History Notes

HISTORY S.No Topics Class Sixth: Chapter 2 1 Sangam 2 Tamil Kingdoms

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Sagnam Literature Twin tamil epics Numismatics Numismat ics Ceylonese Ceylonese Books

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Sangam Age Chera Kingdom

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Chola Kingdom

9

Pandya Kingdom

Description

Means an Association. Chera, Chola, Pandya Kingdoms. Popularly called as Muvenders. Local Cheiftains like Kadaiyelu vallalgal. Tholkappiyam, PathuPattu, PathuPattu , Ettuthogai. Manimegalai and silappathikaram. Study of Coins. Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa – help to fix the date of the sangam. (Pali Language). Third Century Centur y B.C to Third Century A.D [Madurai]. [Madurai] . Titles – Vanavar, Villavar, Malaiyar. Two Lines: 1. Odiyan Cheralathan. 2. Irumporai. Capital: Vanji. Chief Port: Thondi. Flag symbol: Bow and Arrow. Territory: Kerala. Famous King: Cheran Senguttuvan. (Pathitrupattu and Ahananuru). Led an expedition to Himalayas. Brought stone from there to construct temple in memory of Kannagi. His brother is IIlango Adigal (Silapathigaram). Popular kings among Chera: Cheralathan, Kanaikal Irumporai and Peruncheral Irumporai. Surnames: Killi, Valavan, Senni and Cholan. Names: Cholanadu, Kaverinadu, Punalnadu, Neernadu, Kaverisoozhnadu, Rich water resources. Kaveri River. Capital: Uraiyur. 2ndcapital (port): Kaveripoompattnam or Puhar (Karikalan). Symbol: Tiger. Territory: Thanjavur and Thiruchirapalli districts. Literature: Porunaruatruppadi and Pattinapalai. Famous King: Karikalan. Encourage agriculture and commerce. Built Kallanai across Kaveri river. Popular Kings: Nalamkilli, Killivalavan, Kopperumcholan. Kochenganan is the last in the line of sangam cholas. Territory: Madurai, Tirunelveli and Ramanathapuram. Ramanathapura m. Titles: Maran, Valuthi, Chezhiyan. Capital: Madurai. Port: Korkai. Famous Kings: Mudhukudumi Peruvazhuthi – Palyagasalai. (Sacrifices to celebrate his victories). Bootha Pandian/ Perungoppendu (wife- Poetess). Ariyapadaikadantha Nedunchezhiyan – Awarded death sentence

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10 11

Kadaiyelu Vallalgal Tamil Poets

12

Kings

13

Officials

14 15

Army Revenue

16

Administrative Divisions

Class Sixth: Chapter 3 17 Social Life

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Food Agriculture Occupation

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Trade and commerce

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Fine Arts

to Kovalan. Thalaiyalanganathu Nedunchezhiyan – Defeated Chera, Chola and other local chieftains at a place called Thalaialanganam. The Kalabhras occupied the Tamil country for another three centuries. Pari, Ori, Malayan, Elini, Pegan, Aay, and Nalli. Kabilar, Avvaiyar (Athiyaman – Diplomat), Diplomat) , Nallathanar and Perunchithiranar. The king was called as Vendan, Ko and Irai. The local chieftains were known as Velirs. Iymperumkuzhu (Committee (Committ ee of the great five) and Enperayam (Council of the great eight). Infantary, Cavalry, Chariot and Elephants. Land revenue and Custom Duties. One sixth of the total produce was collected as land tax. Tolls were also collected. Mandalam, Nadu, Valanadu and Kuttram. The council of elders looked after the administration of the villages during the Sangam period. These councils were called as Manram, Podiyil, Avai, and Ambalam. Five different natural Landscapes – Tinais. 1. Kurinji – Hilli region (People – Vettuvar and Kuravar). Hunting/Cultivating fruits and vegetables/honey gathering. /Workshipped Muruga/Sheyon. 2. Mullai – Forest (People – Kovalar or Ayar). Shepherds/Produced ghee, milk, dairy products/ Workshipped Thirmal/Mayon. 3. Marudham – Fertile and Cultivable lands.(People – Vellalars). Agriculture/Paddy/Sugarcane/Workshipped Indra/Raingod. 4. Neydal –Coastal (People Parathavar and Meenavar). Fishing/Sold salt/Sailors/Workshipped varunan/seagod. 5. Palai – Desert (People - Maravar or Kalvar). Robbers/Workshipped Kotravai/Kali. Rice / Beatle Leaves. Paddy Main Crop / Millets, Grams and Sugarcane. Weaving, Spinning, Hunting, Fishing, Potter, Carpenter, Blacksmith and Goldsmith. Barter System. Local Markets – Angadis / Day Market – Nallangadis and Evening Market – Allangadi. Muthamizh – Iyal, Isai and Natakam.















25

Sea Ports

26 Light Houses Class Sixth: Chapter 5 27 Kalabhras

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Religion Re ligion Post – Twin Epics Literary Sources

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End to Kalabhras

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Bhuddists educational institutions 33 Jain Scholars 34 End of Kalabhra rule Class Sixth: Chapter 6 35 Pallava rule 36 Territory 37 Siyuki 38 Tamil Literature 39 Alwars 40 Nayanamars 41 Sanskrit Literature

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Copper Plates

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Maha and Deepavamsa

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Pallavas

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Early Pallavas Medivial Pallavas

medicinal plants, banana and rice. Imports: sweet wine, gold coins and ornaments, glass, copper and other articles. East Coast: Mamallapuram, Poduke, Puhar, Poraiyaru, Korkai and Kumari. West Coast: Musiri and Tondi. Kalangarai IIangu Sudar. (In tamil). Captured the Tamil country from the Chera, Chola and Pandyan rulers. Third century A.D. to the end of the Sixth century A.D. Buddhism and Jainism begins to spread. Silappathikaram and Manimekalai. Tamil Navalar Charithai, Yapperunkalam and Periyapuranam. Sivaka Chintamani and Kundalakesi were composed under Pathinenkilkanakku. Ascendancy of Pandyas and Pallavas. Kandungon – Pandya / Simhavishnu – Pallava . Ghatikas. [Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosha and Bodhidharma] Sarva Nandi and Vajra Nandi. Saivism and Vaishnavism start emerging. Sixth century A.D. to Ninth century A.D. / Thondai Mandalam. River Krishna in the North to the river Palar in the South. Hieun Tsangs(China) travel accounts. Sung by Alwars and Nayanmars. Nalaira Divya Prabandham. Panniru Thirumarais. Periyapuranam by Sekkilar. Avani Sundari Katha by Dandin. Loga vibhagam by Sarva Nandi – Importance of simhavishnu. Mahendra Varman I – Mathavilasa Prakasanam. Kuram copper plates – Parameshwaravarman. Parameshwaravarma n. Velurpalayam Copper Plates – Nandivarman III. Relationship between Narasimhavarman Narasimhavar man I and Manavarman (srilankan king). North Indians. Served under Mauryas/ served under satvahanas in Andhra region / Captured thondaimandalam overthrowing Kalabhras. Pappa Deva and Sivaskandavarman. Coins in prakrit language. Vishnu gopa. Samudra gupta defeated Vishnugopa. Coins in















49

Mahendravarman I S/o.Simhavishnu 600630A.D

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Narasimhavarman Narasimhavar man I S/o Mahendravarman I 630-668 A.D

60

Succession

Class Sixth: Chapter 7 61 Pallava administration administrat ion 62 Territory

63

Administrative Administrat ive units

Follower of Jainism. / Later embraced Saivism(Thirunavukarasar-Appar). Pulakesin II(Chalukya King) defeated Mahendravarman Mahendravarman I. (Vice versa at Pullalur). Military Titles: Sathru Mallan, Kalagapriyan. Generosity Titles: Gundbhara. Literature Titles: Chitirakarappuli, Vichitrachitta, Mathavilasa, sangiranajathi. Carved out temples in huge rocks. Rock cut temples or cave temples. Mandagapattu, Mamandur, Mahendravadi, Vallam, Pallavaram, Thirukkazhukunram and Tiruchi. Pallava paintings at chittanavasal. Kudumianmalai – His interest in music. Vathapikondan – Defeated chalukyan king pulikesin II at manimangalam. Commander in chief : Paranjothi. Sent expedition to Ceylon to help manavarman to get back his kingdom. Hieun – Tsang visited Pallavas. Buddhist Kadigai. Titles : Mamallan, Sribharan, Srimehan, Srinithi and VadhyaVidyatharan. Monolithic temples, rock-cut mandapas and portrait sculptures at Mamallapuram Mahendravarman II. Parameshwaravarman I Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha) and others. Beemavarman line of pallavas ruled kanchi. Nandivarman. Dandivarman. Nirupatangun. Aparajithan. – Chola Prince Aditya Killed him. Cholas annexed the thondai mandalam region. Adopted Mauryan system of administration/Modified. administrat ion/Modified. North: Nellore district South: River Pennar West: Western Ghats East: Bay of Bengal Old: Mandalam, Kottam, Nadu and Ur Modern: province, district, taluk and village.















67 68

Oor Monarchy

69

Council of Ministers

70 71

Officials Judiciary

72 73

Army Revenue

74 75

Royal Palace Oor sabha

Class Sixth: Chapter 8 76 Social Structure Struct ure

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Brahmins

78 79

Kshatriyas Vaishyas

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Sudras Status of Women

82 83 84

Food Education Educational Centre

85 86 87 88

Dharmapala Agriculture Devadana Mamandur tank – Chitra Mega Thadakam.

Sabhas have control. contro l. Head – King. Succession – Eldest Son.Rep of God. Maharaja, Maharajathi Raja and Dharma Rajathiraja. Amatyas. Titles: Uttamaseelan, Brahmarajan and Peraraiyan. Look after different department. Court Dharmasena – Head King. Court in town – Adikarnas Court in Village – Karnas. Infantary, Cavalry, Chariot and Elephants and Navy. Land tax. 18 Kind. Tax names: Kaanam, Irai, Pattam, and Puchi. Ex: Kusakanam – Tax for potters. TariIrai – Tax for Weavers. Kumarapandaram managed the royal palace. Members – perumakkal. Sabha divided – Variyams. Pallavas had laid the foundation for the future expansion of village administration during the Later Cholas. Brahmins, Kshatryas, Vaisyas and Sudras. Besides the four-fold division, there were also other sub castes in the society based on their occupation. Highly respected / Veda recite / Stayed in Agraharams. / Land grants – Brahmadeyas. Ruling Class/ Warriors. Agriculture and Trade / Establishing mutts and Choultries./ Public welfare and Progress. Low grade servants/ Pulayar and Chandalas. Property rights were given./ pious and religious/ Chasity /Spinning and weaving. Rice – Staple food. Milk / ghee /curd Importance to Sanskrit education. Buddhist kadigai in Kanchipuram was the famous educational centre. Buddhist scholar was also alumanus of Buddhist Kadigai. Paddy and cotton extensively cultivated. Rice exp. to china. Temples denoted to villages. Mahendravarman I Constructed it for irrigation.















92

Land Measurement

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Paddy and Rice

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Smallest Unit Milk/Ghee/Oil Milk/Ghee/O il Gold Measurement Religion Religio n Bhakthi movement

99

Saivism

100

Vaishnavisam

Class Sixth: Chapter 9 101 Pallavas 102 Kanchi 103 Mahendravarman I 104 Sanskrit Scholars 105 Tamil

106 107

Architecture Rock cut temples

108

Monolithic Rathas

were exported to the countries like Java, Sumatra, Kadaram, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, China and Burma. The foreign merchants were known as Nanadesi. Mamallapuram, Vasavasamudram and Mylapore were the important seaports of the Pallavas. Lands were measured with the units called Uzhavu, Nivarthanam or Pattiga. The term Hala also refers to a unit of land. Plough was used for measuring the land. Chudunazhi. The other units such as Videl, Vidugu and Uzhakku were also used for measurement. Pidi. Aazhakku, Uzhakku, Uri and Nazhi. Kazhanju and Manjadi. Saivism and Vaishnavism. Bhakthi movement started. Devotion to God. Low caste saints: Nandhanaar, Kaalathi Nayanar, Thiruppaanazhalvar. Devotees of Lord Shiva / Saivaites. 63 Nayanmars. Thevaram : Written by Thirunavukarasar, Thirugnanasambandar and Sundarar. Thiruvasagam : Manickavasagar. Women Saint: Karaikkal Ammaiyar. Sects: Kalamukhas and Pasupathas. Devotees of Lord Vishnu. / Vaishnavaites. 12 Alwars. Alwars – Poigai, pei, Boothathalwar and Thirumazhisai alwar. Nanmugan Thiruvanthathi – Poigai,Pei and Boothathalwar. Andal – Thiruppavai and Nachiyar Thirumozhi. Hyms of Alwars – Nalaira Divya Prabandham. Patrons of Sanskrit and Tamil. Great Place for learning Sanskrit. Mathavilasa Prakasanam and Bhagavatha Ajikkiyam. Dandin and Bharavi. Perundevanar – Bharathavenba Kalladanar – Kalladam Nandikalambakam – Rule of Nandivarman III. Stone Architecture. Mahendravarman Style./ Vichitra Chitta. Sanctum Sanctorum – Walls – Beautiful Pictures / Pillars – Head of lions. Pallavaram, Mamandur, Mahendravadi, Vallam and Thalavanur. Mamalla (Narasimhavarman (Narasimhavar man I) Style of arch.

















110

Fine Arts

111

Painting

Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram.(Vimana – Hilly Comb)/ Crown of Pallava Architecture./ Rajasimheshwaram. Shore temple at Mamallapuram. Nandivarman II : VaikuntaPerumal temple at Kanchipuram. The Kudumianmalai and Thirumayam music inscriptions show their interest in music. Yaazhi, Mridangam and Murasu were some of the musical instruments of the Pallava period. Mahendravarman I and Narasimhavarman I. Chittanavasal. Mahendravarman I called as Chitirakarapuli. Thatcina Chitram.

Class Sixth: Chapter 10 th th Pallava and Pandya Rule was contemporary between 6 Century A.D – 9 Century A.D 112 Pandiyan Empire Kadungon defeated Kalabhras. Restored pandya rule in tamil th region at the end of 6 century. 113 Pandiyan Kings Kadungon 575-600 A.D. Maravarman Avani Sulaimani 600 – 625 A.D – Friend of truth. Chezhiyan Sendan 625 – 640 A.D - Vanavan. – Cave Cave temple at Malaiyidaikkurichi. Maravarman Arikesari 640 – 670 A.D – Parangusan. – Koon Pandiyan. – Ninraseer Nedumaran.- Nelveli Nedumaran. Thirugnanasambandar – Converted him to Saivism. Kochadayan Ranadhira 670 – 710 A.D th Up to 10 century – Veerapandiya 946 -966 A.D Killed by Aditya Chola. 114 Temples and Mutts Place of education. Mutts established at Tirunelveli, Seranmadevi, Alagarkoil and Vanamamalai had contributed to the growth of education. 115 Madurai Centre of tamil literature. Tamil Kudal. 116 Pandyas Patronized Saivism, Vaishnavism, and Jainism. 117 Saivaite saints Thirugnanasambandar and Manickavasagar. 118 Alwar saints Nammazhwar, Periyazhwar and Andal. 119 Rock cut temples Malaiyadikkurichi, Malaiyadikkur ichi, Anaimalai, Thirupparankundram and

















6

Monuments Mo numents

7

Coins

8 9 10 11 12

Sekkilar Ottakoothar Jayamkondan King Vijayalaya Parantaka I (Dev.LordShiva)

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Rajaraja The Great 985 – 1014 A.D S/o.Parantaka S/o.Parantaka II & Vanavan Mahadevi “Mummudi Chozhan” “Arunmozhi” “Rajakesari” Temples built by Rajaraja.

14

15

Rajendra I 1012 – 1044 A.D “GangaiKondan”

Uttaramerur – Kudavolai System,Village Administration,Taxation and Land Revenue. Anbil Plates –Kanyakumari, Karanthai Plates ,Thiruvalangadu Copper Plates – Information Information of Rajendra Chola. Brahadeeshwarar temple – Thanjavur. Gangaikondacholapuram temple. Airavateeshwaravar temple – Dharasuram. Kambagareshwarar temple – Thirupuvanam. Gold – Rarely used, Silver and Copper Coins Plenty. Tiger / Name of the chola king was engraved in coins. Contemporary Contemporar y of Kulothunga II Three ulas, Kulothungan Pillai tamil. Kalingathuparani. Founder of later Chola dynasty. Maduraikondan. Maduraium Ezhlamum Kondan. Pon Veitha Chozhan.(Golden roof to the Nataraja temple at Chidambaram.) “Kandalur salai Kalamarutharuliya”. Defeated Chera at Thiruvananthapuram, and Baskara Ravi the Raja of Kollam. Defeated Pandya King Amarabhujangan. Defeated Mahinda V – King of Ceylon – Annexed Anuradhapuram and northern part of Ceylon. Conquered Mysore, Kalinga and Maldives Island. Brahadeeshwarar temple. Siva temple in quilon and polanuruva. Buddha shrine at Nagapattinam and anaimangalam village to Buddhist monastery. Appointed his son Rajathiraja to assist him. Rajendra defeated Mahipala I and brought water from Ganges to tanjore.

















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21

Central Government “Peruntaram” “Sirutaram” Provincial Government

22 23 24

Revenue Nadu Village

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Variyams “Vairaperumakkal”

Class Seventh: Chapter 3 26 Social Condition

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28

Valangai and Idangai(98/98) “King Karikala” Colleges

29

Queens

30 31 32

Kanchipuram Saint Ramanujar Hymns

Head – King. Council of Ministers and Officials – running adm. Of central gov. 9 Provinces.(Mandalams) Provinces.(Manda lams) – Viceroy. Mandalams – Divided – Kottams and Valanadus. Kottam – Divided – Nadu. Nadu – Divided – Oor. Land revenue. Nattars. Grama Sabha. Brahmin Settlement was called as Chaturvedi Mangalam. Male Members. Nyayavariyam – Justice Thotta variyam – Gardens. Dharmavariyam – Temples. Erivariyams – Tanks. Ponvariyam – Finance Gramakaravariyam – Commitees. Varnasrama, society was divided into four major divisions namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras. Valangai – Upper caste Idangai –Lower Caste During the reign of Rajendra I, two colleges were there at Rajarajachaturvedi Mangalam and Tribhuvanam Queen Sembian Mahadevi and Kundavai were patrons of temples. Textile Industry. Contemporary Contemporar y of chola kings. Nambi andar Nambi – Saiva Hymns. Nathamunigal – Vaishnava Hymns.

















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Epics

42 43

Vijayalaya Aditya I

44 45 46 47

Parantaka-I Parant aka-I Kulothunga- I Rajaraja-II Temple walls

48 Kalahasti temple 49 Music 50 Dance 51 Koothu Class Seventh: Chapter 5 52 Later Pandya Kings [Madurai/Fish] 53 Sources 54

Inscriptions Inscript ions

55

Monuments

Valayapathi, Kundalakesi, Viracholiyam, Nannool belong to this period. Built temple at Narttamalai. Subramaniya temple at Kannanur. Thirukattalai temple. Koranganatha temple Srinivasanallur (Trichy District). District ). Sun God temple at Kumbakonam. Airavatheeswarar temple at Dharasuram. Scenes from Ramayanam Mahabharatam, Puranas and lives of the 63 Nayanmars are sculptured in narrative panels on the walls of temples. portraits of Cholamadevi and Kulothunga-III Kulothunga-II I The seven music alphabets sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, da, ni were used Bharathanatyam Bharathanat yam and Kathakali. Ariyakuthu, Chakki koothu and Santhi koothu. 1190 AD to 1310 AD. Velvikkudi plates, Seevaramangalam plates. Thalavaipuramplates and chinnamanur plates Pudukottai - judicial and revenue administration. administrat ion. Pudukottai - Kulasekara Pandya’s policies towards land survey and taxation. Thiruvandipuram - warfare of Maravarman Sundara Pandya. Srirangam - victories of Pandya kings. Thirunelveli - names and the titles of the Pandya kings. cave temples found in Tirumalaipuram Tirumalaipura m Tiruparankundram Anaimalai Kundrakudi Kalugumalai. Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.

















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Jatavarman Sundara “Thirubhuvana Chakaravarthy” Pandiyan I “Emmandalamum Kondarulliya pandiya”. 1251 - 1258 A.D “Ponveida Perumal”. 61 Maravarman “Kollam Kanda Pandyan” Kulasekaran I Morcopolo visited India. 1268 – 1308 A.D He built the outer wall of Nellaiyapper temple in Tirunelveli. Malik Kafur invaded and carried away as much loote as possible. Class Seventh: Chapter 6 62 Tamil Literature Pandyas organised three Tamil sangams at Madurai namely Mudhal sangam, Idai sangam and Kadai sangam. Sangam was an assembly of Tamil poets and scholars. 63 Nakeerar Chief Tamil Poet. 64 Madurai TamilKoodal. 65 Manickavasagar Thiruvasagam, Thirchilambalakovai. Thirchilambalako vai. 66 Andal Thiuppavai. 67 Nammalvar Thirupallandu. 68 Sri Kaviraya Thirukkalathinatharula, Thirukkalathinatharu la, Thiruvannamalaiyar vannam, Seyur Murugan ula, Rathinagiriula 69 Mayilainathar Commentary Commentar y on Nanool 70 Parimelazhagar Commentries Commentr ies on Thirukkural. Class Seventh: Chapter 7 71 Harihara and Bukka established Vijaya Nagar empire on the Southern banks of the river Tungabadhra in 1336. Vijaya Nagar was the capital of this empire. Popular ruler: Kumarakampana. 72 Krishna Deva Rayar Krishna Devaraya created Nayakship in Madurai and Tanjore. 1509 -1529 A.D Vijaya Nagar rulers continued till they were defeated by the “Nayak System” sultans in the battle of Tali Kotta in 1565. Book – Amuktamalayada.(1 of 5 Telugu Kaviyas). 73 Sourashtras Came and Settled in Tamilnadu. 74 Food Rice and Millet. 75 Vadagalai and Vaishnavites Gropus. Thengalai



















90 91 92

Nallurveerakavirayar Nallurveerakavira yar Architecture Temples

Class Seventh: Chapter 8 93 Nayak Rule 1529 – 1739 A.D

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95 96 97 98

99 100 101

Vishwanatha Nayak (Nayak or Viceroy) 1529 – 1564 A.D Dalavoy Ariyanathar

HarichandraPuranam. HarichandraPura nam. Dravidian and Indo-Saracenic architecture Two gopuras of Rameswaram temple and Seshagiri mandapam at Srirangam are the best examples of Vijaya Nagar art. The Nayak rule in Tamilnadu was established by the Vijayanagar emperors. First Nayak of Madurai. Poliga System.( semi military and feudal 5Arrangement)

Minister and military general during the period of ViswanathaNayak. Krishnappa Nayak 1594 – 1572 A.D Veerappa Nayak 1572 – 1595 A.D Thirumalai Nayak He transferred the capital from Trichy to Madurai. 1623 – 1659 A.D He freed himself from the control of Vijayanagar souverignity and became an independent ruler. Theppakulam, Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal, Pudhu mandapam, Raja gopuram were some of his contributions. Rani Mangammal 1689 – 1706 A.D Vijayaranga Chokkanathar 1706AD. – 1732 AD Meenakshi 1732AD. – 1739 AD



















114

Sarfoji I 1712AD–1728AD

Shahji-I was succeeded by his younger brother Sarfoji

115

Sarfoji II

116

Sarawati Mahal “Sarfoji II”

117 118

Alluri Kuppana Maratha Sculpture

He surrendered the principality of Tanjore to the British East India Company. / Sivaganga Shivaji was the last ruler of Tanjore Maratha empire. Saraswathi mahal became centre of learning and research Institute. In 1805 Safroji II established a printing press at Tanjore Shahjis Court Poet. Kalidasa of Andhra Desa. Bronze image of Ammani Amma, the wife of Pratapsingh. It is a Portrait figure. It is now in the temple of Tiruvidaimarudur.

Class Seventh: Chapter 9 119 Sethupathis

120 121 122

123 124

Rulers of Ramnad and Sivaganga region of early 17 th Century were called Sethupathis Official Headquarter – Ramnad.

Sadaiakka Thevar Kuttan Sethupathy Sadaikka Thevar II: 1636AD. – 1645AD Raghunatha Sethupathi ‘Thirumalai Sethupathi’ – 1645AD. – 1670AD Sethupathis loyalty towards the Nayaks was over with thirumalai Nayak. Thayumanavar Lived with the patronage of Raghunatha Sethupathy. Raghunatha Sethupathi II alias Kilavan Sethupathi : 1671AD. – 1710AD



















136 137 138 139

Dutch Devanampattnam Devanampatt nam Nagapattinam East India Company

140

Francis Dey 1639 1640 1654

141 142 143 144 145

Fort St.David Danish East India Company Francis Martin

146

Treaty of Ryswick

147 Pondicherry Po ndicherry Class Eight: Chapter 2 148 Revolt of Palayakkars 1799 149

Colin Jackson

Dutch traders came from Holland. Dutch setup Factory. Seat of Dutch Government. The English East India Company obtained Royal Charter from queen Elizabeth on 31 st December 1600 to trade with India. In 1639 Francis Dey obtained the site of Madras from the Governor of Chandragiri. / For rent. Fort St.George was built. Headqarters of English in the east. Madras became the headquarters of all British Possessions in the east. Built in Cuddalore. 1616 / Denmark. / Founded settlement in Nagapattinam. Francis Martin obtained a small village of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur French lost Pondicherry to Dutch. But it was restored by the treaty of Ryswick. Headquarters Headquarter s of French possessions in India. Palayakkars – Vijayanagar Rule – Vishwanatha Nayak. Pulithevan – Nerkattumseval near Thirunelveli. Vir Pandya Kattabomman –Panchalangkuruchi. British Collector Collecto r during the period of Kattabomman.



















164 165 166 167

1856 Royapuram 1856 Pamban

168

All India Radio Station “AIR” - 1936 Handicraft

169 170 171

Agriculture Mahalwari System Lord Dalhousie

172 Lord Cornwallis 173 Tea Plantations 174 Rubber Plantations 175 Mines Class Eight: Chapter 4 176 Women Poets 177 178 179

Kailasanatha Temple Dharmapala Sekkilar

Railway Line between Madras and Arakkonam was Laid. Royapuram near Chennai was the first Railway station constructed by the British Pamban Railway bridge was built between Rameswaram Rameswara m and Mandabam. All India Radio Station was started by British. British rule in India, the handicraft industries, once the pride and glory of India declined gradually Backbone of our economy. Lord William Bentick Upper and Lower Anaicut / PWD Department. / Tank Restoration Scheme. Permanent Land Revenue System. Ceylon Malaya South Africa Avvaiyar, Kakkaipadiniyar, Mudathamakanniyar lived during the sangam period. Store House of the Public Documents. Chancellor of Nalanda University belongs to Kanchi. Kundrathur near Chennai.



















Class Eight: Chapter 5 193 Newspapers

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196 197

198 199

Madras Mahajana Sabha 1884 1885

INC first Conference V.O.Chidambaram Pillai “Kappalotiya Thamizhan” Surat Congress 1907 BalaGangadharTilak

The Hindu, Swadesamitran and Desabakthan played a significant role in awakening the people Established in 1884. G.Subramaniya Iyer, P.Anandacharlu, Rangaiya Naidu played a significant part in the association to redress the miseries of the people. The Indian National Congress was founded by A.O.Hume in 1885. C.Vijayaraghavachariyar close associate of A.O.Hume, 1 of the member of the committee which Constituted the INC. Bombay – W.C.Banerjee W.C.Baner jee Started the Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company at Tuticorin. In 1908 the mill workers of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin struck work. / Ash –Collector. Congress got split into extremists and moderates. Extremists – BalaGangadhar Tilak

“Swaraj is my Birth Right” Supported by V.O.Chidambarm Pillai and Subramaniyam Siva. Lieutenants of Tilak – “Vande Mataram”. 200

Vanchi Iyer

Ashe

murdered in 1911 at Maniachi Railway station by





















208

Freedom Fighters from Tamilnadu

209

Quit India Movement Bombay – “1942”

210 Indian Independence Class Eight: Chapter 6

Adikeasava Naicker Salem Adi Narayana chettiar Guruswamy naidu K.Kamaraj Omandoor Ramasamy Reddiar Baktavatsalam, C.Subramaniyam R.Venkatraman participated in the freedom movement. K.Kamaraj participated in the movement. Leaders like Muthuranga Mudaliar, Baktavatsalam and R.Venkataraman were arrested. th 15 August 1947. / Cripps Mission / Mountbatten Plan.





















223 224 225

1929 1929 1921

226

Self Respect Movement 1925 E.V.Ramasamy th 17 September 1879

227

Came to power in 1920. Subburayalu Reddiar become the Chief Minister for Madras Presidency. 1937 – Final blow. Public Service Commission Commiss ion was established. Andhra and Annamalai University Universit y was started. start ed. Hindu Religious Endowment Act. Non-brahmins were to be appointed as Archagas in the temple. E.V.Ramasamy championed the cause of the Self-Respect Movement Born: Erode. Parents: Venkatta Naicker and Chinna Thayammal. Wife: Nagammai. He left the Indian National Congress in 1925 at the





















237

239 240

Kothari Commission 1964 Sarva Siksha Abhiyan Primary Education Tamil Scientists

241

Dr.M.S.Swaminathan Dr.M. S.Swaminathan

242 243

Agriculture University Agriculture College

238

National Education Commission. Dr.D.S.Kothari 10+2+3 and 3 language formula adopted. Improve the quality of education and to avoid dropouts at the primary level College Medium – 1970 Ramanujam (Mathematics) (Mathemat ics) Dr.Sir CV.Raman (Physics) Dr.Chandrasekar (Physics) [Nobel Prize Winners] Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam (Space) belong to Tamilnadu. Agricultural Agricultura l Scientist. ICAR – Reorganised. HYVP – High Yielding Variety Programme. Coimbatore. Coimbator e. Madurai





















262

Cottage Industries

263

Small Scale Industries

264

Corporations Corporat ions in Tamilnadu

265

Industrial Development Power Projects

266

Cottage industries are mostly traditional, traditiona l, producing traditional products by employing traditional methods. Based on Capital Investment Invest ment Match box industry, Coir industry, Palm industry, Khadi industry etc SIPCOT - State Industries Promotion Corporation Of Tamilnadu. SIDCO - Small Industrial Development Corporation. TIDCO - Tamilnadu Industrial Development Corporation TIIC - Tamilnadu Industrial Investment Credit Corporation Second Position – Tamilnadu (after Maharashtra). Kundah (Hydro) Ennore, (Thermal)





















281

Rural Areas

282

Maternity Services

283 284 285 286

SC/ST THADCO Tribal Communities Communit ies Destitutes Destitut es

Class Eight: Chapter 10 287 Dr.U.V.Swaminatha Iyer “Grand Father of Tamil”

Primary Health Centre (PHC) subcentres,mobile Medical units and Mini Health centers The maternity services comprise anti-natal, intra-natal and postnatal care to the mother and infants. Education provided free up to degree standard. Tamilnadu Adi Dravidar Development Corporation. Toda, Kota, Kurumba, Irular, Pania and Kattunaicken 3% reservation in the educational and government institutions in the educational and employment opportunities Tamil scholar Dr.U.V.Swaminatha Iyer had contributed immensely for the development of Tamil literature. He gathered the old manuscripts of the Sangam age literatures and preserved them for future generation.























303

Drama Actors

Krishnasamy Pavalar – Bombay Mail. Shankaradas Swamigal – Translated famous Kalidasa Sanskrit drama. T.K.S.Brothers, T.K.S. Brothers, Rajamanikam and R.S.Manohar R.S.Ma nohar patronised Tamil drama.























Class Nine: Chapter 1 1 India 2 Topgraphic Map

Sub-Continent Sub-Cont inent Himalayas, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Deccan Plateau, Coastal Ghats [Eastern and Western Ghats]























9

Sir John Marshall

man. Metals were used for making weapons Metal Age is divided into Copper Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age. In the Iron Age, ploughs and daggers were made of iron. It led to the overall development of mankind Mohanjo daro Pre Aryan Period.























19 Indus Scripts Class Nine: Chapter 2 20 Aryans [Khyber Pass] 2000B.C -1500B.C

food and ornaments. Pictographs. Aryans came from Cetral Asia.























40

Teachings – Triratnas

41 42

Believe Followers

Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct or Action Ahimsa, Satyam, Asteya, Tyag, and Brahmacharya. Mahavira accepts theory of Karma. Digambaras[Nudes]

















































































































































































































































































































































History Notes

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