NOTES OF ISLAMIC HISTORY & CULTURE PART – I STUDY AREA – ONE : ANCIENT ARABIA
BABYLONIAN EMPIRE & CIVLIZATION: ESTABL ESTA BLISH ISHMEN MENT T: It was established about 2200 B.C. LOCATION: Lower Mesopotamia ( central and southern Iraq ) CAPIT APITA AL: Babylon MOST MOST FA FAMOUS MOUS KIN KING: G: HMM!"BI# $%&%'$& B.C H*MM!"BI was the %th Babylonian ruler. He conquered the nei+hbourin+ countries and stren+thened Babylonian empire a +reat deal. ,ter remainin+ an unbeaten war champion cha mpion ,or thirty years he also pro-ed an equally +reat ruler ,or the rest o, his li,e. 1. 2. 3. 4.
. HEMMU HEMMURA RABI BI!" !" C#$%' C#$%'()% ()%'#$ '#$": ": Hemmurabis Code He collected and codi,ied old laws o, the country. His code de,ined the ri+hts and duties o, husband and wi,e/ master and sla-e/ o, merchants/ o, +ardeners/ o, shepherds etc. unishments were se-ere in his code. *. BABY BABYLO LONI NIAN AN SOCIA SOCIAL L SYST SYSTEM EM:: Babylonian society was di-ided into three social classes. 1H* M*L! 1hey were Babylonian aristocrats and constituted the upper class o, the society. 1hey were supposed to run the a,,airs o, the state. 1H* M!3H4I5! 1hey were the middle class and were chie,ly en+a+ed in business. 1hey were ,ree ,rom state obli+ations and need not ser-e an army unless dan+er o, in-asion was imminent. 1H* 3L6*3 3L6*3 1hey were the lower class. 1hey had some speci,ic pri-ile+es and could appeal to the law. Howe-er/ they had no share in the state. +. INTEL INTELLE LECT CTUA UAL L COND CONDIT ITIO IONS NS:: Intellectually they were pro+ressed than any other nation o, their time. 1hey were masters o, ancient astrolo+y. 1hey di-ided the 789IC into twel-e si+ns and named its constellations. 1hey could ,oretell lunar and solar eclipse. 1hey had more impro-ed the calendar then that o, *+yptians. 1hey de-ised a wee: o, se-en days. 1hey ,urther di-ided the day into hours and hours into minutes. ,. RELIG RELIGIOU IOUS S COND CONDITI ITION ONS: S: Babylonians were worshippers o, many +ods. 1he most prominent ,eature o, their reli+ion was their belie, in e-il spirits. 1hey sou+ht to sa-e themsel-es ,rom the e-il spirits by ma+ic rites. 3econdly/ they belie-ed in astrolo+y or ,oretellin+ o, e-ents by the aspects o , the planets and stars. -. ECON ECONOM OMIC IC COND CONDITI ITION ONS: S:
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1hey were interested both in a+riculture and commerce. 1hey were especially interested in rearin+ ,loc:s. 5o coina+e was in-ented yet# trade and commerce was done throu+h barter system. 1he Babylonian merchants de-ised a system o, :eepin+ accounts and ban:in+# they also ,i;ed wei+hts and measures. 1. POSITION POSITION OF /OMEN: /OMEN:
reat. (?& B.C)
BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND CIVILIZATION 1. NAME: It is also :nown as *astern "ome or *ast "oman *mpire. 2. EST ESTA ABL BLISH ISHMEN MENT T: In ?2 .9 Constantine'I trans,erred the capital o, "oman *mpire ,rom 5icomedia to the side o, the >ree: town o, By=antine. He named the new capital @5ew "omeA. But it somehow became Constantinople. 1his By=antine *mpire +ot it separate reco+nition when the "oman *mperor 1heodosius di-ided the empire between his two sons in ? .9 LOCATION: 5orth ,rica/ ,rica/ *+ypt/ 3yria/ alestine. CAPIT APITA AL: C853151I588L* MOST MOST FA FAMOUS MOUS KIN KING: G: !31I5I5. ECON ECONOM OMIC IC COND CONDITI ITION ONS: S: C853151I588L*3 +eo+raphical location made it the cross roads o, the east and the west. It became not only a tradin+ centre but also home o, teemin+ industrial li,e. 1hus/ it pro-ided Christendom with innumerable products in + old/ sil:/ per,umes/ carpets/ leather +oods/ te;tiles etc. 1he By=antine *mpire re+ulated its economic li,e in much the same ,ashion as modern totalitarian states. 3. 4. . *.
+. SOCI SOCIAL AL LIFE: IFE: 9ue to material pro+ress and a,,luence the By=antinian social li,e was -ery colour,ul. 1he centre o, all social and cultural acti-ities in the empire was Constantinople/ the capital. It was :nown ,ar and wide ,or its palaces/ +ro-es/ +ardens/ ,ountains/ barrac:s/ stables ,illed with costly race horses. Constantinople was the lar+est and wealthiest *uropean city in the middle a+es. ,. RELIG RELIGIOU IOUS S COND CONDITI ITION ONS: S: Christianity was the state reli+ion o, the By=antine *mpire.
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1hey were interested both in a+riculture and commerce. 1hey were especially interested in rearin+ ,loc:s. 5o coina+e was in-ented yet# trade and commerce was done throu+h barter system. 1he Babylonian merchants de-ised a system o, :eepin+ accounts and ban:in+# they also ,i;ed wei+hts and measures. 1. POSITION POSITION OF /OMEN: /OMEN: reat. (?& B.C)
BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND CIVILIZATION 1. NAME: It is also :nown as *astern "ome or *ast "oman *mpire. 2. EST ESTA ABL BLISH ISHMEN MENT T: In ?2 .9 Constantine'I trans,erred the capital o, "oman *mpire ,rom 5icomedia to the side o, the >ree: town o, By=antine. He named the new capital @5ew "omeA. But it somehow became Constantinople. 1his By=antine *mpire +ot it separate reco+nition when the "oman *mperor 1heodosius di-ided the empire between his two sons in ? .9 LOCATION: 5orth ,rica/ ,rica/ *+ypt/ 3yria/ alestine. CAPIT APITA AL: C853151I588L* MOST MOST FA FAMOUS MOUS KIN KING: G: !31I5I5. ECON ECONOM OMIC IC COND CONDITI ITION ONS: S: C853151I588L*3 +eo+raphical location made it the cross roads o, the east and the west. It became not only a tradin+ centre but also home o, teemin+ industrial li,e. 1hus/ it pro-ided Christendom with innumerable products in + old/ sil:/ per,umes/ carpets/ leather +oods/ te;tiles etc. 1he By=antine *mpire re+ulated its economic li,e in much the same ,ashion as modern totalitarian states. 3. 4. . *.
+. SOCI SOCIAL AL LIFE: IFE: 9ue to material pro+ress and a,,luence the By=antinian social li,e was -ery colour,ul. 1he centre o, all social and cultural acti-ities in the empire was Constantinople/ the capital. It was :nown ,ar and wide ,or its palaces/ +ro-es/ +ardens/ ,ountains/ barrac:s/ stables ,illed with costly race horses. Constantinople was the lar+est and wealthiest *uropean city in the middle a+es. ,. RELIG RELIGIOU IOUS S COND CONDITI ITION ONS: S: Christianity was the state reli+ion o, the By=antine *mpire.
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1he emperor was master o, both political and reli+ious a,,airs. He claimed 9i-ine "i+ht to "ule. -. POLI POLITIC TICAL AL COND CONDIT ITIO IONS NS:: By=antine was absolute monarchy surrounded by a well trained and centrali=ed bureaucracy. 1he control o, the emperor was absolute. 1. POSITION POSITION OF /OMEN
SASSINID EMPIRE AND CIVILIZATION: 1. EST ESTA ABL BLISH ISHMEN MENT T: *mpire was ,ounded by rdashir I and lasted ,rom 22 .9 to %$ .9 2. LOCATION: It encompassed the present Iran/ ,+hanistan/ Iraq/ 3yria/ Caucasus ( rmenia/ >eor+ia/ =erbaiDan =erbaiDan and 9a+estan )/ 3outh
4. RELIG RELIGIOU IOUS S COND CONDITI ITION ONS: S: 7oroastrianism was the state reli+ion o, the 3assanid *mpire. Besides 7oroastrianism/ Christianity was also reco+ni=ed by Fa=d Fa=d *+er I as allowable ,aith within the premises o, 3assanid *mpire. . SO SOCI CIAL AL COND CONDIT ITIO IONS NS:: ccordin+ to historians/ the 3assanid society was di-ided into ,our classes. • riests •
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4husro I had the wor:s o, lato and ristotle ristotle translated into ehl-i and e-en read them himsel,. !nder his patrona+e/ the the colle+e o, >undi 3hahpur/ ,ounded in th Century/ became the • +reatest intellectual centre o, the time. 1he art ,lourished tremendously in 3assanid *mpire and in,luenced Islamic culture and • architecture in the years to come. •
+. POLI POLITIC TICAL AL COND CONDIT ITIO IONS NS:: • 1he 3assanid empire was absolute monarchy with the 3hehnshah bein+ the absolute and ultimate ruler. ,. DECLIN DECLINE E AND AND DO/NFA DO/NFALL O OF F SASSAN SASSANID ID EMPIRE: EMPIRE: ,ter a series o, wars/ with the 3assanids/ the Muslims brou+ht the down,all o, the empire/ in the • %$ .9
ARABS BEFORE THE ADVENT OF ISLAM 0 AHLIYA PERIOD @ Never in the annals of history of the world was the need so great, great, the time so ripe, for the appearance of a deliverer.” deliverer.” 0 A A5' rabia was the under +reat chaos and unrest due to 1. POLI POLITIC TICAL AL COND CONDIT ITIO IONS NS:: olitically rabia ,ollowin+ reasons 1he absence o, a central +o-ernment. 1ribal wars on petty issues resulted into unendin+ bloodshed and barbarism. 1he nomadic Bedouins were land pirates. 1hey plundered their nei+hbours/ cara-ans/ the helpless and the wea:. olitical power depended solely on a-ailability o, man to :ill and be :illed. 2. MORA MORAL L CON CONDI DITI TION ONS: S: @War, Women and Wine were the three absorbing passions of the Arabs.” 0K6)78 B)9 Be,ore the ad-ent o, Islam/ the rabs were indul+ed in all -ices# drin:in+/ debauchery/ debauch ery/ robbery/ robbery/ murder and in,anticide. oly+amy and polyandry were in -o+ue. rostitution was a reco+ni=ed pro,ession.
4. RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS: "eli+iously/ the rabia painted a lamentable picture. 1hey were indul+ed in idolatry and nature worshipin+. 1hey did not belie-e in oneness o, >od and li,e herea,ter. 1he house o, 4aaba had become the house o, idols. 8nly it had ?%0 idols. Ma+icians e;ploited the poor who belie-ed in e-il spirits and superstitions. . ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: Barren soil and non'na-i+able ri-ers and dry climate made culti-ation o, rab desert impossible. o-erty made the most penniless rabs to commit in,anticide. Bedouins mainly reared ,loc: and cattle. Camel acted as ship o, the desert. In TRADE; Ma::ah was the a +reat commercial centre. 3outh rabia supplied super ,ine leather and -aluable materials ,or dress. 5orth rabia supplied corn and weapons. 1rade was carried out throu+h barter system. *. INTELLECTUAL CONDITIONS: 1he rabs e;celled the whole world especially in their poetry/ memory power and eloquence. 1hey had wild lo-e ,or their lan+ua+e/ rabic. mral Gais was the most prominent pre'Islamic poet. *ducation in the modern sense was yet to de-elop. +. CONCLUSION: @he stage was set! the moment was psychological for the rise of a great religious and psychological leader. he "rophet came as a mercy towards the creatures and raised the Arabs from a fallen state to the highest pitch of glory.” 0 P6'5' K. H'%%'
S'<$'='>8$> #= I"58 8" 8 R?#5)%'#$8@ F#> 1. RELIGIOUS REFORMS BROUGHT BY ISLAM 3hi,t ,rom polytheism to monotheism. Belie, in one >od/ prophet/ day o, Dud+ment. 2. SOCIAL REFROMS 3hi,t ,rom tribal to e+alitarian society. • Muslim brotherhood pre-ailed. • • 5o more social e-ils. • Blood thirsty enemies became brothers. Best e;ample at Madinah a,ter hiDrah. • *nd to all social classes e;istin+ in pre'Islamic world. •
3. POLITICAL REFORMS • Islamic political system based on equality/ liberty and ,raternity. • 5o more tribal war,are. Concept o, pan'Islamism. • *stablishment o, Islamic *mpire which is one o, the +reatest empire o, all the time. • 4. INTELLECTUAL REFORMS • Islam brou+ht a re-olutionary chan+e in the pre'Islamic intellectual domains. Islam promoted learnin+ and education. • @ #t is obligatory for every $uslim man and woman to ac%uire knowledge.” 0A5687'%6 • rabs who were pre-iously :nown as li=ard eaters became the most ci-ili=ed people on the ,ace o, earth. Muslim rulers patroni=ed educational/ cultural and intellectual de-elopment in the cities o, • Ba+hdad/ 9amascus/ Cordo-a and >ranada which pro-ed to be +reatest centers o, ci-ili=ation in the world. . ECONOMIC REFORMS • Islam introduced the best economic system the human society e-er witnessed. • Measures li:e 7a:at/ Charity/ ensures the circulation o, wealth and discoura+e its accumulation into ,ew hands. Islam strictly prohibits economic e;ploitation o, people in any ,orm or shape. • Islam +i-es ri+ht o, inheritance to woman which the rabs durin+ ahliya eriod denied. •
STUDY AREA – T/O: THE HOLY PROPHET 0 P.B.U.H
HIRAH: $?th N8(?' 0 S% 24; *22 A.D @ he years of re&ection, persecution, and seemingly failure came to an end, and years of honour and success dawned in the life of $uhammad '".(.).*+.” 0 P6'5' K H'%%' -eaving the city of his birth as a despised "rophet, he entered city of adoption as an honoured chief.” 0 P6'5' K H'%%' CAUSES OF HIRAH: 1. 1he re,usal o, Guraish to embarrass Islam. 2. 1he atrocities o, Guraish. 3. the precedent o, HiDrah to Habsha (byssinya). 4. 1he lo-e and considerations o, Madinites. . 1he death o, Ha=rat 4hadiDa (".) and bu 1alib. *. 1he assassination plan by in,idels. +. 1he di-ine re-elation.
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIRAH 1. Helpless minority in Ma::ah turned into power,ul maDority in Madinah. 2. riendly climate o, preachin+. 3. Madinah/ a centre ,or Muslims with stron+ de,ense. 4. !nshared political powers o, Muslims. . *stablishment o, Islamic 3ociety in Madinah. *. 3pread o, Islam. +. *conomic +rowth o, Muslims. ,. 3eparate identity ,or Muslims. -. *mancipation ,rom Guraish. 1. Be+innin+ o, Islamic calendar.
@eventeen years later, the caliph )mar '/.A+ designated that lunar year in which the *i&rah took place as the official starting point of the $uslim era.” 0P6'5' K H'%%' EVENTS OF HIRAH • 9eparture ,rom Ma::ah to Madinah with Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".). • 3tay in 1hawr Ca-e (? miles ,rom Ma::ah) ,or three days. 1he chase by Guraish. • rri-al at Guba and stay ,or ,ourteen days. •
CHARTER OF MADINAH IMPORTANT CLAUSES Common nationality ,or all communities. • Common de,ense. Common enemiesCommon ,riends. • (ll parties are bound help each other in case o, ,orei+n assault. 5one amon+ the sta:eholders • can si+n a separate peace while Muslims are ,i+htin+ in the path o, llah.) • Common interest a+ainst Guraish. (5o non'belie-er in Madinah will inter-ene in ,a-our o, Guraish.) "eli+ious ,reedom ,or all. • *qual "i+hts ,or all. (3ocial/ Le+al and *conomic *quality.) • • rotection o, the oppressed. • Muslims help other Muslims. Mutual ad-ice and consultation. • 3anctity o, Madinah. • Muhammad (.B.!.H) will be the sole arbitrator. • IMPORTANCE OF THE CHARTER he constitution reveals $uhammad0s '".(.).*+ great diplomatic skills for it allows the ideal that he cherished of an )mmah.”
0E$>@>5#7'8 #= I"58 he charter of $adinah was a social contract derived from a treaty and was built upon the concept of one community of diverse tribes.” 0L. A5' K68$; L<85 S>6#58
he holy "rophet '".(.).*+ of #slam had been neglected and abused by his own people at $akkah, while at $adinah he was not only received as an honoured chief but also made president of the republic.” 0H)<6 K$$7@ • Eirst written constitution o, the world. • Ma+na Carta o, early Islam. 3tatesmanship o, holy rophet (.B.!.H) • Ci-il liberties and equal ri+hts ,or all. • 9e,ence o, Madinah. • rotection o, the Muslims. • • Islam as politico'reli+ious entity. • Le+itimate ri+ht o, Muslims to spread Islam. eace/ the ,oremost lesson o, Islam. •
TREATY OF HUDAIBIYA 1. BACKGROUND 3i; years had passed since Muslims le,t Ma::ah. 1hey had stron+ desire to -isit their homes and pil+rima+e. 2. INTENTION OF PILGRIMAGE • 9eparture ,rom Madinah with $00 companions. • %th HiDri/ in the month o, 7ulqadha. "esponse o, Guraish. • 3tay at Hudaibiya • 3. BAITERIDH/AN Ha=rat !thman (".) sent as a messen+er. • Guraish reluctance to allow to the pil+rima+e. • "umour o, Ha=rat !thmans (".) death. • 8ath o, alle+iance under the tree. • 4. TREATY OF HUDAIBIYA 38HIL BI5 M" came ,rom the side o, Guraish to ne+otiate the terms o, the treaty. • . TERMS OF THE TREATY • "eturn this year and per,orm pil+rima+e ne;t year. • 5e;t year/ Muslims will come unarmed. 3uspension o, war ,or ten years. • rabs tribe will be at liberty to Doin any either o, the two +roups. •
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Muslims will return anyone +oin+ ,rom Ma::ah to Guraish but the Guraish will not.
*. IMPORTANCE OF THE TREATY • "e-elation o, clear -ictory. We have given thee a clear victory.” 0A5)8$ ,ter the treaty Muslims started -isitin+ Ma::ah ha-in+ ,ree interaction with the people there. • 1his interaction pa-ed the way ,or Ma::ans to study the positi-e chan+es in the li-es o, Muslims brou+ht about by Islam. 1hey were deeply impressed by the teachin+s o, Islam and embraced Islam thic: and ,ast. 1he si+nin+ o, the treaty with Muslims by Guraish was the ob-ious indicator that they are • compelled to accept Muslims as no lon+er homeless and helpless people but an equally power,ul +roup. 1he treaty was the li-in+ e;ample o, peace,ul co'e;istence o, Muslims. It impacted well on the • rab tribes that were ,ed up with the bloody war,are +oin+ on ,or centuries. 1hus they whole heartedly started Doinin+ Muslims. • Letters to ,orei+n rulers# I. B@8$%'$ R)5 H>)5" recei-ed the Muslim en-oy well. II. S8""8$'7 R)5 C6#"# insulted the en-oy. III. C6'"%'8$ P'$> #= B8$$) G)""8$ treacherously :illed the en-oy. I6. P"'8$ G#?$# #= Y$ embraced Islam. 1he treaty bac:,ired to the Guraish (bu Baseer at es) • 1he treaty pro-ed to be precursor o, the conquest o, Ma::ah. • +. IMPORTANCE OF THE TREATY ACCORDING TO HISTORIANS he treaty of *uddabiya gave a breathing space to the two combatants and of this the "rophet '".(.).*+ reaped the whole advantage”. 0E$>@>5#7'8 B'%8$$'>8 he treaty of *uddabiya is looked upon as a model for drawing up the draft of the model arbitration treaty”. 0M87 K6)7' @he treaty was thus favourable to $uhammad '".(.).*+ in the long term strategy but for the moment it left him to deal with the disappointment of his followers. 0M#$%<#@ /8%%
THE CONUEST OF MAKKAH 1 BACKGROUND 1reaty o, Huddabiya -iolated (Bannu Ba:r attac:ed Bannu 4hu==a) • 1hree o,,ers +i-en to Guraish i. ay blood money o, the murdered ii. Guraish withdraw ,rom their support ,or Bannu Ba:r iii. It be announced that the treaty o, Huddabiya has ,allen apart Guraish went ,or the third option but then re+retted and requested to :eep the treaty intact but it was • reDected. •
2 EVENTS
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March o, rmy ($0/000 MuDhadeen) bu 3u,yan arrested and pardoned 1he rophet (.B.!.H) was in Ma::ah 1he most peace,ul conquest Brea:in+ o, idols Eor+i-eness ,or all
3 EFFECTS OF THE CONUEST i. 1riumph o, truth o-er ,alsehood @ruth has come and falsehood vanished” (AL-Quran) ii. 1he hold o, Muslims on the center o, rabs iii. Be+innin+ o, new era in the preachin+ o, Islam i-. *nd to hostility a+ainst rabia -. 1he day o, rebirth o, Humanity -i. 1he red letter day in the history o, rabs -ii. *stablishment o, new power in the world -iii. Islamic preachin+ o, peace and the conquest 4 CONCLUSION @hus $uhammad '".(.).*+ entered again in *is native city. hrough all the annals of con%uest, there is no triumphant entry comparable to this one” (Stanley L Poole)
THE LAST SERMON OF THE HOLY PROPHET 0P.B.U.H 1 BACKGROUND • • • •
$0th HiDrah/ 1he rophet ,elt that his mission was completed and the sublime tas: accomplished 9i-ine indications that he would soon Doin his Lord. (3urah 5asr) He decided to ma:e ,arewell address on the occasion o, HaDD ll the tribes were in,ormed
2 EVENTS • • • •
9eparture ,rom Madina and arri-al at Ma::ah er,ormance o, HaDD rituals rri-al at ra,at (& 7il'HaDD) 1he sermon
3 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE SERMON '. E)85'%@ @ All of you are as e%ual as the fingers of a hand 11 he Arabs are not superior to the A&amis, nor the A&amis superior to Arabs.” ''. R'<6%" #= '?" 2 people3 4ou have rights over your wives and your wives over you. reat your wives with kindness. 4ou have taken them on the security of Allah and made them lawful unto you by the words of Allah”. '''. M)"5' B#%66##7 2 people3 -isten to my words and remember that all $uslims are brothers unto one another”. '?. P8>6'$< #= )"%'> 5uard yourself from committing in&ustice”. ?. N# 95#'%8%'#$ #= %6 8 4ou will not take your brother0s belongings which he will not give you out of good will”. ?'. R'<6%" #= "58?" Feed your slaves as you feed yourselves and cloth your slaves as you cloth yourselves”.
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?''. B5##7"67 #6'('%7 All bloodshed in the days of ignorance is to be left unavenged”. ?'''. I"58 =>%7 his day have # perfected for you your faith and completed my blessing upon you, and have accepted for you #slam as religion”. (L'G!"5)
4 IMPORTANCE OF THE SERMON Never before had a spectacle been witnessed in the annals of world nor had humanity heard such moving words, advocating respect for the humans”. 0B8"6')7D'$ M)6887 his sermon on the mount appeals by its practicality and strong common sense to higher minds”. 0S@7 A A5'
THE HOLY PROPHET 0P.B.U.H AS A SOCIAL REFORMER $) 2) ?) ) ) %) ) J)
38CIL *G!LI1F ">85 8E *C* 3!8"1*" 8E *9!C1I85 59 458* 36I8!" 8E <8M*5 "*LI>I8!3 18L*"*5C* 36I8!" 8E 3L6*3 59 1H*I" "I>H13 !H8L9*" 8E !31IC* 9*1H 8E *1H58C*51"I3M
- INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD AND PLURALISTIC VISION 1 CONCLUSION 2f all the religious personalities of the world, $uhammad '".(.).*+ was the most successful”. 0E$>@>5#7'8 B'%8$$'>8 *e was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels”. 0M'>685 H. H8%
TEACHINGS OF THE HOLY PROPHET 0P.B.U.H: AN ANALYSIS 1 ONENESS OF ALLAH: Eoundation o, his teachin+s 2 UNIVERSALITY OF HIS TEACHINGS 3 TEACHINGS ACCOMPANIED BY PRACTICE 4 PIETY AND RIGHTEOUSNESS: 1he ,oremost lessons SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE HELPLESS AND THE /EAK
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- ISLAMIC BROTHERHOOD 1 SYED SULEMAN NADVI OBSERVES 1he Holy rophet (.B.!.H) possesses all the ,our ,undamental qualities required ,or the uni-ersal role model. 8. Historical authenticity (. Completeness >. Comprehensi-eness 7. ractical implementation
HOLY PROPHET AS A SOLDIER 1 PURPOSE OF FIGHTING 5ot wealth/ power and lu;ury • 1o eradicate e-ils ,rom the world • • 1o ma:e man sla-e o, llah rather than that o, man 2 POLICY OF FIGHTING 1hree choices ,or enemies • i. *mbrace Islam and become our brothers ii. ay ta; (a=ya) and ta:e our security iii. Come out ,or ,i+ht 3 PEACE NOT BLOODSHED THE FIRST OPTION • Holy rophet (.B.!.H) was not a warmon+er He was a peace ma:er in the world • i. Charter o, Madina ii. 1reaty o, Hudabiya iii. Conquest o, Ma::ah 4 UALITIES AS A SOLDIR: Bra-ery and determination TREATMENT /ITH ENEMY • Clemency and ,or+i-eness • 5o re-en+e ,rom the blood enemy i. bu 3u,yan ii. 1he people o, Ma::ah were ,or+i-en * ACHIEVEMENTS AS A SOLDIER • 6ictory in the war o, Badr • 6ictory in the 9itch Conquest o, Ma::ah • + CONCLUSION
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NOTES OF STUDY AREA – IV HAZRAT ABU BAKR 0R.A 1. INTRODUCTION • 5ame bdullah 4unyat bu Ba:r • 1itle 3iddique • 1ribal Lin: Bani 1amim • Eirst amon+ men to embrace Islam. • • eriod o, caliphate %?2 K %? .9 ($$ .H K $? .H) 2. ELECTION 9emise o, the rophet (.B.!.H) Jth une# %?2 .9 • • spirants o, Caliphate ' 1he orthodo; Muslims ( bu Ba:r/ !mar/ bu !baida/ 3aad bin bi %'#$
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5e;t day &th une# %?2. ll the people o, Madinah assembled in mosque. • ,ter the ,uneral o, the rophet (.B.!.H) +eneral pled+e ta:in+ ceremony was held which • con,irmed bu Ba:rs caliphate. •
''' I$8)<)85 S>6 (@ H88% A() B8 “O People! You have chosen me as your chief, althouh am not "est amonst you#if $o %ell, support me& if ma'e a mista'e, then set me riht As lon as o"ey Allah an$ is Prophet (P*+), o"ey me& %herein $iso"ey, o"ey me not
PROBLEMS FACED BY HAZRAT ABU BAKR 0R.A: 1. USAMA!S EPEDITION: • Holy rophet (.B.!.H) durin+ his last days set !sama to lea-e ,or 3yrian e;pedition. But due to the rophets (.B.!.H) demise !sama could not lea-e Madinah. • • 5ow in the new state o, a,,airs Madinah was badly threatened by rebellious Bedouin tribes and apostates assembled around Madinah. • Many prominent 3ahaba ad-ised Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) either to put o,, the e;pedition or send it under the command o, an e;perience +eneral rather than !sama/ the se-enteen year Foun+man. • H88% A() B8 0R.A 5'7: “ he army shall o even if alone have to fiht aainst the re"ellious *e$ouins As rear$s +sama, $o not $are to $ismiss a person %hom the Prophet (P*+) of Allah has himself appointe$ .a$inah may stan$ or fall& the caliph may live or $ie& "ut the last %or$s of the Prophet (P*+) must "e o"eye$ 2. DEFENCE OF MADINAH: ,ter the departure o, !sama with the main ,i+htin+ ,orce/ Madinah was le,t de,enseless. • 1hus it was -ulnerable to be attac:ed and plundered by the hostile and rebellious Bedouins and • apostates. • Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".)/ in this critical situation/ himsel, marched a+ainst them with Ha=rat li (".)/ 1alha (".) and 7ubair (".). He posted them on the outer de,ense o, Madinah. • He ordered the people o, Madinah to be ready at a moments notice. • Einally there happened the Battle o, 9hul Gassa in which the three 5aDadi tribes# Banu bs/ • Banu 7ubyan/ and Banu 3ulaym attac:ed Madinah. It resulted in the -ictory o, Muslims. •
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Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) strictly turned down any idea o, allowin+ distortion in the teachin+s o, Islam and said/ @ # swear by Allah that even if so much as a piece of string is withheld from 7akat, # shall order war against them.” •
4. PRETENDERS OF PROPHETHOOD: ' M)"8'58; %6 5'8: He belon+ed to the power,ul tribe o, Banu Hani,a. • • He li-ed in Famama. • Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) dispatched :rama and 3hurahbil to put him down. But they were unable to do so be,ore the mi+ht o, Musailama. • Einally Ha=rat 4halid de,eated and :illed him in a ,ierce battle. • '' S886 B'$% A5 H8'%6 3he belon+ed to Bani 1amim. • 3he +athered mi+ht. • 8n way to Madinah she met Musalama and married him. • Ha=rat 4halid crushed the re-olt in Bani 1amim. • ''' T)58'68 He belon+ed to Bani sad. • He was +i-en a crushin+ de,eat by Ha=rat 4halid. • • ,ter de,eat he escaped and returned to Islam a+ain. '? A"87 A$"' He rose in Femen. • • 9ue to split in his army/ he was :illed by his own commander. APOSTASY MOVEMENT: ,ter the demise o, the rophet (.B.!.H)/ a number o, tribes re-olted both politically and • reli+iously. 1he rabs e;cept Ma::ah/ 1ai,/ and some other tribes/ too: the death o, the rophet (.B.!.H) • as a +olden opportunity to throw o,, the yo:e o, alle+iance to Madinah. • 5ow it was the +reatest challen+e ,or Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) to destroy the apostasy in rabia and brin+ people bac: into the lap o, I3LM. CAUSES OF APOSTASY: ' D'")$'%@ • postasy cropped up because rabia was ne-er wholly united un der the ,old o, I"58. '' T'(85 S@"% rabs were loyal to their tribal chie,s and customs. • 1hey ne-er learnt to li-e up under a central political authority. • 1hus/ a,ter the demise o, Holy rophet (.B.!.H)/ they wanted to remain attached with their • tribal system. ''' D"' %# ?'? #57 #7
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1hey resorted to apostasy in order to re-i-e old order. '? A8('8$ N#87'" B7#)'$" 1he Bedouins were born rebels/ wild/anarchic and un+o-ernable in spirit/ disloyal in alle+iance. • • Islam ,orbade them ,rom these e-ils and tried to d iscipline them with inDunctions o, new ,aith. • Howe-er/ Islam could not sun: deep into their hearts in a short time. 1hus/ they turned to apostasy. • V A%%8>%'#$ #= $ 5'<'#$ 1eachin+s o, Islam were too harsh ,or the rabs who lo-ed the license a nd indul+ence o, the • pa+anism o, pre'islamic times. 1hey could not di+est the restrictions on drin:in+/ plunderin+/ and bloodshed. • -i) Lac: o, proper trainin+ Most o, the tribes who apostati=ed were the ones who could not be properly trained by the • rophet (.B.!.H) and his de-oted companions. • 1here,ore/ these tribes could not be well Islami=ed. ?''E>#$#'> C8)" 1he rabs were ne-er :nown to the payment o, 7a:at and 4hiraD. • Howe-er/ these were mandatory to be paid which pro-ed hea-y on their poc:ets. • • 1hus it compelled them to Doin hands with apostasy mo-ement. ?''' L8> #= >#)$'>8%'#$ It insti+ated the people o, the ,ar ,lun+ areas to de,ect the center. • Communication +ap created many misunderstandin+s amon+ tribes. • '9 T'(85 B'<#%@ • 9urin+ Dahliya period tribes were opponents o, one another. • 1his was prohibited by Islam which tried to ma:e all rabs brother to one another. Howe-er/ it was not accepted by the tribes and they re,used to ,or+et the centuries old enmity. • In order to continue tribal bi+otry they turned to apostasy. • •
ACHEIVEMENTS OF HAZRAT ABU BAKR 0R.A
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3a-iour o, Islam 9estruction o, apostasy 9estruction o, ,alse rophethood. *n,orcement o, 7a:at 6ictory in 3yrian e;pedition Compilation o, the Holy Guran 1he conquest in By=antine and ersian *mpires.
CHARACTER OF HAZRAT ABU BAKR 0R.A • • • • • •
1rue ,ollower o, Islam and Holy rophet (.B.!.H). 3a+acious and
%$ STUDY AREA V: HAZRAT UMER FAROO 0R.A ELECTION AS A CALIPH: Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) discussed Ha=rat !mer (".)s nomination with Ha=rat bdur "ehman • (".) bin u, and Ha=rat 1alha (".). • 1hey both accepted Ha=rat !mer (".)s abilities but e;pressed concerns about his strict beha-iour. Eurther Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) discussed with Ha=rat !thman (".) and as:ed him to write his • will ,or Ha=rat !mer (".). Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".)s ,inal words to the people re+ardin+ the nomination o, Ha=rat !mer • (".)# @I ha-e not nominated any o, my relati-es but Ha=rat !mer (".)/ whom I belie-e the best amon+st you. 9o you endorse my nominationA • eople did so. INTRODUCTION TO HAZRAT UMER 0R.A
6aliant in battle/ wise in counsel/ ele+ant in speech/ true to his ,riends/ ma+nanimous to his ,oes/ Ha=rat !mer (".) was the p ara+on o, Muslim nobility and the chi-alry o, rab tradition. He was not only a +ood soldier but also +reat administrator. s a person he was humane in his conduct/ ,orbearin+ and pious in manners and was endowed with so intellectual powers that his predecessors had consulted in matters o, Islamic Durisprudence and other administrati-e a,,airs o, the empire. s a +reat administrator/ he paid special attention to the ,inancial/ administrati-e/ and Dudicial institutions so that +ood mana+ement/ ta; s ystem/ and Dustice could be ensured throu+hout his empire. Ha=rat !mer (".) owned/ as we are told/ one shirt and one mantle only both conspicuous ,or their patchwor:/ slept on a bed o, palm lea-es/ and had no concern other than the maintenance o, the purity o, the ,aith/ the upholdin+ o, Dustice/ and the ascendancy and the security o, Islam and the Muslims. • • • •
5M* !M*" BI5 4H1B (".) 1I1L* E"88G!* 1"IB* B5! 9I *"I89 8E CLIH1* $? .H K 2? .H ( %? .9 K % )
EPANSION OF MUSLIM EMPIRE DURING THE CALIPHATE OF HAZRAT ABU BAKR 0R.A AND HAZRAT UMER 0R.A: CONUESTS IN SASSINID EMPIRE 0IRAN & IRA: • UEEN AZARMIR DAKHT was the 3assanidersian empress when con,lict started between Muslims and the 3assanids. Initially the con,lict started between the border rab tribe/ <IL and the Iraqis. • Masna/ tribal chie, o, wail tribe/ requested Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) ,or military assistance to • in-ade Iraq. • Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) dispatched army under the command o, Ha=rat 4halid bin
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•
1hen there came the Battle o, chains.
1. BATTLE OF CHAINS. • It too: place in %?? .9 Hormu= was the ersian +o-ernor o, Iraq. • 4halid wrote to Hormu=# • J Accept slam an$ you are safe or else pay tri"ute "oth you an$ your people f you refuse, you shall have yourself to "lame You %ill have to fiht a people %ho love $eath as you love life Hormu= ,orwarded the letter to the ersian empress and himsel, came out to ,ace 4halid. • t the end/ 4halid stood -ictorious in the Battle o, chains. • 2. BATTLE OF /ALAA It too: place pril# %??. • ersian army came under the command o, ndar= +ard. • It ended up with 4halids -ictory. • 3. THE CONUEST OF HIRA 1he people o, Hira si+ned treaty with 4halid and o,,ered to pay one lac and ninety thousand • darhams as Di=ya. 4. THE BATTLE OF FIRAZ 1he place ,ira= was a crossroads ,or Iran/ Iraq and Hira. • 1hus Iranians/ "omans and Hirites Dointly launched a de,ense o, strate+ic point o, ,ira= a+ainst • 4halids attac:. Einally/ 4halid won. • ,ter -ictory at ,ira=/ 4halid le,t ,or HaDD and when returned/ Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) sent him to • 3yrian in-asion.
5ote Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) passed away while the 3assanid in-asion by Muslims reached at this point. Erom now on/ the conquests will be recorded in the caliphate o, Ha=rat !mer (".). . THE BATTLE OF BRIDGE • Masna came to Madinah/ once a+ain ,or ,urther help to in-ade Iraq and Iran. • He met Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) on his death bed wh o ad-ised Ha=rat !mer (".)/ the second caliph/ to +i-e e-ery possible help to Masna. Ha=rat !mer (".) sent rein,orcement with Masna/ and made bu !baid commander despite the • opposition o, other companions. • bu !baid reached Iraq and a,ter some minor ,i+hts/ there came the battle o, brid+e. • Both armies were settled on the opposite ban:s o, ri-er *uphrates. !baid despite opposition o, Masna/ crossed the ri-er/ and made a ,atal mista:e. • ersians had come with elephants and dama+ed Muslim army -ery badly. • 9ue to unbrid+ed ri-er on their bac:/ Muslims could not e-en draw bac:. • • ?/000 (three thousands) out o, &/000 (nine thousands) Muslims could sur-i-e.
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•
bu !baid himsel, +ot martyred.
*. BATTLE OF BUYAB • 1his time Masna was to ,ace the ersian commander/ Mehran. 8nce a+ain *uphrates/ hurdled between two armies. • 1his time Mehran was as:ed to cross the ri-er. • 9espite bein+ wounded/ Masna ,ou+ht coura+eously and stood -ictorious. • CONSEUENCES OF DEFEAT AT BUYAB ON PERSIANS ersians were sha:en down to the +round. • 1hey dethroned queen =armi >ard/ and made Fa=d >ard/ their new emperor. • Fa=d >ard appointed "ustam/ their chie, commander/ to wipe out Muslims ,rom sassinid • *mpire. • 1hus comes the decisi-e Battle o, Gadisiya. • Ha=rat !mer (".) himsel, wanted to command a+ainst "ustam in the decisi-e battle o, Gadisiya/ but MaDlis'e'3hura did not permit. Einally/ 3aad bin bi 8 '%6 568$%" 8$7 788<7 M)"5'" 8 <8% 785. DAY T/O: M)"5'" >#?7 %6' >85" '$ (58> >5#%6 6'>6 ='<6%$7 %6 I8$'8$ 6#"" 8$7 8'$7 7#'$8$%. DAY – THREE: M)"5'" 8%%8>7 >#)8<#)"5@. F'<6% $% #$ 855 $'<6%. M)"5'" ?'%)855@ >#$)7. DAY – FOUR: R)"%8 6'"5= $%7 %# ='<6% ()% 8" '557. S8!87 "%##7 ?'>%#'#)". ,. FALL OF MADAIN; THE IRANIAN CAPITAL • ,ter Gadisiya/ Ha=rat 3aad ad-anced towards Madain. • 1he city was parted into two hal-es by the ri-er 1ir+ris. ,ter some resistance 3aad entered both hal-es b y ,orce. • *mperor ,led away lea-in+ the richest city o, the 3assinid *mpire ,or the Muslims. • -. BATTLE OF NAH/AND • Fa=d >ard made ,inal ditch e,,ort to reco-er the *mpire ,rom Muslims and sent Mardan 3hah with one lac ,i,ty thousand ($/0/000) army. Ha=rat !mer (".) desired to lead army himsel, but once a+ain MaDlis'e'3hura did not permit. • Ha=rat 5ouman bin Ma:ran/ was appointed commander'in'chie, o, Muslim army. • • Muslims ended up with -ictory. • ,ter this battle/ +eneral e;pedition too: place and the whole o, 3assanid *mpire ,ell to Muslims.
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MUSLIMS CONUEST IN BYZANTINE EMPIRE 0SYRIA; PALASTINE; ORDAN; EGYPT • Ha=rat bu Ba:r (".) sent ,our di-isions o, army under ,our di,,erent commanders ,or 3yrian in-asion.
i. ii. iii. i-.
F7**9 BI5 B! 3!EF5 /000 troops directed to 9amascus. 2. 3H!"HBIL IB5* H35 /000 troops directed to central 3yria. M" BI5 3 /000 troops directed to yla. B! !BI9 L "H 3upreme commander o, all Muslim army in 3yria. • 1otal troops sent to 3yrian in-asion were 20/0 00. Ha=rat 4halid was also called ,rom Iraqi ,ront to Doin Muslim army in 3yria. • 4halid came with &/000 troops ,rom Iraq and here in 3yria was selected as supreme commander • by other Muslim commanders stationed there. 1. BATTLE OF ANAHDAIN It too: place on uly ?0# %? .9 • Muslim stren+th 0/000. • • Christian stren+th $00/000 plus. • Muslim commander 4halid bin
5ote Erom now on/ the conquests in By=antine *mpire will be recorded in the caliphate o, Ha=rat !mer (".). ,ter the de,eat at Dnahdain/ the By=antine emperor Heraclius ,led away ,rom *mesa (Hims) to ntich in northern 3yria which became his second capital. • 5ow 4halid di-ided his army into three sections such as# a) 3hurabil to ordan b) mr bin as to alestine c) He himsel, with bu !baida and Fa=id marched towards 9amascus. •
2. SIEGE OF DAMASCUS • 4halid laid down the sie+e o, 9amascus in %? .9 4halid called 3hurabil and mr bin as also at the sie+e o, 9amascus. • Einally the 3yrians came to terms and si+ned the treaty with Ha=rat 4halid. • 1he 3yrians were supposed to pay ta; one dinar and one arib (twenty mounds o, wheat) per • head annually. 3. BATTLE OF YARMOK It too: place on u+ust 20# %?% .9 • • It was the decisi-e battle in the 3yrian land. • By=antine commander 1heodrus came with one lac plus troops.
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Ha=rat 4halid had thirty thousand MuDahideen. By=antine army despite +reater in number was di-ided and parted in racial and +eo+raphical • terms. • 3econdly/ they were stran+e to the ad-erse climate o, the desert. • 1he rabs were e;tremely united under the command o, Ha=rat 4h alid. 1hey were also ,i+htin+ on home +round as desert and its climate were ne-er new to them. • lmost one lac o, the Christian soldiers were put unde r the sword by Muslims. • ,ter the battle o, Farmo: there was no ,ormidable resistance ,or the Muslims in the 3yrian • land. @yria is as calm as a camel.” 4halid wrote to the Caliph. ,ter this battle/ Ha=rat !mer (".) dismissed 4halid ,rom the commandership o, Muslim army • and appointed bu !baida l arah as new supreme commander o, Muslim army. • bu !baida di-ided his army such as# i. 3hurabil sent to ordan. ii. Fa=id sent to Lebanon. iii. mr bin as to alestine and erusalem. i-. bu !baida himsel, captured 9amascus. •
4. CAPTURE OF ERUSALEM mr approached erusalem. • By=antine commander rtubun came out ,or ,i+ht. • ,ter ,acin+ the Muslim resistance/ rtubun o,,ered to surrender the city but demanded that the • Muslim caliph should himsel, come to recei-e the :eys o, the city. Ha=rat !mer (".) reached erusalem on camel with h is sla-e. • 1he treaty was si+ned between Ha=rat !mer (".) and people o, erusalem. • ,ter this/ !mer (".) was reluctant to launch any ,urther in-asion. • . CONUEST OF EGYPT mr bin as see:s permission ,rom Ha=rat !mer (".) to in-ade *+ypt which he is +i-en a,ter • some reluctance. • mr le,t ,or *+ypt with ,our thousand troops in 9ec# %?& .9. *. SIEGE OF BABYLON mr laid down the sie+e in pril# %0 .9. • Cyrus/ the By=antine +o-ernor o, *+ypt/ shut himsel, up in the ,ortress o, Babylon. • • Ha=rat 7ubair (".) arri-ed with the rein,orcement o, about ten thousand Muslims. • ,ter this rein,orcement Muslim army ti+htened the sie+e and the Cyrus was compelled to come to ne+ations with Muslims. ,ter the treaty/ Cyrus surrendered the city to Muslims. • +. FALL OF ALEANDRIA • 5ow mr laid down sie+e o, le;andria. 1he city was hea-ily +arrisoned by 0/000 By=antine troops. •
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Muslim army was e;tremely short o, sie+e weapons and most needed na-y without which sie+e o, such a bi+ city was impossible. Meanwhile/ the By=antine emperor Heraclius died. • • His +randson/ Constantine'II/ ascended to the throne. • He was youn+ and wea: as an emperor. 1hus Cyrus i+nored him and a,ter a treaty surrendered le;andria to Muslims. • ,ter the ,all o, le;andria/ the whole o, *+ypt ,ell to Muslims. • •
,. FOUNDATION OF FUSTAT ,ter complete -ictory in *+ypt/ mr/ with the ad-ise o, Ha=rat !mer (".) ,ounded city o, • Eustat which became Muslim capital o, *+ypt. ADMINISTRATIONMANAGEMENTREFORMS OF HAZRAT UMER 0R.A 1. MALISESHURA Ha=rat !mer (".) was a born democrat. • • ,ter becomin+ caliph he constituted MaDlis'e'3hura which was prime decision ma:in+ body o, the Islamic "epublic. It was composed o, the most important sahaba and thin: tan:s o, Islam. • *-ery important decision was re,erred to the MaDlis. • I, it could not draw consensus/ it was re,erred to the public. • • 1he will o, the maDority would pre-ail. • t the time o, the battle o, Gadisiyah and 5ahwand/ Ha=rat !mer (".) decided to lead the army himsel,/ but the MaDlis did not permit.
2. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE He di-ided the country into ele-en pro-inces. • *ach was headed by +o-ernor called
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*ach district had its own court headed by a Ga=i. 8nly the richest and most pious people would be appointed as Ga=i so that no corruption and • in,luence should wor:. •
. POLICE AND PRISON HOUSES Ha=rat !mer (".) laid down the ,oundation o, olice department. • He also started the system o, ni+ht watchman. • • He ,irst time introduced the system o, prison houses. • He amended the punishments. *. FINANCE DEPARTMENT Ha=rat !mer (".) ,ormally established the ,inance department. • • 1he ,inances obtained ,rom the conquered were administered by 9ewan. • 3ources o, ,inances were a=ya (oll ta;)/ and 4hiraD (land ta;). +. BAIT UL MAAL Ha=rat !mer (".) established Baitul Maal in each pro-ince and one in central capital also. • • 1he pro-incial baitul maal would pay ,or the e;penditures and surplus was sent to central baitul maal in Madinah. ,. PUBLC /ORKS DEPARTMENT • It was a separate department. 1housands o, labourers were employed by this department. 8ne lac only in *+ypt. • 1hey were busy in construction o, waitin+ houses/ roads/ brid+es/ inns/ water canals etc. • -. EDUCATIONAL REFORMS Ha=rat !mer (".) was :eenly interested in educatin+ the masses. • Mosques ser-ed as schools. 1eachers were paid salaries by the +o-ernment. • Ha=rat !mer (".)s chie, achie-ements in education are# • i) Initiatin+ Islamic HiDrah Calendar. ii) Islamic coina+e iii) 3ystemati=in+ rabic alphabets. 1. M'5'%8@ R=#" Ha=rat !mer (".) was the pioneer o, military administration. • He +ot the names and ran:s o, soldiers re+istered. • 3alaries were paid accordin+ to the respecti-e ran:s. • 9I6I3I85 8E "MF • Ha=rat !mer (".) di-ided his army into two parts. i) "e+ular rmy# It continued ,i+htin+. ii) "eser-ed rmy# It was summoned when needed. C8M83I1I85 8E "MF i) Ca-alry# they ,ou+ht on horses and camels. ii) In,antry# they ,ou+ht on ,oot. MILITARY CODE
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Ha=rat !mer (".) +a-e a code o, conduct ,or re+ular army. 1he re+ular army was not supposed to remain away ,rom homes more than ,our months. • C8531"!C1I85 8E C5185M*513 • Ha=rat !mer (".) ,irst time constructed cantonments/ barrac:s/ stables/ pastures ,or the ,acilitation o, army. Eour main cantonments were at 4u,a/ Basra/ "amala/ Eustat. • •
CHARACTERACHEIVEMENTS OF HAZRAT UMER 0R.A “+mer/s life re0uires "ut a fe% lines to s'etch& simplicity an$ $uty %ere the ui$in principles of his life& impartiality an$ $evotion, the lea$in features of his a$ministration /'55'8 M)'. “e %as "est suite$ to rule over the %il$ sons of the $esert an$ other unruly elements %hich threatene$ to $isrupt the national unity an$ cohesion M)6887 A"687. “+mer has "een ran'e$ hiher than such men as ceaser etc he reason is that the con0uests ma$e "y Ara"s un$er +mer, ta'in into account "oth si1e an$ their $uration, are su"stantially more important than those of either 2aesar or 2harlemane M'>685 H. H8%; '$ 6'" (##; THE HUNDRED.
$. ious and duti,ul 2. born democrat ?. Humble and simple . Master administrator . ara+on o, ustice %. !nparalleled conqueror . 3tern and strict ruler J. Humanitarian &. Hardwor:in+ and deli+ent $0. Bold/ Bra-e and determined. CONCLUSION: HAZRAT UMER 0R.A %'7 %# 6'" 6# '%6 %6 =#55#'$< "#5'5#)@ “O Son of 3hata"! um"le you %ere an$ Allah has elevate$ you& astray, an$ Allah has ui$e$ you& %ea', an$ Allah has strenthene$ you hen, e cause$ you to rule over the nec's of your people 4hen one of them came see'in your ai$, you $i$ not stri'e him! 4hat %ill you have to say to your Lor$ %hen you present yourself "efore im5 P6'5' K. H'%%'.
C8)"" #= M)"5' C#$)"%" '$ S8""'$'7 8$7 B@8$%'$ E' '. Internal conditions o, these empires (Hitti). ''. Erontier Eorts.rabs considered the locals their own :in. '''. Muslim +a-e reli+ious ,reedom to all which was non'e;istent pre-iously.
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'?. Muslim char+ed tribute ,rom the conquered which was much less than that char+ed by pre-ious rulers. ?. 3tron+ reli+ious =eal in rabs. ?'. *conomic necessity o, rabs. ?''. 3er-ices o, Muslim able +enerals.
C#'58%'#$ #= T6 H#5@ )!8$ 1. D)'$< %6 5'= #= H#5@ P#6% 0P.B.U.H ⇒ 1he Guran was in pieces. ⇒ 1otal time o, re-elation 2? years. (%0&'%?2 .9). ⇒ 7ayd bin 1habit was the earliest to preser-e Guran under the orders o, the rophet (.B.!.H) ⇒ He would write the Holy -erses on palm lea-es/ leather/ shoulder bones o, +oat and on parchments o, papers. ⇒ 1he di-ision and sequence o, 1he Guran into chapters and surahs were arran+ed by the rophet (.B.!.H) himsel,. ⇒ But/ no written copy was in e;istence durin+ Holy rophets (.B.!.H) li,etime. 2. C#'58%'#$ (@ H88% A() B8 ⇒ In battle o, Femama a+ainst Musailma/ the liar/ many hu,a= were martyred. ⇒ Ha=rat !mer reali=ed the need o, the preser-ation o, the Holy Guran. ⇒ He su++ested this to bu Ba:r. ⇒ Ha=rat bu Ba:r appointed =aid bin 1habit to constitute a board o , Hu,a= ,or compilation. ⇒ He was as:ed to authenticate each -erse by the reciters. ⇒ Einally/ copy with Ha=rat bu Ba:r/ !mer/ Ha=rat Ha,sa. 3. C#'58%'#$ (@ H88% U%68$ ⇒
U8@87 D@$8"%@ A$ I$%#7)>%'#$ Be+innin+ (%0.H K %%0 .9) *nd ($?0 .H K 0 .9) Eirst Caliph K meer Muawya K (%%0 K %J0 .9) 2
Marwaan'II 0 .9 !mmayad Capital 9amascus List o, rominent !mmayad Caliphs $. meer Muawya %%0'%J0 .9 2. Fa=id bin Muawya %J0'%J? ?. Muawya bin Fa=id (8nly ,or three months# later on abdicated) . Marwan bin Ha:im %J . bdul Mali: bin Marwan %J'0 (20 years) %.
ABDUL MALIK BIN MAR/AN 0*,+ A.D I$%#7)>%'#$: He was son o, the ,ourth !mayyad Caliph Marwan bin Ha:im. His caliphate can be di-ided into two periods. P'#7 – I: 0*,*-3 A.D
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1his period lasted ei+ht years. 9urin+ this period both bdul Mali: and bdullah bin 7ubair (".) were caliphs simultaneously.
P'#7 – II: 0*-3+ A.D 1his period lasted twel-e years. 9urin+ this period bdul Mali: was the sole caliph o, the Muslim
$. Conquests in 5orth ,rica Eor details o, Conquests in 5orth ,rica by bdul Mali:/ see the chapter Muslims in 5orth ,rica/ in part'II. 2.
REFORMS OF ABDUL MALIK
$. A8('> 8" %6 O=='>'85 L8$<)8< Muslim empire had spread ,ar and wide by bdul Mali:s caliphate. Howe-er/ the conquered areas were yet to ado pt rabic as the o,,icial lan+ua+e. 1hus/ it was bdul Mali: who made rabic o,,icial lan+ua+e and the only mandatory medium o, +o-ernmental communication throu+hout the Muslim *mpire. 2
1his impacted hu+ely in terms o, promul+atin+ and establishin+ Islamic culture and ci-ili=ation in the newly conquered areas.
2. N A8('> C#'$8<: By the time o, bdul Mali:/ the Muslims did not ha-e their own currency. 1hey used >ree: and ersian coins. bdul Mali: installed a Mint to manu,acture Muslim coina+e. 1hus/ ,ollowin+ coins were issued# D'$8 >old Coin D'68 3il-er Coin F85" Copper Coin
1his was a +reat contribution by bdul Mali: towards Muslim ci-ili=ation.
?. P#"%85 S@"% He impro-ed the postal department. ost was now carried on ,ast mo-in+ horses. 1hus/ it lin:ed center o, the *mpire with 9amascus/ the capital. . F#)$78%'#$ #= N C'%'" He populated some new cities in the Muslim *mpire. 1he cantonment o, 6'%>%) He was a +reat admirer o, art and architecture. He paid special ,ocus on the construction o, Mosques. MasDid'ul'qsa and the masterpiece 9ome o, "oc: were constructed in erusalem by bdul Mali:. Moreo-er/ the >rand Mosque in 9amascus spea: -olumes o, his lo-e ,or Mosque architecture. %. L'%8@ A>6'?$%" He himsel, was a matchless scholar o, the day. He would always lo-e to promote literature and learnin+ in his *mpire. He requested 3aeed bin Musab to write e;e+esis (1E3**") o, Holy Guran.
/ALID BIN ABDUL MALIK I$%#7)>%'#$ ,ter the death o, bdul Mali: bin Marwan/ his son
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@ *e is in our eyes, the greatest and in every respect the most powerful and illustrious ruler amongst all the commanders of the faithful. ” 0/EIL @We shall not find in the annals of the caliphate a more glorious reign than that of Al8Walid.” 0/'55'8 M)' @he reign of Walid was famous for the expansion in the annals of #slam.” 0E. G'((#$
le;ander was a +reat conqueror/ but his conquests could not turn into an *mpire and lac:ed prudent administrati-e setup. Howe-er/
EPANSION OF MUSLIM EMPIRE DURING /ALID!" CALIPHATE:
CONUEST IN CENTRAL ASIA Gutayba bin Muslim was appointed ,or e;pedition to the Central sia. Gutayba started his e;pedition ,rom 4hurasan/ which was already in Muslim custody. Erom there/ he ad-anced to Bal:h/ Bu:hara/ 3amar:and and ended in 4ash+har in China. ACHIEVEMENTS OF /ALID '. *nlar+ement o, 5a-al Eleet
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3ocial
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9e-elopment o, rt He promoted construction o, Mosques in 9amascus. He ,urther sanctioned the reconstruction o, *+yptian and erusalem Mosques. He also had the honour o, reno-atin+ the tomb o, Holy rophet (.B.!.H). Most importantly/ he made especial ,ocus on the enlar+ement o, MasDid'e'5ab-i.
@ From the borders of 9hina and the (anks of the #ndus, to the Atlantic, Walid0s word was the law.” 0/'55'8 M)'
UMAR BIN ABDUL AZIZ 0UMAR – II +1++2 A.D I$%#7)>%'#$ ,ter the death o, 3uleiman bin bdul Mali:/ !mar bin bdul =i= became the caliph. He stands out as a bri+ht and noble e;ception amon+ the +odless/ +reedy and sel,'see:in+ rulers o, the house o, !mayyad. 1he prime obDecti-e o, !mar'II was to consolidate the *mpire rather than to e;pand it and increase power and pel,. It was because his rule was inspired by the considerations o, reli+ion.
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His methods were based on Dustice/ tolerance/ moderation and public wel,are. He was deeply impressed by the spirit o, Islam/ particularly o, his namesa:e !mar (".)/ the second pious caliph. He copied all the methods which pre-ailed durin+ the illustrious caliphate o, !mar'I. 1hus/ his caliphate was the return o, the system o, !mar (".)/ and he is ri+htly called the th pious caliph.
C688>% 8$7 A>6'?$%" #= U8 ('$ A(7)5 A' $. 9emocratic "uler Li:e his ideal/ !mar'I/ he was also democratic by birth. s a +o-ernor o, Madinah/ he established MaDlis'e'3hura on the pattern o, Ha=rat !mar (".).
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ara+on o, ustice *;actly li:e !mar'I/ he ensured the pro-ision o, Dustice. He was more concerned about the selection o, a Ga=i than a +o-ernor. His Dustice wor:ed re+ardless o, the ,amily/ status and in,luence o, the o,,ender.
n e+alitarian By the time he became caliph/ the ethnic di,,erences between rab and 5on'rabs had been deep'rooted in the Muslims *mpire. rab considered themsel-es superior to the non'rab Muslims. !mar discoura+ed this social e-il and promoted the concept o, equality in the Islamic *mpire.
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"econciliatory and eace,ul !mar was reconciliatory and peace,ul by nature. He stopped the practice o, cursin+ Ha=rat li (".) and his descendents which was started by his predecessors !mayyad caliphs. His peace,ulness impressed e-en the most -iolent ,action o, society i.e 4harDaites who +a-e up insur+ency durin+ his rule. He also adopted peace,ul ,orei+n policy ,or the Muslim *mpire. Liberal and 1olerant !mar was most liberal and tolerant in his reli+ious policy. He permitted the restoration o, 3aint ohn church at 9amascus which was put'o,, by
%. 3imple and Modest ?$
He adopted the li,estyle o, Ha=rat !mar'I (".). He drew a -ery mea+er salary ,or himsel,. He as:ed his wi,e to discard Dewelry +i-en to her by her relati-es. He also returned all the lands and property which he recei-ed ,rom his elders. 1hus/ he was ,ar ,rom the worldly desires and ill'+otten +ains.
REFORMS OF UMAR BIN ABDUL AZIZ
$. *radication o, administrati-e e-ils 5epotism and Ea-ouritism 2. ccountability o, o,,icers. ?. "eturn o, e;ploited property. . "e-enue re,orms. . 1reatment with dhimis. %. ropa+ation o, Islam. . "ecti,ication o, Bait'ul'Maal J. Ban on un'Islamic traditions. &. bolition o, the abuses in the sermon o, Eriday prayers. $0. 3ocial wel,are.
THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF UMAYYADS Introduction 1he rule o, !mayyad brou+ht many chan+es in the pre-ailin+ administrati-e structure. It witnessed drastic shi,t in both institutions and administration. 1he salient ,eatures o, their administration are +i-en below# '. 1he caliph Islamic caliphate chan+ed into hereditary :in+ship. Method o, electin+ a caliph was replaced by unrati,ied nomination. "ulin+ o-er the Muslims became the pri-ile+e o, a sin+le ,amily. ?2
''. 1he 3hura 3hura was abolished by the !mayyads. 1here was no chec: and balance on the :in+. 8nly !mar bin bdul =i= made e,,orts to re-i-e it but his e,,orts pro-ed short' li-ed. '''. Bait'ul'Maal Bait'ul'Maal became the royal treasury. Caliphs and the royal ,amily members embe==led bait'ul'maal ,or their personal e;penditures. 1o meet their la-ish li,estyle/ they imposed undue ta;es and e;ploitations. '?. 1he "oyal Court !mayyads adopted 3assinid and By=antine practices in their court. It painted a picture o, pomp and show. 1hese caliphs hired courtiers/ musicians/ sin+ers/ poets only to amuse themsel-es. Caliphs paid e;tortionate salaries and hu+e sums o, mone y in +i,ts to these useless employees o, the royal court. 1here was lac: o, communication between caliph and the masses. ?. Central >o-ernment 1he !mayyad central +o-ernment was di-ided into ,i-e boards. 1hese are as ,ollows# ⇒ 9iwan'ul'and It was the board ,or military administration. o It also dealt with scholarships and pensions. o ⇒ 9iwan'ul'HiraD It was a board ,or ,inancial mana+ement. o It maintained accounts and records. o ⇒ 9iwan'ul'4hatam It maintained the record o, correspondence and orders issued by the o caliph. It also issued circulars and pamphlets as decreed by the the caliph. o ⇒ 9iwan'ul'Barid It was meant ,or postal ser-ices. o osts were built at e-ery $2 :ilometers. o ⇒
9iwan'ul'hdas It administered police system. o Its responsibility was to ensure law and order and security o, the o citi=ens.
?'. ro-inical dminstration !mayyad has di-ided their *mpire into si; pro-inces. *ach pro-ince had ,ollowin+ o,,icials.
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+o-ernor/ Mahasil/ 3ahib'ul':hiraD/ 3ahib'ul'hdas/ 3ahib'ul'Barid and a Ga=i.
?''. 3ources o, "e-enue !mayyad has ,i-e maDor sources o, re-enue. 4hums/ 7a:at/ a=ya/ !shr and 4hiraD. 1he re-enues were collected at the pro-incial le-el and were shi,ted to 9amascus.
CAUSES OF THE DO/NFALL OF UMAYYADS $. 9ynastic 9ecline natural phenomenon Ibn'e'4halduns doctrine. 5atural de+eneration o, dynasty can only be a-oided throu+h re,orms which the !mayyad i+nored. 2. 6iolation o, Islamic rinciples Muaway -iolated the principle o, election o, ca liph. 1he !mayyad lac:ed support and cooperation o, the people. ?.
&. Lu;ury and *;tra-a+ance o, the !mayyads !mayyad were addicted to worldly pleasures. 1hey widely indul+ed in e-il acti-ities and social sins. 1he Islamic urists ri+htly call it un'Islamic rule. $0. 1he bbasid Mo-ement bbasid mo-ement was a deadly blow to the !mayyad rule. 3hias/ Mawalis and 4harDites had also Doined to+ether a+ainst !mayyad. he rule of the )mayyad was regarded by contemporaries in no way as a continuation of the "rophet '".(.).*+. his proved the greatest source of weakness to the )mayyad.” he utterly unsympathetic policy of the )mayyad to their sub&ects endangered more than anything the rule of this dynasty.”
PROGRESS OF KNO/LEDGE DURING ABBASIDS
*arly eriod eriod o, translation It was ,ollowed by creati-e wor:. "easons9ri-in+ ,orces behind acquisition o, 4nowled+e Islams emphasis on acquirin+ :nowled+e ,rom cradle to +ra-e. 1ranslation o, >ree:/ ersian and Indian wor:s. 1ranslation were done under direct in,luence o, Mansur/ Harun and Mamun. Hunayn bin Ishaq and his team o, translators made most important medical writin+s o, the >ree: by direct translations ,rom the >ree: and 3yrian -ersions.
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9e-elopment o, Medicines It ws the ,irst science to de-elopm amon+ Msulims. Hunayn bin Ishaq translated >ree: medicine boo:s. He translated and promul+ated the wor:s o, Hippcrates and >elen to the student and practitioners in the Muslim
i. l K "a=i (J%'&2 .9) His ,ull name was bu Ba:r Muhammad l'"a=i l'Hawai was his most popular wor:. It was an encycloped ia o, Medicines based on 20 -olumes. l'udari'wal'Hasbah was his another wor: in which he described Measles and 3mall o; in detail. ii. Ibne'3ina (&J0'$0?.9) His ,ull name was bu li Ibn'e'3ina. His ,amous boo: was l'Ganun l'1ib which deals with the study o, Human hysiolo+y and Medicine. iii. li Ibne bbas He wrote 4itab'al'Mali:i which was also a Medical encyclopedia. 9e-elopment o, Chemistry i. 4halid bin Fa=id bin Muawiya He was the ,irst Chemist o, rabs. Chemistry ,lourished enormously durin+ bbasid rule. ii. abir bin Hayan (2$'J$ .9) He was popularly :nown as ,ather o, Chemistry owin+ to his contribution. He disco-ered# 5itric cid 3ulphuric cid Hydrochloric cid
9e-elopment o, Mathematics (J0'J .9) i. Muhammad bin Musa l'4huwar=imi His well :nown wor: on mathematics is ;*isab8al8
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l'Beruni He wor:ed in ad-anced 1ri+onometry. !mar l'4hayyam He classi,ied al+ebraic equations. ?%
9e-elopment o, stronomy i. l'Ear=ari
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iii. i-.
He translated Indian wor: on astronomy K idhanta0
l'4indi He impro-ed astronomical instruments l'Battani He studies stars and prepared astronomical tables. Mamun He established an 8bser-atory at hammassia.
9e-elopment o, >eo+raphy 9e-elopment o, >eo+raphy was a need o, Muslims at that time. i. ii. iii.
Ibne eo+raphy. l'Beruni His ,amous wor: on +eo+raphy was ;:itab Al8ard0 4auwari=mi His popular wor: was 3urat l'rd (1he 3hape o, *arth).
9e-elopment o, >eolo+y i.
Ibne 3ina He wrote a boo: on study o, mountains. He +a-e scienti,ic reasons ,or earthqua:e.
9e-elopment o, History i.
l'1arabi He was the +reates Muslim historian His prominent boo: was ;Akhbar8al8/usul8wal8$ulk0 9e-elopment o, hilosophy i.
l K 4indi He was ,irst +reat Muslim philosopher. He combined the -iews o, lato and ristotle.
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l'Earabi He attempted to harmoni=e >ree: philosophy with Islam.
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Ibne 3ina He wrote two boo:s on philosophy/ namely# 4itab'al'3hi,a ynul'Hi:mat
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I:hwan'as'3a,a
It was a +ala=y o, Muslim philosopher. 1hey answered all questions on philosophy and reli+ion.
9e-elopment o, Literature and oetry
rabian and ersian literature ,lourished -astly durin+ bbasid period. 1he most prominent amon+ ersian literary +iants were# i. Eerdusi ii. bu EaraD iii. alaludin i-. Earidudin
9e-elopment o, 1heolo+y
1he ,amous ,our schools o, thou+ht/ (Han,i/ 3ha,i/ Mali:i and Hanbali) also ,lourished durin+ bbasid rule.
A() 8=8 A5M8$") 0+4++ A.D Introduction bu a,ar is re+arded as the real ,ounder o, bbasid dynasty. 6arious historians -iew him with a -aried an+le. Muir describes him as a treacherous and cruel man/ while mir li calls him a despotic monarch. .4. Hitti/ howe-er/ maintains that bu a,ar was one o, the +reatest/ thou+h most unscrupulous o, the bbasid rulers. "ei+n o, l'Mansur His policy o, decentrali=ed +o-ernment and di-idin+ the ne;us o, authority into Ministers/ 4atibs and other o,,icials appointed by himsel, succeeded in consolidatin+ his rule. He emer+ed triumphant in crushin+ many o, the uphea-als a+ainst his rule. He built a stron+/ prosperous and e,,iciently administered state.
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Challen+es ,aced by l'Mansur 'Mansur ,aced mani,old re-olts and rebelliousness concurrently. It was his astute intelli+ence and ,oresi+htedness which brou+ht him out -ictorious in all the uprisin+s. "e-olt o, bdullah bin li bdullah bin li/ the hero o, 7ab/ +o-ernor o, 9amascus was uncle o, bu bbass s'3a,,ah and l'Mansur. s'3a,,ah had promised to nominate him as his successor but l'Mansur/ s'3a,,ahs brother acceded to the throne. bdullah bin lis re-olt met a crushin+ de,eat by bu Muslim on the orders o, l'Mansur near 5asibeen. 9eath o, bu Muslim bu Muslim was the person who had maneu-ered to brin+ bbassids into power as he enDoyed in,luence in 4hurassan. l'Mansur became hi+hly apprehensi-e o, bu Muslim and planned to dispose him o ,,. He in-ited him to the palace and +ot him :illed. "e-olt o, 3unbadh 3unbadh were the de-otees o, bu Muslim. 1hey stri-ed to a-en+e the death o, their leader. Many o, them were ,ire worshippers. 1heir rebel mo-ement was easily suppressed by l'Mansur. Hassan bin MaDalid He was a :hawariD and rose a+ainst l'Mansur near Mosul. Imam bu Hani,a arbitrated in this dual and the rebellion was phased out peace,ully. lide re-olt o, Muhammad and Ibrahim %$ .9 Muhammad and Ibrahim were descendants o, Imam Hassan. bbasids had come into power on the prete;t o, a-en+in+ the death o, lides. Muhammad re-olted in Medina a,ter HiDa= and Femen had reco+ni=ed him as caliph. l'Mansur sent Isa/ his nephew/ who :illed and +ibbeted Muhammad in Medina. Ibrahim led an uprisin+ at Basra in the a,termath o, :illin+ o, Muhammad. He also met a similar ,ate and +ot his head decapitated and sent to l'Mansur at the hands o, Isa. Eoundation o, Ba+hdad (%2'% .9) l'Mansur sailed to the ri-er 1i+ris in search o, a new capital. He selected the site and called it 3uq Ba+hdad @city o, usticeA as his new capital. Ba+hdad was constructed and de-eloped under super-ision o, 4halid bin Barma:. 1abaristan and 9aylam 1he prince o, 1abaristan denied rab su=erainty which an+ered l'Mansur. He sent his son Mahdi/ who de,eated the prince and re'established rab su=erainty. ?&
He also anne;ed 9aylam in the same mission.
By=antine ttac:s 1he Christians o, By=antine plundered and attac:ed Muslims time and a+ain. l'Mansur de,ended Muslims at Malatia o, Constantinople and built ,orts ,or the de,ense o, Muslims. Conquest o, 3indh 3indh was re'conquered a,ter turnin+ down rebellion in %J .9 ' $$ .H. 5omination o, Mahdi s'3a,,ah had nominated his son Isa as his successor a,ter l'Mansur. l'Mansur snubbed that nomination and entitled his son Mahdi to be his successor. Isa succumbed to Mahdis nomination a,ter early resistance. l'Mansurs d-ice to Mahdi lways associate with those ,rom whom you can +et +ood ad-ice. 5e-er let state treasury +o ban:rupt. Concentrate on your wor:. 4eep the people and army contended. 9eath o, l'Mansur l'Mansur died in .9/ on his way to Ma::ah ,or pil+rima+e.
HIAB AL – MANSUR 0 -+*12 A.D Introduction "eal name o, HiDab l'Mansur was Muhammad Ibn mir. He was renowned ,or his sa+acious ,orei+n policy/ unmatched intelli+ence/ military insi+ht and un,oreseen achie-ements in the military insur+encies. Ibn bi mirs rise to ower He was ambitious and hi+hly hardwor:in+ since his inception into royal court as steward o, Ha:am'IIs son Hisham'IIs property and assets. He earned mar-elous reputation and won the hearts o, all courtiers/ abo-e all o, wi,e o, Ha:am'II/ "e+ent 3ubh (urora). He was ele-ated to the post o, City olice Chie, o, Cordo-a and later on became the Chie, ustice o, Mauritia.
Ibn bi mir too: ad-anta+e o, the situation and incarcerated nascent Hisham'II by tric:in+ "e+ent 3ubh and himsel, became the authoritarian. His resol-e to rule o-er 3pain made his uncrowned ruler ,or lon+ time.
His e,,orts to win hearts o, 1heolo+ians He wrote the te;t o, Holy Guran with his hands to portray himsel, as the bastion o, Islam. It was an attempt to obliterate and miti+ate the hatred +arnished by Eaqihs o, his time a+ainst him. He ordered to burn the boo:s on philosophies and sciences which were pointed out by Eaqihs. 1his helped him +ain ,a-ours o, some o, hardliners theolo+ians o, his time. His dministrati-e and Military chie-ements He captured the ,ortress o, lhama in Leon in &J$ .9. He led se-eral e;peditions to a number o, Christian ruled territories which include Castile/ Leon and 5a-arre. He in,licted a crushin+ de,eat o-er them and emer+ed -ictorious in o-er armed missions. 8-erwhelmed by his successi-e -ictories/ he con,erred u pon himsel, a honori,ic title/ @l' Mansur BillahA (6ictorious with the aid o, llah). He reor+ani=ed his army o, appro;imately %/00/000 men and brou+ht re,orms in it. His military ,orce consisted o, two di-isions mainly# Murta=iqa and Muttawia# "e+ular and 6olunteers respecti-ely. His most pri=ed achie-ement is said to be the palace o, ='7ahira. Medinatul ='7ahira It was a ma+ni,icent city built by him on the ban:s o, ri-er >uadalqui-is. He constructed a hu+e palace ,or himsel, which remains to be a worth'seein+ site. He also built a brid+e on this ri-er. "e-olt o, his son bdullah and count o, Castile His son bdullah and >orcia Eernade=/ the count o, Castile/ orchestrated a clandestine scheme to re-olt a+ainst l'Mansur. l'Mansur/ dealt de;terously to this desi+ned treachery and count o, Castile made peace with him while his son bdullah was e;ecuted. "e-olt o, Berber/ 7iri "e+ent 3ubh (urora)/ mother o, belea+uered Hisham'II wanted to set his son ,ree as to enable him to accede to the throne. 3he hired Berbers chie, 7iri and o,,ered him hea-y amount to cast away l'Mansur. l'Mansur meanwhile han:ered the incarcerated Hisham'II and made him si+n a document +i-in+ away administration to the caliphate in ,a-our o, l'Mansur. 3ac:in+ o, 3antia+o de Compostela 3antia+o was re+arded as holiest o, Christian places. 5o other ruler be,ore l'Mansur had dared to in-ade it. l'Mansur ra=ed the city and brou+ht all churches to the +round. l'Mansur held responsible ,or ,all o, Cordo-a $
He created a hiatus in the already porous succession system o, the !mayyads. 1he onus lied on him ,or immurement o, caliph and increasin+ his own powers to perpetuate his stint in power. 1he ,all o, Cordo-a mainly occurred owin+ to l'Mansurs indi,,erence towards newly conquered states which remained mostly uncontrolled. lthou+h he e;panded the boundaries o, the state/ yet he ,ailed to consolidate them under one central authority. His i+norance towards the policy o, re'coloni=ation won his bad name posthumously. Lac: o, political will/ myopic -ision/ sel,'a++randi=ement and absence o, strate+ic plans ultimately caused the ,all o, Cordo-a which is lar+ely associated to l'Mansur.
THE MU!TAZILAH MOVEMENT Introduction It was a ri+id puritanical mo-ement assertin+ that the Guran was the uncreated word o, >od. It erupted mainly to +i-e boost to reason in the belie,s o, a man. 1his mo-ement e-ol-ed a win+ which accorded the human reason as an absolute -alue abo-e di-ine re-elation. 8ne o, their obDecti-es was to reconcile reli+ion with reason and ,aith with philosophy. 1he Muta=ilah sect was lar+ely e,,ected by >ree: philosophy. Muta=ilites had their say in reli+ious contro-ersy as lon+ as the rulers particularly l'Mamun patroni=ed it. 8ri+in o, Muta=ilah Hassan al Basri used to hold discussions on the issue wh ether a +ra-e sinner should be re+arded as a belie-er or not. 1hose deliberations are said to ha-e ser-ed as prole+omenon o, this mo-ement. 1he 4harDites hold the opinion that sinner was not a belie-er and thus would +o in hell. 2
1he liberal MurDites opined that he was still a belie-er. Hasan al Basri himsel, held a neutral stand and declared a sinner to be in a intermediate position. 1hus/ Muta=ilites ,ollowed him emer+in+ in the Jth and &th Century durin+ bbasids.
Muta=ilah K "ationalism -s 8rthodo;y Muta=ilites stood ,or rationalism in reli+ious a,,airs and practices. 8rthodo;y rein,orced the con-entional con,ormism in reli+ious aspects. 1his initiated a spar:in+ contro-ersy between the two di-idin+ sects.
Ei-e doctrines o, Muta=ilites 9octrine o, !nity (1auheed) rinciple o, dl (ustice) 9octrine o, al'wad wal waid rinciple o, Intermediate osition rinciple o, *nDoyin+ +ood and ,orbiddin+ *-il. Conclusion Muta=ilites and their doctrine collapsed with the shi,t o, rule as they ,ailed to +ain perpetual patroni=ation o, the court. 1hey howe-er maintained that reli+ious laws must be tested with touchstone o, reason and then implemented. 1hus/ the main cause o, decline o, Muta=ilites was the transition in state policy and strict adherence o, orthodo; scholars upon con,ormism.
CRUSADES
01-+12 A.D
Introduction Islam and Christianity were at lo++erheads ,or appro;imately three centuries. It was series o, in-eterate in-asions into one anothers territories which mar:ed in the history as the prelude to the e;tended clash o, ci-ili=ations o, both the reli+ions. Christians and Muslims ,ou+ht o-er not only reli+ious issues/ but maDor bone o , contention was political dominancy and authority o-er re+ion. Causes o, Crusades 1he immediate cause o, the crusades was the sermon o, the ope !rban'II in $0& .9 which in-o:ed Christians to wa+e war a+ainst Muslims. 8ne o, the per-adin+ causes o, the crusades is o,ten concei-ed to be the con,lict between practices o, both Islam and Christianity which collecti-ely ,orm their culture and culminate in ci-ili=ations on a broader scale.
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