Grade 8 Composition Enrichment

Grammar and Composition

Composition Enrichment Grade 8

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduc repr oduced ed only for classroom use; and be provided to students, students, teac teachers, hers, and families families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Writer’s Choice . Any other reproduct repr oduction, ion, for use or sale, is prohibited prohibited without written written permission permission of the publisher publisher.. Printed in the United States of America. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Colu mbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-823239 0-07-823239-2 -2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 024 04 03 02 01 00

Contents Unit 1

Personal Writing 1.1 1.1 1.2 1. 2 1.3 1. 3 1.4 1. 4 1.5 1. 5 1

Unit 2

Wor orki king ng wi with th th thee Wri Writi ting ng Pr Proc oces esss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Pre rewr writ itin ing: g: De Dete term rmin inin ingg Aud Audie ienc ncee and and Pur urpo pose se . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Prew Pr ewri riti ting ng:: In Inve vest stig igat atin ingg a Top opic. ic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Pre rewr writ itin ing: g: Or Orga gani nizi zing ng Id Idea eass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Draf Dr afti ting ng:: Wri riti ting ng It Do Down wn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Rev evis isin ing: g: Tak akin ingg a Fr Fres esh h Loo Look k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Revi evisi sing ng:: Wri riti ting ng Uni nifi fied ed Par arag agra raph phs. s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Revi evisi sing ng:: Wri riti ting ng Var arie ied d Sen Sente tenc nces. es. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Edit Ed itin ing/ g/Pr Proo oofr frea eadi ding ng:: Fi Fine ne-t -tun unin ingg You ourr Wor Work. k. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Publ Pu blis ishi hing ng/P /Pre rese sent ntin ing: g: Sh Shar arin ingg You Yourr Wri Writi ting. ng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Wri riti ting ng Proc oces esss in in Act ctio ion n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Descriptive Writing 3.1 3.1 3.2 3. 2 3.3 3. 3 3.4 3. 4 3.5 3. 5 3.6 3. 6 3

Unit 4

1 2 3 4 5 6

The Writing Process 2.1 2.1 2.2 2. 2 2.3 2. 3 2.4 2. 4 2.5 2. 5 2.6 2. 6 2.7 2. 7 2.8 2. 8 2.9 2. 9 2.10 2. 10 2

Unit 3

Wri riti ting ng for for You ours rsel elff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wri riti ting ng to Le Lear arn n . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wri riti ting ng Ab Abou outt Wis Wishe hess and and Dr Drea eams ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wri riti ting ng On One’ e’ss Own Own Sto Story ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Res espo pond ndin ingg in in a Jo Jour urna nall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wri riti ting ng Proc oces esss in in Act ctio ion n . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Wri riti ting ng De Desc scri ript ptio ions. ns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coll Co llec ecti ting ng Se Sens nsor oryy Det Detai ails ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usi sing ng Pr Prec ecis isee Lan Langu guag age. e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usi sing ng Sp Spat atia iall Ord Order. er. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desc De scri ribi bing ng a Thi Thing ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desc De scri ribi bing ng th thee Sub Subje ject ct of a Bio Biogr grap aph hy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wri riti ting ng Proc oces esss in in Act ctio ion n. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Narrative Writing 4.1 4.1 4.2 4. 2 4.3 4. 3 4.4 4. 4 4.5 4. 5 4.6 4. 6 4.7 4. 7 4

Wri riti ting ng th thee Sto Stori ries es of Hi Hist story ory.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Usi sing ng Ch Chro rono nolo logic gical al Or Orde der. r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Esta Es tabl blis ishi hing ng Poi oint nt of Vie iew w . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Wri riti ting ng Rea eali list stic ic Di Dial alog ogue ue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rel elat atin ingg a Hi Hist stori orica call Eve Event nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wri riti ting ng a New Newss Sto Story ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Res espo pond ndin ingg to to a Hi Hist stori orica call Nar Narra rati tive ve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wri riti ting ng Proc oces esss in in Act ctio ion n. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

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Contents Unit 5

Expository Writing 5.1 5.1 5.2 5. 2 5.3 5. 3 5.4 5. 4 5.5 5. 5 5.6 5. 6 5.7 5. 7 5.8 5. 8 5.9 5. 9 5.10 5. 10 5.11 5. 11 5

Unit 6

Conve Con veyi ying ng In Info form rmat atio ion. n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Struc Str uctu turi ring ng an Ex Expl plan anat atio ion. n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Wri riti ting ng to Co Comp mpar aree and and Co Cont ntra rast st . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Wri riti ting ng Abo bout ut a Pro Proce cess ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Expl Ex plai aini ning ng Co Conn nnec ecti tion onss Bet Betwe ween en Eve vent ntss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Answ An swer erin ingg an an Ess Essay ay Qu Ques esti tion. on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Rep epor orts ts:: Res esea earrch chin ingg a Top opic ic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Repo Re ports rts:: Wri riti ting ng a Bus Busin ines esss Lett Letter er to Req eque uest st In Info form rmat atio ion. n. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Rep epor orts ts:: Pl Plan anni ning ng an and d Dra Draft ftin ingg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Repo Re ports rts:: Revi evisi sing ng,, Ed Edit itin ing, g, an and d Pre Prese sent ntin ing. g. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Comp Co mpar arin ingg Two Two Poe oems. ms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Wri riti ting ng Pro roce cess ss in Act ctio ion n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Persuasive Writing 6.1 6.1 6.2 6. 2 6.3 6. 3 6.4 6. 4 6.5 6. 5 6.6 6. 6 6.7 6. 7 6.8 6. 8 6

Wri riti ting ng Per ersu suas asiv ivel elyy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dete De term rmin inin ingg a Pos Posit itio ion n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eva valu luat atin ingg Evi Evide denc ncee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deve De velo lopi ping ng a Str Strat ateg egyy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strren St engt gthe heni ning ng You ourr Arg Argum umen entt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crea Cr eati ting ng an Ad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wri riti ting ng a Lett Letter er to th thee Edi Edito torr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wri riti ting ng a Boo Book k Rev Revie iew w. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Wri riti ting ng Pro roce cess ss in Act ctio ion n. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Composition Enrichment Name

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Writing W riting for Yourself Yourself

1.1 

Becoming More at Ease with Writing

Sometimes you may may want to write in your journal, journal, but you have have difficulty getting started. This difficulty is often called writer’s writer’s block. Below are some techniques you can use to write journal entries when traditional ways of starting do not seem to be working for you. you. Write a one-sentence reaction reaction to each technique. Indicate which ones seem most interesting and workable to you. 1. List Listss (Make (Make a list list of feelin feelings, gs, sense impr impressio essions, ns, intu intuitio itions, ns, or thought thoughts. s. Don Don’’t worry about

writing complete sentences.) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Portrait Portraitss (Write (Write a portrait of someone whom you you like or dislike or who interests interests you.)

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Altered Point Point of View (Write (Write about yourself yourself in the third third person— person —as “she she”” or “he he”” rather

than as “I. I.””) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

4. Uns Unsent ent Letters (Write (Write a letter that you you have no intention intention of sending. Be as frank and honest

as you wish.) _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. Dialogues (W (Write rite a dialogue between between yourself and a parent, teacher teacher,, or friend.) friend.)

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Choose one of the “kick-start” writing devices listed above, and use it for a journal entry. Over the course of time, try to use all these techniques in your journal, especially when you are stuck for a way to begin. Writer’ss Choice: Composition Enrichment, Writer’ Enrichment, Grad Gradee 8, Un Unit it 1

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Writing W riting to Learn Le arn

1.2 

Learning Through Teaching

One way to learn is to teach others. others. Often you may understand understand an idea that is difficult for someone else to to grasp. Explaining the the idea to your classmates classmates helps all of you to understand it better better.. Choose three three important ideas from from recent classes. classes. These ideas can range from how prewriting prewriting helps you get started on a writing project, project, to using a calculator to solve solve a math problem, problem, or finding certain certain kinds of information in in the library. library. For each one, write a paragraph explaining the idea to a classmate. classmate.

On Your Own

You can use personal writing to discover your strengths, weaknesses, and interests. In a letter that you have no intention of sending, describe to a teacher or a family member the class you understand best, the one you understand least, and the one you find most interesting. Why do you do better in one class than in another? Is the most interesting class also the class you understand best? Remember to use specific examples to tell your feeling about these classes. What might your strengths, weaknesses, and interests reveal about your future possible education and career choices? For example, if your strengths include math and social studies, maybe you will study economics and work as an economist. If you are interested in earth science, maybe you will be a geologist. 2

Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Comp Composition osition Enrich Enrichment, ment, Grad Gradee 8, Un Unit it 1

C o p y r i g h t © T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .


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Writing W riting About Wishes and Dreams

1.3 

Thinking About the Future

When thinking thinking about the the future, you can take take into account account different aspects of your life. Use the numbered numbered items to help you you think about your future. future. 1. On a separate sheet of paper paper,, create a cluster cluster diagram that might might represent represent you five five years

from now now.. Choose at least two two of the following topics as “branches branches”” for your diagram: school, sch ool, job job,, fami family ly,, fun, frien friends, ds, com communi munity ty service. service. Mak Makee the clust cluster er as specif specific ic as you you can. can. 2. Write a paragraph exploring the steps you can take now to help you achieve the goals

suggested by your cluster diagram.

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On Your Own

Who are you now? Whom do you want to be? Create a time capsule to be opened five years from now. Fill it with items showing the person you are now and the person you want to become. List the items you would include, and write a description of yourself now and a description of yourself as you hope to be then. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enrich Enrichment, ment, Grad Gradee 8, Un Unit it 1

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Writing W riting One’s Own Story

1.4 

Exploring What Might Be

Writing about your life as it is now can help you understand it more fully. fully. Writing about your life as it might have been or as it might be in the future can also help you clarify your strengths strengths,, your goals, goals, and the ways to achieve achieve them. Respond to these these questions quest ions.. Us Usee additional additional paper if neces necessary sary.. 1. In the poem “The Road Not Taken,” Taken,” Robert Frost wrote “two roads diverged in a yellow

wood” and how he “took the one less traveled by,” wood” by,” a choice that “has made all the difference.” difference.” Have you ever had to choose between two equally attractive alternatives —a choice that might have have changed your your life significantly, significantly, such as studying studying ballet or piano, joining the soccer team or swim team? What What were these choices? How did you choose, and why? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Choose a date several years from now and “remember the future.” future.” Mak Makee a list of of the high high

points of your life between between now and and then. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Have you ever wondered what a future biography might say about you? Step into the future, and become your own biographer. Write a page or two of your book, focusing on a single phase or event in your life, either real or imagined. Include details, and tell how that time or event in your life affected you. Remember to use a third-person point of view. 4




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L I T ER AT UR E

Responding in a Journal

1.5 

Writing a Letter

Writing about literature can help you understand the literary work better. better. Read one of the following poems: “Paul Revere’ Revere’s Ride” Ride” by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “The Fish” Fish” by Elizabeth Bishop, or “Lochinvar Lochinvar”” by Sir Walter Scott. Scott. If you need help locating any of these poems, poems, ask your your teacher or librarian. Work with a classmate classmate who has has read the same poem as you. you. Each of you pick a different character character,, and write a letter from your your character to to the other. other. Then exchange exchange the letters, and write another letter letter in response response to the letter you you received. received. Use additional paper paper if necessary necessary..


On Your Own

In your journal write a profile of yourself as a famous writer of poetry, fiction, or nonfiction many years from now. What is your life like? How did you get from here to there? Is professional writing a possible future for you? Why or why not? Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enrich Enrichment, ment, Grad Gradee 8, Un Unit it 1

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Writing W riting Process in Action

1 

Evaluating Personal Writing

You have have learned and practiced some some of the key key concepts concepts of personal writing. writing. Now you have a chance chance to reflect upon what you have have learned. Complete the numbered numbered questions about your experience with personal writing. w riting. 1. Jot down a list of of things you you have learned about about personal writing.

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Write a one-page discovery draft in your journal in which you explain how you feel about

personal writing. 3. Write a brief essay describing and and evaluating your experiences experiences with personal writing.

Assume your your teacher is the audience. audience. Use additional additional paper if if necessary necessary.. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Choose your favorite piece of your own writing. It can be a poem, story, paragraph, essay, or journal entry. What did you discover by writing it? Write about the discoveries you made, either about yourself or the world around you, when you wrote this work. 6




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Working W orking with the Writing Writing Process

2.1 

Generating Ideas

Writers constantly constantly observe life for ideas they might use in stories or articles. As a practice in generating ideas, ideas, make observations observations as you you go to school, school, to an after-sch after-school ool activity, activity, and home again. Jot down five events or situations you have have observed recently that would make make a good essay or story story.. Then freewrite for five or ten minutes minutes about one of the ideas. Use additional additional paper if nece necessary ssary.. Ideas 1. _________________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________________

Freewriting


On Your Own

Keep a list called “Good Writing Ideas.” Ideas.” Jot down ideas as you have them. From time to time, freewrite in your journal about one of the ideas in order to explore and develop it further. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enrich Enrichment, ment, Grad Gradee 8, Un Unit it 2

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Prewriting:: Determi Prewriting Determining ning Audienc Audiencee and Purpose

2.2 

Thinking About the Audience

Whenever you you do any writing, you should keep your your audience and purpose in mind throughout the the process, beginning with prewriting. prewriting. 1. Select three events from the past year that would make good topics for a paragraph.

Topic 1: _______ _______________ _______________ _______________ ________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ _____________ _____ Topic 2: _______ _______________ _______________ _______________ ________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ _____________ _____ Topic 3: _______ _______________ _______________ _______________ ________________ _______________ _______________ ________________ _____________ _____ 2. Freewrite for five five minutes about about one of the events, with your classmates classmates in mind mind as your

audience. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Freewrite about the same topic for another five minutes, minutes, this time with a parent or other

adult in mind as your audience. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Make a list of possible audiences for your own writing. Choose two entirely different audiences. Write letters on the same topic to the two audiences. Notice how the letters are the same and how they are different. 8




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Prewriting: Inv Investigating estigating a Topic

2.3 

Exploring Your Topic

—to let your ideas flow withAt the beginning beginning of a writing project, you need need to explore explore— out criticiz criticizing ing them. them. Cho Choose ose one of the following following questio questions, ns, and go explorin exploring. g. You may freewrite freewrite for five to ten ten minutes, minutes, create a cluster cluster diagram, or list ideas as they they come to you. Ideas 1. What are are your main accomplishments accomplishments of the past six months? months? 2. What do you think about space exploration? 3. What makes your favorite sport your favorite? 4. What are your fantasies about the big trip you’ you ’re going to take some day? 5. What do you think think about one of this week ’s major news stories?

Prewriting


On Your Own

Locate a globe in your school library or history classroom. Close your eyes, spin the globe, and point to a place with your finger. Freewrite for five to ten minutes about the city, country, continent, or body of water you have pointed to. If you get stuck, freewrite questions you could ask about the place. Have you discovered more than you thought you knew? Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enrich Enrichment, ment, Grad Gradee 8, Un Unit it 2

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Prewriting:: Organiz Prewriting Organizing ing Ideas Ideas

2.4 

Weeding Ideas

Imagine that a major athletic shoe company is going to award twelve eighth-grade students a trip to the professiona professionall or college sports event of their choice. choice. The theme of the con contest test is “Health Healthyy Body, Body, Health Healthyy Mind: How Exercise Exercise Makes Makes Me Strong.” Strong.” The companyy will select winners from the best one-paragraph essays compan essays it receives. receives. List as many reasons reasons as you can to explain why exercise is good for you. Then choose the three best best ideas, and arrange them in order of importance. Write a paragraph paragraph to enter in the the contest. contest. Use additional paper if if necessary necessary.. Reasons

Paragraph C o p y r i g h t © T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .

On Your Own

Choose a prewriting activity you have not yet tried. It may be brainstorming with a partner, interviewing an expert, using the reporters’ reporters’ “five W’ W’s and an H” H” ( (who, who, what, when, where, why, and how ), ), or another activity. Use it to explore a topic for readers of your school newspaper or another audience of your choice. Identify the important ideas you have discovered, and organize them using spatial order, time order, order, or order of importance. 10

Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 2


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Drafting:: Writing It Down Drafting

2.5 

Keeping the Pen Moving

In the drafting stage, you translate prewriting notes notes into sentences and paragraphs. Imagine you are are participating in a student congress congress made up of representa representatives tives from all the counties in your state. You have been asked to present information about your school as part part of a discussion on the topic topic “Our Schools Stand Out.” Out.” 1. To prewrite, prewrite, list at least least ten features features of your school. school. They may may be features features of the building buildingss

and grounds grounds or features of the student body and teaching teaching staff. staff. Select the features features you think think are most distinctive. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Draft the presentation. presentation. It should have have three paragraphs— paragraphs —the introduction, introduction, one body para-

graph, and the conclusion. (Do not worry about errors at this stage.) stage.) _________________________________________________________________________ . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Choose some previously unused prewriting from your journal or your writing portfolio, and draft a paragraph based on these prewriting notes. Be sure to introduce your paragraph in an interesting way. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 2

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Revising: Taking a Fresh Look

2.6 

Making Writing More Precise

When you you revise your writing, examine the words words to see if they are the best words words to say what you you mean. The sentences below below are less precise precise than they could be. be. Revise them, substitut substituting ing clear, clear, specific words words for all the vague and general general ones. 1. His mother cooks delicious food._____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 2. A funny thing happened a while ago.__________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 3. He is very busy.___________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 4. She is a big sports fan. ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 5. That man was enthusiastic. __________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 6. I didn’ didn’t feel well. ________ _______________ _______________ ________________ ________________ _______________ _______________ ____________ ____

_______________________________________________________________________ 7. He lives in a large house. ____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 8. That movie was exciting.____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 9. She is a really nice person.___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 10. She She’’s the best athlete in school. _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Ask a classmate to be your peer review partner. Exchange the drafts you did for a recent writing assignment. Comment on the strengths of your partner’ partner’s writing. Ask questions, and make specific suggestions for improving your partner’ partner’s work. 12




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Revising: Writing Unified Unified Paragraphs

2.7 

Devising the Perfect Topic Sentence

All sentences in a paragraph are important, important, but the topic sentence sentence is the one that catches the reader’ reader ’s interest and states the main idea. Write one or two sentences that explain why each topic sentence sentence below is weak. Then rewrite the topic sentence to make it more effective. 1. Here is how I earned enough money to buy an electric guitar.

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. I would like to tell you why botany fascinates me.

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Reading comic books can be educational.

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. The history of America is filled with interesting interesting characters.

_________________________________________________________________________ . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. In this paragraph you you will learn about the great women athletes of the twentieth century. century.

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Find an article in your favorite magazine that tells a story or describes a place. Using a brightly colored pen, circle all the transition words you find in the article. In your journal, make a chart of transition words, and add additional examples to it as you find them. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 2

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Revising: Writing Varied Varied Sentences

2.8 

Making Sentences Flow

Improving your sentences Improving sentences is an important important part of the revision process. process. Usin Usingg what you have learned about sentence sentence revision, rewrite the following paragraph to give give it variety and rhyt rhythm. hm. Don Don’’t change the meaning, but revise the sentences to vary their structure structure and length. Salesclerks should know how to spot devices. These are the devices used by shoplifters. Sometimes shoplifters have special hooks on the insides of their coats. Or they may have special belts there. They may also wear trick aprons and undergarments. These are designed to hold many articles. Some sleight-of-hand thieves slip merchandise into packages. Or they may use boxes. These packages and boxes have a hinged top, bottom, or end. Employees should also be suspicious of shoppers who carry bulky packages, knitting bags, shopping bags, and umbrellas. They should watch such shoppers. These are handy receptacles for a shoplifter.. They hold items that a shoplifter purposely knocks off the counter. shoplifter


On Your Own

Entries in your journal may not be written in complete sentences or divided into paragraphs. Choose a journal entry to revise. Complete the sentences and vary their length and structure. Have a friend read the original and revised versions aloud. What differences do you hear? 14



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Editing/Proofreading: Fine-tuning Your Your Work Work

2.9 

Working to Make Writing Perfect

Because an error in grammar or mechanics mechanics can mar otherwise fine writing, you should edit your final piece of writing carefully. carefully. Use proofreading proofreading symbols symbols to correct correct all errors in the following following passage. Use a dictionary to check check the spelling of any words words you you are unsure of. “Save the Whale” Whale” campanes have increased public awareness of the uncertain future of many whales. Some species has faced extinction. Because people hunted so many of them. Several countries maintained successful whaling industries whales were valuable both as food, and as a source of oil for fuel. Biologists from around the world had worked hard to save whale species. In resent years most countries have stopped hunting whales. Other counties that continue to allow hunting have have set limits on the number of whales that may legally be taken. Whale populations have began to increase. experts now beleive that, with continued protection, whales may be safe from the threat of extinction


On Your Own

After copying the proofreading symbols into your journal, use them to edit a journal entry. Rewrite the entry entry,, correcting mistakes in grammar, grammar, mechanics, and spelling. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 2

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Publishing/Presenting: Sharing Your Your Writing Writing

2.10 

Presenting Your Work

Writers present their work in many many ways. Look over the writing in your portfolio. Choose one piece piece of work and and one audience to whom you might might present it. it. Then select one of the ways ways of pres presenti enting ng listed listed here here or anothe anotherr of you yourr choice. choice. Revi Revise se the writing writing in whatever way is necessary to prepare that work for the chosen audience. audience. In the space provided, write two or three sentences that summarize summarize the changes you made. a. publish it in the local newspaper b. display it on a class bulletin board c. enter it in a national contest d. present it as a speech at a school assembly e. hand it in as a class cl ass assignment f. send it as a letter to a friend or family member g. keep it in your scrapbook h. include it in your family ’s reunion newsletter i. send it to a pen pal in another country j. announce it on the public address system at school


On Your Own

Enter a writing contest announced in the school newspaper, a magazine for student writers, or some other source. (You may ask your teacher for suggestions.) Select a piece of writing that is appropriate for the contest, or write something new. 16



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2 

Writing an Engaging Story

In “The Game” Game” by Walter Walter Dean Myers, Myers, the coach is so so proud of the team for working working hard har d that Stuff Stuff and Leon Leon “boo-hoo boo-hoo”” with happiness. Hav Havee you ever been so happy that you wanted to cry? When When was the last time you laughed so hard that that you cried? Tell Tell the story of the event that made made you so happy. happy. Write for a young friend or family member. member. Try to get your reader involved in the story. 1. Use a prewriting prewriting technique technique to jot down the the details of the event. List them in chronological chronological

order ord er.. Us Usee additional additional paper if nece necessary ssary.. _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Write a first draft of the story in the space space provided.

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_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Revise and edit the story you wrote for the activity above. Give it a title. Then present the story to your reader, reader, a younger friend or family member member,, as a gift. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 2

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Writing W riting Descriptions Descr iptions

3.1 

Describing Real or Imaginary Beings

Good descriptions descriptions require careful observation of details. To practice your your descriptive descriptive skills,, choo skills choose se one of the following following topics topics,, and write write one or two paragraph paragraphss about it. Concentratee on visual details. Concentrat details. Use additional paper if necessary necessary.. Topic A Imagine that you you were by yourself somewher somewheree last week when a spaceship of friendly aliens landed. landed. Write a description description for your your classmates classmates that visually visually recreates what the aliens looked like.

Topic B Describe your favorite animal for a contest sponsored by a company that makes animal animal food. It could be a common domestic domestic animal (such as a dog, a cat, or a horse), horse), or it could could be an exotic exotic animal animal (such (such as a gorilla, gorilla, a scarlet scarlet macaw,, or a Bengal tiger) that is found only in a zoo. macaw C o p y r i g h t © T h e M c G r a w -H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .

On Your Own

The world is full of many wonderful things to describe— describe—people, places, and things. List several subjects from each of these categories that would be fun to describe. Choose one, and write a vivid descriptive paragraph about it. 18



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Collecting Sensory Details

3.2 

Using the Senses

Vivid sensory sensory details bring descriptive writing to to life and make it memorable. Choose one of the questions questions below, below, and write a one-paragraph one-paragraph description description for an audience of eighth-grade students in another another country. Include many vivid sensory details. Topic 1 What is the best meal you have ever eaten?

Topic 2 What is the most courageous act that you have ever performed or seen someone else perform?


On Your Own

For the rest of the day, be alert to especially vivid sensory impressions involving sight, sound, taste, smell, or touch. Experience familiar places or activities in a new way. For example, you may close your eyes as you ride the school bus in order to hear the chattering of other students and the traffic noises. Record your impressions in a small notebook. Later you may wish to transfer the sensory images to your journal. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 3

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Using Precise Language

3.3 

Searching for the Exact Word

A good writer replaces vague words words with vivid, specific words in order order to paint a precise word picture. picture. Rewrite these sentences, sentences, replacing the italicized italicized words words and phrases with more specific ones. 1. That boy is boy is tall for his age.___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 2. His dog dog has has long, floppy ears. ________ _______________ _______________ _______________ ______________ _______________ ___________ ___

_______________________________________________________________________ 3. I feel good good when when I visit them._________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 4. His room is a mess .________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 5. Luis has a goo good d person personali ality ty.. __________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 6. It rained hard that hard that day. ____________________________ _____________________________________________________ _________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 7. I don’ don’t like to listen to tha thatt kind kind of of music. music. _______ _______________ ________________ _______________ _______________ ________

_______________________________________________________________________ 8. Terry is nice .______________________________________________________________ .______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 9. The The fence fence was was painted red.___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________ 10. The team was beaten really badly. _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Read one piece of writing from your journal or from another assignment. Based on what you have learned about using specific descriptive language, circle the words you can make more specific. Rewrite the material, making at least ten words more precise. 20




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Using Spatial Order

3.4 

Arranging Details

Technical writers write manuals in such fields as business and engineering. They also write descriptions of the products you you buy. buy. Imagine that that you have have begun an apprenapprenticeship as a technical writer. writer. Your assignment is to write a product description to be included in the the company company catalog. Choose a simple simple object such as a tennis tennis shoe, a toaster,, or a calculator. toaster calculator. First, jot a few notes notes about its its appearance appearance as you observe observe the object. You might consider colors, features, or patterns. Then write a one-paragraph description of the object, organizing the details in spatial order. order. Your audience is is the consumer.. Remem consumer Remember ber to write a description of the product product and not an an explanation explanation of how to to use the product product.. Notes

Paragraph


On Your Own

Make a list of interesting structures in your community— community —perhaps the tallest building in town, a bridge, and a statue. Think about the most obvious spatial order for describing them, but also think about another, less obvious order that might be even more revealing. Choose one structure to describe in a visitors’ visitors’ guide to your community. Write one or two paragraphs. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 3

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Describing a Thing

3.5 

Describing Things We Like

Writing descriptions descriptions of things we we like is is a way way of capturing them them forever forever.. Imagine that that you are writing to a new pen pal in another country country who has asked you about clothes. Describe for this pen pal your favorite favorite outfit, either for school or for special occasions. occasions. —how they Describe Descri be all the pieces pieces of the outfit outfit— they look, how they they feel (their textu texture), re), and how they make make you feel when you wear them. First jot down prewriting prewriting notes listing all the details. details. Then write write your letter. letter. Us Usee additional additional paper if nece necessary ssary.. Notes

Letter


On Your Own

An object becomes important to us if it represents the person who owns it. For example, a worn-out pair of brown leather gloves reminds you of your father shoveling snow on winter mornings; they represent his hard work and his sense of responsibility. Choose an object that is significant because it reminds you of someone. Write one paragraph describing the object in a way that shows why it is special. 22



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Describing Describin g the Subject Subject of of a Biography Biography

3.6 

Writing a Biography

You have developed a successful successfu l career as a writer. For your next project you want to write a book book that that is a series series of short biogra biographie phies, s, or personal personality ity sketch sketches, es, of ord ordinary inary people. You want to show that these people are just as fascinating as any famous person. Right now, now, you are working working on a draft for one chapter. chapter. Choose someone you you know ’ well, and draft draft a description description of of this person person.. Thin Think k about this this person person’s appearance, ’ habits,, and actions, habits actions, and how how they illustrate this person person’s overall personality or character. Us Usee specific specific examples examples in your descript description. ion. If neces necessary sary,, use addition additional al paper. paper. Description


On Your Own

A person’ person’s appearance, words, or actions can give a strong impression about his or her personality. Choose a historical figure or a living person whom you have never met. Examine the person’ person’s photograph, writings, or accomplishments, and write one or two paragraphs describing his or her personality. personality. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 3

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3 

Writing Descriptions

Regionalists are writers famous Regionalists famous for portraying their areas areas of a country in rich detail. detail. Mark Twain Twain ferries his readers down the Mississ Mississippi; ippi; contempo contemporary rary writer Toni Cade Bambara brings brings the cityscape cityscape of Harlem to to life. List sensory details about your street, street, neighborhood, or town, and then write a one-page one-page description that that includes the the people and things found there. Arrange your details in spatial order. order. 1. List as many many sensory sensory details about your your street, neighborhood, or town as you can. can.

Sight:____________________________________________________________________ Sight: ____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Sound:___________________________________________________________________ Sound: ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Taste: ____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Smell: ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Touch: ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. On a separate separate sheet of paper paper,, organize your details. details. Leave out those those that do not fit the overover-

all impression you want to convey convey.. Then draft your description. 3. Revise your your word picture, picture, and copy your your final draft below. below. Use additiona additionall paper if necessa necessary. ry.

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Make a point of meeting a new person, visiting a new place, or seeing something unusual. Capture your first impressions of this person, place, or thing by freewriting in your journal. 24




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Writing W riting the Stories of History

4.1 

Seeing Our Lives as History

A hundred hundred years years from now now,, our lives lives will be a part of history history,, and people will be be interested este d in the details details of our times. times. 1. Imagine you are writing to an eighth grader who lives one hundred years from now. now. Use

yourself as the main character, character, and choose an event and a setting that that you feel reveals something about life in the present. People____________________________________________________________________ People ____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Setting ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Event_____________________________________________________________________ Event _____________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Draft one to two paragraphs in which you introduce the narrative you planned above.

Consider ways ways to make your reader want to continue continue reading. Use additional additional paper if necessary.


On Your Own

Name two major topics of study that interest you, such as science, music, nature, or politics. Under each topic, list persons— persons—historical or contemporary— contemporary—associated with that topic about whom you could write a historical narrative for readers of the future. Then write a few sentences explaining why you would like to write about each person and why each person would interest future readers. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 4

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Using Chronological Order

4.2 

Writing a Day in the Life

In order to practice practice your narrative narrative skills, choose a significant significant day in your your life. The day might be a national national holiday, holiday, a personal holiday holiday (such as a birthday), birthday), or some other sigsignificant day —such as your first day day in a new grade or a new school. List the day ’ day ’s high points and your feelings about them. them. Then write a short chronological narrative narrative about your significant day day. Remember to to be specific, using clear and varied transitions. transitions. Use additiona addit ionall paper if nece necessary ssary..


On Your Own

Imagine that you are writing a family history book that will be passed from generation to generation. Write a one-page narrative about a day in the life of your family or one of the members of your family. 26



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Establishing Establ ishing Point Point of Vie View w

4.3 

Looking Back on the Present

What will education be like fifty years from now? Perhaps each eighth grader will wil l have his or her own smart computer that will teach and grade him or her. Perhaps classrooms classrooms and teachers as we know them will have almost disappeared. disappeared. Imagine you are fifty years older. Use a first-person point of view, and write a narrative narrative to your grandchildren grandchildren that that tells them what eighth-grade education was like l ike fifty years before —tha thatt is, is, no now w. Us Usee additional addit ional paper if neces necessary sary..


On Your Own

Much will have changed fifty years from now, from transportation, to clothing styles, to music. Consider various aspects of your life and of life around you. Focus on a subject of your choice, and write a one-page narrative to your grandchildren. Use personal experiences to bring your subject to life, and write from either a first- or third-person point of view. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 4

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Writing W riting Realistic Dialogue

4.4 

Developing Dialogue

Write a dialogue between yourself and an author author,, a literary character character,, or a famous figure. figure. Remember that dialogue is a way way of revealing the the speaker’ speaker ’s personality and character. Also try to make make your dialogue dialogue sound relaxed, relaxed, natural, and as realistic realistic as possible. possible.


On Your Own

Continue to practice your dialogue-writing skills by writing a dialogue between you and another person about an issue that you want to resolve with that person. Try to characterize that person in a realistic way— way —as you know him or her. Alternatively, Alternatively, write a conversation between you and an imaginary figure who is expressing a familiar emotion, such as happiness, surprise, relief, frustration, anger, anger, or jealousy. You You might want to focus the dialogue around a specific event that is the cause of the emotion. 28



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Relating a Historical Event

4.5 

Writing in Another’s Voice

You need not confine yourself to historical characters characters to practice writing in another ’s voice. Imagine yourself yourself as a character character from from a movie that you you’’ve seen or from a book you’’ve read. Recall a major situation you situation in which which the character character was involved. involved. As the charcharacter,, write a journal entry acter entry in the first person. Try to depict what what happened, why you you acted acte d as you did, and how you you felt. Us Usee additional additional paper paper if neces necessary sary..


On Your Own

Choose a historical event to research, such as the Boston Massacre in 1770, the Trail of Tears Tears in 1838, or an event of your own choosing. Then imagine that you are one of the people involved in that event. Write a one-page historical narrative that tells of your experience. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 4

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Writing W riting a News Story

4.6 

Writing History as News

In order to practice your your news-writing skills, interview a family member about an interesting interesti ng event in his or or her life. Write it up as a news story story.. Begin with a lead that tells wh whoo, wh what at,, wh when en,, wh wher ere, e, wh whyy, and how . Then add details details to explain explain and add interest to the story.


On Your Own

Think of your life as a series of news events. Choose an interesting and meaningful event that has happened to you, and write a news story with an effective lead and a detailed paragraph or two. 30



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Responding to a Historical Narrative

4.7 

Times Past

Read at least ten pages from one of the following historical historical narratives, narratives, or choose one one of your own. As you read, take notes to help you you answer these questions: questions: From what point of view is the narrative written? Who Who is telling it? How much much does the narrative reveal about the historical period it covers covers?? What do you learn from it about politics, customs, cust oms, peopl peoples, es, and even events ts of the tim time? e? 1. The Book Book of Ab Abigail igail and John: John: Selecte Selected d Letters Letters by by Abigail Adams 2. This Is My Story by Story by Eleanor Roosevelt 3. Night Night by by Elie Wiesel 4. Letters from an American Farmer by Farmer by Jean de Crevecoeur


On Your Own

Write a one-page review of the historical narrative you chose above. Use your notes as a guideline. Be sure to include the title, author, date of publication, and pages read. Summarize the content of the excerpt, and give a brief evaluation. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 4

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4 

Making Yourself a Historical Character

You can create historical historical characters characters for a narrative, narrative, but you can also also put yourself in a historical setting. setting. Imagine that you can spend one day day anywhere anywhere in the past. What time time period would you choose? What would you do? Would you observe some great historical event or participate in it? Practice prewriting strategies by making notes on a separate sheet of paper paper.. Then draft a historical historical narrative narrative starring starring yourself. yourself. Use additional paper if nec necess essary ary..


.

On Your Own

Take the historical narrative you wrote above, and revise it. Check to be sure that it follows a logical order, that all details are appropriate for the time period chosen, and that it has an attention-grabbing beginning and a strong conclusion. Then edit it for correct spelling, grammar,, and punctuation. Finally grammar Finally,, present the final draft to your teacher teacher,, or read it aloud to the class. 32



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Conveying Information

5.1 

Describing an Activity to Bring It Alive for Others

Imagine that you have a new pen pal your age who lives in another country. You want to explain to him or her what your typical school day is like. l ike. Write a letter explaining your school schedule, school subjects, after-s after-school chool activities, and homework. Keep the letter informative and to the point.


On Your Own

Choose an activity you’ you’ve done for science class, such as dissecting a frog. Explain to the same pen pal what you did, from picking a lab partner to recording your findings. Try to bring the activity alive for your reader, keeping in mind that your purpose is to inform. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 5

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Structuring an Explanation

5.2 

Describing Through Details

Details in expository writing help to develop or support support your main idea, or thesis. Think Thin k of a simple simple process, process, such as as putting putting on a bandage, bandage, maki making ng toast, toast, feedin feedingg a cat, or an idea idea of your own. own. Write a paragraph paragraph explaining explaining the the process. process. Include all necessary necessary details to make the process clear to the reader.


On Your Own

Exchange your paragraph with a classmate. Read each other’ other’s explanations, and give suggestions for revising and editing. Notice whether the details are in a logical order and support the topic sentence. Then revise and edit your paragraph, following your classmate’ classmate ’s suggestions. 34



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Writing W riting to Compare C ompare and Contrast

5.3 

Identifying Similarities and Differenc Differences es

By comparing and contrasting contrasting two similar things, you often can learn more about each of them than you you can by examining them separately separately.. 1. Choose one of of the following: two movies movies from the the same category category (such as action/adv action/adventure, enture,

comedy,, or drama); comedy drama); two breed breedss of the same same animal animal species species (such (such as as cats, cats, dogs, or horses); horses); two sports figures figures who play the the same position in in the same sport. In the space below, below, make a Venn diagram to show how the two are similar and how they are different.

2. In one or two two paragraphs, compare and and contrast the two two subjects from Part 1. Organize

your writing by subject or by feature. feature. Use additional additional paper if necessary necessary..


On Your Own

Write a one-page article in which you compare and contrast riding a bicycle and riding in a car. You You might consider con sider issues such as environmental impact, expense, convenience, and health. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 5

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Writing W riting About a Process

5.4 

Writing to Explain a Process

Writing about a process allows you to teach your reader how something is done. Choose one of the topics listed listed below, below, or any other activity that you you know how how to do well. Write a process essay on the the activity as a special feature for your classmates. Imagine that it will be published in a school newspaper or a magazine for students. Change a bicycle tire

Cook a simple meal for yourself

Shop for clothes

Play a computer game

Skateboard

Read and enjoy a novel, short story, or poem

Write a computer program

Color-coordinate an outfit for school

Play a board game

Play a musical instrument

Start a collection

Work a mathematical equation

Plant a garden

Go birdwatching


On Your Own

Consider an activity for which you are currently responsible, such as feeding the dog or watering the plants. Imagine you are going out of town for several days. Write a process explanation to a neighbor or relative who will take over that responsibility while you are away. 36



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Explaining Connections Between Events

5.5 

Why Do Some Things Happen?

Writing about events in our lives can be informative. Writing about the causes and effects of those events events can be even more illuminating. Look at the following following topics, topics, and choose one to demonstrate demonstrate your understanding understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. relationships. Write a cause-and-effect essay essay about one one of the following: 1. a positive event that recently occurred involving you and a parent or another important

adult in your life 2. a time you procrastinated doing a major assignment 3. a memorable event on a trip or vacation


On Your Own

Many species of wildlife are in danger of becoming extinct. Investigate an endangered plant or animal. If you need help finding information, ask your teacher or librarian. Write a onepage paper explaining why the plant or animal is endangered. Imagine that you will present this paper to a convention of politicians or other decision-makers, and write with that audience in mind. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 5

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Answering an Essay Question

5.6 

Recognizing Key Words

Study the sample essay questions below. below. Under Underline line the key words that tell you which ideas to include in your answer. answer. Develop a thesis statement for each answer that shows shows you understand the the question. Use an encyclopedia encyclopedia or other reference material material if you need help writing the thesis statements. 1. Explain the importance of the Rosetta Stone to historians. _____ ___________ ____________ ___________ __________ _____

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Contrast the conditions of the Sahara and Mojave Mojave deserts. _____ ___________ ____________ ___________ __________ _____

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain the process of photosynthesis. ___________________ ________________________________________ ________________________ ___

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. Describe three effects Pablo Picasso had on the art world.___________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Work together with a classmate. Make up an essay question for your partner to answer. Write a one-page essay that answers your partner’ partner ’s question. Remember to look for the key words in the question and to write a thesis statement in your answer. When you have both finished, exchange essays for review and positive criticism. 38




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Reports: Researching a Topic Topic

5.7 

Discovering Information

Sometimes you may not know where to find the information you need for your research.. Below are two research two lists. The first list gives gives places where you you can find information, information, and the second list gives specific sources that contain the information. information. Usin Usingg at least two items items from each list, research a topic for for a two-page two-page report. Take notes, notes, and keep a record of the sources you you used. Be sure the topic is is not too broad broad or too narrow. narrow. 1. How to Find What You Need

Library card catalog (often computerized) Reader’s Guide (indexes Guide (indexes popular magazines) Other indexes Computerized data base Computerized on-line search 2. Sour Sources ces of Info Informati rmation on

Referen Ref erence ce books books (encycloped (encyclopedia, ia, alma almanac, nac, atlas atlas,, etc.) Magazines and journals Newspapers Nonfiction books Audio-visual materials


On Your Own

Choose a country that is unfamiliar to you. Use an atlas to gather information about the country, and write a one-page report on one aspect that interests you. For example, you might find information on the country’ country’s landforms, industry, agriculture, imports and exports, cities, populations, or climate. Assume your classmates are your readers. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 5

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Reports: Writing a Business Letter to Request Information Information

5.8 

Writing to Others to Request Information

Imagine that your family is planning an exciting summer summer vacation in Tahiti. Tahiti. Write a letter to a travel travel bureau there asking asking about accommodatio accommodations, ns, sites to be visited, visited, group tours, tour s, ava availabl ilablee activities activities,, rest restauran aurants, ts, shop shopping, ping, and so on. on. Be sure sure to use the the correct correct business form for your letter.


On Your Own

Exchange letters with your classmates. Review the letters. Check that they are clear and to the point and that they follow the correct form for a business letter. 40



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Reports: Repo rts: Plann Planning ing and Drafting

5.9 

Planning a Report

Use your your research research notes from Lesson 5.7, and plan your two-page two-page report. report. Review the notes, keeping in in mind your your purpose and audience. audience. Write a thesis thesis statement, statement, and organize organize yourr ideas you ideas in an outlin outline. e. Write the thes thesis is state statement ment and outl outline ine in in the the space space provid provided. ed.


On Your Own

With your notes, outline, and thesis statement completed, you are ready to draft your report. Draft two pages, making sure you include an introduction, body, and conclusion. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 5

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Reports Re ports:: Re Revisin vising, g, Edi Editing ting,, and Pres Presenti enting ng

5.10 

Writing It Right

Complete the report you drafted for Lesson 5.9 as follows: 1. Revising:

Work with a peer reviewer to answer these questions about each other ’s draft. draft. Do you you accomplish accomplis h your purpose? Do the main ideas and details support or develop the thesis statement? Is the organization logical and clear? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Editing:

Work with the same same peer reviewer as you check check your reports for grammar grammar,, spelling, and punctuation. 3. Presenting:

Hand in your revised and edited draft to the teacher.

On Your Own

Write a one-page review or critique of a paper you wrote recently. Do the details support the main ideas? How has the organization of the paper affected its impact and clarity? If you were to revise this paper again, what would you change? 42




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5.11

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Comparing Two Poems Looking for Similarities and Differences

Below are two two unpublished poems by Rayna Newman. Newman. Read the poems, poems, and answer the following questions for each poem. Snow

Snowfall

Sitting by the fire Gazing out upon bitter snow Remembering skates and sleds But that was long ago

Fresh, white, bright, friendly, inviting Snow falling softly Skates, sleds, snowballs, snowmen, angels Snow falling softly Stars twinkling down from heaven A fairy crown on my head Snow falling softly

Oh, harsh traitorous blizzard Why do you treat me so Your cold powerful arms have trapped me While I want to be free to go

1. Who do you think is the speaker? a. “Snow ” _________________ ___________________________________ ____________________________________ _________________________________ _______________ b. “Snowfall Snowfall”” ______________________________________________________________ 2. What adjectives describe the snow? . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

a. “Snow ” _________________ ___________________________________ ____________________________________ _________________________________ _______________ b. “Snowfall Snowfall”” ______________________________________________________________ 3. What is the speaker’ speaker ’s attitude? a. “Snow ” _________________ ___________________________________ ____________________________________ _________________________________ _______________ b. “Snowfall Snowfall”” ______________________________________________________________ 4. What mood does the poem create? a. “Snow ” _________________ ___________________________________ ____________________________________ _________________________________ _______________ b. “Snowfall Snowfall”” ______________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Write a paragraph in which you compare and contrast the two poems. Think about your answers to the numbered questions. Use specific details from the poems. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 5

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5 

Using the Writing Process in Expository Writing

Choose a suitable topic for a two- or three-paragraph expository essay. essay. Choose a topic that will not need need research. research. Remember to use the the following five five steps: prewriting, drafting, draft ing, revis revising, ing, editi editing/p ng/proo roofread freading, ing, and publi publishin shing/pr g/present esenting. ing. Mak Makee the essa essay y interesting interesti ng and informative. Use additional additional paper as necessary.


On Your Own

You are part of a group that will create the display for the school bulletin board this month. The theme is health. Do some research on healthy diets. Then find or create a few pictures that illustrate your topic. For each picture write a well-organized paragraph that explains the picture and its relationship to a healthy diet. 44



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Writing W riting Persuasively

6.1 

Writing to Change Someone’ Someone’s Mind

Choose a topic of concern to you. you. It can be a health health issue, a local or national political political issue, an environmenta environmentall issue— issue—anything you you feel is important. Identify a change change you would like to to see. Inv Investigate estigate your your topic, and write a few paragraphs for a petition that an action group wants to circulate throughout throughout your community. community. Be sure you make clear who will read the petition and why readers should sign it.


On Your Own

What subject do you most like to study? Consider what is interesting about the subject, the skills learned through its study, and the importance of that subject in relation to the world. Write a paragraph to spark interest in a classmate who does not find the subject worthwhile. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 6

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6.2

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Determining a Position Making Up Your Mind

When a CD contains lyrcis that some might consider consider objectionable, a sticker is put on the cover informing the the consumer. consumer. Man Manyy musicians disagree disagree with this practice of labeling CDs containing “explicit explicit”” lyrics. They believe that such such labeling limits their their right to free speech— speech—a major freedom freedom given by our Constitution Constitution.. On the other hand, some parents believe believe that they should should know the nature nature of the lyrical content content of CDs their children are are buying. They want to to be informed. They compare compare such labeling to the rating of of movi movies. es. Wh What at do you you think? think? Deve Develop lop a list list of suppo supporting rting deta details ils for both sides sides.. If you need more information, information, read some articles on the subject, and discuss it with parents,, teac ents teachers hers,, class classmat mates, es, and othe others. rs. For CD Labeling

Against CD Labeling

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On Your Own

Decide what your position is concerning the labeling of records. Draft an editorial for your school newspaper in which you state and defend your position. 46




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Evaluating Evidence

6.3 

The Nature of Evidence

Some animal animal rights groups protest the sale of furs, and some protest protest the testing of products such as make-up make-up,, perfumes, and medicines medicines on animals. Refer to the the Reader ’ ’s s Guide to find some magazine magazine articles about these these issues. Choose an article that that expresses an opinion opinion on the issue, issue, and examine it closely closely.. Identify the the kinds of evidence eviden ce you find find,, such as facts facts,, opin opinions ions,, stat statisti istics, cs, reas reasons, ons, or exam examples. ples. Does the writer use relevant evidence? ev idence? How persuasive persuasive is the writer? Jot down your notes in the space provided.


On Your Own

Do you agree or disagree with the article you used in the above exercise? Write one or two paragraphs telling whether you agree or disagree and why. If you agree, point out what evidence convinced you. If you disagree, point out the weaknesses in the arguments used. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 6

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Developing a Strategy

6.4 

Getting the Reader’ Reader’s Attention

You are on the yearbook staff. You need to raise money to help pay for production costs. One way is to to sell advertising space space in your yearbook. yearbook. Write an introduction introduction to a letter that you want to send to local businesses asking them to buy advertising space. Remember,, you are competing Remember competing for their attention. attention. Businesses constantly constantly receive receive requests to buy advertising space and to donate to causes.


On Your Own

Now complete the letter that you started in the above exercise. You want to follow a great introduction with a strong argument. Make your case, and consider what points would be important to business owners. 48



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Strengthening Your Argument

6.5 

Fielding Feedback

Have a peer reviewer comment on the editorial about CD labeling that you wrote for Lesson 6.2. After you have have read his his or her comments, comments, mark the ones with which you agree. Then use the following questions questions to help help you make your your own evaluation. Write your revision notes notes in the space provided. 1. Is your position clearly stated? 2. Do you present enough evidence to support your position? 3. Which evidence is strong? Is it relevant? 4. Did you keep your audience in mind? 5. Did you achieve your purpose?


On Your Own

Based on the peer reviewer’ reviewer’s comments and your own evaluation, revise your editorial. Remember,, make changes that you think are appropriate. Remember Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 6

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Creating an Ad

6.6 

Putting AIDA to Work

Imagine that you have have invented invented or improved a product or service. Create an advertisadvertising campaign campaign based on on the AIDA goals: attracting Atte Attention, ntion, arousing Interes Interest, t, creating Desire, and causing causing Action. Action. 1. Identify a product product or service, a target target audience, audience, and some some possible possible methods methods of achieving

AIDA. Product or service: _________________________________________________________ Target audience: audience:____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Attention: _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Interest: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Desire: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Action: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Create a magazine magazine advertisement advertisement for your product product or service. Use graphics if you wish. wish. Try

to think think up a catchy slogan. Use additional paper paper if necessary necessary..

On Your Own

Your textbook explains that ads play upon both positive and negative emotions. Find three magazine advertisements that appeal to three different emotions. Write a paragraph about each ad, identifying the emotion and explaining how the ad appeals to it. 50




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Writing W riting a Letter to the Editor

6.7 

Thinking of Ideas for a Letter to the Editor

A letter to the editor is a good way to communicate with others about your opinions. In the space below, below, jot down some local issues issues you can think think of such as regulations regulations concerningg the environment or city laws that affect teenagers. Answer the questions concernin questions that follow.

1. Which issue would make the th e best b est letter to the editor? Wh Why? y? ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ___ . c n I , s e i n a p m o C l l i H w a r G c M e h T © t h g i r y p o C

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. In order to write the letter, what research would you need to do?_________________ do?______________________ _____

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which newspaper or magazine would be the best place to send your letter? Why?

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

On Your Own

Research to find the facts, statistics, or other evidence you need to write a credible letter on the topic you identified above. Draft a letter. Get feedback from a peer or a teacher. teacher. Revise and edit the letter, and then send it to the newspaper or magazine you chose. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 6

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Writing W riting a Book Review

6.8 

Choosing What to Review

Imagine that you are are a regular book reviewer for your school newspaper newspaper.. It is time for you and the other reviewers to to present the “Book of the Year Year..” Draft a review review of the book you feel should receive the the honors. Is it a book that middle schoolers can relate relate to? Does the book say something that you feel is important or valuable? Include a summary, a personal response, and reasons reasons why why the book book you’ you’ve chosen deserves to be “Book of the Year Year..” Rememb Remember, er, you want to persuade your fellow reviewers.


On Your Own

Suppose your English teacher is creating a list of recommended readings for eighth-grade students. What is one book (different from the one you reviewed in the above exercise) that you would recommend to all eighth graders? Write about it in a one-page review. Your purpose is to persuade your teacher to include that book in the list. 52



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6 

Sharpening Your Persuasive Skills

Persuasion Persua sion is one one of the most most important important tools tools of the writer writer ’s craft. To sharpen your your persuasivee skills, write a letter of application to the persuasiv the president president of a company company or organiorganization in the the field that you imagine imagine yourself working in in someday. someday. Try to persuade the person to hire you for a summer summer job. Introduce yourself in an interesting interesting way way,, and be clear about the reason you want want the particular job. Use additional additional paper to prewrite, draft,, and revise. draft revise. Pre Present sent the the final final copy of of you yourr letter letter here. here.


On Your Own

Many writers attend writers’ writers’ workshops to get feedback about their writing from their peers. They use this feedback to revise their work and to alter their writing habits. Consider how participating in peer review has altered your writing. Now imagine that you belong to “Writers Writers’’ Workshop, Workshop,” ” a school club that meets weekly to read and review one another ’s writing. You are responsible for creating the flyer to advertise the club. Write a paragraph for the flyer to persuade students to join the club. Writer ’ ’s Choice: Choice: Compo Composition sition Enric Enrichment, hment, Grade 8, 8, Un Unit it 6

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Grade 8 Composition Enrichment

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