Índic I. INTRODUCCI INTRODUCCIÓN.. ÓN....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .............. ...............2 ......2 II. OBJETIVOS OBJETIVOS..... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ...............3 ..........3 2.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL...........................................................................................3 2.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS.....................................................................................3 III. MARCO TEÓRICO.................................. TEÓRICO........................................................ ............................................. ....................... 3 3.1. 3.1. CAMINO CAMINO O CARRETER CARRETERA...... A.............. ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... ................3 .........3 3.2. 3.2. CLASIFICA CLASIFICACIÓN CIÓN DE LAS CARRETER CARRETERAS.... AS............ ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ...........3 ....3
3.3. 3.3. 3.(. 3.(. 3.,. 3.,.
3./. 3./.
3.2.1. 3.2.1. A. B. C. D. E. F. 3.2.2. A. B. C. D.
CLASIFICAC CLASIFICACIÓN IÓN DE ACUERDO ACUERDO A LA DEMANDA... DEMANDA........ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ...............3 .........3 Au!"i#$ Au!"i#$## d% 1&$ c'$#%........ c'$#%............. ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............. ................3 .........3 Au!"i#$ Au!"i#$## d% 2d$ c'$#%.. c'$#%........ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... .................. .....................( ........( C$&&%%& C$&&%%&$# $# d% 1&$. C'$#% C'$#%..... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............. ........................ ..........................( .........( C$&&%%& C$&&%%&$# $# d% 2d$. C'$#%..... C'$#%........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... .................( ...........( C$&&%%& C$&&%%&$# $# d% d% 3&$. 3&$. C'$#%.. C'$#%....... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ................ ............................ .....................( ...( T&!c)$# &!c)$# c$&&!*$+ c$&&!*$+'%#.. '%#........ ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ..........., ....., CLASIFICACIÓN POR OROGRAFÍA............................................................ OROGRAFÍA....................................................................... ..........., , T%&&%n! %&&%n! "'$n! -i"! 1............ 1.................. ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............. ..............., ......., T%&&%n! %&&%n! !ndu'$d! -i"! 2.......... 2............... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............... .................., ........, T%&&%n! %&&%n! $ccid%n$d! $ccid%n$d! -i"! -i"! 3......... 3.............. ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ................... ............................., ................, T%&&%n! %&&%n! %#c$&"$d! %#c$&"$d! -i"! (........ (............. ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ............. ......................... ...................., ...,
3.,.1. 3.,.1. 3.,.2. 3.,.3. 3.,.3. 3.,.(.
P%ndi%n P%ndi%n% % Mni$..... Mni$........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ............. ........................ .......................... ......... P%ndi%n% M45i$................................ M45i$.............................................................................................6 .............................................................6 P%ndi%n P%ndi%n% % M45i! M45i! A+#!'u$#.. A+#!'u$#....... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... .............. ......................... ......................6 .....6 P%ndi%n%# Ec!n7ic$#................................. Ec!n7ic$#...................................................................................18 ..................................................18
ÍNDICE ÍNDICE MEDIO MEDIO DIARIO DIARIO ANUAL -IMDA.... -IMDA............ ............... .............. ............... ................................./ ........................./ VELOCID VELOCIDAD AD DE DISE0O.... DISE0O........... .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ........................./ ................../ PENDIENTE PENDIENTES.... S............ ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... .................... ............
EL RECONOCIM RECONOCIMIENTO IENTO DEL TERRENO.. TERRENO.......... ............... .............. ............... ............... .............. ...................18 ............18
3./.1. 3./.1. 3./.2. 3./.2. A. B. C. D.
Pun!# Pun!# D% C!n&!'... C!n&!'......... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............. ......................... ................... .. 18 C'$#%# C'$# %# D% Pun!# Pun!# D% C!n&!'.... C!n&!'.......... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ................. ...............18 ....18 Pun!# Pun!# d% C!n&!' C!n&!' N$u&$'%#.... N$u&$'%#......... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ........... ............... ...........18 ..18 Pun!# Pun!# d% C!n&!' C!n&!' A&i9ci$'... A&i9ci$'........ ........... ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............ ........... ...................11 ..............11 Pun! Pun! d% C!n&!' C!n&!' P!#ii P!#ii:!... :!........ ........... ........... ........... ........... .......... ........... ........... ........... ................. ............................11 .................11 Pun! Pun! d% C!n&!' C!n&!' N%;$ N%;$i:!.. i:!........ ............ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ............... .......................... ......................11 .....11
IV. IV. MATERIAL MATERIALES.. ES....... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... ............ ................... ....................... ..................11 .......11 V. CÁLCULOS CÁLCULOS..... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ......... ......... ............. .................... ........................ .................12 .....12 ,.1. ,.1. CALCULO CALCULO DE LA ABERTUR ABERTURA A DE COMP!d! M>!d! d% '!# P%# P%#!# !# A+#!'u!#.. A+#!'u!#........ ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ........... ....................... ..............................1, .............1, ,.(.2. M>!d! d% '!# P%#!# R%'$i:!#.............................................. R%'$i:!#.........................................................................1, ...........................1,
VI. CONCLUS CONCLUSIONES IONES Y RECOMENDA RECOMENDACIONE CIONES.... S......... .......... .......... ................ ....................... ...............16 ...16
I.
INTRODUCCIÓN
Un$ c$&&%%&$ %# un$ ?$@$ d% %&&%n! d%#in$d! $' &4n#i! d% :%)cu'!# d% $n%&$ c!ninu$ %n %' %#"$ci! i%"!. L$ c!!did$d #%;u&id$d %c!n!$ %c!n!$ c!"$i+i'id$ c!"$i+i'id$d d c!n %' %di! $+i%n% d%"%nd%&4 d%"%nd%&4 d%' di#%! d% '$ i#$ %# "!& %''! u% %n %' di#%! d% un$ c$&&%%&$ %# c!n#id%&$d$ c!! %' %'%%n! ?und$%n$' %n '$ c&%$ci7n d% '$ :$. D% )%c)! '$ c$'id$d c$'id$d d% :id$ d% '$# "%&#!n$# "%&#!n$# i%n% n$u&$'%*$ n$u&$'%*$ du$' "u%# %#4 #u@%$ $ '$ "&%#%nci$ d% '!# "u%+'!# d!nd% )$+i$n un$ c$&&%%&$ u% '$# in%&c!n%c% $# "u%# %' d%!n$n% %c!n7ic! #!ci$' d% '$# ciud$d%# #% %ncu%n&$ %n ?unci7n di&%c$ d% '$ "&%#%nci$ c$&$c%&#ic$# >cnic$# d% '$ c$&&%%&$. E' "&%#%n% in?!&% c!n#$ d%' $:$nc% %n %' &%c!n!cii%n! %#udi! &$*! %'%cci7n d% '$ %@!& &u$ d% '$ c$&&%%&$ d% %&c%& c'$#% %' i"! d% !"!;&$?$ d%' %&&%n! %&&%n! d$!# u% #% %nd&4n %nd&4n %n cu%n$ cu%n$ "$&$ %' di#%! d% '$ c$&&%%&$ $+i>n #% %#"%ci9c$n '!# !+@%i:!# u% #% d%#%$ $'c$n*$& %di$n% %' d%#$&&!''! d%' &$+$@!. En %' $&c! %7&ic! #% %#"%ci9c$ '!# c!nc%"!# >&in!# +4#ic!# u% #% u#$n %n %' di#%! d% un$ c$&&%%&$ $# $+i>n c!! '!# "$&4%&!# d% di#%!. En %' d%#$&&!''! d%' &$+$@! %n%!# '!# di?%&%n%# c4'cu'!# "$&4%&!# u% #% u:i%&!n %n cu%n$ "$&$ %' di#%! d% '$# &u$# d% '$ c$&&%%&$. T$+i>n T$+i>n #% $d@un$ '$ %!&i$ d%#c&i"i:$ d% !d! %' "&!%c! @un! c!n '!# c4'cu'!# &%$'i*$d!# "$&$ %' &$*! d% '$ &u$ '$ %'%cci7n d% '$ %@!& d% %''$# %#"%ci9c$ci!n%# >cnic$# d% '$# "$&id$# u% #% c!n#id%&$n "$&$ '$ %@%cuci7n d%' "&!%c!.
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II.
OBJETIVOS II.1. Objetiv !e"e#$%
S%'%cci!n$& '$ %@!& &u$ "$&$ %' di#%! ;%!>&ic! d% un$ c$&&%%&$.
II.2. Objetiv& e&'e()*(&
D%%&in$ci7n d% '$ !"!;&$?$ d%' "'$n!. T&$*$& &%# &u$# $"'ic$nd! "%ndi%n%# d% $cu%&d! $ '$ !"!;&$?$ d%' %&&%n!. R%$'i*$& '!# c4'cu'!# n%c%#$&i!# "$&$ "!d%& )$''$& %' "!&c%n$@% d% "%ndi%n%# c4'cu'! d% '$ %@!& &u$.
III.
MARCO TEÓRICO DISE+O DE RUTAS III.1. CAMINO O CARRETERA E# un$ ?&$n@$ d% %&&%n! c!n:%ni%n%%n% "&%"$&$d$ d% $cu%&d! $ c$&$c%&#ic$# >cnic$# d!$d$# d% !+&$# $'%# u% "!& %''$ "u%d$n &$n#i$& '!# :%)cu'!# $u!!!&%# $ un$ ci%&$ :%'!cid$d %n '$# %@!&%# c!ndici!n%# d% #%;u&id$d %c!n!$. E5i#%n di:%&#!# i"!# d% c$&&%%&$# $unu% c!'!ui$'%n% #% u#$ %' >&in! c$&&%%&$ "$&$ d%9ni& $ '$ c$&&%%&$ c!n:%nci!n$' u% "u%d% %#$& c!n%c$d$ $ &$:># d% $cc%#!# $ '$# "&!"i%d$d%# c!'ind$n%# di?%&%nci4nd!'$# d% !&! i"! d% c$&&%%&$# '$# $u!:$# $u!"i#$# u% n! "u%d%n %n%& "$#!# c&uc%# $' i#! ni:%'.
III.2. CLASI,ICACIÓN DE LAS CARRETERAS S%;n %' M$nu$' d% Di#%! G%!>&ic! d% C$&&%%&$# -DG281( c'$#i9c$ d% '$ #i;ui%n% $n%&$H
III.2.1. CLASI,ICACIÓN DE ACUERDO A LA DEMANDA A. A-t'i&t$& e 1#$ (%$&e S!n c$&&%%&$# c!n IMDA -Índic% M%di! Di$&i! Anu$' $!& $ /.888 :%)d$ d% c$'*$d$# di:idid$# "!& %di! d% un #%"$&$d!& c%n&$' ni! d% /88 c$d$ un$ d% '$# c$'*$d$# d%+% c!n$& c!n d!# ! 4# c$&&i'%# d% 3/8 d% $nc)! c!! ni! c!n c!n&!' !$' d% $cc%#!# -in;&%#!# #$'id$# u% "&!"!&ci!n$n u@!# :%)icu'$&%# c!ninu!# #in
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c&uc%# ! "$#!# $ ni:%' c!n "u%n%# "%$!n$'%# %n *!n$# u&+$n$#. L$ #u"%&9ci% d% &!d$du&$ d% %#$# c$&&%%&$# d%+% #%& "$:i%n$d$.
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B. A-t'i&t$& e 2$ (%$&e S!n c$&&%%&$# c!n un IMDA %n&% /.888 (.881 :%)d$ d% c$'*$d$# di:idid$# "!& %di! d% un #%"$&$d!& c%n&$' u% "u%d% :$&i$& d% /88 )$#$ 188 %n cu! c$#! #% in#$'$&4 un #i#%$ d% c!n%nci7n :%)icu'$& c$d$ un$ d% '$# c$'*$d$# d%+% c!n$& c!n d!# ! 4# c$&&i'%# d% 3/8 d% $nc)! c!! ni! c!n c!n&!' "$&ci$' d% $cc%#!# -in;&%#!# #$'id$# u% "&!"!&ci!n$n u@!# :%)icu'$&%# c!ninu!# "u%d%n %n%& c&uc%# ! "$#!# :%)icu'$&%# $ ni:%' "u%n%# "%$!n$'%# %n *!n$# u&+$n$#. L$ #u"%&9ci% d% &!d$du&$ d% %#$# c$&&%%&$# d%+% #%& "$:i%n$d$.
C. C$##ete#$& e 1#$. C%$&e S!n c$&&%%&$# c!n un IMDA %n&% (.888 2.881 :%)d$ c!n un$ c$'*$d$ d% d!# c$&&i'%# d% 3/8 d% $nc)! c!! ni!. Pu%d% %n%& c&uc%# ! "$#!# :%)icu'$&%# $ ni:%' %n *!n$# u&+$n$# %# &%c!%nd$+'% u% #% cu%n% c!n "u%n%# "%$!n$'%# ! %n #u d%?%c! c!n di#"!#ii:!# d% #%;u&id$d :i$' u% "%&i$n :%'!cid$d%# d% !"%&$ci7n c!n $!& #%;u&id$d. L$ #u"%&9ci% d% &!d$du&$ d% %#$# c$&&%%&$# d%+% #%& "$:i%n$d$.
D. C$##ete#$& e 2$. C%$&e S!n c$&&%%&$# c!n IMDA %n&% 2.888 (88 :%)d$ c!n un$ c$'*$d$ d% d!# c$&&i'%# d% 338 d% $nc)! c!! ni!. Pu%d% %n%& c&uc%# ! "$#!# :%)icu'$&%# $ ni:%' %n *!n$# u&+$n$# %# &%c!%nd$+'% u% #% cu%n% c!n "u%n%# "%$!n$'%# ! %n #u d%?%c! c!n di#"!#ii:!# d% #%;u&id$d :i$' u% "%&i$n :%'!cid$d%# d% !"%&$ci7n c!n $!& #%;u&id$d. L$ #u"%&9ci% d% &!d$du&$ d% %#$# c$&&%%&$# d%+% #%& "$:i%n$d$.
E. C$##ete#$& e 3#$. C%$&e S!n c$&&%%&$# c!n IMDA %n!&%# $ (88 :%)d$ c!n c$'*$d$ d% d!# c$&&i'%# d% 388 d% $nc)! c!! ni!. D% $n%&$ %5c%"ci!n$' %#$# :$# "!d&4n %n%& c$&&i'%# )$#$ d% 2,8 c!n$nd! c!n %' #u#%n! >cnic! c!&&%#"!ndi%n%.
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E#$#
c$&&%%&$#
"u%d%n
?unci!n$&
c!n
#!'uci!n%#
d%n!in$d$# +4#ic$# ! %c!n7ic$# c!n#i#%n%# %n '$ $"'ic$ci7n d% %#$+i'i*$d!&%# d% #u%'!# %u'#i!n%# $#?4'ic$# ! ic&! "$:i%n!# ! %n $9&$d! %n '$ #u"%&9ci% d% &!d$du&$. En c$#! d% #%& "$:i%n$d$# d%+%&4n cu"'i&#% c!n '$# c!ndici!n%# ;%!>&ic$# %#i"u'$d$# "$&$ '$# c$&&%%&$# d% #%;und$ c'$#%.
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,. T#(/$& ($##0$b%e& S!n :$# &$n#i$+'%# u% n! $'c$n*$n '$# c$&$c%&#ic$# ;%!>&ic$# d% un$ c$&&%%&$ u% "!& '! ;%n%&$' i%n%n un IMDA %n!& $ 288 :%)d$. Su# c$'*$d$# d%+%n %n%& un $nc)! ni! d% (88 %n cu! c$#! #% c!n#&ui&4 %n#$nc)%# d%n!in$d!# "'$*!'%$# d% c&uc% "!& '! %n!# c$d$ ,88 . L$ #u"%&9ci% d% &!d$du&$ "u%d% #%& $9&$d$ ! #in $9&$&.
III.2.2. CLASI,ICACIÓN OR ORORA,A S%;n %' M$nu$' d% Di#%! G%!>&ic! d% C$&&%%&$# -DG281( c'$#i9c$ d% '$ #i;ui%n% $n%&$H
A Te##e" '%$" 4ti' 15 Ti%n% "%ndi%n%# &$n#:%&#$'%# $' %@% d% '$ :$ %n!&%# ! i;u$'%# $' 18K #u# "%ndi%n%# '!n;iudin$'%# #!n "!& '! ;%n%&$' %n!&%# d% &%# "!& ci%n! -3K d%$nd$nd! un ni! d% !:ii%n! d% i%&&$# "!& '! u% n! "&%#%n$ $!&%# di9cu'$d%# %n #u &$*$d!.
. Te##e" "-%$ 4ti' 25 Ti%n% "%ndi%n%# &$n#:%&#$'%# $' %@% d% '$ :$ %n&% 11K ,8K #u# "%ndi%n%# '!n;iudin$'%# #% %ncu%n&$n %n&% 3K / K d%$nd$nd! un !d%&$d! !:ii%n! d% i%&&$# '! u% "%&i% $'in%$i%n!# 4# ! %n!# &%c!# #in $!&%# di9cu'$d%# %n %' &$*$d!.
. Te##e" $((ie"t$ 4ti' 35 Ti%n% "%ndi%n%# &$n#:%&#$'%# $' %@% d% '$ :$ %n&% ,1K %' 188K #u# "%ndi%n%# '!n;iudin$'%# "&%d!in$n%# #% %ncu%n&$n %n&% /K K "!& '! u% &%ui%&% i"!&$n%# !:ii%n!# d% i%&&$# &$*7n "!& '$ cu$' "&%#%n$ di9cu'$d%# %n %' &$*$d!.
I. Te##e" e&($#'$ 4ti' 75 Ti%n% "%ndi%n%# &$n#:%&#$'%# $' %@% d% '$ :$ #u"%&i!&%# $' 188K #u# "%ndi%n%# '!n;iudin$'%# %5c%"ci!n$'%# #!n #u"%&i!&%# $' K %5i;i%nd! %' 45i! d% !:ii%n! d%
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i%&&$# &$*7n "!& '$ cu$' "&%#%n$ ;&$nd%# di9cu'$d%# %n #u &$*$d!.
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III.3. NDICE MEDIO DIARIO ANUAL 4IMDA5 R%"&%#%n$ %' "&!%di! $&i>ic! d% '!# :!'%n%# di$&i!# "$&$ !d!# '!# d$# d%' $! "&%:i#i+'% ! %5i#%n% %n un$ #%cci7n d$d$ d% '$ :$. Su c!n!cii%n! d$ un$ id%$ cu$ni$i:$ d% '$ i"!&$nci$ d% '$ :$ %n '$ #%cci7n c!n#id%&$d$ "%&i% &%$'i*$& '!# c4'cu'!# d% ?$ci+i'id$d %c!n7ic$. L!# :$'!&%# d% IMDA "$&$ &$!# %#"%c9c!# d% c$&&%%&$ "&!"!&ci!n$n $' "&!%ci#$ '$ in?!&$ci7n n%c%#$&i$ "$&$ d%%&in$& '$# c$&$c%&#ic$# d% di#%! d% '$ c$&&%%&$ #u c'$#i9c$ci7n d%#$&&!''$& '!# "&!;&$$# d% %@!&$# $n%nii%n!. L!# :$'!&%# :%)cu'!d$ #!n i"!&$n%# "$&$ %:$'u$& '!# "&!;&$$# d% #%;u&id$d %di& %' #%&:ici! "&!"!&ci!n$d! "!& %' &$n#"!&% %n c$&&%%&$. L$ c$&&%%&$ #% di#%$ "$&$ un :!'u%n d% &4n#i! u% #% d%%&in$ c!! d%$nd$ di$&i$ "&!%di! $ #%&:i& )$#$ %' 9n$' d%' "%&!d! d% di#%! c$'cu'$d! c!! %' n%&! d% :%)cu'!# "&!%di! u% ui'i*$n '$ :$ "!& d$ $cu$'%n% u% #% inc&%%n$ c!n un$ $#$ d% c&%cii%n! $nu$'.
III.7. VELOCIDAD DE DISE+O E# '$ :%'!cid$d %#c!;id$ "$&$ %' di#%! %n%ndi>nd!#% u% #%&4 '$ 45i$ u% #% "!d&4 $n%n%& c!n #%;u&id$d c!!did$d #!+&% un$ #%cci7n d%%&in$d$ d% '$ c$&&%%&$ cu$nd! '$# ci&cun#$nci$# #%$n ?$:!&$+'%# "$&$ u% "&%:$'%*c$n '$# c!ndici!n%# d% di#%!. En %' "&!c%#! d% $#i;n$ci7n d% '$ V%'!cid$d d% Di#%! #% d%+% !!&;$& '$ 45i$ "&i!&id$d $ '$ #%;u&id$d :i$' d% '!# u#u$&i!#. P!& %''! '$ :%'!cid$d d% di#%! $ '! '$&;! d%' &$*$d! d%+% #%& $' u% '!# c!nduc!&%# n! #%$n #!&"&%ndid!# "!& c$+i!# +&u#c!# ! u ?&%cu%n%# %n '$ :%'!cid$d $ '$ u% "u%d%n &%$'i*$& c!n #%;u&id$d %' &%c!&&id!. E#$ :%'!cid$d d%n!in$d$ V%'!cid$d d% Di#%! d%' &$! )!!;>n%! %# '$ +$#% "$&$ '$ d%9nici7n d% '$# c$&$c%&#ic$# d% '!# %'%%n!# ;%!>&ic!# inc'uid!# %n dic)! &$!. P$&$ id%ni9c$& '!# &$!# )!!;>n%!# %#$+'%c%& #u V%'!cid$d d% Di#%! #% d%+% $%nd%& $ '!# #i;ui%n%# c&i%&i!#H
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15 L$ '!n;iud ni$ d% un &$! d% c$&&%%&$ c!n un$ :%'!cid$d d% di#%! d$d$ d%+% #%& d% &%# -38 i'7%&!# "$&$ :%'!cid$d%# %n&% :%in% cincu%n$ i'7%&!# "!& )!&$ -28 ,8 ) d% cu$&! -(8 i'7%&!# "$&$ :%'!cid$d%# %n&% #%#%n$ ci%n! :%in% i'7%&!# "!& )!&$ -/8 128 ).
25 L$ di?%&%nci$ d% '$ V%'!cid$d d% Di#%! %n&% &$!# $d$c%n%# n! d%+% #%& $!& $ :%in% i'7%&!# "!& )!&$ -28 ). N! !+#$n% '! $n%&i!& #i d%+id! $ un $&c$d! c$+i! %n %' i"! d% %&&%n! %n un c!&! #%c!& d% '$ &u$ %# n%c%#$&i! %#$+'%c%& un &$! c!n '!n;iud %n!& $ '$ %#"%ci9c$d$ '$ di?%&%nci$ d% #u V%'!cid$d d% Di#%! c!n '$ d% '!# &$!# $d$c%n%# n! d%+%&4 #%& $!& d% di%* i'7%&!# "!& )!&$ -18 ).
T$b%$ 81 Rangos de la Velocidad de Diseño en función a la clasicación de la carretera por demanda y orografía.
16
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III.9. ENDIENTES A
H
ø
B
DH
Pendiente
=
Tg Ø
H =
DH
x 100
E' %"'%! d% '$# "%ndi%n%# "$&$ '!# di?%&%n%# &$!# d% un &$*$d! d%+% #%& !+@%! d% $%n! %#udi! "!& "$&% d%' "&!%ci#$ "&!c%d%&4n $ '$# c!"$&$ci!n%# n%c%#$&i$# %5"'ic$&$ '$ %'%cci7n n%c%#$&i$. E#! incu+% %' "&!%ci#$ '$ !+'i;$ci7n d% d%!#&$& u% '$ #!'uci7n %'%;id$ %# '$ %@!& u% !&$# "!#i+'%# #in #u"%&$& '!# :$'!&%# 45i!#. A' %?%cu$& '$ %'%cci7n %' "&!%ci#$ %nd&4 %n cu%n$ '$ inu%nci$ d% '$ "%ndi%n% #!+&% %' c!#! d% '$ c!n#&ucci7n d% '$ c$&&%%&$ $n! "!& '! u% #% &%9%&% $ '!# $!&%# c!#!# %n c!n%5i7n c!n '!# d%#$&&!''!# u% ;%n%&$'%n% $' %"'%! d% un$ "%ndi%n% %n!& c!! "!& '! &%?%&%n% $ '!# c!#!# 4# $'!# u% "!d&$n d%&i:$& d%' %"'%! c!ninu! d% '$ "%ndi%n% indic$d$ c!! 45i$.
III.9.1. e"ie"te M)"i:$ E# c!n:%ni%n% "&!:%%& un$ "%ndi%n% ni$ d%' !&d%n d% 8,K $ 9n d% $#%;u&$& %n !d! "un! d% '$ c$'*$d$ un d&%n$@% d% '$# $;u$# #u"%&9ci$'%#. S% "u%d%n "&%#%n$& '!# #i;ui%n%# c$#!# "$&icu'$&%#H
Si '$ c$'*$d$ "!#%% un +!+%! d% 2K n! %5i#%n +%&$# ! cun%$# #% "!d&4 $d!"$& %5c%"ci!n$'%n% #%c!&%# c!n
"%ndi%n%# d% )$#$ 82K. Si %' +!+%! %# d% 2,K %5c%"ci!n$'%n% "!d&4 $d!"$&#% "%ndi%n%# i;u$'%# $ c%&!.
16
Si %5i#%n +%&$# '$ "%ndi%n% ni$ d%#%$+'% #%&4 d%
8,K '$ ni$ %5c%"ci!n$' d% 83,K. En *!n$# d% &$n#ici7n d% "%&$'% %n u% '$ "%ndi%n% &$n#:%&#$' #% $nu'$ '$ "%ndi%n% ni$ d%+%&4 #%& d% 8,K.
16
III.9.2. e"ie"te M;
En *!n$# d% $'iud #u"%&i!& $ '!# 3.888 #n '!# :$'!&%#
45i!# d% '$ T$b%$ 82 #% &%duci&4n %n 1K "$&$ %&&%n!#
$ccid%n$d!# ! %#c$&"$d!#. En $u!"i#$# '$# "%ndi%n%# d% +$@$d$ "!d&4n #u"%&$&
)$#$ %n un 2K '!# 45i!# %#$+'%cid!# %n '$ T$b%$ 82.
T$b%$ 82 Pendientes máximas (%
III.9.3. e"ie"te M;cnic$ %c!n7ic$%n% '$ n%c%#id$d d% dic)! inc&%%n!. P$&$ c$&&%%&$# d% T%&c%&$ C'$#% d%+%&4n %n%&#% %n cu%n$ $d%4# '$# #i;ui%n%# c!n#id%&$ci!n%#H
En %' c$#! d% $#c%n#! c!ninu! cu$nd! '$ "%ndi%n% #%$ $!& d%' ,K #% "&!%c$&4 4# ! %n!# c$d$ &%# i'7%&!# un &$! d% d%#c$n#! d% un$ '!n;iud n! %n!& d% ,88 c!n "%ndi%n% n! $!& d% 2K. L$ ?&%cu%nci$ '$ u+ic$ci7n d% dic)!# &$!# d% d%#c$n#! c!n$&4 c!n '$ c!&&%#"!ndi%n% %:$'u$ci7n >cnic$ %c!n7ic$.
16
En ;%n%&$' cu$nd! #% %"'%%n "%ndi%n%# $!&%# $ 18K
'!# &$!# c!n $'%# "%ndi%n%# n! %5c%d%&4n d% 18 . L$ 45i$ "%ndi%n% "&!%di! %n &$!# d% '!n;iud $!&
$ 2.888 n! d%+% #u"%&$& %' /K. En cu&:$# c!n &$di!# %n!&%# $ ,8 d% '!n;iud d%+% %:i$&#% "%ndi%n%# $!&%# $ K "$&$ %:i$& u% '$# "%ndi%n%# d%' '$d! in%&i!& d% '$ cu&:$ #% inc&%%n%n #i;ni9c$i:$%n%.
III.9.7. e"ie"te& E("=:i($& S!n $u%''$# u% "%&i%n $' :%)cu'! #$'i& $ '$ :%'!cid$d 4# %9ci%n% d% '$ $uin$ c!n %' %n!& c!n#u! d% c!+u#i+'% 'u+&ic$n% d%#c%nd%& #in n%c%#id$d d% u#$& '!# ?&%n!# #in n%c%#id$d d% $'c$n*$& un$ :%'!cid$d %5c%#i:$ !d! %#! c!n %' 9n d% &%duci& %' d%#;$#% %c4nic! d% n%u4ic!. S% )$ d%!#&$d! u% '$# "%ndi%n%# 4# %c!n7ic$# %# '$ u% +!&d%$ %' 3K "!&u% %n un! u !&! #%nid! '$ :%'!cid$d d% !"%&$ci7n %# "&4cic$%n% '$ i#$.
III.6. EL RECONOCIMIENTO DEL TERRENO III.6.1. -"t& De C"t#% S% ''$$ "un! !+'i;$d!# d% "$#! $ !d! "un! "!& %' cu$' %' &$*! d% c$&&%%&$# #% !+'i;$ $ c&u*$& "!& %@%"'! '$# $+&$#. E# n%c%#$&i! u% $n%# d% inici$& %' %#udi! #% d%+% id%ni9c$& ! d%#cu+&i& '!# "un!# d% c!n&!'.
III.6.2. C%$&e& De -"t& De C"t#% A -"t& e C"t#% N$t-#$%e& S!n "un!# "&!duc! d% '$ n$u&$'%*$ $'%# c!!H A+&$# ! "un! d% "$#! %n&% d!# cu%nc$# '$d%&$# $"&!"i$d$# "$&$ %' &$*! *!n$# &!c!#$# "$n$n!# -n! $d%cu$d! "$&$ %' &$*!.
16
A
P1
P2 1
2
1> 2 Puntos Cima de Cerros A 1> 2
Abra Posibles rutas de trazo
?Ab#$. S!n "un!# i"!&$n%# d% '$ !"!;&$?$ d%' %&&%n! u% #% +u#c$ "$&$ "$#$& d% un$ cu%nc$ $ !&$. T!d$ A+&$ "$&$ #%& ui'i*$d$ d%+% cu"'i& c!n '!# #i;ui%n%# &%ui#i!#H u% %n;$ %n!& %'%:$ci7n &%#"%c! $ '$# $+&$# "&75i$#. u% %n;$ %n!& $nc)u&$. u% %n;$ $cc%#!# ?$:!&$+'%#. u% #% $"&!5i% 4# $ '$ di&%cci7n d%' &$*!.
B -"t& e C"t#% A#ti*(i$% S!n "un!# )%c)!# "!& %' )!+&% c!! "u%+'!# ciud$d%# *!n$# $&u%!'7;ic$# "u%n%# $'c$n$&i''$#
C -"t e C"t#% &itiv Pun!# u% $&$%n %' &$*! d% '$ c$&&%%&$ d%+id! $ !!&;$n ?$ci'id$d "$&$ '$ u+ic$ci7n d% cu&:$# "u%n%# $'c$n$&i''$# %c. d%n&! d% %#!# #% %ncu%n&$n '$# $+&$# cu%''!# %n &!# '$d%&$# $"&!"i$d$# "$&$ %' &$*!.
D -"t e C"t#% Ne!$tiv G%n%&$'%n% #!n )%c)!# "!& '$ n$u&$'%*$ u% di9cu'$n ! i"id%n %' &$*! d% '$ c$&&%%&$ d%n&! d% %#!# "un!# #% i%n%
'!#
"$n$n!#
*!n$#
&!c!#$#
c%%n%&i!# c$#$# d% c$"%#in!#.
16
*!n$#
$;&c!'$#
L!# "un!# d% c!n&!' n%;$i:!# "u%d%n #%& Pun!# d% C!n&!' N$u&$'%#
N%;$i:!#
Pun!#
d%
C!n&!'
A&i9ci$'%#
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IV.
M$te#i$%e&
V.
P'$n! !"!;&49c!H $ %#c$'$ 12888 c!n %uidi#$nci$ d% cu&:$# d% ni:%' d% 2.,8 . C!"$#. R%;'$# i'i%&$d$#. L4"ic%# d% di?%&%n%# c!'!&%#. B!&&$d!&. C$'cu'$d!&$. L$"!".
C;%(-%& V.1. CALCULO DE LA ABERTURA DE COMÁS
L!# c4'cu'!# #% %ncu%n&$n %n '$# $+'$# d% #%'%cci7n d% &u$#. R%c!&d$nd! u% %n%!# u% u'i"'ic$& "!& '$ %#c$'$ "$&$ !+%n%& %did$# &%$'%#.
V.2. CLASI,ICACIÓN DEL TERRENO DE ACUERDO A LA ORORA,A T$b%$ 83 !rografía del terreno en estudio
CORT E AA BB CC DD
COTAS INICIAL 238 23/8 2388 238
,INAL 238 23,8 2318 238
D
@/ 18 18 18 18
PAPEL 1./, 1., 2./1 1.
16
REAL 33 31./ ,2.2 3(
OROGRAFÍ A
38K 32K 16K 26K
Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$
EE FF GG II JJ QQ LL MM NN OO
2(18 238 238 238 2328 2318 23(8 23/8 2338 23,8 2318
2(28 2368 238 238 2318 2328 23,8 238 23(8 23/8 2328
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
2./1 1. 2 2.3 1., 1.1 1., 1.,6 1.61 1. 1.(3
,2.2 3/ (8 (/ 38 3/.2 38 31. 3.2 3/ 2./ PROMEDIO
16K 2K 2,K 22K 33K 2K 33K 31K 2/K 2K 3,K 2K
Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$ Ondu'$d$
Podemos concluir que si obtenemos una orografía de tipo ondulado (tipo 2), la norma D" #$&' nos dice que debemos tener en cuenta pendientes entre 3 y 6!
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V.3. TRAO DE RUTAS En %' d%#$&&!''! d%' &$+$@! #% %n$ u% &$*$& &%# &u$# %n %' "'$n! '$# cu$'%# i%n%n un c!'!& $ c$d$ un$H ;&i# $*u' &!@$. D%#d% un "un! inici$' A -COTA233, .#.n. )$#$ un "un! 9n$' -COTA2(2., .#.n.. %ni%nd! %n cu%n$ '$ :%'!cid$d d% di#%! d% ,8 ) c!n un$ "%ndi%n% 45i$ d% K "$&$ %&&%n! !ndu'$d! #%;n '$ T$b%$
82> #%;n '$ n!&$ DG 281( d%+%!# &$+$@$& d% 3 $ /K "$&$ '! cu$' #% d%+i7 )$c%& c4'cu'!# d% "%ndi%n%# d%9ni& '!# "un!# !+'i;$d!# d% "$#!. L$# cu$'%# d%#c&i+i&%!# $ c!ninu$ci7n %n %' #i;ui%n% cu$d&! "$&$ c$d$ &u$H
"#$%&A ' *&A+ -. *&./ &%*A/ ($&#/, A+%0 1 &)
16
S media ( ) =
192.5 4415.6
S media ( ) =
S media ( ) =
237.5 6520
167.5 5264
x 100 =4.36
x 100=3.64
x 100= 3.18
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V.7. ELECCIÓN DE LA MEJOR RUTA V.7.1.Mt e %& e&& Ab&%-t&
V.7.2.Mt e %& e&& Re%$tiv&
M%di$n% '!# d!# >!d!# d% "%#!# $+#!'u!# &%'$i:!# #% %#c!;i7 $ '$ %@!& &u$ u% %# '$ RUTA GRIS.
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VI. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES S% '!;&7 #%'%cci!n$& '$ %@!& &u$ %di$n% %' >!d! d% P%#!# A+#!'u!# &%'$i:!#. S% '!;&$&!n di#%$& '$# &%# &u$# %"'%$nd! '$# 'n%$# d% ;&$di%n%. S% '!;&7 &%c!n!c%& '$# $+&$# %5i#%n%# u% #!n "un!# d% "$#! '!# cu$'%# ?$ci'i$&!n %' n!&$' d%#$&&!''! d% '$# &u$#. S% &$7 d% +u#c$& "un!# c'$:%# %n '!# +!&d%# d%' &i! "$&$ &$*$& '!# "u%n%# '!# cu$'%# ?u%&!n '$# "$&%# 4# $n;!#$# d%' &i!. N! &%$'i*$& cu&:$# d% :u%'$ %n &$!# d%$#i$d! c!&!# "!&u% "!d&$n !c$#i!n$& #u"%&"!#ici7n d% #%cci!n%# &$n#:%&#$'%#. Du&$n% '$ &%$'i*$ci7n d%' &$*! %n %' "'$n! #% "ud! di#in;ui& '$# "$&%# $"&!"i$d$# "$&$ &%$'i*$& '$# cu&:$# d% :u%'$ %n un d%#$&&!''!.
S% $#ui7 !+&$# d% $&% c!! $'c$n$&i''$# $"&!5i4nd!#% $ '$ !"!;&$?$ $ u% n! )$+$ "&%#%nci$ d% u%+&$d$# ! &i$c)u%'!# "$&$ "!d%& c!"%n#$& '!# &%#"%ci:!# "%#!# d% c$d$ c$&$c%&#ic$ d% c$d$ un$ d% '$# &u$#.
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