Grade 8 Science - Complete

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 6ncorporate the steps of the scientific method into your response.

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%escribe how energy flows through ecosystems.

uly Bonthly &+amination in cience < Cife cience Multi!le "hoice. Direction: 5ead the )uestion carefully. W56T& the correct answer. 1 Which of the following would =T be a community' A All the plants- insects- and soil in your back yard. 8 All the many "arieties of dogs in your neighborhood. 0 All the fish in an a)uarium. % none of the abo"e 2 0ommunity interactions include A ;redation 0. ymbiosis 8 0ompetition %. All of the abo"e 3 Which is an e+ample of a predator
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A The first grass on new soil 8 The first lichen on new rock  0 The first layer of grass in a new park  % The first trees to grow in a new forest Animal cells and bacterial cells both may ha"e all of the following cell structures exce!t A Bitochondria 0. ;lasma membrane 8 %A %. Flagella Which of the following are animals' A nake 0. Flatworms 8 ponge %. All of the abo"e Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by almost all animals' A %igestion of food internally 8 The ability to fly 0 The ability to mo"e- at least at some stage of their life % %etection of en"ironmental stimuli 6n"ertebrates e"ol"ed adaptations including A A fluid
1! An e+ample of an animal that has a notochord but lacks a backbone is a A Tunicate 0. 8ird 8 Fish %. All of the abo"e 1# Animals that ha"e eggs with internal membranes that permit diffusion of gases but pre"ent water loss are classified as A 0hordates 0. Amniotes 8 &chinoderms %. 5otifers 1* An e+ample of an organism that has an incomplete digesti"e system is A A sea star 0. A spider   8 A sponge %. A sand dollar   1, Animals who can control the direction they mo"e in all ha"e A A home in the ocean 0. Buscle 8 %e"elopment as a deuterostome %. 5adial symmetry 1 0orals detect touch with A A ner"e net 0. A complete digesti"e system 8 A brain %. A gamete 1/ ________ was one of the first animal traits to e"ol"e. A 0ephali?ation 0. A notochord 8 A complete digesti"e system %. Bulticellularity 2 :umans ha"e_________. A o symmetry 0. 8ilateral symmetry 8 5adial symmetry %. one of the abo"e Fill in the #lan$s. %R&TE T'E %(RD to com!lete each statement.

 _____ 1. A species that plays an especially important role in its community.  _____ 2. A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.  _____ 3. A final stable stage.  _____ !. =ccurs in an area that has ne"er before been coloni?ed.

 _____ #. The species that consumes members of another species.  _____ *. Ci"ing on land.  _____ ,. Animals with a notochord.  _____ . An animal with a backbone.  _____ /. A hollow ner"e cord running the length of the body.  _____ 1. A li"ing organism whose eggs are surrounded by membranes.  _____ 11. =uter embryonic cell layer in animals.  _____ 12. %igesti"e system that consists of a digesti"e ca"ity and a single opening that ser"es as both mouth and anus.  _____ 13. 0oncentration of ner"e tissue in one end of an animal- forming a head region.  _____ 1!. ;artial- fluid
True or False. Direction: Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if is FLSE.

 _____ 1. Animals are multicellular prokaryotes.  _____ 2. Animal cells ha"e cell walls to maintain their shape.  _____ 3. All animals are heterotrophs.  _____ !. 9ertebrates do not ha"e a backbone.  _____ #. All animal cells are e+actly the same shape.  _____ *. An earthworm is an e+ample of a segmented in"ertebrate.  _____ ,. 6n"ertebrates with an incomplete digesti"e system star"e- because their food cannot be completely digested.  _____ . A psuedocoelom refers to concentration of ner"ous tissue at one end of the animal.  _____ /. ome in"ertebrates mo"e- but cannot regulate which direction they mo"e or how fast they mo"e.  _____ 1. A lar"a is a Eu"enile stage of the life cycle.  _____ 11. All biomes- e+cept a desert- ha"e populations of interacting species.  _____ 12. 0amouflage is an adaptation that has e"ol"ed through natural selection.  _____ 13. ;redation is a relationship in which the prey consumes the predator.  _____ 1!. 6nterspecific competition occurs between members of the same species.  _____ 1#. 6nterspecific competition often leads to e+tinction- or it may lead to greater speciali?ation.

1st uarterly &+amination in cience < Cife cience

Multi!le "hoice. Direction:  W56T& the correct answer.

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Assumptions scientists make include@ A ature can be understood through systematic study. 8 cientific ideas ne"er need to be re"ised. 0 cience can pro"ide answers to all )uestions. % all of the abo"e A hypothesis__________.

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A 6s the first step in a scientific in"estigation 8 6s based on what a scientist belie"es. 0 6s a possible )uestion to a scientific answer  % 0an be pro"ed incorrect. A scientific theory__________. A 6s based on lots of e"idence. 8 6s a guess about how or why something happens 0 0an ne"er be altered or changed. % none of the abo"e Which is the correct order in a scientific in"estigation' A Ask a )uestion- test the hypothesis- communicate results- draw conclusions 8 Bake obser"ations- ask a )uestion- form a hypothesis- test the hypothesis 0 %raw conclusions- ask a )uestion- form a hypothesis- test the hypothesis % Ask a )uestion- make obser"ations- test the hypothesis- draw conclusions To test a hypothesis- _____________. A A scientist first collects e"idence. 8 A scientist first draws conclusions. 0 A scientist first makes a prediction. % A scientist first makes obser"ations. An e+periment____________. A 6s performed under controlled conditions. 8 7enerally tests how one "ariable is affected by another. 0 0ontributes important e"idence that helps scientists better understand the natural world. % all of the abo"e Food chains are scientific models that A 5epresent simple systems in nature. 8 Bake the scientific systems easier to understand. 0 Are based on mathematical e)uations. % Are based on a prediction. $cience cannot answer all )uestions.( A The abo"e statement is true because science cannot answer matters of belief. 8 The abo"e statement is true because all science is based on logic. 0 The abo"e statement is false because science can pro"e that life e"ol"es o"er time. % The abo"e statement is false because science is based on obser"ations and e"idence. / Which statement best describes a biogeochemical cycle' A A cycle that recycles chemical elements and water. 8 A cycle that continuously cycles chemical elements and water. 0 A cycle that continuously cycles chemical elements and water that are needed by organisms. % A cycle that continuously cycles chemical elements and water that are needed by organisms through an ecosystem.

1 The relationship between condensation and precipitation is that A ;recipitation needs to occur prior to condensation. 8 0ondensation needs to occur prior to precipitation. 0 8oth are parts of the water cycle. % 8oth b and c describe the relationship. 11 The best description of the relationship between runoff and groundwater is that A 5unoff turns into groundwater. 8 7roundwater turns into runoff. 0 8oth result from precipitation and may end up in bodies of water. % none of the abo"e 12 itrogen fi+ation____________.

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A 6s the process of changing nitrogen gas to nitrates 8 6s the process of changing nitrates to nitrogen gas 0 6s carried out by nitrogens atmosphere. 0 itrogen gas from the atmosphere cannot be used by plants to make organic compounds. % all of the abo"e Which statement is correct' A Fossil fuels can store carbon for millions of years- and release carbon when burned. 8 Fossil fuels can store carbon for millions of years- and release o+ygen when burned. 0 Fossil fuels can store o+ygen for millions of years- and release carbon when burned. % Fossil fuels can store nitrogen for millions of years- and release nitrogen when burned. A biome is_____________. A A group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary  producers and consumers. 8 A group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors and primary  producers. 0 A group of similar ecosystems with the same general abiotic factors. % A group of similar ecosystems with the same general biotic factors. 0limate is _______________- whereas weather is _______________. A The conditions of the habitat from day to day- the a"erage weather in an area o"er a long  period of time. 8 The conditions of the atmosphere from day to day- the a"erage weather in an area o"er a long period of time. 0 The a"erage weather in an area o"er a long period of time- the conditions of the atmosphere from day to day. % The a"erage weather in an area o"er a long period of time- the conditions of the habitat from day to day. Wetlands are important- as they A 5emo"e e+cess nutrients from runoff before it empties into ri"ers or lakes. 8 ;ro"ide a safe- lush habitat for many species of animals. 0 tore e+cess water from floods. % all of the abo"e

1/ =rganisms that li"e deep in the ocean must be able to A Withstand e+treme water pressure- "ery hot water- and complete darkness. 8 Withstand e+treme water pressure- "ery cold water- and complete darkness. 0 Withstand e+treme water pressure- cold water- and limited sunlight. % none of the abo"e 2 ektons are _______________- and benthos is _______________. A A)uatic animals that swim- a)uatic organisms that crawl. 8 A)uatic animals that crawl- a)uatic organisms that swim. 0 8acteria and algae- tiny animals that feed on nekton. % %ecomposers fish and shrimp. 21 A)uatic biomes are defined in terms of which abiotic factors' 14 unlight 24 dissol"ed o+ygen and nutrients 34 temperature !4 moisture.

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1 only 0. 3 and ! 1 and 2 %. 1-2-3 and ! best describes the relationship between climate and biodi"ersity' As climate determines the animals in an ecosystem- it directly influences the biodi"ersity of a  biome. 8 As climate determines the plants in an ecosystem- it also influences the biodi"ersity of a biome. 0 As climate determines plant growth- it also directly influences the biodi"ersity of a biome. % As climate determines plant growth- it also changes the biodi"ersity of a biome. &+amples of adaptations of organisms include A The large- hollow lea"es of the aloe plant. 8 The stout- barrel
3 To be classified as a li"ing organism- an obEect must A Baintain homeostasis 0. 8e made of at least one cell 8 :a"e a comple+ chemistry %. All of the abo"e

True or False. Direction: Write T if the statement is T5H& and F if is FAC&.

 _____ 1. A keystone species is one that plays an especially important role in its population.  _____ 2. 5ock that hardens from la"a is an e+ample of primary succession.  _____ 3. Butualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.  _____ !. The first species to coloni?e a disturbed area such as this are called primary species.  _____ #. 6f a parasite kills its host- the parasite may also die.  _____ *. 6ntraspecific competition leads to the e"olution of better adaptations within a species.  _____ ,. econdary succession may occur after a forest fire.  _____ . Cichens that can li"e on bare rock may be pioneer species after a flood.  _____ /. Animals ha"e a ner"ous system.  _____ 1. Almost all animals digest their food inside their bodies.  _____ 11. Bost animals reproduce by se+ual reproduction.  _____ 12. Fish are in the phylum 0hordata.  _____ 13. 5oundworms are in the phylum Arthropoda.  _____ 1!. ="er /I of all animals species are "ertebrates.  _____ 1#. A characteristic of animals is that they ha"e sensory organs.  _____ 1*. An e+oskeleton is a bony skeleton on the outside of some organisms.  _____ 1,. 8ody segments make an animal less fle+ible.  _____ 1. ;rotostome and deuterostome are two main classes of in"ertebrates.  _____ 1/. ome in"ertebrates ha"e an internal skeleton.  _____2. The outside of an animal is formed from the ectoderm. Fill in the #lan$s. Direction: Write the appropriate term to complete each sentence below.  _____ 1. 6n"ertebrate phylum of flatworms that are characteri?ed by a flat body because they lack a coelom or  pseudocoelom.  _____ 2. 5egrowing of tissues- organs- or limbs that ha"e been lost or damaged.  _____ 3. ;rocess in which a lar"a undergoes a maEor transformation to change into the adult form- which occurs in amphibians- arthropods- and other in"ertebrates.  _____ !. The ability to grow back lost body parts.  _____ #. A)uatic "ertebrates.  _____ *. The only continent without amphibians.  _____ ,. The amniotes that e"ol"ed into reptiles- dinosaurs- and birds.  _____ . The most numerous "ertebrates on &arth.  _____ /. Animal that obtains organic matter for nutrition by filtering particles out of water   _____ 1. Type of circulatory system in which blood flows only within a network of blood "essels and not through body ca"ities.  _____ 11. &+cretory structures that collect waste from the blood and concentrate it.  _____ 12. 0ommon name is sea s)uirtJ are in"ertebrate chordatesJ adults are sessile.  _____ 2. ewly hatched fish that are different from the adult form.  _____ 13. hared body ca"ity.  _____ 1!. The amniotes that e"entually ga"e rise to mammals.  _____ 2. An organism that can eat many different types of food.  _____ 1#. 6n"ertebrate phylum of sponges- which ha"e a non
 _____ 22. The process of keeping eggs warm with body heat.  _____ 23. 5egulating body temperature from the outside through beha"ioral changes.  _____ 2!. Bain distinguishing feature of "ertebratesJ the backbone.  _____ 2#. 5egulating body temperature from the inside through metabolic or other physical changes. Enumeration: Direction: &numerate the following. • • •

7i"e fi"e #4 animals classified in 6n"ertebrates 7i"e fi"e #4 animals classified in 9ertebrates 7i"e fi"e #4 animals classified in reptiles.

Se!tem#er Monthly Examination in Science 8- Life Science Fill in the #lan$s. Direction: Fill the blanks with appropriate term. 1. Bammals ha"e four limbs and produce ____________ eggs. 2. ____________ glands produce milk after the birth of offspring. 3. ____________ or fur insulates the body to help conser"e body heat. !. ____________ in the lungs pro"ide a "ery large surface area for gas e+change. #. Three tiny bones in the ____________ gi"e mammals e+ceptionally good hearing. *. Bammals can generate and conser"e heat when it>s ____________ outside. ,. The cells of mammals ha"e many more ____________ than the cells of other animals- allowing mammals to ha"e a high metabolic rate. . The larger the surface area of the brainDs ____ ________- the greater the mental abilities of an animal. /. 6n some mammals- a ____________ tail is used for climbing and hanging from branches. 1. Bany mammals li"e in social groups- such as ____________ of elephants or prides of lions. 11. Therian mammals are di"ided into two groups@ ____________ mammals and marsupial mammals. 12. A placenta sustains the ____________ while it grows inside the mother>s uterus. 13. The placenta passes ____________- nutrients- and other useful substances from the mother to the fetus. 1!. A ____________ is a therian mammal in which the embryo is born at an early- immature stage. 1#. ____________ are mammals that reproduce by laying eggs. 1*. The only li"ing monotreme species are the ____________ and echidnas. 1,. Female monotremes ha"e a ____________ with only one opening. 1. The ____________ embryo is nourished inside the uterus with food from a yolk sac. 1/. ____________ mammals gi"e birth to relati"ely large and mature infants. 2. Female therian mammals ha"e an ____________ where the embryo or fetus de"elops. True or False. Direction:  Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if is FLSE.

 ______1. eurons carry electrical messages.  _____ 2. After tissues- organs are the ne+t le"el of organi?ation of the human body.  _____ 3. An organ is a structure that consists of only two types of tissues that work together to do the same Eob.  _____ !. The digesti"e system breaks down food and absorbs its nutrients.  _____ #. The endocrine system remo"es e+cess fluid from tissues and transports substances.  _____ *. A Eoint is a place where two or more bones of the skeleton meet.  _____ ,. There are four main types of Eoints.  _____ . 6mmo"able Eoints are also known as syno"ial Eoints.  _____ /. =f all the mo"able Eoints- a ball
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mooth muscle is found in the___________. A :eart 0. Hpper leg 8 tomach %. Biddle ear   keletal muscle fibers are wrapped in A Fat 0. 0onnecti"e tissue 8 8one %. one of the abo"e keletal muscles need a rich blood supply to pro"ide them with A =+ygen 0. Water   8 0arbon dio+ide %. one of the abo"e The biceps and triceps muscles are located in the A Cower arm 0. Knee 8 Hpper arm %. tomach

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&ach myofibril is made up of how many types of protein filaments' A =ne 0. Three 8 Two %. Four   * Belanin in the skin blocks A Water 0. H9 light 8 6ncandescent light %. =+ygen , kin cancers___________. A Are generally asymmetrical. 8 :a"e irregular borders. 0 Bay be "ery dark in color. % all of the abo"e  The main component of hair is A Keratin 0. Byoglobin 8 :emoglobin %. 6nsulin / Which of the following are functions of hair' A ;re"ents dust particles from reaching the lungs 8 ;re"ents heat loss from the body 0 ;ro"ides sensory input % all of the abo"e 1 Which of the following are located in the dermis' A ebaceous glands 0. :air follicles 8 weat glands %. All of the abo"e

Essay. Direction: Answer the following )uestion briefly. # pts. each4

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ame two common problems of the skin- describing each problem and the underlying cause of each.

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%escribe the three types of bone problems.

)o*em#er Monthly Examination in Science 8- Life Science

Multi!le "hoice. Direction:  5ead the )uestion carefully. W56T& the correct answer.

1. What is the circulatory system' A. The bodyDs breathing system 0. The body>s foods bloods breathing system. A. er"ous system 0. 5espiratory system 8. %igesti"e system %. &+cretory system . Air can enter the body and tra"el to the lungs A. Through the mouth and the nose 8. Through the esophagus and gullet 0. Through the windpipe and the pores %. Through the nose and the ner"ous system /. What is the purpose of the little hairs inside the nose' A. To fight disease 0. To keep dust out of the lungs 8. They ser"e no purpose %. To tickle the nose and cause snee?es 1. What important acti"ity takes place in the lungs' A. Food is digested 8. Ci)uid waste is filtered from the blood 0. =+ygen is e+change for carbon dio+ide %. The trachea is e+change for the laryn+ 11. =+ygen mo"es from the lungs into the bloodstream through' A. er"e fibres 0. mall blood "essels in the lungs 8. A large artery in the heart %. A tube in the lungs called the Eugular "ein 12. Which organ is made up of airs breathing system 0. The body>s foods system of ner"e %. The body>s blood
1!. %igestion begins in the mouth. Which of the following statement is 60=55&0T' . The tongue aids in the digestion of the food +. The sali"a changes some of the starches in the food to sugar  ". The tongue keeps the food in place in the mouth while the food is being chewed D. The digesti"e Euices can react more easily with the food when chewed 1#. What happens when food reaches the stomach' A. othing. o digestion occurs in the stomach 8. The food mo"es )uickly into the small intestine 0. uices mi+ with the food and stomach muscles s)uee?e it. %. The food is completely digested and is absorbed by tiny blood "essels in the walls of the stomach. 1*. Where does the partly
0. Kidney

8. Cungs

%. Thyroid

True or False. %irection@ Write T if the statement is T5H& and F if is FAC&.

 _____ 1. The heart has four chambers@ two upper "entricles and two lower atria.  _____ 2. The e+change of gases between the body and the outside air is called breathing.  _____ 3. To get glucose from food- digestion must occur.  _____ !. 6f you e+ercise on a hot day- you are likely to lose a lot of sweat in water.  _____ #. 5espiration begins with gas e+change.  _____ *. 0hemical digestion is the physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces.  _____ ,. 0apillaries are the largest of the blood "essels.  _____ . The kidneys filter all the blood in the body many times each day and produce a total of about 1.# pints of urine.  _____ /. 5espiration and cellular respiration are different.  _____ 1. :igh blood pressure is also known as hypertension.

 _____ 11. The 76 tract is one long tube that connects your mouth to your anus.  _____ 12. The amount of water lost in urine is controlled by the kidneys.  _____ 13. 8lood is a connecti"e tissue.  _____ 1!. ;ulmonary gas e+change occurs in the al"eoli of the lungs.  _____ 1#. The small intestine is part of the 76 tract and is about 23 feet long in adults.  _____ 1*. The systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and body.  _____ 1,. The kidney is the structural and functional unit of the nephron.  _____ 1. Asthma is a disease in which the air passages of the lungs periodically become too large.  _____ 1/. Bechanical digestion occurs mainly in the small intestine.  _____ 2. &+cretion is one of the maEor ways the body maintains homeostasis.

Essay. %irection@ Answer the following )uestion briefly. # pts. each4

1. 6dentify three classes of nutrients and their functions in the human body. 2. &+plain how the urinary system filters blood and e+cretes wastes.

,r uarterly Examination in Science 8- Life Science Multi!le "hoices. Direction: W56T& the correct answer. 1. Which statement best describes the immune system' A. The immune system produces gametes. 8. The immune system e+changes gases between the blood and lungs. 0. The immune system protects the body from pathogens. %. The immune system digests food into usable nutrients. 2. The immune system is comprised of __________ _ lines of defense. A. Two 0. Four   8. Three %. Fi"e 3. Which statement is correct' A. The pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and lungs- while the systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and body. 8. The systemic circulation carries blood between the heart an d lungs- while the  pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and body. 0. The systemic circulation carries blood between the heart an d lungs- while the  pulmonary circulation carries o+ygen between the heart and body. %. The pulmonary circulation carries o+ygen between the heart and lungs- while the systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and body. !. Which statement best describes the first line of defense'

A. The first line of defense consists of different types of barriers that keep most  pathogens out of the body. 8. The first line of defense includes the inflammatory response. 0. Ceukocytes are the cells responsible for the first line of defense. %. The first line of defense includes the skin- mucous membranes and biological barriers such as white blood cells. #. Which statements are true about mechanical barriers' 14 Bechanical barriers physically block pathogens from entering the body. 24 The skin is the most important mechanical barrier. 34 Bechanical barriers are li"ing organisms that help protect the body. !4 Bechanical barriers destroy pathogens on the outer body surface. A. 1 and 2 0. 1- 2- and 3 8. 3 and ! %. 1- 2- 3- and ! *. Which statement describes the second line of defense' A. The second line of defense includes biological and chemical barriers. 8. The skin is the maEor organ of the second line of defense. 0. The second line of defense keeps most pathogens out of the body. %. The second line of defense is encountered by pathogens that enter the body. ,. What is the inflammatory response' A. The inflammatory response begins when cytokines or histamines infect a tissue. 8. The inflammatory response is the first reaction of the body to tissue damage or infection. 0. The inflammatory response is a chemical barrier that destroys pathogens on the body surface. %. one of the abo"e . Ceukocytes__________________. A. Are red blood cells that bring e+tra o+ygen to the site of infection. 8. Are biological barriers that help protect the body. 0. Are white blood cells that fight infections and get rid of debris. %. Are released by mucous membranes at body openings.

/. ;hagocytosis_________________. A. 6s the process in which leukocytes engulf and break down pathogens and debris. 8. Are chemical barriers destroy pathogens. 0. Are part of the first line of defense. %. All of the abo"e 1. The maEor blood "essels include__________________. A. Arteries 0. 0apillaries 8. 9eins %. All of the abo"e 11. Atherosclerosis_______________________. A. =ccurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is blocked. 8. 6s the buildup of pla)ue inside arteries. 0. 0onsists of cell debris- cholesterol- and other substances. %. All of the abo"e 12. 8lood_________________________. A. in "eins carries carbon dio+ide and nutrients- while blood in arteries carries o+ygen and other wastes. 8. in "eins carries o+ygen and nutrients- while blood in arteries carries carbon dio+ide and other wastes. 0. in arteries carries o+ygen and nutrients- while blood in "eins carries carbon dio+ide and other wastes.

%. in arteries carries carbon dio+ide and nutrients- while blood in "eins carries o+ygen and other wastes. 13. ;lasma includes_____________________. A. White blood cells 0. ;latelets 8. 5ed blood cells %. All of the abo"e 1!. 5oles of blood include which of the following' 14 %efending the body against infection24 5epairing body tissues34 Transporting water from the lungs to body cells !4 0ontrolling the body>s p:. A. 1 and 2 0. 1- 2- and ! 8. 1- 2- and 3 %. 1- 2- 3- and ! 1#. The immune response A. 6s specific to a particular pathogen. 8. 6s the third line of defense. 0. Allows the immune system to $remember( the pathogen after the infection is o"er. %. All of the abo"e. 1*. The immune response mainly in"ol"es the A. Cymphatic system 0. 8lood cells 8. pleen and tonsils %. Antibodies and lymphocytes 1,. =rgans of the lymphatic system include____________. A. The spleen- which filters and destroys lymphocytes. 8. The thymus- which stores and matures antibodies. 0. 8one marrow- which produces lymphocytes. %. All of the abo"e. 1. Which statement concerning lymphocytes is correct' A. 8 cells mature in bone marrow- and T cells mature in the thymus- and both 8 and T cells recogni?e and respond to particular pathogens. 8. 8 cells mature in bone marrow- and T cells mature in the thymus- and both 8 and T cells recogni?e and respond to particular lymphocytes. 0. 8 cells mature in bone- and T cells mature in the thymus- and both 8 and T cells recogni?e and respond to particular pathogens. %. 8 cells mature in bone- and T cells mature in the thymus- and both 8 and T cells recogni?e and respond to particular lymphocytes.

1/. The humoral immune response______________. A. 6n"ol"es mainly T cells and takes place in blood and lymph. 8. in"ol"es mainly 8 cells and takes place in blood and lymph. 0. in"ol"es mainly antibodies and takes place in blood and lymph. %. in"ol"es mainly antigens and takes place in blood and lymph. 2. The materials carried by the circulatory system include which of the following' 14 8lood24 :ormones34 =+ygen- !4 0ellular wastes. A. 1 only 0. 1- 2- and 3 8. 1 and 2 %. 1- 2- 3- and ! 21. Antibodies are_______________. A. Carge- M
0. 6n"ol"es mainly 8 cells and leads to the destruction of cells that are infected with "iruses. %. 6n"ol"es mainly T cells and leads to the destruction of ce lls that are infected with "iruses. 23. Acti"e immunity____________________. A. 0an last a lifetime. 8. 0an result from an immuni?ation. 0. 5esults when an immune response to a pathogen produces memory cells. %. All of the abo"e 2!. What is an allergy' A. An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antibody. 8. An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen. 0. An allergy is a disease in which the lymphatic system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen. %. An allergy is a disease in which the immune system destroys harmless pathogens. 2#. Two common causes of allergies are_____________. A. 5agweed and poison i"y 0. ;oison ragweed and i"y 8. 5agweed and poison roses %. All of the abo"e 2*. An autoimmune disease______________. A. =ccurs when the immune system initiates an immune response against foreign  pathogens. 8. =ccurs when the immune system attacks the body>s own pathogens. 0. =ccurs when the immune system fails to recogni?e the body>s own molecules as  belonging to the person. %. =ccurs when the immune system fails to recogni?e foreign molecules as belonging to the person. 2,. Type 1 diabetes_____________________. A. attacks the insulin
2. 0auses of immunodeficiency include_____________. A. %amage of the immune system by other disorders. 8. uppression of the immune system by certain medications. 0. %estruction of cells of the immune system by pathogen s. %. All of the abo"e. 2/. Which statement is true of the relationship between :69 and A6%' A. :69 causes A6% 0. :69 and A6% are the same disease 8. A6% causes :69 %. :69 and A6% are not related 3. :69 transmission_____________________. A. 0an occur through sali"a. 8. =ccurs through the direct contact of mucous membranes or some body fluids. 0. 0an occur through kissing. %. All of the abo"e 31. The functions of the respiratory system include which of the following'  14 8ringing air containing o+ygen into the body 24 5eleasing carbon dio+ide into the atmosphere 34 &+changing o+ygen with carbon dio+ide in blood cells!4 Transporting o+ygen to cells throughout the body. a. 1 only 0. 1- 2- and 3

 b. 1 and 2 %. 1- 2- 3- and ! 32. The four steps of respiration are_________________. A. 9entilation- central gas e+change- gas transport- peripheral gas e+change. 8. 9entilation- pulmonary gas transport- gas e+change- peripheral gas transport. 0. 9entilation- pulmonary gas e+change- gas transport- peripheral gas e+change. %. 8reathing- pulmonary gas e+change- central gas e+change- peripheral gas e+change. 33. 6nhaling__________________. A. =ccurs when the diaphragm contracts. 8. =ccurs when the diaphragm rela+es. 0. 6s the e+change of gas between blood cells and the lungs. %. 6s when o+ygen in the air is drawn into the body and carbon dio+ide is released from the body. 3!. 5espiration begins with___________________. A. 7as transport between the mouth and the atmosphere. 8. 9entilation- the process of mo"ing air in and out of the lungs. 0. 9entilation between the lungs and the blood. %. 7as e+change between the lungs and the blood. 3#. 9entilation in"ol"es which organs' A. The laryn+- pharyn+- and trachea 8. The lungs- laryn+- pharyn+- and trachea 0. The heart and lungs- laryn+- pharyn+- and trachea %. The heart- blood and lungs- laryn+- pharyn+- and trachea 3*. 7as e+change occurs______________________. A. 6n the lungs- between the blood and the air. 8. 6n the al"eoli of the lungs- between the peripheral capillaries and lung cells. 0. 6n the al"eoli of the lungs- between the peripheral capillaries and bod y cells. %. all of the abo"e 3,. &mphysema_____________________. A. 5esults in less gas can be e+changed in the lungs. 8. 6s caused by smoking and is irre"ersible. 0. 0auses shortness of breath. %. All of the abo"e

3. Asthma occurs when the_______________. A. ome of the al"eoli of the lungs fill with fluid so gas e+change cannot occur. 8. Air passages of the lungs periodically become too narrow- often with e+cessi"e mucus  production. 0. Walls of the al"eoli break down so less gas can be e+changed in the lungs. %. All of the abo"e 3/. A6% occurs______________________. A. When helper T cells fall to a "ery low le"el. 8. About 3<# years after an :69 infection. 0. When :69 le"els match the le"el of helper T cells. %. After years of damage to the immune system by helper T cells. !. Which statement is true concerning cancer' A. Bost carcinogens cause cancer by producing mutations in %A. 8. 0ancer is a disease in which cells di"ide out of control. 0. A carcinogen is anything that can cause cancer. %. all of the abo"e !1. 0arcinogens include________________. A. 9iruses- which cause about # percent of all human cancers. 8. H9 radiation- which is the leading cause of lung cancer.

0. &+posure to tobacco smoke- which is the leading cause of skin cancer. %. one of the abo"e. !2. The most common deadly cancer in the Hnited tates is___________. A. kin cancer 0. 8reast cancer    b. Cung cancer %. ;rostate cancer  !3. Tumor
!. The stomach_________________________. A. %igests food both mechanically and chemically. 8. 0ontains pepsin- which chemically digests protein. 0. :as an acidic en"ironment- which kills bacteria in food and is needed for the stomach en?ymes to function. %. All of the abo"e !/. 6n the small intestine-______________________. A. Bost nutrients from food are absorbed into the blood. 8. &+cess water is absorbed from food. 0. The mechanical breakdown of food is completed. %. ;artly digested food is stored until ready for the final aspects of digestion. #. The large intestine includes______________________. A. The duodenum- EeEunum- and ileum. 8. The 76 tract- from the mouth to the anus. 0. The cecum- colon- and rectum. %. The duodenum- EeEunum- ileum- cecum- colon- and rectum. #1. utrients___________________________. A. 6ncludes carbohydrates- proteins- lipids- and water. 8. Are needed for energy- building materials- and control of body processes.

0. 6nclude chemical elements like calcium and potassium. %. All of the abo"e #2. Warning signs of cancer include_____________________. A. A lump in the breast or elsewhere 8. An ob"ious changes in a wart or mole 0. An unusual bleeding or discharge %. All of the abo"e #3. The Air uality 6nde+____________. A. Beasures le"els of ground
#. The function of the kidney is to A. &liminate e+cess water and salts. 8. Filter blood and form urine. 0. &+crete water "apor and carbon dio+ide. %. %estroy e+cess amino acids and to+ins in the blood. #/. 6n the nephron- when blood mo"es diffuses out of the capillaries- it enters the A. 5enal artery of the nephron 0. 8owman>s capsule 8. 7lomerulus of a nephron %. 5enal tubule of the nephron *. Hrine follows which of the following pathways' A. 0ollecting ducts of the kidneys- ureters- bladder- urethra. 8. 0ollecting ducts of the kidneys- bladder- ureters- urethra. 0. 8ladder- collecting ducts of the kidneys- ureters- urethra. %. 0ollecting ducts of the kidneys- urethra- bladder- ureters. &&. True or false. Direction: Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if is FLSE.  _____ 1. The skin is the single most important defense the body has.  _____ 2. nee?ing remo"es pathogens from your nose.  _____ 3. weat- mucus- tears- and sali"a are all types of mechanical barriers used to protect you.  _____ !. The inflammatory response is part of the body>s first line of defense.

 _____ #. Ceukocytes are white blood cells that fight infections and get rid of debris.  _____ *. The third line of defense is referred to as the immune response.  _____ ,. The lymphatic system produces leukocytes called lymphocytes.  _____ . Cymphocytes can destroy certain cancer cells.  _____ /. Cymph is a fluid that leaks out of cells into spaces between capillaries.  _____ 1. The human body has as many as two billion lymphocytes.  _____ 11. A6% is not a single disease but a set of diseases.  _____ 12. A6% occurs with ele"ated le"els of helper T cells.  _____ 13. The :69 fre)uently mutates and changes its surface antigens.  _____1 !. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks itself.  _____1 #. An allergen is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen.  _____ 1*. Bost carcinogens cause cancer by producing mutations in %A.  _____ 1,. Bost cancers are caused by "iruses.  _____ 1. H9 radiation is the leading cause of lung cancer.  _____ 1/. Tumor
anuary Bonthly &+amination in cience < Cife cience Bultiple choice. %irection@ 5ead the )uestion carefully. W56T& the correct answer. 1

2

3

!

#

The eminal 9esicle is______________. A A muscular tube that passes upward alongside the testes and transports semen 8 A sacs body through the urethra is a process called_______. A. Benstruation 8. &rection 0. &Eaculation 9as deferens are@ A. A muscular tube that passes upward alongside the testes and transports semen. 8. perm storage organ 0. Feses holding area What is the function of ;rostate gland' A. ;roduces parts of semen 8. %igesti"e system for unused sperm 0. ourishes sperm. What is an epididymis'

*

,



/

1

11 12

13

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A. A set of oily openings that release sperm 8. A set of coiled tubes that connect to the "as deferens.  0. &agles and buisits What are the testes' A. ;roducer and stores of millions of sperm 8. ;roducer of male se+ hormones 0. 8oth of the abo"e What is the scrotum' What does it do' A. 6t is a pouch like structure that helps to regulate temperature of the testicles 8. A muscular tube that passes upward alongside the testes and transports semen. 0. 0an be remo"ed due to religious or cultural reasons. What is the urethra' A. 0annel that carries semen and urine through the penis to the outside of the body.  8. The entrance to the womb. 0. The area that makes the stench in se+. What is testosterone' A. Bale se+ hormone that causes boys to de"elop a se+ dri"e. 8. Bale se+ hormone that causes boys to de"elop deeper "oices- bigger muscles- body and facial hair and stimulates the production of sperm.  0. 8oth of the abo"e. What is semen' A. A sperm
1# When menstruation ends in middle age. A. Benopause 8. 7estation 0. 6mplantation 1* These are the maEor female se+ organs that produce o"a or eggs. A. ="aryOo"aries 8. TestesOtesticles 0. 7ametes 1, The fleshy outer part of the female reproducti"e system where the opening to the "agina is located. A. Hterus 8. ="ary 0. 9ul"a 1 The shedding of the lining of the uterus along with some blood once a month. Also called a monthly period. A. 7estation 8. 0onception 0. Benstruation 1/ The tiny female se+ cell that unites with a male sperm to form a ?ygote or fertili?ed egg. A. ="ary 8. ="um 0. 7onad 2 The opening to the uterus. A. 9agina 8. ="ary 0. 0er"i+ - Chlamydia Adolescence - Morula 6dentification. %irection@ 0hoose the appropriate-term to complete each sentence below. - Genital herpes - Amniotic sac Placenta - Genital warts - Blastocyst Pregnancy - Gonorrhea - Cleavage - Zygote - Hepatitis B - Diferentiation - Human papilloma virus - m!ryo - Pathogens - "etus - #e$ually transmitted in%ection - &mplantation

 _____ 1. 8all of cells that forms soon after fertili?ation  _____ 2. %e"eloping organism from the end of the eighth week until birth  _____ 3. The first year of life after birth  _____ !. The period of transition between the beginning of puberty and adulthood  _____ #. The process by which unspeciali?ed cells become speciali?ed  _____ *. The carrying of one or more offspring from fertili?ation until birth  _____ ,. A temporary organ that allows the e+change of substances between the mother and fetus  _____ . The process of childbirth  _____ /. 8all of cells with a fluid
&ssay@ %irection@ Answer the following )uestion briefly. # pts. each4

1 2

&+plain what causes T6s and how they can be pre"ented. &+plain how the embryo forms speciali?ed cells and organs. February Bonthly &+amination in cience < Cife cience

True or False. Direction: Write T if the statement is TRUE and F if is FLSE.

 _____ 1. All organisms are made of more than one cell.  _____ 2. ;roteins are made on ribosomes.  _____ 3. ;rokaryotic cells ha"e a nucleus.  _____ !. For cells- a smaller si?e is more efficient.  _____ #. =rganelles are located within the cytoplasm.  _____ *. All cells ha"e a plasma membrane- cytoplasm- and ribosomes.  _____ ,. Acti"e transport needs energy.  _____ . %iffusion does not re)uire any help from other molecules.  _____ /. &ndocytosis remo"es large molecules from the cell.  _____ 1. The sodium
3.

5obert :ooke was the first person to obser"e cells. :e obser"ed these cells in A. A piece of cork 0. :uman blood 8. A slice of honeycomb %. ;la)ue from his own teeth !. 0ell si?e is limited by the_________________. A. Amount of cytoplasm 0. The si?e of the nucleus 8. 0ellDs ability to get rid of wastes %. The si?e of the plasma membrane #. The spikes on pollen grains probably A. Allow the pollen grain to stick to insects 8. Allow the pollen grain to fly through the air  0. ;rotect the pollen grain from being eaten. %. Allows insects to stick to the pollen grain. *. The $power plant( of the cell is the___________________. A. ucleus 0. 0hloroplast 8. 5ibosome %. Bitochondria ,. Which organelle ensures that after cell di"ision each daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes' A. The nucleus 0. The centriole 8. The endoplasmic reticulum %. The cytoskeleton . tructures specific in plant cells but not in an imal cells include A. A large central "acuole 0. The cell membrane 8. The mitochondria %. The cytoplasts /. :a"ing tissues that digest food- such as in the Eellyfish- is an e+ample of___________.

A. 0ell
0. =rgan
1. The plasma membrane contains which of the following' A. ;hospholipids 0. Bany proteins 8. 0holesterol molecules %. All of the abo"e 11. 0ontrolling what enters and lea"es the cell in an important function of the A. ucleus 0. ;lasma membrane 8. 9esicle %. 7olgi apparatus 12. %uring diffusion- substances mo"e from an area of _____ _______ concentration to an area of  ____________ concentration. A. :igher- lower 0. :igher- e)ual 8. Cower- higher %. Cower- higher   13. A channel protein does which of the following' A. 0arries ions or molecules across the membrane 8. Forms tiny holes in the membrane 0. 0hanges shape as it transports molecules %. All of the abo"e 1!. The sodium
/th uarterly Examination in Science 8- Life Science True or False: Direction: Write true if the statement is true or false if the statement is false.  _____ 1. A gamete is a haploid cell that combines with another haploid gamete during fertili?ation.  _____ 2. &ach testis contains more than / meters of tiny- tightly packed tubules called seminiferous tubules.  _____ 3. perm mature and are stored in the epididymis.  _____ !. 6n the first se"eral weeks after fertili?ation- males and females are essentially the same.  _____ #. 7enes on the N chromosome cause male organ formation.  _____ #. Two pituitary hormones Pfollicle hormone and luteini?ing
Anton van 'eeuwenhoe( transport Cytoplasm protein u(aryote eu(aryotic cell ndocytosis nucleus $ocytosis organelle "acilitated difusion plasma mem!rane +smosis pro(aryote transport pro(aryotic cell #odium-potassium pump ri!osome  *ransport protein

-) A*P

- Active

- Cell wall

- Channel

- Central vacuole - Centriole

- Difusion -

- Cytos(eleton

-

- ndoplasmic reticulum

-

- ndosym!iotic theory

-

- Golgi apparatus

- Passive

- Mitochondria - Phospholipids !ilayer

-

 __ 1. Transport across a membrane without any additional energy re)uirement  _____ 2. The diffusion of water   _____ 3. Type of "esicle transport that mo"es a substance into the cell  _____ !. Type of "esicle transport that mo"es a substance out of the cell  _____ #. pecial proteins in the membrane that aid diffusion  _____ *. Bembrane protein that forms a small hole that allows ions to pass through  _____ ,. An acti"e transport protein  _____ . %iffusion with the help of transport proteins  _____ /. The mo"ement of a substance across a membrane without any help from other molecules  _____ 1. The transport of "ery large molecules- such as proteins  _____ 11. Transport across a membrane in which energy is re)uired  _____ 12. The arrangement of phospholipids in the plasma membrane  _____ 13. :elps make and transport proteins and lipids  _____ 1!. tores and transports protein and lipid molecules  _____ 1#. :elps the cell maintain its shape and holds cell organelles in place within the cytoplasm  _____ 1*. Cayer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a plant cell  _____ 1,. :elp organi?e the chromosomes before cell di"ision  _____ 1. =rganelle that processes proteins and prepares them for use both inside and outside the cell  _____ 1/. Carger of the sac
3. The +ylem of the "ascular tissue in the root A. 0arries sugars from the lea"es to the roots for storage. 8. 0arries water and minerals from the root up to the stem. 0. %etects gra"ity and causes the root to grow downward. %. one of the abo"e !. 6n stems- the ______ meristem is responsible for growth in length- and the _____ meristem is primarily responsible for growth in width. A. econdary- primary 0. ode- epidermal 8. ;rimary- secondary %. &pidermal- node #. A main function of the leaf petiole is_______________. A. To e+tend the leaf blade away from the stem so the blade can collect sufficient sunlight. 8. To keep the leaf away from the secondary meristem of the stem. 0. To produce pollen. %. one of the abo"e. *. 9ery thick stems are speciali?ed for___________________. A. 0linging and climbing 0. storing water or food 8. trength and support %. ;hotosynthesis ,. Cea"es arranged in whorls are optimi?ed to__________________. A. 0ollects sunlight from all directions. 0. To increase water loss. 8. To increase resistance to wind. %. To increase food storage capacity . The air spaces in the leaf interior______________________. A. 8lock gas e+change between the mesophyll cells and the en"ironment. 8. Bake the leaf weigh more than a leaf packed tightly with cells. 0. Bake the leaf weigh less than a leaf packed tightly with cells. %. 0arry out most of the photosynthesis in the leaf. /. Which of the following types of cells would be best at storing food for a plant' A. ;arenchymal 0. 0ell in a flower petal 8. clerenchymal %. prokaryotic 1. The organelle that maintains pressure against the cell wall- so that the plant cell keeps it shape- is the A. 0entral "acuole 0. mooth endoplasmic reticulum 8. 5ough endoplasmic reticulum %. nucleus 11. A membrane