Bit merupakan tanaman umbi biennial (tanaman yang memiliki siklus 12 hingga 24 bulan) dari wilayah beriklim sedang (temperate). Tanaman ini menghasilkan gula selama tahun pertama pertumbuhan dan ke...
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Latar Belakang Belakang Sumber gula di Indonesia Indonesia sejak sejak masa lampau adalah cairan bunga cairan bunga (nira nira kelapa a!au enau"" ser!a cairan ba!ang !ebu# $ebu adalah !umbuhan asli dari Nusan!ara enau dari Nusan!ara"" !eru!ama di bagian !imur# %e!ika orang&orang Belanda Belanda mulai mulai membuka koloni di Pulau 'aa kebun&kebun 'aa kebun&kebun !ebu monokul!ur mulai dibuka oleh !uan&!uan !uan&!uan !anah pada !anah pada abad ke&)*" per!ama di seki!ar Ba!a+ia Ba!a+ia"" lalu berkembang ke arah !imur# Puncak kegemilangan perkebunan !ebu dicapai pada !ahun&!ahun aal ),-.&an" dengan )*, pabrik pengolahan dan produksi !iga ju!a !on gula per !ahun# Penurunan harga gula akiba! krisis ekonomi meron!okkan indus!ri ini dan pada akhir dekade han/a !ersisa -0 pabrik dengan produksi 0.. ribu !on gula per !ahun# Si!uasi agak pulih menjelang Perang Pasi1ik " dengan ,- pabrik pabrik dan prduksi prduksi )"0 ju!a !on# Seusai Perang Dunia II" II" !ersisa -. pabrik ak!i1# $ahun ),0.&an men/aksikan ak!i+i!as baru sehingga Indonesia menjadi ekspor!ir ne!!o# Pada !ahun !ahun ),0* semua semua pabrik pabrik gula gula dinasi dinasional onalisa isasi si dan pemeri pemerin!a n!ah h sanga! sanga! meregul meregulasi asi indus!ri ini# Sejak ),2* hingga sekarang Indonesia kembali menjadi impor!ir gula# 1.2 Rumusan Rumusan Masalah Masalah Apa i!u gula 3 • Apa saja jenis 4 jenis dari gula 3 • Apa saja bahan baku"komposisi gula dan reaksi kimia dari pembua!an gula 3 • Apa saja si1a! 1isik dan kimia bahan baku produk 3 • Apa saja man1aa! produk 3 • Bagaimana proses pembua!an gula 3 • Blok Diagram Pembua!an 5ula • 6loshee! Pembua!an 5ula • Apa saja 1ungsi dari ala! 4 ala! pembua!an gula 3 • 1.3 Tu Tujuan juan 7enge!ahui proses pembua!an gula 7enge!ahui cara membaca 1loshee! dari sua!u indus!r/ pabrik
BAB II 1
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PE7BAHASAN 2.1 Pengertian Gula Gula adalah suatu karbohidrat karbohidrat sederhana sederhana yang menjadi sumber energi dan komoditi perdag perdagang angan an utama. utama. Gula Gula paling paling banyak banyak diper diperdag dagan angka gkan n dalam dalam bentuk bentuk kristal sukrosa padat. sukrosa padat.
2.2 Jenis – Jenis Gula 1. Gul Gula Me Merah rah 5ula merah a!au gula 'aa biasan/a diasosiasikan dengan segala jenis gula /ang dibua! dari nira"" /ai!u cairan /ang dikeluarkan nira dikeluarkan dari bunga pohon dari keluarga keluarga palma" seper!i kelapa kelapa"" aren"" dan sialan aren sialan## 5ula merah /ang dipasarkan dalam ben!uk bubuk curah disebu! sebagai gula semu!# semu!# 8# 5ula $e $ebu 5ula !ebu keban/akan dipasarkan dalam ben!uk gula kris!al curah# Per!ama !ama bahan men!ah dihancurkan dan diperas" sarin/a dikumpulkan dan disaring" cairan /ang !erben!uk kemudia kemudian n di!amb di!ambahka ahkan n bahan bahan !ambaha !ambahan n (biasa (biasan/a n/a menggun menggunaka akan n kalsi kalsium um oksida oksida un!uk menghilangkan ke!idakkemurnian" campuran !ersebu! kemudian dipu!ihkan dengan belerang dengan belerang dioksida## 9ampu dioksida 9ampura ran n /ang /ang !erb !erben! en!uk uk kemud kemudia ian n didi dididi dihk hkan an"" endap endapan an dan samp sampah ah /ang /ang mengamb mengambang ang kemudi kemudian an dapa! dapa! dipisa dipisahkan hkan## Se!ela Se!elah h cukup cukup murni" murni" cairan cairan diding didingink inkan an dan dikris dikris!al !alkan kan (biasa (biasan/a n/a sambil sambil diaduk diaduk un!uk un!uk memprod memproduks uksii gula gula /ang dapa! dapa! di!uang di!uang ke ce!akan# Sebuah mesin sen!ri1ugal juga sen!ri1ugal juga dapa! digunakan pada proses kris!alisasi# -# 5ula Ba!u 5ula ba!u adalah gula !ebu /ang !idak melalui !ahap kris!alisasi# 5ula ko!ak:blok adalah gula kris!al lembu! /ang dipres dalam ben!uk dadu# 5ula men!ah (raw (raw sugar adalah gula kris!al /ang dibua! !anpa melalui proses pemu!ihan dengan belerang# ;arnan/a agak kecokla!an karena masih mengandung molase molase## <# 5ula Bi! Se!elah dicuci" bi! kemudian di po!ong po!ong dan gulan/a kemudian di eks!raksi dengan air panas pada sebuah diffuse# diffuse# Pemurnian kemudian di!angani dengan menambahkan laru!an kalsium oksida oksida da dan karbon dioksida# dioksida# Se!elah pen/aringan campuran /ang !erben!uk lalu dididi dididihka hkan n hingga hingga kandunga kandungan n air /ang /ang !ersis !ersisaa han/a han/a !ingga !inggall -.= saja# saja# 5ula 5ula kemudi kemudian an
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digunak digunakan an un!uk un!uk makanan makanan !ernak dan dengan i!u !erben!uklah gula pu!ih /ang kemudian disaring ke dalam !ingka! kuali!as !er!en!u un!uk kemudian dijual# 2.3 Bahan Baku Pembuatan Gula Tebu
Berb Berbaga agaii sumb sumber er u!am u!amaa gula gula /ang /ang beras berasal al dari dari berba berbagai gai macam macam !anam !anaman an"" /ang /ang dapa dapa!! digolongkan sebagai penghasil gula an!ara lain > !ebu" bee!" kelapa aren (enau# Un!uk daerah !ropis !ebu merupakan !anaman u!ama sebagai penghasil gula" disamping kelapa dan enau# $ebu mengandung karbohidra! /ang !erjadi dalam !anaman karena proses 1o!osin!esa# Komposisi Gula Terdiri dari karbohidra!&karbohidra! /akni monosakarida (sukrosa? glukosa" 1ruk!osa" disakarida (sakharosa" dan polisakharida (selulosa# Komposisi Tebu
$ebu mengandung karbohidra! /ang !erjadi dalam !anaman karena proses 1o!osin!esa# Komponen !ir &erat !mpas 'at kering terlarut Komposisi )at kering terlarut &ukrosa Glukosa *ruktosa Garam organik bebas 'at$)at lain
Dalam 1o!osin!esa !erjadi reaksi an!ara 9@8 dan H8@ diban!u !enaga sinar ma!ahari dan a! hijau daun (khloro1il menghasilkan karbohidra! monosakarida# /02 20 kalori
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Ben!uk
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2.& Bahan Penunjang
Bahan Bahan penunj penunjang ang adalah adalah bahan bahan 4 bahan bahan kimia kimia /ang di!amb di!ambahka ahkan n un!uk un!uk memban! memban!u u proses proses pengolahan !ebu menjadi gula dan menunjang kuali!as gula /ang akan dihasilkan# a#%apur:susu kapur Susu Susu kapur kapur adal adalah ah baha bahan n pemb pemban an!u !u /ang /ang ber1u ber1ung ngsi si un!uk un!uk mene mene!r !ral alkan kan nira nira"m "men enceg cegah ah !erben!ukn/ !erben!ukn/aa in+ersi in+ersi gula"menaikkan gula"menaikkan pH dan memben!uk memben!uk endapan ko!oran ko!oran dalam nira#Pada P5 9in!a 7anis kapur /ang digunakan adalah H/dra!e Lime a!au Lime H/dra!eed /ang berben!uk poder:bubuk kapur /ang diperoleh dengan cara me mbeli dari luar a!au dis!ribu!or kapur dengan kadar 9a@ harus lebih dari ,. =#Pada pengunaann/a kapur diubah !erlebih dahulu menjadi susu kapur /ang dibua! dengan cara menambahkan air pada kapur#eaksi /ang !erjadi /ai!u > 9a@(s H8@(l 9a(@H 8(l kalori#
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EFhaus EFhaus!er !er /ang dipasang dipasang pada Sulfur Sulfur Tower Tower dan !erben!uk !erben!uk gas sul1ur sul1ur dioksida#ea dioksida#eaksi ksi /ang !erjadi > S @8 ˃ S@8 dijaga pada suhu 80. G9#
c#6lokulan 6lokulan adalah jenis bahan kimia /ang dapa! menggumpalkan ko!oran dalam nira#'enis 1lokulan /ang digunakan di P5 9in!a 7anis adalah jenis 1lokulan anionic seper!i Amyfloc seper!i Amyfloc dan Superfloc A8)8. (anionik#Dosis penambahan 1lokulan harus !epa! /ai!u 8&- ppm"karena apabila !erlalu ban/ak dapa! mengakiba!kan par!ikel diselubungi oleh 1lokulan sehingga penggumpalan !idak !erjadi "sedangkan apabila !erlalu sediki! mengakiba!kan !idak !erjadin/a penggumpalan karena !erlalu lemahn/a !i!ik hubungan an!ar benang 1lokulan#6lokulan ini di!ambahkan sebelum nira /ang akan diendapkan masuk ke dalam Single Tray Clarifier (S$9# d#Asam Phospa! H-P@< adalah pemban!u /ang digunakan dan dicampurkan pada nira men!ah di !angki nira !er!imbang pada uni! operasi puri1ikasi#$ujuan pemberian asam phospa! cair ini adalah un!uk menambah kadar phospa! pada nira men!ah"sehingga dalam proses pemurnian dapa! dengan mudah !erben!uk endapan %alsium Phospa! (endapan in!i /ang dapa! men/erap arna# 2.6 Manfaat Produk (Gula) •
5ula 5ula digun digunak akan an un!u un!uk k meng menguba ubah h rasa rasa menjadi manis dan kead keadaan aan maka makanan nan a!au a!au
•
minuman# minuman# 5ula 5ula sede sederh rhana ana"" sepe seper! r!ii glukosa (/ang (/ang diprod diproduks uksii dari dari sukros sukrosaa dengan dengan enim enim a!au a!au
hidrolisis asam" men/impan energi energi /ang /ang akan digunakan oleh sel sel## 2.' Ma(am ) Ma(am Proses Pembuatan gula 1. Penimbangan
Sebelum di!ampung !ebu !erlebih dahulu di!imbang dan din/a!akan dalam angka bula! kuin!al# Perhi!ungan harus dilakukan dengan cerma! karena angka !imbangan merupakan angka masukan /ang per!ama dalam perhi!ungan angka&angka hasil pengolahan# $empa! penampungan !ebu semen!ara disebu! dengan emplacemen! (%un!ardir/o" ),,*# 2. Penggilingan
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dari dari a!&a! a!&a! bukan bukan gula gula dengan dengan pemanas pemanasan an dan penamb penambahan ahan a! kimia# kimia#Sed Sedangk angkan an ampas ampas digunakan bahan ke!el uap#
-# Pem Pemurni urnian an Nira Nira Pelaksanaan pemurnian dalam pembua!an gula dibedakan menjadi - macam /ai!u > a# Proses De1ekasi Pemurnian Pemurnian cara de1ekasi de1ekasi adalah cara pemurnian /ang paling sederhana" sederhana" bahan pemban!u pemban!u han/a berupa kapur !ohor# %apur !ohor han/a digunakan un!uk mene!ralkan asam&asam /ang !erdapa! dalam nira# Nira /ang !elah diperoleh dari mesin penggiling diberi kapur sampai diperoleh harga pH sediki! alkalis (pH *"8# Nira /ang !elah diberi kapur kemudian dipanaskan sampai mendidih# Endapan /ang !erjadi dipisahkan# b# Proses Sul1i!asi Pada pemurnian cara sul1i!asi sul1i!asi pemberian kapur berlebihan# berlebihan# %elebihan kapur ini dine!ralkan dine!ralkan kembali kembali dengan gas sul1i!e# Penambahan Penambahan gas S@8 men/ebabkan > S@8 bergabung dengan 9a@ memben!uk 9aS@- /ang mengendap# S@8 memperlamba! reaksi an!ara asam amino dan gula reduksi /ang dapa! mengakiba!kan !erben!ukn/a a! arna gelap# S@8 dalam laru!an asam dapa! mereduksi ion 1erri sehingga menurunkan e1ek oksidasi# Pelaksanaan proses sul1i!asi adalah sebagai beriku! > Sul1i!asi dingin Nira men!ah disul1i!asi sampai pH -" kemudian diberi kapur sampai pH *# Se!elah i!u dipanaskan sampai mendidih dan ko!orann/a diendapkan# Sul1i!asi panas Pada proses sul1i!asi !erben!uk garam 9aS@- /ang lebih mudah laru! dalam keadaan dingin" sehingga a!u dipanaskan akan !erjadi endapan pada pipa pemanas# Un!uk mencegah hal ini pelaksanaan proses sul1i!asi dimodi1ikasi sebagai beriku! > Dimulai dengan nira men!ah /ang dipanaskan dipanaskan sampai sampai mendidih mendidih dan akhirn/a akhirn/a diendapkan# diendapkan# Pada suhu kira&kira kira&kira *09 kelaru!an 9aS@- paling kecil#
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samp sampai ai * 4 *"8 dila dilanj nju! u!kan kan denga dengan n pema pemana nasa san n deng dengan an pemana pemanasa san n samp sampai ai mend mendidi idih h dan dan pengendapan#
Pelaksanaan sul1i!asi dipandang dari sudu! kimia menjadi - /a i!u > Sul1i!asi Asam Nira men!ah disul1i!asi dengan de ngan S@8 sehingga dicapai pH nira -"8# Sesudah sul1i!asi nira diberi laru!an kapur sehingga pH *". 4 *"-# Sul1i!asi Alkalis Pemberian laru!an kapur sehingga pH nira )."0 dan sesudah i!u diberi S@8 pH nira menjadi *". 4 *"-# (Halim %" ),*- c# Proses %arbona! 9ara ini merupakan cara /ang paling baik dibandingkan dengan kedua cara dia!as# Sebagai bahan pemban!u un!uk pemurnian nira adalah susu kapur dan gas 9@8# Pemberian susu kapur berlebihan kemudian di!ambah gas 9@8 /ang berguna un!uk mene!ralkan kelebihan susu sehingga ko!oran&ko!oran /ang !erdapa! dalam nira akan diika!# eaksi > 9a (@H8 J 9a9@- H8@ %arena !erben!ukn/a endapan 9a9@- ban/ak maka endapan dapa! dengan mudah dipisahkan# (E# Hugo!" ),2.
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Proses pengkris!alan adalah salah sa!u langkah dalam rangkaian proses di pabrik gula dimana akan dikerjakan pengkris!alan gula dari laru!an /ang mengandung gula# Dalam laru!an encer jarak an!ara molekul sa!u dengan /ang lain masih cukup besar# Pada proses penguapan jarak an!ara masing&masing molekul dalam laru!an !ersebu! saling mendeka!# Apabila jarakn/a sudah cukup cukup deka! deka! masi masing ng&m &mas asin ing g mole molekul kul dapa dapa!! sali saling ng !ari !arik k mena menari rik# k# Apabil pabilaa pada pada saa! saa! i!u i!u diseki!arn/a !erdapa! sakharosa /ang melaru! dan molekul sakharosa /ang menempel" keadaan ini disebu! sebagai laru!an jenuh# Pada !ahap selanju!n/a" bila kepeka!an naik maka molekul&molekul dalam laru!an akan dapa! saling saling bergabung bergabung dan memben!uk memben!uk ran!ai&ran! ran!ai&ran!ai ai molekul molekul sakharosa# sakharosa# Sedangkan pada pemeka!an lebih lebih !inggi !inggi maka maka ran!ai ran!ai&ra &ran!a n!aii sakhar sakharosa osa !erseb !ersebu! u! akan akan dapa! dapa! saling saling bergab bergabung ung pula pula dan memben!uk sua!u kerangka a!au pola %ris!al sakharosa# 2# Penge ngeringan gan 5ula /ang keluar dari ala! pemu!ar di!ampung dalam ala! ge!ar (!alang go/ang# $alang go/ang ini selain ber1ungsi sebagai ala! pengangku!" dan juga sebagai ala! pengering gula# Pengeringan ini menggunakan udara /ang dihembuskan dihembuskan dari baah" hal ini dimaksudkan dimaksudkan un!uk mengurangi mengurangi kadar kadar air dalam dalam gula# gula# Se!ela Se!elah h pengeri pengeringan ngan gula gula dimasu dimasukka kkan n dalam dalam karung karung dan disimp disimpan an digudang# 2.* #iagram Blok Proses Pembuatan Gula
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gula pu!ih a!au SHS (Superieure Hoo1d Sumber#Proses ini menggunakan !abung de1eka!or" ala! pengendap dan saringan o!ar/ Cacuum 6il!er dan bahan pemurniann/a adalah kapur k apur !ohor dan gas sul1i! sul1i! dari hasil pembakaran#7u pembakaran#7ula&m la&mula ula nira men!ah di!imbang" di!imbang" dipanaskan" dipanaskan" direaksikan direaksikan dengan susu kapur dalam de1eka!or" de1eka!or" kemudian kemudian diberi gas S@8 dalam pe!i sul1i!asi" sul1i!asi" dipanaskan dipanaskan dan dan dien dienda dapka pkan n dala dalam m ala! ala! penge pengenda ndap# p# Nira Nira ko!o ko!orr /ang /ang diend diendap apkan kan kemudi kemudian an disa disari ring ng menggunakan menggunakan o!ar/ Ca Caccum 6il!er#Da 6il!er#Dari ri proses ini dihasilkan dihasilkan nira jernih jernih dan endapan pada! berupa blo!ong#Nira jernih /ang dihasilkan kemudian dikirim kes!asiun penguapan#
-#
Penguapan Nira (E+aporasi
Nira jernih masih ban/ak mengandung uap air# Un!uk menghilangkan kadar air dilakukan penguapan (e+aporasi#Dipabrik gula penguapan dilakukan dengan menggunakan beberapa e+apora e+apora!or !or dengan dengan sis!em sis!em mul!ip mul!iple le e11ec! e11ec! /ang disusu disusun n secara secara in!erch in!erchang angeabl eablee agar agar dapa! dapa! dibersihkan bergan!ian#E+apora!or biasan/a !erdiri dari <&0 bejana /ang bekerja dari sa!u bejana sebagai uap pemanas bejana beriku!n/a#$o!al luas bidang pemanas 0,,.m8 +o#Dalam bejana Nomor ) nira diuapkan dengan menggunakan bahan pemanas uap bekas secara !idak langsung#
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<# %ris!alisasi Nira(cairan !ebu ken!al dari sari s!asiun penguapan ini diuapkan lagi dalam sua!u pan +akum" /ai!u !empa! dimana nira peka! hasil penguapan dipanaskan !erus&menerus sampai mencapai kondisi lea! jenuh" sehingga !imbul kris!al gula#Sis!em /ang dipakai /ai!u A9D"dimana gula A dan 9 sebagai produk"dan gula D dipakai sebagai bibi! (seed" ser!a sebagian lagi dilebur un!uk dimasa dimasak k kembali kembali## Pemana Pemanasan san menggun menggunaka akan n uap dengan dengan !ekanan !ekanan dibaa dibaah h a!mos1 a!mos1ir ir dengan dengan +akum sebesar 20 cmHg" sehingga suhu didihn/a 20.c# 'adi kadar gula (sakarosa !idak rusak akiba! !erkena suhu /ang !inggi# Hasil masakan merupakan campuran kris!al gula dan laru!an (S!roop# (S!roop# Sebelum dipisahkan di pu!aran pu!aran gula" lebih dulu didinginkan didinginkan pada palung pendinginan pendinginan (kul!rog# 0# Pemisahan %ris!al 5ula
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Persiapan Penggilingan
dalam dalam !ingka! !ingka!an an pengkr pengkris! is!ala alan" n" pemisa pemisahan han gula dari dari !e!esn/ !e!esn/aa !erjad !erjadii pada pada !ingka! B# Pada !ingka! ini !erjadi poses separasi (pemisahan# 7ekanismen/a menggunakan ga/a sen!ri1ugal# Dengan adan/a sis!em ini" !e!es dan gula !erpisah selanju!n/a pada !ingka! D dihasilkan gula molasse (kris!al gula dan molasse (!e!es gula# 2# Pengeringan %ris!al 5ula Air /ang dikandung kris!al gula hasil sen!ri1ugasi masih cukup !inggi" kira&kira 8.= #5ula /ang mengandung air akan mudah rusak dibandingkan gula kering"un!uk menjaga agar !idak rusak selama selama pen/imp pen/impanan anan"" gula gula !erseb !ersebu! u! harus harus dikeri dikeringk ngkan an !erleb !erlebih ih dahulu# dahulu# pengeri pengeringan ngan dapa! dapa! . dilakukan dengan cara alami a!au dengan memakai udara panas kira&kira . c#pengeringan gula secara secara alami dilakukan dilakukan dengan melea!kan melea!kan SHS pada !alanggo/ang !alanggo/ang /ang panjang# panjang# Dengan melalui !alang ini gula diharapkan dapa! kering dan dingin# Proses pengeringan dengan cara ini membu!uhkan ruang /ang lebih luas dibandingkan cara pemanasan# %arena i!u" pabrik&pabrik gula menggunakan cara pemanasan# 9ara ini bekerja a!as dasar prinsip aliran berlaanan dengan aliran udara panas# 2.1- "ungsi lat Pembuatan Gula
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Cane Cutter (7esin Pemo!ong
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7embaa cacahan ba!ang !ebu un!uk digiling
Penggilingan
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Pemurnian Nira
'uice hea!er
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7encampur dan pengaduk nira nira men!ah dengan susu kapur hingga ko!oran nira mengendap u n!uk dipo!ong ke cane cu!!er
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$angki Ne!ralisasi
Flash
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%ris!alisasi Caccum pan
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BAB III PENU$UP 3.1 Kesimpulan
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