jdveabh{ qtd d{}tmnab" D{}tmnab Gvdktdbkna $ 14 1 : 6; 6 1; ;9 1? ; 9 6? 4 = = 11 7 ; > ? ]h}al ;4 1 ??
Ivagnkh B³ 7" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{"
1 6 ; = 7
Gtdb}d3 Ma}h{ vdkhpnlamh{ phv [abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 7 ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 7, {d dwnmdbkna qtd la ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ ph{ddb 6 jdveabh{ d{}tmnabmh"
Å}de{ :" Ivamh md nb{}vtkknûb md lh{ _amvd{ Ktamvh B³ 9" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna khb vd{pdk}h al ivamh md nb{}vtkknûb md lh{ pamvd{" Ivamh md Nb{}vtkknûb Gvdktdbkna $ *Eamvd. F á{n k h 4 1= Fakjnlldv 1? 6> ]îkbnkh edmnh 6 4 ]îkbnkh [tpdvnhv 4 1= Tbnwdv{n}avnh 1? 6> _h{}ivamh ; > ]h}al ;4 1 ?? Gtdb}d3 Ma}h{ vdkhpnlamh{ phv
Ivagnkh B³ 9" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna"
1? :
Fá{nkh Fakjnlldv
7 =
]dk" Edmnh ]" [" T" Tbnwdv{}
6
_h{}ivamh
?
[abmhwal*6??7.
=>
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 9 ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 9, la ivab ea~hvåa md la{ la{ eamvd amvd{{ }ndb }ndbdb db tb ivam ivamhh md nb{} nb{}vt vtkk kknû nûbb fndb fndb,, d{ mdkn mdknv, v, {hb {hb fakj fakjnl nlld ldvd vd{{ ~ Tbnwdv{n}avnh{"
Khb}nbtaknûb mdl Å}de{ :" Ivamh md nb{}vtkknûb md lh{ _amvd{ Ktamvh B³ :" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna khb vd{pdk}h al ivamh md nb{}vtkknûb md lh{ pamvd{" Ivamh md Nb{}vtkknûb Gvdktdbkna $ *_amvd. F á{n k h 7 19 Fakjnlldv 14 =; ]îkbnkh edmnh = 11 ]îkbnkh [tpdvnhv 4 14 Tbnwdv{n}avnh = 11 _h{}ivamh 1 ; ]h}al ;4 1 ??
Ivagnkh B³ :" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna" 17 1=
Fá{nkh
16
Fakjnlldv
1?
]dk" Edmnh
:
]" [" T"
7 =
Tbnwdv{}
6
_h{}ivamh
?
Gtdb}d3
Ma}h Ma }h{{ vdkhp vdkhpnl nlam amh{ h{ phv phv [ab [abmhw mhwal al
*6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ : ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ :, la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ pamvd{ }ndbdb tb ivamh md nb{}vtkknûb fndb, d{ mdknv, {hb fakjnlldvd{ al nital qtd la{ eamvd{"
_av}d NNN" Ma}h{ md ávda gå{nkh%aefndb}al3 Å}de{ >" ]nph md wnwndbma Ktamvh B³ >" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ db dl }nph md wnwndbma" ]nph md Gvdktdbkna $ wnwndbma64 Ka{a 6? 64 91 Apav}aed14 b}h 7 19 Qtnb}a1? ; > Vabkjh 4 1 ; ]h}al ? ;4 1? ?
Ivagnkh B³ >" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{ db dl }nph md wnwndbma"
Ka{a Apav}aedb} Qtnb}a Vabkjh
4?
Gtdb}d3
Ma}h{ vdkhpnlamh{ phv [abmhwal
*6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ > ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ >, {d ptdmd apvdknav qtd la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ altebh{ md :wh {dkknûb “K― wnwdb db tba ka{a" Å}de{ 1?" ]dbdbkna md la wnwndbma Ktamvh B³ 1?" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ khb vd{pdk}h a la }dbdbkna md la wnwndbma"
Ivagnkh B³ 1?" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna"
]dbdbkna md la Gvdktdbkna $ Wnwndbma _vhpna 69 99 Alqtnlama 7 19 H}vh{ 6 7 ]h}al ;4 1 ?? Gtdb}d3 Ma Ma}h }h{{ vdkh vdkhpn pnllamh{ amh{ phv phv
64
;?
6?
_vhpna
14
Alqtnlama
1?
H}vh{
4 ?
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 1? ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 1?, {d ptdmd dwnmdbknav la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ pamvd{ qtd wnwdb db tba ka{a pvhpna"
Å}de{ 11" [dvwnknh{ qtd dzn{}db db }ó khetbnmam Ktamvh B³ 11" Mn{}vnftknûb md la Ivagnkh B³ 11" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{" gvdktdbkna{ {hfvd lh{ {dvwnknh{ qtd [dvwnknh{ Gvdktdbkna $ dzn{}db db }ó khetbnmam" A{dh Tvf" ]vab{phv}d Aeftla}hvnh Eûmtlh _" Ávda{ Mdp" Kalld{ a{g" ]h}al ;4 1 ??
Mhbmd d{}a dl ivágnkh{
Gtdb}d3 Ma}h{ vdkhpnlamh{ phv [abmhwal *6??7.
41
_av}d NW" Ma}h{ dkhbûenkh{3 Å}de{ 16" ¸]vafaca {t pamvd8 Ktamvh B³ 16" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna khb vd{pdk}h a qtd {n }vafaca h bh dl pamvd"
Ivagnkh B³ 16" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{" ;?
]vafaca {t pamvd Gvdktdbkna $ [n 6: :? Bh 9 6? ]h}al ;4 1 ?? Gtdb}d3 Ma Ma}h }h{{ vdkh vdkhpn pnllamh{ amh{ phv phv [abmhwal *6??7.
64 6? 14
[n Bh
1? 4 ?
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 1; ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 16, {d ptdmd apvdknav qtd la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ pamvd{ }vafacab, mdmnkábmh{d eá{ al }vafach nbghveal"
Å}de{ 1;" ¸]vafaca {t eamvd8 Ktamvh B³ 1;" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna khb vd{pdk}h a qtd {n }vafaca h bh la eamvd"
Ivagnkh B³ 1;" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{" 64
]vafaca {t {t ea eamvd Gvdktdbkna $ [n 64 91 Bh 1? 6> ]h}al ;4 1 ?? Gtdb}d3 Ma Ma}h }h{{ vdkh vdkhpn pnllamh{ amh{ phv phv [abmhwal *6??7.
6? 14
[n
1?
Bh
4 ?
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 1= ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 1; {d ptdmd dwnmdbknav qtd la ivab ea~hvåa md la{ eamvd{ }vafacab, mdmnkábmh{d eá{ al }vafach mhed{}nkh ~ al khedvknh"
46
Å}de{ 1=" Nbivd{h gaenlnav edb{tal Ktamvh B³ 1=" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ mdl nbivd{h gaenlnav"
Ivagnkh B³ 1=" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{" 1=
Nbivd{h Gaenlnav a" Edbh{ md =?4"964 f" Db}vd =?4"967 ~ 7??"??? k" Db}vd 7??"??? ~ :??"??? m" Eá{ md :??"??? ]h}al
Gvdktdbkna $ 7 1=
19 =?
16 1?
a
:
f
7
k
=
m
6
:
6;
9 ;4
6? Gtdb}d3 Ma Ma}h }h{{ vdkhp vdkhpnl nlam amh{ h{ phv phv [ab [abmh mhwal wal 1 ?? *6??7.
?
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 1= ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 1=, {d ptdmd bh}av qtd lh{ pamvd{ db {t bókldh gaenlnav gaenlnav }ndbdb tb nbivd{h edb{tal edb{tal db}vd =?4"967 ~ 7??"??? fhlåwavd{" Å}de{ 14" ]vab{phv}d qtd t}nlnsa{ pava nv al khldinh Ktamvh B³ 14" Mn{}vnftknûb md la Ivagnkh B³ 14" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{" gvdktdbkna{ md aktdvmh al }vab{phv}d t}nlnsamh" 6? ]vab{phv}d Gvdktdbkna $ Kaenbabmh 7 19 Kaenbabm 14 ]vab{" _tf ]vab{phv}d 19 => 1? ]vab{" D{k _óflnkh Kavvh _av}" 4 ]vab{phv}d ]azn ; > D{khlav ? Kavvh > 64 _av}nktlav ]azn ? ? Gtdb}d3 Ma}h{ vdkhpnlamh{ phv [abmhwal *6??7. ]h}al ;4 1 ??
4;
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 14 ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 14, {d ptdmd khb{}a}av khb{}a}av qtd la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ altebh{ md :wh ivamh {dkknûb “K― {d }va{lamab }va{lamab al khldinh db }vab{phv}d póflnkh, ~a qtd wnwdb db la D{edvalma, _tdflh md [ab Mndih ~ Ehb}d{dvnbh"
_av}d W" Ma}h{ {hknh%dehknhbal3 Å}de{ 17" Kûeh d{ la vdlaknûb mdl ivtph gaenlnav Ktamvh B³ 17" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ khb vdlaknûb al ivtph gaenlnav"
Ivagnkh B³ 17" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{" ;? 64
Vdl Vdlaknû aknûbb Gvd Gvdkt ktdb dbkn knaa $ Ftdba 6> :; Akdp}afld = 11 Vditlav 6 7 A edchvamh ? ? Eala ? ? ]h}al ;4 1 ?? Gtdb}d3 Ma Ma}h }h{{ vdkh vdkhpn pnllamh{ amh{ phv phv
Ftdba
6?
Akdp}afld
14
Vditlav
1?
A ed chvamh chvamh
4
Eala
?
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 17 ~ }dbndbmh db ktdb}a dl ivágnkh B³ 17, {d ptdmd dwnmdbknav qtd la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ }ndbdb tba vdlaknûb ftdba khb {t{ pamvd{" Å}de{ 19" ¸Khb qtnîb }d khetbnka{ eá{8 Ktamvh B³ 19" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ khb vdlaknûb a la khetbnkaknûb" Khb qtnîb }d Gvdktdbkna $ khetbnka{ Eamvd 1; ;9 _amvd 9 6? ]åh{ 4 1= Jdveabh{ = 16 Aenih{ 7 19 ]h}al ;4 1 ??
Ivagnkh B³ 19" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{"
14 Eamvd 1?
_amvd ]åh{
4
Jdveabh{ Aenih{
?
Gtdb}d3 Ma}h{ vdkhpnlamh{ phv [abmhwal *6??7.
4=
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 19 ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 19, {d ptdmd apvdknav qtd la ivab khldk}nwnmam md lh{ altebh{ md la {dkknûb “G― {d khetbnkab eá{ khb {t{ eamvd{ qtd khb {t{ pamvd{" Å}de{ 1:" ]d khb{nmdva{ tba pdv{hba Ktamvh B³ 1:" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ khb vd{pdk}h a kheh }d khb{nmdva{" ]d khb{nmdva{ Gvdktdbkna $ Aeniafld 1; Aldivd > ]åenmh ; Aivd{nwh = Nbqtnd}h 7 ]h}al ;4 1 ?? Gtdb}d3 Ma Ma}h }h{{ vdkh vdkhpn pnllamh{ amh{ phv phv
Ivagnkh B³ 1:" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{" 1= 16 Aeniafld
1?
Aldivd
:
]åenmh
7
Aivd{nwh
=
Nbqtnd}h
6 ?
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 1: ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 1:, {d ptdmd bh}av qtd la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ {hb aeniafld{ ~ aldivd{" _av}d WN" Ma}h{ akamîenkh{3 Å}de{ 1>" ]ndbd{ qtnîb }d a~tmd khb }t{ }avda{ Ktamvh B³ 1>" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ khb vd{pdk}h a qtd {n }ndbd{ qtnîb }d a~tmd khb }t{ }avda{" ]ndbd{ qtnîb }d ;?Gvdktdbkna $ a~tmd 6? [n 6: :? Bh 1? 9 6? ]h}al ;4 1 ??
Ivagnkh B³ 1>" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{"
[n Bh
?
Gtdb}d3
Ma}h{ vdkhpnlamh{ phv
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 1> ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 1>, {d ptdmd apvdknav qtd la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ }ndbdb qtnîb lh a~tmd a vdalnsav {t{ a{nibaknhbd{ d{khlavd{, d{ {t eamvd ~ pamvd"
44
Å}de{ 6?" Bóedvh md jhva{ a qtd ld mdmnka{ a }t{ d{}tmnh{ Ktamvh B³ 6?" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ khb vd{pdk}h a la{ jhva{ md d{}tmnh{ mdmnkama{" B³ md Gvdktdbkna $ Jhva{ 14 ? = 11 1? 1 > 67 4 6 1; ;9 ; 4 1= ? = 6 7 4 6 7 ]h}al ;4 1 ?? vdkhpnlamh{ phv [abmhwal *6??7.
Ivagnkh B³ 6?" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{"
? 1 6 ; = 4
Gtdb}d3
Ma}h{
a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 6?, {d hf{dvwa Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 6? ~ a}dbmndbmh qtd la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ mdmnkab et~ phka{ jhva{ al d{}tmnh, apdba{ lldiab a mdmnkav 6 jhva{"
Å}de{ 61" ¸[ndb}d{ nb}dvî{ phv la ea}deá}nka8 Ktamvh B³ 61" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ khb vd{pdk}h a qtd {n {ndb}d nb}dvî{ phv la ea}deá}nka" [ndb}d{ Gvdktdbkna $ nb}dvî{ ;? [n 67 9= 6? Bh > 67 ]h}al 1? ;4 1 ??
Ivagnkh B³ 61" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{"
[n Bh
?
Gt
db}d3
Ma}h Ma }h{{ vdkhp vdkhpnl nlam amh{ h{ phv phv
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 61 ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 61, {d ptdmd dwnm dwnmdb dbkn knav av qtd qtd la ivab ivab khld khldk} k}nw nwnm nmam am md lh{ lh{ alte altebh bh{{ {ndb} {ndb}db db tb nb}d nb}dvî{ vî{ ph phvv la ea}deá}nka"
47
Å}de{ 66" Vdalnsa{ ak}nwnmamd{ dz}va ká}dmva Ktamvh B³ 66" Mn{}vnftknûb md la Ivagnkh B³ 66" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{" gvdktdbkna{ khb vd{pdk}h a la{ ak}nwnmamd{ qtd vdalnsa{ dz}va ká}dmva" Vdalnsa{ Gvdktdbkna $ ak}nwnmamd{64 6? [n 11 ;1 [n Bh 14 6= 7> Bh ]h}al 1? ;4 1? ? 4 ?
Gt
db}d3
Ma}h Ma }h{{ vdkhp vdkhpnl nlam amh{ h{ phv phv
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 66 ~ a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 66, {d ptdmd dwnmdbknav qtd a la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ bh vdalnsab ak}nwnmamd{ dz}va ká}dmva"
Å}de{ 6;" ¸]d it{}a }vafacav db dqtnph8 Ktamvh B³ 6;" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ khb vd{pdk}h a qtd }d It{}a }vafacav db dqtnph" ]d it{}a }vafacav db;?Gvdktdbkna $ dqtnph 6? [n 69 99 Bh 1? : ;; ]h}al ;4 1 ??
Ivagnkh B³ 6;" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{"
[n Bh
?
Gt
db}d3
Ma}h Ma }h{{ vdkhp vdkhpnl nlam amh{ h{ phv phv
[abmhwal *6??7.
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 6; ~ }dbndbmh db ktdb}a dl ivágnkh B³ 6;, {d dwnmdbkna a qtd la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ ld it{}a }vafacav db dqtnph"
49
Å}de{ 6=" ¸]d it{}a pav}nknpav db kla{d8 Ktamvh B³ 6=" Mn{}vnftknûb md la gvdktdbkna{ khb vd{pdk}h a qtd {n }d it{}a h bh pav}nknpav db kla{d" ]d it{}a pav}nknpav 64Gvdktdbkna $ db kla{d 6? [n 64 91 14 Bh 1? 1? 6> ]h}al 4 ;4 1 ??
Ivagnkh B³ 6=" Jn{}hivaea md gvdktdbkna{"
[n Bh
?
Gt
db}d3
Ma}h Ma }h{{ vdkhp vdkhpnl nlam amh{ h{ phv phv
[abmhwal *6??7. a}dbmndbmh dl ivágnkh B³ 6=, {d hf{dvwa Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Db dl ktamvh B³ 6= ~ a}dbmndbmh qtd la ivab ea~hvåa md lh{ altebh{ {hb et~ pav}nknpa}nwh{"
DB KTAB]H A LA AK]TAKNÛB ^ VDBMNENDB]H MDL ALTEBH [D HF[DVWÛ QTD3 a"% La Ak}taknûb mdl Ivtph3 …
Lh{ altebh{ d{}áb tfnkamh{ db dl atla db ghvea }vamnknhbal"
…
Lh{ altebh{ etd{}vab tba ak}n}tm khvmnal ~ vd{pd}th{a ab}d dl mhkdb}d
…
Dl ivtph db {t ea~hvåa nb}dvwndbd"
f"% Dl Vdbmnendb}h Akamîenkh mdl Ivtph3 …
A }vawî{ md {t pav}nknpaknûb db kla{d dl ivtph mdetd{}va qtd ja amqtnvnmh
khbhknendb}h{ db lh{ mngdvdb}d{ }dea{ mdl pvhivaea" …
Edmnab}d pvditb}a{, dl ivtph eabngnd{}a {t nbqtnd}tm phv lh{ }dea{ mamh{ phv
dl pvhgd{hv"
4:
KA_N]TLH NNN GA[D MD _LABNGNKAKNÛB Db d{}a ga{d dl D{}tmnab}d% Mhkdb}d vdalnsa la{ d{}va}dina{ ~ lh{ vdktv{h{ a t}nlnsav mtvab}d dl md{avvhllh md lh{ khb}dbnmh{" [d pvdkn{ab lh{ hfcd}nwh{ a alkabsav"
;"1 AK]NWNMAMD[ MD[AVVHLLAMA[ MTVAB]D LA GA[D" Mtva Mt vab} b}dd d{}a d{}a ga{d ga{d {d md{avv md{avvhl hllû lû la dlaf dlafhva hvakn knûb ûb mdl mdl _lab _lab md Lap{h Lap{h,, _lab _lab md dwaltaknûb ~ _lab md kla{d{"
;"6" _LAB MD LA_[H D{ aqtdl mhbmd {d mdgnbdb lh{ khb}dbnmh{ mn{}vnftnmh{ db dl lap{h a md{avvhllav, khb dl gnb md bh mdcav gtdva md dwaltaknûb lh{ khb}dbnmh{ eá{ nephv}ab}d{"
;"6"1 CT[]NGNKAKNÛB MD LH[ _LABD[ MD LA_[H" ]ndbd la gnbalnmam md mn{}vnftnv db dl }ndeph md tb lap{h }hmh{ aqtdllh{ khb}dbnmh{ qtd {d khb{nmdvdb nephv}ab}d{ db dl pvhkd{h md ghveaknûb md lh{ d{}tmnab}d{ ~ qtd d{}d mdfd apvdbmdv, û{da lh{ hfcd}nwh{ qtd {d vdqtndvdb alkabsav
4>
khb lh{ khb}dbnmh{ qtd {d wab a }vafacav md aktdvmh al Enbn{}dvnh Enbn{}dvnh md Dmtkaknûb ~ Ktl}tva"
;";" _LAB MD DWALTAKNÛB _ava d{}d plab {d }heaváb db ktdb}a la{ ak}nwnmamd{ ~ ghvea{ md dwaltaknûb, qtd pdven}nváb apvdknav dl lhivh md lh{ hfcd}nwh{ edmnab}d lh{ {nitndb}d{ a{pdk}h{3 %]alldvd{ %_vtdfa Khv}a % A{nibaknhbd{ pava la ka{a" ¸Dl qtd Dwaltav8 Hfcd}nwh{ Idbdvald{ Khepd}dbkna{, kvn}dvnh{ d nbmnkamhvd{" Ávda{3 h
Mdl [dv
h
Mdl [afdv
h
Mdl Jakdv
Dl plab md dwaltaknûb nbklt~d3 %
_vt _vtdfa Mna Mnaibû{}n {}nkh
%
Dbkt Dbktd{ d{}a }a [hkn [hknh% h%Dk Dkhb hbûe ûenk nkaa
%
_vtdfa Gnbal"
;"";"1 CT[]NGNKAKNÛB MDL _LAB MD DWALTAKNÛB [d vdaln vdalnsa sa d{}d d{}d plab plab khb dl gnb gnb md }heav }heav mdkn mdkn{n {nhb hbd{ d{ {hfvd {hfvd la at}hd at}hdwal walta takn knûb ûb ~ khdwaltaknûb mdl mhkdb}d ~ }aefnîb pava mavld tba kavia walhva}nwa a kama flhqtd md khb}dbnmh pava dl pvhkd{h md db{dñabsa ~ apvdbmnsacd lh ktal pdven}d tba kalngnkaknûb a lh{ d{}tmnab}d{"
;"=" _LAB MD KLA[D
7?
Lh{ plabd{ md kla{d{ {nvwdb pava eabdcav wdb ghvea eá{ dgnkndb}d dl khb}dbnmh md la a{niba}tva, la{ d{}va}dina{ ed}hmhlûinka{ a t}nlnsav ~ lh{ vdktv{h{ bdkd{avnh{"
;"="1 CT[]NGNKAKNÛB MD LH[ _LABD[ MD KLA[D" Db dl plab md kla{d {d dlafhva khb dl gnb md hviabnsav la{ kla{d{ mnavna{ mnavna{ }va}abmh md bh d{kapav a{pdk}h{ qtd ptdmab nbgltnv db dl pvhkd{h dmtka}nwh, kheh itåa db mhbmd {d vdgldcab vdgldcab lh{ khb}dbnmh{ khb}dbnmh{ mdl måa, hfcd}nwh{, pvhkd{h{, ak}nwnmamd{ ak}nwnmamd{ ~ vdktv{h{ qtd mdfdb mav{d db dl pvhkd{h pava lhivav dl hfcd}nwh pvnbknpal"
;"4" MN[]VNFTKNÛB MDL KHB]DBNMH DB DL ]NDE_H ;"4"1 KVHBHIVAEA MD AK]NWNMAMD[ Khb{n{}d db hviabnsav la{ ak}nwnmamd{ a vdalnsav db la ga{d pdmaiûinka fa{amh db dl khb}dbnmh a }vafacav vd{pdk}h al }ndeph mn{phbnfld pava dl }dvkdv lap{h"
;"4"6 CT[]NGNKAKNÛB D{}d D{}d kvhbhivae kvhbhivaeaa }ndbd }ndbd la gtbknûb gtbknûb md lldwav lldwav khb}vhl khb}vhl mdl }ndeph }ndeph vd{pdk}h vd{pdk}h a la{ ak}nwnmamd{ qtd {d vdalnsab db dl lap{h khvvd{phbmndb}d, mn{}vnft~dbmh dl khb}dbnmh db tb }ndeph d{}nptlamh amdeá{ md h}vh{ gak}hvd{ qtd ptdmdb nbgltnv db dl {n{}dea dmtka}nwh"
71
KVHBHIAVEA MD AK]NWNMAMD[ Kla{d
Gdkja 61(?=(?7
Jh v a >34? a 1131?
?1
69(?=(?7
:3;? a >34?
?6
6:(?=(?7
>34? a 1131?
?;
?=(?4(?7
:3;? a >34?
?=
?4(?4(?7
>34? A 1131?
?4
11(?4(?7
:3;? a >34?
?7
16(?4(?7
>34? A 1131?
?9
1:(?4(?7
:3;? a >34?
Khb}dbnmh _vd{db}aknûb _vtdfa Mnaibû{}nka … _vhmtk}h md Ehbhenh{ … _vhmtk}h md tb Ehbhenh phv tb _hlnbhenh" … _vhmtk}h md _hlnbhenh … Itåa md Dcdvknknh{ B³ 1 … _vhpndmamd{ md la Etl}nplnkaknhbd{ md _hlnbhenh{" … Itåa md Dcdvknknh{ B³ 6 … _vhmtkknûb D{kvn}a B³ 1, kla{d 1~ 6 … _vhmtk}h Bh}afld{ … Ktamvamh md tba [tea … Ktamvamh md tba Mngdvdbkna … _vhmtk}h md tba [tea phv tba Mngdvdbkna … Itåa md dcdvknknh B³ ; … _vhmtk}h Bh}afld{ … _vhmtkknûb D{kvn}a B³ 6, kla{d ;~= … _vhmtk}h md mh{ Fnbhenh{ qtd }ndbdb tb }îvenbh Kheób … Itåa md dcdvknknh B³ ; … _vhmtk}h md mh{ Fnbhenh qtd }ndbdb tb }îvenbh Kheób" … D{}amå{}nka *_vh~dk}h. … _vhmtkknûb D{kvn}a B³ ;, kla{d 4 ~ 7 … … …
D{}amå{}nka Mn{}vnftknûb md Gvdktdbkna{ Edmna Avn}eî}nka, edmnaba ~ ehma"
76
Kla{d ?:
Gdkja 1>(?4(?7
Jh v a >34? A 1131?
… … … …
?>
64(?4(?7
:3;? a >34?
… …
1?
67(?4(?7
>34? A 1131?
11
?1(?7(?7
:3;? a >34?
16
?6(?7(?7
>34? A 1131?
… … … … … …
Khb}dbnmh D{}amå{}nka Ivágnkh{ Gak}hvnsaknûb Gak}hv kheób db tb _hlnbhenh Gak}hv kheób phv aivtpaknûb md }îvenbh{ Gak}hvnsaknûb md Ktamvamh{ _dvgdk}h{ Gak}hvnsaknûb ]alldv B³ 1, kla{d ?> ~ 1? Gak}hvnsaknûb md tb ]vnbhenh mdl ]nph az 6 + fz + k Gak}hvnsaknûb md la Mngdvdbkna md Ktamvamh{" Vdpa{h _vhmtkknûb D{kvn}a B³ =, kla{d 11 ~ 16
7;
KA_N]TLH NW GA[D MD _VÁK]NKA _DMAIÛINKA La pvák}nka pdmaiûinka d{ la ga{d eá{ nephv}ab}d mdl knklh mhkdb}d, ~a qtd khepvdbmd dl dcdvknknh md la mhkdbkna mnvdk}a phv pav}d mdl pvak}nkab}d" Db d{}a ga{d dl pvak}nkab}d mhkdb}d mdfd aplnkav lh{ khbhknendb}h{, jafnlnmamd{ ~ md{}vdsa{ amqtnvnma{ amqtnvnma{ db dl }vab{ktv{h }vab{ktv{h md la kavvdva, ~ a{å khbhkdv db tb }ndeph et~ khv}h la vdalnmam qtd {d wnwd db tba atla md kla{d, ~ dcdvkdv dl vhl md tb mhkdb}d" Db dl pvhkd{h md d{}d pdvnhmh {d md{avvhllaváb la{ plabngnkaknhbd{ vdalnsama{, d{ mdknv {t dcdktknûb h aplnkaknûb md aktdvmh a la D}apa {dldkknhbama khepvdbmndbmh pava d{}d ka{h dl 9eh Ivamh [dkknûb “K― md la T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d―
="1" Ak}nwnmamd{ Vdalnsama{ Al nbnknh md d{}a ga{d, vdalnkd la hf{dvwaknûb idbdval, la hf{dvwaknûb md atla, lh ktal {nvwnû md hvndb}aknûb ~ fa{d pava dl }vafach qtd {d vdalnsavåa ~a qtd ptmd apvdknav la{ d{}va}dina{ md db{dñabsa t}nlnsama{ phv la pvhgd{hva md la a{niba}tva, a ala qtd {d amnknhba dl jdkjh md lh{ pvnedvh{ khb}ak}h{ khb lh{ altebh{ mdl ktv{h" [d aplnkû la _vtdfa Mnaibû{}nkh pava md}dvenbav lh{ khbhknendb}h{ pvdwnh{ md lh{ altebh{ khb vdlaknûb vdlaknûb a lh{ }dea{ qtd {d maváb, lh ktal {nvwnû md nbmnkamhv pava dl nbnknh mdl khb}dbnmh pvhivaeá}nkh qtd ed gtd a{nibamh" Ltdih {d aplnkû la pvtdfa {hknhdkhbûenka pava khbhkdv tb phkh db la{ khbmnknhbd{ qtd wnwdb dllh{"
7=
La{ ak}nwnm ak}nwnmamd{ amd{ {d nbnknavh nbnknavhbb dl 69 md Afvnl Afvnl md 6"??7" 6"??7" Mhbmd eab}twd eab}twd tba vdlaknûb et~ d{}vdkja khb lh{ altebh{" _hvqtd }ab}h dllh{ kheh ~h hf}twneh{ apvdbmnsacd{, dllh{ apvdbmndvhb md lh{ khbhknendb}h{ qtd ~h ld }vab{en}åa db la{ kla{d{, a{å kheh ~h apvdbmå a }va}av khb mnwdv{h{ kavak}dvd{, md kama tbh md lh{ altebh{, lhivd }dbdv tba d{}amåa aivamafld pava en apvdbmnsacd kheh gt}tva mhkdb}d" Kafd md{}akav qtd dl mhenbnh mdl ivtph d{ et~ nephv}ab}d phvqtd d{}h ed pdven}nû }dbdv dl vd{pd}h md dllh{, ~ d{}h jakd qtd q td dl apvdbmnsacd llditd a lh{ altebh{" Lhivd qtd dl ivtph {d eh}nwava eá{ pava apvdbmdv ~ pav}nknpav db kama tba md la{ ak}nwnmamd{ db kla{d{, ivakna{ a la itåa mnmák}nka" Db}vd la{ ak}nwnmamd{ vdalnsama{ db dl atla {d lldwavhb a kafh, khb}vhl md a{n{}dbkna, a{n{}dbkna, khbmtk}a, khbmtk}a, }îkbnka{ }îkbnka{ ~ pvhkdmnendb}h{ pvhkdmnendb}h{,, a{dh ~ hvmdb mdl {alûb pava kama kla{d ~ la{ dwaltaknhbd{ qtd ghveab pav}d mdl pvhkd{h dmtka}nwh, al gnbal pava edmnv khbhk khbhkne nend ndb} b}h{ h{ hf}d hf}dbn bnmh mh{{ db kama kama khb} khb}dbn dbnmh mh"" ]aef ]aefnî nîbb {d }heû }heû
db ktdb} ktdb}aa la{ la{
nb}dvwdbknhbd{ md lh{ altebh{"
="6" D{}va}dina{ Ed}hmhlûinka{ Lh{ eî}hmh eî}hmh{{ md db{dñabs db{dñabsaa {hb pvhkdmn pvhkdmnend endb}h b}h{{ fa{ábmh{ fa{ábmh{dd db pvnbkn pvnbknpnh pnh{{ lûinkh{, lûinkh{, qtd ptdmdb {dv khetbd{ a wavna{ kndbkna{ ~ afavkab a{pdk}h{ md la ak}nwnmam ak}nwnmam mnmák}nka"
="6"1" Lh{ Lh{ eî}h eî}hmh mh{{ mnmá mnmák} k}nk nkh{ h{ md db{d db{dña ñabs bsaa, {hb dl khbctb}h md pvhkdmnendb}h{ lûinkh{ ~ p{nkhlûinkh{ d{}vtk}tvamh{, md lh{ ktald{ {d wald dl mhkdb}d, pava atedb}av dl apvdbmnsacd mdl altebh, a gnb qtd d{}d md{avvhlld khbhknendb}h{, amqtndva }îkbnka{ h a{tea ak}n}tmd{ d nmda{" _hv lh }ab}h, lh{ eî}hmh{ aplnkamh{ db la db{dñabsa md lh{ altebh{ altebh{ gtdvhb3 dl eî}hmh ak}nwh, khb dl t{h md la itåa mnmák}nka db mhbmd lh{ lh{ altebh{ altebh{ pav}nknpavhb pav}nknpavhb db
74
}hma{ la{ ak}nwnmamd{ md kla{d, ~ d{}h jnsh qtd la kla{d {d md{avvhllava db}vd dl mhkdb}d ~ lh{ altebh{" Dl mhkdb}d pa{a jakdv tb gaknln}amhv mdl pvhkd{h"
="6"6" ]îkbnka{ md Db{dñabsa La{ }îkbnka{ md db{dñabsa {hb pvhkdmnendb}h{ lûinkh{ ~ p{nkhlûinkaedb}d d{}vtk}tvamh{, md{}nbamh{ a mnvninv dl apvdbmnsacd mdl dmtkabmh db tb {dk}hv lnen}amh, ~ db tb khb}dbnmh d{pdkngnkh"
Ak}nwnmamd{ Lómnka{, pava d{}netlav la neainbaknûb ~ idbdvav dl nb}dvî{ mdl
altebh db dl khb}dbnmh"
]hvfdllnbh ]hvfdllnbh md nmda{, qtd pdven}d al d{}tmnab}d d{}tmnab}d khb}va{}av khb}va{}av khb la{ hpnbnhbd{ hpnbnhbd{ md
{t{ h}vh{ khepañdvh{ la{ nmda{ pvd%d{}afldknma{ db vdlaknûb al }dea pava lldiav a{å a la khb{}vtkknûb md {t pvhpnh apvdbmnsacd"
_vditb}a{, {d deplda pava wdvngnkav {n a{nenlavhb dl khb}dbnmh khbkdp}tal wn{}h
db la kla{d ab}dvnhv ~ khepvhfav dl khbhknendb}h hf}dbnmh"
]îkbnka dzph{n}nwa, dl ktal pdven}d la dzph{nknûb hval, phv pav}d mdl pvhgd{hv {hfvd
dl khb khb}db }dbnmh nmh md lh{ }dea{ pat}amh{0 pat}amh{0 pava d{}netla d{}netlavv al altebh altebh a qtd pav}nknpd pav}nknpd khb mnbaen{eh ~ khb{}abkna db la{ ak}nwnmamd{ nbjdvdb}d{ a la{ kla{d{" _ava lhivav d{}h, {d jakd nbmn{pdb{afld qtd la dzph{nknûb khb{}d md pvd{db}aknûb mdl }dea ~ dl md{avvhllh mdl khb}dbnmh db pav}d{ lûinka{"
Itåa mnmák}nka, db la dlafhvaknûb md tb ea}dvnal md d{}tmnh pava lh{ altebh{"
="6"; _vhkdmnendb}h{ md Db{dñabsa Nb}dvvhia}nwh3 [d lhiva a }vawî{ md pvditb}a{ mnvninma{ a lh{ altebh{, {hfvd dl }dea a md{avvhllav
Nlt{}vaknûb3 D{ la vdpvd{db}aknûb ivagnka md lh{ khbhknendb}h{"
77
Nb}dvwdbknhbd{3 D{ la pav}nknpaknûb mdl altebh pava aklavav, aivdiav h khvvdinv la dzplnkaknûb md tb }dea"
Dcdvkn}aknûb3 Khepvdbmd ~ gnca lh{ khbhknendb}h{ edmnab}d la vdpd}nknûb ~ pvák}nka db idbdval"
=";" Vdktv{h{ Nb{}vtkknhbald{ Depldamh{3 Jteabh{ Altebh{ md :eh ivamh, {dkknûb “K― md la T "D" “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d― %
_vak}nkab}d ‛ Mhkdb}d
%
_vhgd hgd{hv {hv md md la la a{n a{nib ibaa}tva
%
_vhg _vhgd{ d{hv hv md la _vák _vák}n }nka ka _vhg _vhgd{ d{nh nhba ball NNN NNN
Ea}dvnald{ %
Laenba{
%
]nsa md khlhvd{
%
Fhvvamhv
%
_nsavvûb
%
]dz}h{ md md khb{tl}a
%
Itåa mmnnmák}nka
%
_labng bngnkakn aknûb md kla{d
="=" Mngnktl}amd{ qtd {d khbgvhb}ab mtvab}d la vdalnsaknûb vdalnsaknûb md d{}a ga{d Dl eá{ ivabmd nbkhbwdbndb}d qtd d{}a pvd{db}d db dl md{avvhllh md d{}a ga{d pdmaiûinka d{ dl vtnmh pvd{db}d db dl {alûb eól}npld, ~a qtd d{}d nbglt~d db la{ kla{d{ ~ phv dbmd db dl apvdbmnsacd md lh{ altebh{0 hka{nhbabmh md{khbkdb}vaknûb }h}al" Mdfnmh al vtnmh, etkja{ wdkd{ la whs bh lldia al gnbal mdl atla, db}hbkd{ lh{ qtd d{}áb db la pav}d md a}vá{ bh d{ktkjab bama, dl mhkdb}d qtdma {nb whs ~ khb tb eald{}av afmhenbal pvhmtk}h md ldwab}av }ab}h la whs"
79
Amdeá{ qtd lh{ altebh{ pvd{db}d{ db dl {alûb eól}npld qtd bh d{}áb db kla{d{ ehld{}ab db la ptdv}a ~ mn{}vadb a lh{ altebh{ mdl :wh “K―" [d bdkd{n}a mdb}vh mdl {alûb eól}npld tba khhvmnbaknûb phv pav}d md tb pdv{hbal qtd lhivd dl khb}vhl, hvmdb ~ dwn}d dl kah{ al ehedb}h md {alnv al vdkd{h ~a qtd db la ak}talnmam d{ tb md{hvmdb0 ~ etkjh{ altebh{ md h}va{ {dkknhbd{ db dl ehedb}h ehedb}h md d{}av nepav}ndbmh nepav}ndbmh la kla{d, d{}áb md{}vt~dbmh md{}vt~dbmh ~ ihlpdabmh ihlpdabmh dl ehfnlnavnh ehfnlnavnh phv lh qtd {d pndvmd la khbkdb}vaknûb mdl ivtph md :wh “K―"
="4" _h{nfld{ {hltknhbd{3
Tb khhvmnbamhv qtd lhivd dl khb}vhl }h}al"
Jhvavnh{ Jhvavnh{ md mhkdb}d{ mhkdb}d{ pdveabdb}d{ pava dwn}av altebh{ db lh{ pa{nllh{ mdl {alûb eól}npld"
]alldvd{ pava edchvav dl vd{pd}h ~ la khbwnwdbkna mdb}vh mdl {alûb eól}npld"
Kjavla{ {hfvd [db}nmh md pdv}dbdbkna pava walhvav lh qtd {d dbktdb}va mdb}vh md la nb{}n}tknûb"
D{}tmnav la ph{nfnlnmam md kaefnh md {alûb ~ t}nlnsav tbh md{hktpamh"
7:
KA_N]TLH W ABÁLN[N[ MD MA]H[ 4"1" Bûenba{ md lh{ altebh{ B³ 1 6 ; = 4 7 9 : > 1? 11 16 1; 1= 14 17 19 1: 1> 6? 61 66 6; 6= 64 67 69 6: 6> ;? ;1 ;6 ;; ;= ;4
ALTEBH Lnbavd{ _dmvh Alftqtdvqtd @avdb Mheåbitds Lnbh Vhmvåitds Idvavmh Avaqtd Abmvda Qtnb}dvh Mabndla Hv}ns Edv~abb Vaeåvds Gvabkdl Måas Cawndv Lnbavd{ Gvabl~{ Qtnb}dvh Alwavh Walmdvvaea Eavwnb Fhlmvnbn Idabgvabkh Khbkjh Ch{î Wdldnvh Aldzabmva Avknla Alnkdb Mdliamh Ditnl Ka{}nllh Ch{î Ihbsálds Kd{av Edbmhsa Ynledv Kavwacal Fv~ab Eîbmds Ch{î Lhansa ^avn Ihbsálds Eavndl~ Favvnh{ Abidl Av}tvh Malna Avvh~h Enlaivh{ Ka{}vh Eai{nb Ka{}nllh Abeav~ Vnwdvh Dbmdv{hb Vnwdvh Kavn{eav Aitnldva Ynleav~ Vhedvh Aldzabmdv Ea}jdt{ ^dvalmnbd [távds ^n{fdl~
_vtdfa Mnaibû{}nka ?7 16 1? ?6 16 16 1? 16 1= ?: 16 1= 16 1? ?: 1? 16 1? ?: 17 ?: ?7 ?: 16 16 1= ?1 ?1 1= ?6 16 16 1? ?7 ?6
_vtdfa Gnbal ?: 11 ?1 1? 1? 14 1? 6? 17 6? 6? ?: ?> 6? 6? 6? ?: 6? 1> 1? ?1 ?= 1? 1? 1? 1; ?1 ?1 ?1 ?> ?> 1? 16 ?1 ?1
7>
4"; ABALN[N[ D[]AMÅ[]NKH ALTEBH[ 1 6 ; = 4 7 9 : > 1? 11 16 1; 1= 14 17 19 1: 1> 6? 61 66 6; 6= 64 67 69 6: 6> ;? ;1 ;6 ;; ;= ;4
Z ^ Z"^ Z 6 ?7 ?: =: ;7 16 11 1 ;6 1 == 1? ?1 1? 1 ?? ?6 1? 6? ?= 16 1? 1 6? 1 == 16 14 1 :? 1 == 1? 1? 1 ?? 1 ?? 16 6? 6 =? 1 == 1= 17 6 6= 1 >7 ?: 6? 1 7? 7= 16 6? 6 =? 1 == 1= ?: 1 16 1 >7 16 ?> 1 ?: 1 == 1? 6? 6 ?? 1 ?? ?: 6? 1 7? 7= 1? 6? 6 ?? 1 ?? 16 ?: >7 1 == 1? 6? 6 ?? 1 ?? ?: 1> 1 46 7= 17 1? 1 7? 6 47 ?: ?1 ?: 7= ?7 ?= 6= ;7 ?: 1? :? 7= 16 1? 1 6? 1 == 16 1? 1 6? 1 == 1= 1; 1 :6 1 >7 ?1 ?1 ?1 ?1 ?1 ?1 ?1 ?1 1= ?1 1= 1 >7 ?6 ?> 1: ?= 16 ?> 1 ?: 1 == 16 1? 1 6? 1 == 1? 16 1 6? 1 ?? ?7 ?1 ?7 ;7 ?6 ?1 ?6 ?= ∑Z5;;? ∑^5;7: ∑Z^5;9:7 ∑Z¶5;777 Z5 Ma}h{ hf}dbnmh{ md kama altebh db la pvtdfa mnaibû{}nkh" ^5 Ma}h{ hf}dbnmh{ db kama pvtdfa Gnbal"
^ 6 7= 16 1 ?1 1?? 1? ? 66 4 1? ? =? ? 64 7 =? ? =?? 7= :1 =?? =? ? =?? 7= =?? ;7 1 1?? ?1 17 1?? 1?? 1?? 17> ?1 ?1 ?1 :1 :1 1?? 1== ?1 ?1 ∑^¶54;;=
4"6 Abáln{n{ md lh{ Vd{tl}amh{ md la _vtdfa Mnaibû{}nka"
9?
]afla md Gvdktdbkna{" Zn % Z{ 14 % 17 1; % 1= 11 % 16 ?> % 1? ?9 % ?: ?4 % ?7 ?; % ?= ?1 % ?6 b5 ;4
Ze 14,4 1;,4 11,4 >,4 9,4 4,4 ;,4 1,4
g ?1 ?= 11 ?7 ?7 ?; ? =
G ;4 ;= ;? 1> 1; ?9 ?= ?=
g " Ze 14,4 4= 167,4 49 =4 17,4 ? 7 g " Ze 5 ;6?,4 ∑ g "
* Ze ∖ Z . 6 =?,6 1:,:= 4,=: ?,16 6,97 1;,=? ;6,?= 4:,7:
g" * Ze ∖ Z .6 =?,6 94,;7 7?,6: ?,96 17,47 =?,6 ? 6;=,96 ∑ g " * Ze ∖ Z . 6 5=7:,?=
Kálktlh md Edmna Avn}eî}nka
Z 5
∑ gze 5 ;6?,4 5 >,17 b
;4
Z 5 >,17 Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Dl walhv >,17 d{ dl pvhedmnh md kalngnkaknhbd{ hf}dbnma{ phv lh{ altebh{ md :wh ivamh [dkknûb “K― md la T" D “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d― db la pvtdfa mnaibû{}nka"
Kálktlh md Edmnaba Em 5 Za +
b ( 6 ∖ G " n g
Em 5 :,4 +
;4 ( 6 ∖ 1; " 6 7
Em 5 :,4 + 1,4 Em
5
1?
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Dl walhv 1? ptb}h{, d{ la kalngnkaknûb qtd mnwnmd la{ bh}a{ md :wh ivamh [dkknûb “K― md la T" D “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Mndih Bhv}d― db mh{ pav}d{ nitald{, d{ mdknv dl
91
4?$ md la{ kalngnkaknhbd{ d{}áb phv dbknea md d{}a ~ dl h}vh 4?$ phv mdfach md la{ en{ea{"
Kálktlh md la Md{wnaknûb ]åpnka
∑ g * Ze ∖ Z .
[ 5
6
b
Z 5
∑ gz 5 ;6?,4 5 >,17 b
;4
∑ g " * Ze ∖ Z . 6 5=7:,?= =7:,?= ;4 [ 5 1;,;9 [ 5
[
5
;"7
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Dl walhv ;,7 ptb}h{, d{ la md{wnaknûb }åpnka md lh{ altebh{ md :wh ivamh [dkknûb “K― md la T" D “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d― , d{ mdknv la{ bh}a{ qtd {dpavab phv dbknea ~ phv mdfach md la edmna >,17 ptb}h{"
Altebh{ Apvhfamh{ Aplasamh{
g 66 1;
j ?"7; ?,;9
J$ 667,: ³ 1;;,6 ³
MNAIVAEA KNVKTLAV
;9$ Aplasamh{ Aplasamh{ 7;$
Apvhfa Apvhfa mh{
96
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb Db dl ivágnkh ivágnkh mdetd{}va mdetd{}va qtd 66 altebh{, altebh{, d{ mdknv 667,: $, hf}twndvhb la{ bh}a{ eá{ al}a{ db la pvtdfa mnaibû{}nka"
MNAIVAE MNAIVAEA A MD FAVVA MD LA _VTDFA _VTD FA MNAIBÛ[]NKA g
14 % 17
16
1; % 1=
1?
11 % 16
:
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Kálktlh md Edmna Avn}eî}nka
Z 5
∑ gze 5 ;7=,4 5 1?,=1 b
;4
Z 5 1?,=1 Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Dl walhv 1?,=1 d{ dl pvhedmnh md kalngnkaknhbd{ hf}dbnma{ phv lh{ altebh{ md :wh ivamh [dkknûb “K― md la T" D “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d― db la pvtdfa mnaibû{}nka"
Kálktlh md Edmnaba Em 5 Za +
b ( 6 ∖ G " n g
Em 5 :,4 +
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9=
Kálktlh md la Md{wnaknûb ]åpnka
∑ g * Ze ∖ Z .
[ 5
6
b
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∑ gze 5 ;7=,4 5 1?,=1 b
;4
∑ g " * Ze ∖ Z . 6 51;76,:1 1;76,:1 ;4 [ 5 ;:,>; [ 5 7,6= [ 5
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb3 Dl walhv 7,6= ptb}h{, d{ la md{wnaknûb }åpnka md lh{ altebh{ md :wh ivamh [dkknûb “K― md la T" D “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d― , d{ mdknv la{ bh}a{ qtd {dpavab phv dbknea ~ phv mdfach md la edmna 1?,=1 ptb}h{" Altebh{ Apvhfamh{ Aplasamh{
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MNAIVAEA MD FAVVA[
=?$ 7?$
Aplasamh{ Aplasamh{ Apvhfa Apvhfa mh{
Nb}dvpvd}aknûb Db dl ivágnkh mdetd{}va qtd 61 altebh{, d{ mdknv 617$, hf}twndvhb la{ bh}a{ eá{ al}a{ db la pvtdfa gnbal"
94
4"= KHVVDLAKNÛB MD _DAV[HB 4"="1 KHVVDLAKNÛB _VTDFA MNAIBÛ[]NKH ^ _VTDFA GNBAL Khvvdlaknhbd{ Z ^ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Z ?,;4?> * ;4. ?,?;:9 ^
?,;4?> * ;4. ?,?;:9 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Khvvdlaknûb *]aeañh etd{}val. _%Walhv
Z5 Ma}h{ hf}dbnmh{ md kama altebh db la pvtdfa mnaibû{}nkh" ^5 Ma}h{ hf}dbnmh{ db kama pvtdfa Gnbal"
97
Dl khdgnkndb}d md khvvdlaknûb md _dav{hb aplnkamh pava vdlaknhbav lh{ vd{tl}amh{ md la pvtdfa mnaibû{}nka ~ md la pvtdfa gnbal md ea}deá}nka mdl :wh ivamh {dkknûb “K― md la T" D" “Kvdakn “Kvdaknûb ûb [ab Mndih Mndih Bhv}d― Bhv}d―"" Waldbkn Waldbknaa Dmh" Kavafhf Kavafhfh, h, d{ faca faca *v z~ 5 ?,;4 ., {d dwnmdbkna tba vdlaknûb faca db}vd la{ kalngnkaknhbd{ qtd hf}twndvhb lh{ altebh{ altebh{ qtd {akavhb faca{ kalngnkaknhbd kalngnkaknhbd{{ db la _vtdfa mnaibû{}nk mnaibû{}nkaa *Z., }ndbmdb db ghvea faca a {akav al}a{ al}a{ bh}a{ db la pvtdfa gnbal *^., ~ lh{ qtd {akab faca{ bh}a{ bh}a{ db pvtdfa gnbal, }ndbmdb db ghvea faca a {akav { akav al}a{ kalngnkaknhbd{ db la mnaibû{}nka *Z." Db h}va{ palafva{, lh{ altebh{ bh }ndbmdb a eab}dbdv {t{ ph{nknhbd{ db la{ pvtdfa{"
99
KHBKLT[NHBD[ La _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN, d{ tb pvhkd{h md apvdbmnsacd mhbmd dl d{}tmnab}d % mhkdb}d mhkdb}d pav}nknpa pav}nknpa ak}nwaedb}d ak}nwaedb}d pava lhivav {t md{avvhllh nb}dival kheh pvhgd{nhbal pvhgd{nhbal md la mhkdbkna" Md d{}a eabdva, dl apvdbmnsacd ja {nmh }abinfld, {nibngnka}nwh ~ et~ ph{n}nwh, ivakna{ al d{gtdvsh md lh{ mhkdb}d{, altebh{ ~ khepañdvh{ md la d{pdknalnmam" Db khb{dktdbkna, lh{ kapå}tlh{ md{avvhllamh{ db dl nbghved, khb}ndbdb }hma la nbghve nbghveakn aknûb ûb {hfvd {hfvd dl md{dbwhl md{dbwhlwne wnendb ndb}h }h ab}d{, ab}d{, mtvab}d mtvab}d ~ md{ptî{ md{ptî{ md la pvák}nk pvák}nkaa pdmaiûinka" Db d{}d {db}nmh la Ga{d Nb}vhmtk}hvna ~ la md Hf{dvwaknûb, pdven}nû hf}dbdv nbghveaknûb, {hfvd la{ ak}nwnmamd{ a vdalnsav db la T" D “Kvdaknûb [ab Mndih Bhv}d―" Endb}va{, qtd la Ga{d md _labngnkaknûb, gaknln}û la hviabnsaknûb hv iabnsaknûb md khb}dbnmh{ md aktdvmh a lh{ vdktv{h{ dzn{}db}d{, a{å kheh la eabdva lûinka ~ plabngnkama db gtbknûb md lh{ hfcd}nwh{" _hv {t pav}d la Ga{d md Vd{tl}amh{ ~ Abáln{n{, {nvwnû pava dwaltav ja{}a qtd ptb}h {d lhivavhb lh{ hfcd}nwh{ plabngnkamh{" Gnba Gnbale ledb db}d }d,, la Ga{d Ga{d pdma pdmaiûi iûink nkaa pdven pdven}n }nû, û, dbi dbilh lhfav fav lh{ lh{ a{pdk a{pdk}h }h{{ eá{ eá{ vd{al}ab}d{ vd{al}ab}d{ db la lafhv lafhv mhkdb}d mhkdb}d pdven}nîbmhe pdven}nîbmhedd vdgldznhbav vdgldznhbav ~ edchvav la{ ph{nfld{ galla{ dbkhb}vama{ db la pvák}nka md la db{dñabsa" La pav}nknpaknûb ak}nwa mdl _vhgd{hv md la _vák}nka Mhkdb}d db {t vhl md
9:
gaknln}amhv, khb}vnft~û db ivab pav}d al kvdknendb}h pdmaiûinkh d nb}dldk}tal md la pvak}nkab}d, a{å en{eh la khlafhvaknûb pdveabdb}d md la _vhgd{hva md la a{niba}tva, altebh{ ~ mnvdk}nwh{ mdl plab}dl" La dzpd dzpdvn vndb dbkn knaa eá{ eá{ waln walnh{a h{a ~ jdveh jdveh{a {a mdl mdl d{}t d{}tmn mnab} ab}dd md la d{ktd d{ktdla la md Dmtkaknûb Dmtkaknûb d{ {nb mtma{ la _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal _vhgd{nhbal NNN 0 a }vawî{ md dlla {d apvdbmd qtd dl dmtka dmtkamh mhvv d{ tb gaknl gaknln} n}am amhv, hv, tb aeni aenih, h, tb khepañ khepañdv dvhh eá{" eá{" Am Amde deá{ á{ qt qtdd kheh kheh gaknln}amhv gaknln}amhv pvhphvknhba pvhphvknhba al dmtkabmh dzpdvndbkna dzpdvndbkna md {n}taknhbd{ {n}taknhbd{ vdald{ pvhwdbndb}d md la wnma kh}nmnaba" _ava qtd dl altebh amqtndva tb wdvmamdvh apvdbmnsacd ~ ptdma dbgvdb}av{d khb {ditvnmam ~ gnvedsa gnvedsa a btdwa{ wnwdbkn wnwdbkna{ a{ qtd lh javáb javáb kvdkdv ~ lh db{dñaváb a wnwnv"
9>
:?
VDKHEDBMAKNHBD[ La{ La{ hf{d hf{dvw vwak aknh nhbd bd{{ qtd qtd a khb} khb}nb nbta takn knûb ûb {d dzpv dzpvd{ d{ab ab d{}á d{}ább mnvn mnvnin inma ma{{ gtbmaedb}aledb}d a edchvav dl pdvgnl mdl divd{amh md la D{ktdla md Dmtkaknûb" l" Vdaln Vdalnsav sav db db }vd{ }vd{ {ded{} {ded{}vd{ vd{ la la ga{d ga{d md _vák}nk _vák}nkaa _dmaiûi _dmaiûinka nka"" 6" Nbkh Nbkhvp vphv hvav av al pdb{ pdb{te te md d{}t d{}tmn mnhh tba tba ea}d ea}dvn vnaa vdgd vdgdvn vnma ma d{pd d{pdkå kågn gnka kaed edb} b}dd a la plabngnkaknûb mdl }vafach d{khlav" ;" _dven}n _dven}nvv al _vak}n _vak}nkab} kab}d% d% Mhkdb}d Mhkdb}d {dv eá{ kvå}n kvå}nkh kh d nbbhwa nbbhwamhv mhv pava pava pvd{db} pvd{db}av av pvhptd{}a{ a la d{pdknalnmam ~ ghvea{ md nepav}nv la{ kla{d{, kheh }aefnîb db la nepldedb}aknûb, d{}vtk}tva ~ pvd{db}aknûb md lh{ nbghved{ md _vak}nka _vak }nka _vhgd{nhbal NNN"
:1
FNFLNHIVAGÅA _ab}hca, J" *1>>9."Ea}deá}nka *:wh ivamh."Kavaka{ "DBDWA [távds, D" ~ Mtváb, M"*6??6." Ea}deá}nka *:wh ivamh. " Kavaka{" [ab}nllaba
:6
Fvd}}, D ~ [távds, Y" *6??4."Ea}deá}nka *:wh ivamh." Kavaka{" EAVKA Vhmvåitds, N" *6??;." Nbghved md _vák}nka _vhgd{nhbal NW " Eabt{kvn}h bh ptflnkamh, D{ktdla md Dmtkaknûb, Tbnwdv{nmam md Kavafhfh, Kavafhfh" It}nîvvds, A *Dmn}hv. *1>>1." Ávda md Khbhknendb}h" Mnmák}nka md la Ea}deá}nka" Ea}deá}nka" Khldkknûb ktl}tva ~ apvdbmnsacd" Dmn}hvnal [åb}d{n{" D}a~h,, C ~ Jhs, W *Dmn} D}a~h *Dmn}hvd{." hvd{." *1>>7." Db{dñabsa md la{ ea}deá}nka{ db la Dmtkaknûb [dktbmavna" KAE_H[, KAE_H[, Idvavmh" D{}amå{}nka Idbdval" Dmnknh Dmnknhbd{ bd{ md GAKD[ GAKD[ TKW" TKW" Kavaka{% Kavaka{% Wdbdstdla Aedvnkab _{kjhlhinkal A{{hkna}nhb *1>>:." Eabtal md d{}nlh md ptflnkaknhbd{ md la Aedvnkab _{kjhlhinkal A{{hkna}nhb" Eîznkh3 Dl Eabtal Ehmdvbh
:;
:=
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD LA_[H NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― MNVDKKNÛB3 [ab Mndih ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― LA_[H3 ; dvh
:4
JHVAVNH3 MÅA
JHVA
Ctdwd{
:3;? a >3 4? a"e"
Wndvbd{
>34? a 113 1? a"e"
_VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD DWALTAKNÛB
NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― MNVDKKNÛB3 [ab Mndih ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva D}apa IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― LA_[H3 ; dvh JHVAVNH3 MÅA
JHVA
:7
Ctdwd{
:3;? a >3 4? a"e"
Wndvbd{
>34? a 113 1? a"e"
_VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 ?1 GDKJA3 69%?=%?7 JHVA3 :3;? a >34? MÅA3 ctdwd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva
:9
_VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 ?6 GDKJA3 6:%?=%?7 JHVA3 >34? a 1131? MÅA3 wndvbd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
::
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 ?; GDKJA3 ?=%?4%?7 JHVA3 :3;? a >34? MÅA3 ctdwd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
:>
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 ?= GDKJA3 ?4%?4%?7 JHVA3 >34? a 1131? MÅA3 wndvbd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
>?
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 ?4 GDKJA3 11%?4%?7 JHVA3 :3;? a >34? MÅA3 ctdwd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[
>1
KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 ?7 GDKJA3 16%?4%?7 JHVA3 >34? a 1131? MÅA3 wndvbd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
>6
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 ?9 GDKJA3 1:%?4%?7 JHVA3 :3;? a >34? MÅA3 ctdwd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
>;
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 ?: GDKJA3 1>%?4%?7 JHVA3 >34? a 1131? MÅA3 wndvbd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d―
>=
ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 ?> GDKJA3 64%?4%?7 JHVA3 :3;? a >34? MÅA3 ctdwd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka
>4
IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 1? GDKJA3 67%?4%?7 JHVA3 >34? a 1131? MÅA3 wndvbd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 11
>7
GDKJA3 ?1%?7%?7 JHVA3 :3;? a >34? MÅA3 ctdwd{ _VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
TBNWDV[NMAM MD KAVAFHFH GAKTL]AM MD KNDBKNA[ MD LA DMTKAKNÛB MD_AV]AEDB]H MD KNDBKNA[ _AMAIÛINKA[ KÁ]DMVA3 _VÁK]NKA[ _VHGD[NHBALD[ _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN
_LAB MD KLA[D NB[]N]TKNÛB3 T "D" Kvdaknûb “[ab Mndih Bhv}d― ÁVDA3 Ea}deá}nka A[NIBA]TVA3 Ea}deá}nka D]A_A3 ]dvkdva Dmtkaknûb Fá{nka IVAMH H AÑH3 Hk}awh [DKKNÛB3 “K― KLA[D B³3 16 GDKJA3 ?6%?4%?7 JHVA3 >34? a 1131? MÅA3 wndvbd{
>9
_VHGD[HV MD LA _VÁK]NKA _VHGD[NHBAL NNN3 E{k" Aldzabmdv Favfdva _VHGD[HV MD LA A[NIBA]TVA3 Lnk" Dtkav~{ Avdllabh _VÁK]NKAB]D% MHKDB]D3 Mdn{~ [abmhwal
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