BAHAN AJAR
Praktek Struktur Data
Disusun oleh: Fathoni Mahardika
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JUDUL : BAHAN AJAR TOPIK BAHAN AJAR : Praktikum Struktur Data
NAMA NIP/NIK
: FATHONI MAHARDIKA, S.Kom : 0416068401
SUMEDANG, 27 JANUARI 2012 Mengetahui : KETUA STMIK SUMEDANG,
Pembimbing, PEMBANTU KETUA I,
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Pada akhir pertemuan ini mahasiswa diharapkan mampu : Memahami sistem pengorganisasian data pada memori komputer dan file (berkas) pada media penyimpanan. Mengimplementasikannya dalam program dengan menggunakan salah satu bahasa (Bahasa C/Pascal) untuk membuat berbagai macam struktur data (array, tree, struct) dengan teknik-teknik tertentu (linked list, stack, dan queue) serta manipulasinya (sorting dan searching) secara baik, efisien, dan cepat.
: Pada akhir pertemuan ini anda diharapkan mampu :
3.
: Dalam pertemuan ini anda akan mempelajari ruang lingkup, memahami dasar hubungan algoritma dengan struktur data, serta kategori materi struktur data secara garis besar yang merupakan pembelajaran lanjutan dari praktikum algoritma dan pemrograman pada semester sebelumnya.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Algoritma Algoritm a dan Pemrograman EDISI 3 (Rinaldi Munir;2004) Munir;2004) Algoritma Algoritm a dan Struktur Data dengan C# (Adi Nugroho;2009) Nugroho;2009) Anonim, Algoritma dan Pemrograman II , Penerbit Gunadarma, Jakarta, 1990 Moh. Sjukani, Algoritma dan Struktur Data dengan C, C++, dan Java , Java , Mitra Wacana Media, 2005 5. Dwi Sanjaya, Asyiknya Belajar Struktur Data di Planet C++ , PT. Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta, 2005 6. Abdul Kadir, Pemrograman Turbo PASCAL untuk IBM PC Versi 5.0 dan 5.5, Penerbit PT. Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta
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Pengantar Struktur Data Bagaimana cara mengatasi masalah implementasi program dengan komputer? 1. Pemahaman masalah secara menyeluruh dan persiapan data 2. Keputusan operasi-operasi yang dilakukan terhadap data 3. Penyimpanan data-data pada memori sehingga tersimpan dan terstruktur secara logis, operasinya efisien 4. Pengambilan keputusan terhadap bahasa pemrograman mana yang paling cocok untuk jenis data yang ada
Perbedaan Tipe data, Objek Objek data, dan Struktur Data 1. Tipe data adalah jenis data yang mampu ditangani oleh suatu bahasa pemrograman pada komputer. 2. Tiap-tiap bahasa pemrograman memiliki tipe data yang memungkinkan: 3. Deklarasi terhadap variabel tipe data tersebut 4. Menyediakan kumpulan operasi yang mungkin terhadap variabel bertipe data tersebut 5. Jenis obyek data yang mungkin 6. Contoh tipe data di C? Java? Pascal? .NET?
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Pada akhir pertemuan ini mahasiswa diharapkan mampu : Memahami sistem pengorganisasian data pada memori komputer dan file (berkas) pada media penyimpanan. Mengimplementasikannya dalam program dengan menggunakan salah satu bahasa (Bahasa C/Pascal) untuk membuat berbagai macam struktur data (array, tree, struct) dengan teknik-teknik tertentu (linked list, stack, dan queue) serta manipulasinya (sorting dan searching) secara baik, efisien, dan cepat.
: Pada akhir pertemuan ini anda diharapkan mampu :
: Dalam pertemuan ini anda akan mempelajari fungsi dan kegunaan array dalam bahasa C/Pascal, mempelajari fungsi dan kegunaan struct, membuat program sederhana yang di dalamnya terdapat array dan struct yang merupakan pembelajaran lanjutan dari praktikum algoritma dan pemrograman pada semester sebelumnya.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Algoritma Algoritm a dan Pemrograman EDISI 3 (Rinaldi Munir;2004) Munir;2004) Algoritma Algoritm a dan Struktur Data dengan C# (Adi Nugroho;2009) Nugroho;2009) Anonim, Algoritma dan Pemrograman II , Penerbit Gunadarma, Jakarta, 1990 Moh. Sjukani, Algoritma dan Struktur Data dengan C, C++, dan Java , Java , Mitra Wacana Media, 2005 5. Dwi Sanjaya, Asyiknya Belajar Struktur Data di Planet C++ , PT. Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta, 2005 6. Abdul Kadir, Pemrograman Turbo PASCAL untuk IBM PC Versi 5.0 dan 5.5, Penerbit PT. Elex Media Komputindo, Jakarta
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ARRAY Array adalah suatu tipe data terstruktur yang berupa sejumlah data sejenis ( bertipe data sama) yang jumlahnya tetap dan diberi suatu nama tertentu. Array dapat berupa array 1 dimensi, 2 dimensi, bahkan n-dimensi. DEKLARASI tipe_data nama_var_array [ukuran];
tipe_data dll) nama_var_array nama_var_arr ay ukuran
: menyatakan menyatakan jenis tipe data elemen larik (int, char, float, : menyatakan nama variabel yang dipakai. : menunjukkan jumlah maksimal elemen larik.
Contoh :
Int nilai[6];
INISIALISASI Menginisialisasi array sama dengan memberikan nilai awal array pada saat didefinisikan. int nilai[6] = {8,7,5,6,4,3}; {8,7,5,6,4,3};
Contoh diatas berarti berarti anda memesan memesan tempat di memori komputer sebanyak 6 tempat dengan indeks dari 0-5, dimana indeks ke-0 bernilai 8, ke-1 bernilai 7, dst, dan dimana semua elemennya bertipe data integer. PENGAKSESAN nama_var_array [indeks];
Pengisian dan pengambilan nilai pada indeks tertentu dapat dilakukan dengan mengeset nilai atau menampilkan nilai pada indeks yang dimaksud. Pengaksesan elemen array dapat dilakukan berurutan atau random berdasarkan indeks tertentu secara langsung. Contoh : #include void main () { int billy [] = {16, 2, 77, 40, 12071}; int n, result=0; for ( n=0 ; n<5 ; n++ ) {
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Contoh : #include #include void main () { int A [5]={20,9,1986,200,13},n,edit; clrscr(); printf("Data printf("Data yang lama\n"); lama\n"); for (n=0;n<5;n++) (n=0;n<5;n++) { printf("%i ",A[n]); } printf("\nData printf("\nData yang baru baru : \n"); A[0]=4; A[1]=2; A[2]=1; A[3]=3; A[4]=5; for (n=0;n<5;n++) (n=0;n<5;n++) { printf("%i ",A[n]); } }
Contoh : #include #include void main () { int A [5]={20,9,1986,200,13},n; clrscr(); printf("Data printf("Data yang lama\n"); lama\n"); for (n=0;n<5;n++) (n=0;n<5;n++) { printf("%i ",A[n]); } printf("\nData printf("\nData yang baru baru : \n"); for (n=0;n<4;n++) (n=0;n<4;n++)
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{ printf("%i ",A[n]); } printf("data printf("data yang ingin ingin dihapus : "); scanf("%i",&hapus); printf("\nData printf("\nData yang baru baru : \n"); for (n=hapus-1;n<5-1;n++) (n=hapus-1;n<5-1;n++) { A[n]=A[n+1]; A[n]=A[n+1]; } for (n=0;n<4;n++) (n=0;n<4;n++) { printf("%i ",A[n]); } }
LATIHAN 1. Buatlah fungsi untuk array 1 dimensi untuk ADD, EDIT, DELETE, dan VIEW. STRUCT Bentuk struktur data yang dapat menyimpan variabel-variabel dalam 1 nama, namun memiliki tipe data yang berbeda ataupun sama. Variablevariabel tersebut memiliki kaitan satu sama yang lain.
Bentuk umum : typedef struct nama_struct{ tipe_data ; ; tipe_data ; ; .... }; Ada 2 cara pendeklarasian struct, yaitu : Deklarasi 1:
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contoh #include #include void main() { struct orang { char nama[40]; short umur; }saya; printf("nama printf("nama : "); cin.getline(saya.nama,40); printf("umur printf("umur :" ); scanf("%i",&saya.umur); printf("%s berumur %i",saya.nama, %i",saya.nama,saya.umur); saya.umur); }
ARRAY OF STRUCT Apabila hendak menggunakan 1 struct untuk beberapa kali, ada 2 cara : 1. Deklarasi manual Contoh : #include typedef struct Mahasiswa { char NIM[8]; char nama[50]; float ipk; }; void main() { Mahasiswa a,b,c; a,b,c; …… …… …… }
artinya struct mahasiswa digunakan untuk 3 variabel, yaitu a,b,c
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artinya struct mahasiswa digunakan untuk mhs[0], mhs[1], dan mhs[2] Contoh : #include #include #include typedef struct orang { char nama[30]; short umur; }; void main() { orang saya[5]; int i,x; for(i=0;i<=4;i++) { printf("nama printf("nama ke-%i : ",i+1); ",i+1); cin.getline(saya[i].nama,30); printf("umur printf("umur ke-%i : ",i+1); ",i+1); scanf("%i",saya[i].umur); printf("%s berumur %i",saya[i].na %i",saya[i].nama,saya[i]. ma,saya[i].umur); umur); } for(x=0;x<=4;x++) { printf("nama printf("nama %s berumur berumur %d",saya[x].nama,saya %d",saya[x].nama,saya[x].umur); [x].umur); } }
LATIHAN 1. Buat struct untuk data buku yang berisi tentang : kode buku, nama buku, tahun terbit, pengarang, dan harga. Gunakan array of struct. st ruct. 2. Buatlah fungsi untuk soal no 1, agar dapat dimanipulasi untuk ADD, EDIT, HAPUS, dan TAMPIL 3. Cari 2 contoh kasus lain disekitar anda yang dapat menggunakan struct, selain KTP, KTM, SIM, buku.
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Pada akhir pertemuan ini mahasiswa diharapkan mampu : Memahami sistem pengorganisasian data pada memori komputer dan file (berkas) pada media penyimpanan. Mengimplementasikannya dalam program dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman (Bahasa C/Pascal) untuk membuat berbagai macam struktur data (array, tree, struct) dengan teknik-teknik tertentu (linked list, stack, dan queue) serta manipulasinya (sorting dan searching) secara baik, efisien, dan cepat.
: Pada akhir pertemuan ini anda diharapkan mampu :
: Dalam pertemuan ini anda akan mempelajari fungsi dan kegunaan Searching array dalam bahasa C/Pascal, mempelajari fungsi dan kegunaan Sequential Search, Binary Search, Interpolation Search, Array Eclipse/Explode membuat program sederhana yang di dalamnya terdapat Searching Array yang merupakan pembelajaran lanjutan dari praktikum algoritma dan pemrograman pada semester sebelumnya.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Algoritma Algoritm a dan Pemrograman EDISI 3 (Rinaldi Munir;2004) Munir;2004) Algoritma Algoritm a dan Struktur Data dengan C# (Adi Nugroho;2009) Nugroho;2009) Anonim, Algoritma dan Pemrograman II , Penerbit Gunadarma, Jakarta, 1990 Moh. Sjukani, Algoritma dan Struktur Data dengan C, C++, dan Java , Java , Mitra
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SEARCHING ARRAY
Sesuai dengan judulnya, dalam modul ini kita akan membahas proses pencarian / searching data pada suatu array / barisan data. Jika diketahui ada sebuah array / barisan data bernama A yang menampung 10 data yang bertipe integer sbb A={1,2,3,4,8,5,7,9,6,0} dan kita diberi tugas untuk mencari beberapa data misal:
Jika data yang akan dicari dalam array A adalah 6, maka dengan cepat dapat kita ketahui bahwa data 6 ada dalam array A pada index ke-9 (index pada array dimulai dari 0)
Sedangkan jika data yang akan dicari dalam array A adalah 12, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa array A tidak memiliki data 12 tersebut.
Nah, kita sudah memahami proses pencarian data yang sederhana tersebut dalam pikiran
kita,
sekarang
permasalahannya
adalah
bagaimana
mengimplementasikannya mengimplementasikannya kedalam program ? Pada umumnya dikenal dua metode searching antara lain : Sequensial search dan binary search, Untuk lebih memahami kedua metode ini lebih baik kita mulai dari metode yang paling sederhana terlebih dahulu yaitu sequensial search.
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Dalam tiap proses perulangan tersebut periksalah apakah data yang sedang diolah sama dengan data yang dicari.
Jika ternyata sama K=K+1
Jika tidak, lanjutkan proses perulangan .
Setelah proses perulangan berhenti, periksalah nilai K.
Jika nilai K lebih dari 0, artinya data yang dicari ada dalam data /array dan tampilkan nilai K ke layer sebagai jumlah data yang ditemukan.
Jika nilai K=0, artinya art inya data yang dicari tidak ditemukan dalam data / arra y dan tampilkan ke layar bahwa data tidak ditemukan
Proses selesai.
Dapat disimpulkan bahwa sequential search, akan mencari data dengan cara membandingkannya membandingkannya satu-persatu dengan data yang ada. Prosesnya tentu saja akan singkat jika data yang diolah sedikit, dan akan lama jika data yang diolah banyak. Disarankan proses ini digunakan pada jumlah data yang sedikit saja.
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Coding Program Sequential Search untuk dicoba #include void main() { //deklarasi variabel int A[10],index[10], i,j,k; //proses penginputan data for(i=0;i<10;i++) { printf("Data printf("Data ke-%d:",i+1); ke-%d:",i+1); scanf("%d",&A[i]); } //memasukkan data yang akan dicari ke dalam K printf("Masukkan printf("Masukkan data yang yang akan anda anda cari:"); scanf("%d",&k); //proses pencarian data j=0; for (i=0;i<10;i++) (i=0;i<10;i++) { if(A[i]==k) { index[j]=i; j++; } } //jika data ditemukan dalam array if (j>0) { printf("Data printf("Data %d yang dicari dicari ada %d buah\n",k,j);
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semua data yang ada dalam array A. sedangkan variable I digunakan sebagai counter dalam proses perulangan, variable j digunakan sebagai counter untuk menghitung jumlah data yang ditemukan dan variable k digunakan untuk menyimpan data yang akan dicari. Proses pertama adalah memasukkan data-data yang akan diolah ke dalam array A dan data yang akan dicari ke dalam variable K. setelah itu akan dilakukan perulangan sebanyak data yang ada dalam array A untuk mencari apakah ada data dalam variable K didalam array A, jika ada maka counter j akan mencatat jumlahnya dan array index akan mencatat mencatat pada index ke berapa data tersebut ditemukan. Setelah proses perulangan selesai, tampilkanlah hasil yang terdapat pada variable j dan array index ke layer.
Gambaran kerja program (Perhatikan koding diatas agar lebih jelas) Misalkan pada perulangan yang pertama kita masukkan data sebagai berikut:
Array A (berisi data yang akan diolah) ISI
1
3
5
8
6
5
7
11
9
0
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ISI
2
INDEX
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Data ditemukan ketika i = 5 Maka K++ menjadi 2, artinya ada 2 data dalam array A Array index akan menyimpan index tempat data tersebut ditemukan pada array A Array index (berisi index data yang ditemukan pada array A) ISI
2
5
INDEX
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Proses pencarian data selesai dan tampilkan hasil output Data 5 yang dicari ada 2 buah ambil dari variable K Data tersebut terdapat dalam index ke: 2 5 ambil dari array index.
Binary search Proses pencarian binary search hanya dapat dilakukan pada kumpulan data yang sudah diurutkan terlebih dahulu. Jika terdapat N buah data yang akan dolah, data
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Coding Program Binary Search untuk dicoba
#include void main() { //deklarasi //deklarasi variabel int A[10], i,j,k,tkr,top,bottom,middle,tm; //proses penginputan data for(i=0;i<10;i++) { printf("Data printf("Data ke-%d:",i+1); ke-%d:",i+1); scanf("%d",&A[i]); } printf("Masukkan printf("Masukkan data yang akan anda anda cari:"); cari:"); scanf("%d",&k); //proses pengurutan data for(i=0;i<10;i++)
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Contoh kasus: Ada 12 data 11 13 15 18 23 27 29 31 54 58 59 61 Data yang akan dicari : 13
Proses 1 11 13 15 18 23 27 29 31 54 58 59 61
lebih besar dengan data yg akan
dicari , lakukan pembagian data
Proses 2 11 13 15 18 23 27
lebih besar dari data yang dicari, bagi 2
29 31 54 58
59 61
Proses 3 11 13 15
lebih besar dari data yang dicari, bagi 2
18 23 27 29 31 54 58
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Interpolation search Proses pencarian data ini hampir sama dengan proses pencarian binary search, pencarian ini juga dilakukan pada kumpulan data yang sudah urut. Akan tetapi jika pada binary search kita membagi data menjadi 2 bagian tiap prosesnya pro sesnya,, pada interpolation search kita akan membagi data menurut rumus sebagai berikut: Posisi = ( kunci – data[low] / data[high] – data[low] ) * ( high – low ) + low Singkatnya proses pencarian interpolation search hampir mirip dengan proses pencarian kata dikamus, yaitu kita mencari data yang dimaksud dengan cara memperkirakan memperkirakan letak data. Misal terdapat data sebagai berikut: Kode
Judul
Buku Pengarang
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Low = 3 + 1 = 4 High = 7 060. Ternyata Kunci[4] adalah 063 yang lebih besar daripada 060. Berarti tidak ada kunci 060. Coding Program Interpolation Search untuk dicoba #include void main() { //deklarasi variable int A[10], i,j,k,tkr,low,high,pos,tm; //proses penginputan data for(i=0;i<10;i++) { printf("data printf("data ke-%d:",i+1) ke-%d:",i+1); ; scanf("%d",&A[i]);
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Array Splice/Explode Secara harafiah, dapat diartikan sebagai metode untuk memecah-mecah array. Pemecahan array itu sendiri, tergantung berdasarkan apa array akan dipecah. Agar lebih jelas, lihat ilustrasi array splice pada gambar berikut :
Char
P
A
K
Indeks
0
1
2
3
A
N
T
O
N
4
5
6
7
8
Char
P
A
K
A
N
T
O
N
Indeks1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
Indeks2
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
4
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#include #include void main() { char str[100],cari[100]; char hasil[100][100]; int n,i,j,t,a,b,c,d,e; printf("Masukk an string: "); gets(str); n=strlen(str); j=0; for(i=0;i
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Pengembangan: Ganti coding program diatas agar array yang ada bisa ditentukan ukurannya oleh user (array dinamis) [gunakan template program yang telah ada] Buat menu searching untuk menggabungkan ketiga metode searching tersebut.
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Pada akhir pertemuan ini mahasiswa diharapkan mampu : Memahami sistem pengorganisasian data pada memori komputer dan file (berkas) pada
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SORTING ARRAY Sorting Salah satu bagian penting dari struktur data adalah proses pengurutan datadata itu sendiri. Data akan terkadang terk adang akan berada dalam bentuk yang yang tidak berpola ataupun dengan pola tertentu yang tidak kita inginkan, namun dalam penggunaanya, kita akan selalu ingin menggunakan data-data tersebut dalam bentuk yang rapi atau berpola sesuai dengan yang kita inginkan. Maka dari itu
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//fungsi penukar data void tukar (int a[], int I, int j) { int tampung = a[i]; a[i] = a[j]; a[j] = tampung;
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Contoh program : Penambahan di depan
void tambahdata (int databaru){ TNode *baru; baru = new TNode; baru -> data = databaru; baru -> next = NULL; baru -> prev = NULL; if (isEmpty()==1) { head=baru; tail=head; head->next=NULL; head->prev=NULL; tail->next=NULL; tail->prev=NULL; } else { baru->next=head; baru->next=head; head->prev=baru; head=baru; } printf(”data printf(”data masuk”); }
Penggambaran : head
tail
NULL
Setelah dibuat node baru dan jika diketahui tail==NULL : head tail baru
Bila kita membuat node baru lagi maka : baru
head
tail
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head
tail
baru
head
head
tail
Penambahan di belakang
void insertBelakang(int databaru){ TNode *baru; baru = new TNode; baru->data = databaru; baru->next = NULL; baru->prev = NULL; if(isEmpty()==1){ head=baru; tail=head; head->next = head->prev = tail->prev = tail->next = } else { tail->next = baru->prev = tail = baru; tail->next = } printf(“Data printf(“Data sudah
NULL; NULL; NULL; NULL; baru; tail; NULL; masuk masuk\ \n”);
}
tail
Tampil
void tampil(){ TNode *bantu; bantu = head; if(isEmpty()==0){ while(bantu!=ta il->next){ prinrf(“%i ”,ba ntu->data); ntu->data);
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Hapus di depan
void hapusDepan(){ hapusDepan(){ TNode *hapus; if (isEmpty()==0){ if(head->next != NULL){ hapus = head; d = hapus->data; head = head->next; head->prev = NULL; delete hapus; } else { d = head->data; head = NULL; tail = NULL; } printf(“%i terhapus\ terhapus\n”,d); } else printf(“ma else printf(“masih sih kosong\ kosong\n”); }
Hapus di belakang
void hapusBelakang(){ TNode *hapus; int d; if (isEmpty()==0){ if(head->next != NULL){ hapus = tail; d = tail->data; tail = tail->prev; tail->next = NULL; delete hapus; } else { d = head->data; head = NULL; tail = NULL; } printf(“%i terhapus”,d); terhapus”,d); } else printf(“Ma else printf(“Masih sih Kosong”); Kosong”); }
latihan : Buatlah ilustrasi dari masing-masing potongan program. Buat program lengkap dari potongan-potongan program yang ada diatas! Buat agar menjadi seperti menu. Buat program untuk memasukkan node baru tetapi diantara node yang sudah ada. Tentukan node yang baru akan berada pada antrian keberapa.
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- Menggunakan 1 pointer head - Head selalu menunjuk node pertama Sebelumnya kita harus mendeklarasikan dulu pointer head : TNode *head;
Setelah kita mendeklarasikan pointer head, kita belum bisa secara langsung mendeklarasikan mendeklarasikan node yang dituju. Sehingga pointer head harus dibuat bernilai null terlebih dahulu : head = NULL;
untuk mengetahui apakah suatu Linked List kosong atau tidak, kita dapat mengetahuinya dengan mengecek nilai dari pointer Head-nya. int isEmpty() { if(head==NULL) if(head==NULL) return 1; else return 0; }
Contoh program : Penambahan di depan
void tambahdata (int databaru){ TNode *baru,*bantu; *baru,*bantu; //pointer bantu digunakan untuk menunjuk node terakhir (head->prev) baru = new TNode; baru -> data = databaru; baru -> next = baru; baru -> prev = baru; if (isEmpty()==1) { head=baru; head->next=head; head->prev=head; } else { bantu=head->prev; bantu=head->prev; baru->next=head; baru->next=head; head->prev=baru; head=baru; head->prev=bantu; bantu->next=head; bantu->next=head; } printf(”data printf(”data masuk”); }
Penggambaran : head
NULL
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Setelah dibuat node baru dan jika diketahui head==NULL : head
baru
Bila kita membuat node baru lagi maka : baru
head
bantu
baru
head
bantu
baru
head
bantu
head
bantu
head
bantu
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Penambahan di belakang
void insertBelakang (int databaru){ TNode *baru,*bantu; baru = new TNode; TNode; baru->data = databaru; baru->next = baru; baru->prev = baru; if(isEmpty()==1){ head=baru; head->next = head; head->prev = head;
} else { bantu=head->prev; bantu=head->prev; bantu->next = baru; baru->prev = bantu; baru->next = head; head->prev = baru; } printf(”data printf(”data masuk”); }
Tampil
void tampil(){ TNode *bantu; bantu = head; head; if(isEmpty()==0){ do{ printf(“%i ”,Bantu->data); ”,Bantu->data); bantu=bantu->next; bantu=bantu->next; }while(bantu!=head); printf(“\ printf(“\n”); } else printf(“ma else printf(“masih sih Kosong”); Kosong”);cout<<"Masih cout<<"Masih kosong\n"; }
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Hapus di depan
void hapusDepan (){ TNode *hapus,*bantu; int d; if (isEmpty()==0){ if(head->next != head){ hapus = head; d = hapus->data; bantu = head->prev; head->prev; head = head->next; bantu->next bantu->next = head; head->prev = bantu; delete hapus; } else { d = head->data; head = NULL; } printf(“%i printf(“%i terhapus terhapus”,d); ”,d); } else printf(“Masih kosong \n”); }
Hapus di belakang
void hapusBelakang(){ hapusBelakang(){ TNode *hapus,*bantu; *hapus,*bantu; int d; if (isEmpty()==0){ (isEmpty()==0){ if(head->next != head){ bantu = head; head; while(bantu->next->next while(bantu->next->next != head){ bantu = bantu->next; bantu->next;
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latihan : Buatlah ilustrasi dari masing-masing potongan program. Buat program lengkap dari potongan-potongan program yang ada diatas! Buat agar menjadi seperti menu. Buat program untuk memasukkan node baru tetapi diantara node yang sudah ada. Tentukan node yang baru akan berada pada antrian keberapa.
2. Dengan Head dan tail - Menggunakan 2 pointer, head dan tail. - Head selalu menunjuk node pertama dan tail selalu menunjuk node terakhir Sebelumnya kita harus mendeklarasikan dulu pointer head : TNode *head, *tail;
Setelah kita mendeklarasikan pointer head, kita belum bisa secara langsung mendeklarasikan mendeklarasikan node yang dituju. Sehingga pointer head harus dibuat bernilai null terlebih dahulu : head = NULL; tail = NULL;
untuk mengetahui apakah suatu Linked List kosong atau tidak, kita dapat mengetahuinya dengan mengecek nilai dari pointer Tail-nya. int isEmpty() { if(tail==NULL) if(tail==NULL) return 1; else return 0; }
Contoh program :
Penambahan di depan
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if (isEmpty()==1) { head=baru; tail=head; head->next=head; head->prev=head; tail->next=tail; tail->prev=tail; } else { baru->next=head; baru->next=head; head->prev=baru; head=baru; head->prev=tail; tail->next=head; } printf(”data printf(”data masuk”); }
Penggambaran : head
tail
NULL
Setelah dibuat node baru dan jika diketahui tail==NULL : head baru tail
Bila kita membuat node baru lagi maka : baru
head
bantu
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baru
head
tail
head
bantu
head
bantu
Penambahan di belakang
void insertBelakang(int databaru){ TNode *baru; baru = new TNode; baru->data = databaru; baru->next = baru; baru->prev = baru; if(isEmpty()==1){ head=baru; tail=baru; head->next = head; head->prev = head; tail->next = tail; tail->prev = tail; } else { tail->next = baru;
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Tampil
void tampil(){ TNode *bantu; bantu = head; if(isEmpty()==0){ do{ cout<data<<" cout<data<<" "; bantu=bantu->next; bantu=bantu->next; }while(bantu!=tail->next); printf(“ printf(“\ \n”); } else printf(“masih else printf(“masih kosong\ kosong\n”); }
Hapus di depan
void hapusDepan(){ hapusDepan(){ TNode *hapus; int d; if (isEmpty()==0){ (isEmpty()==0){ if(head != tail){ hapus = head;
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Hapus di belakang
void hapusBelakang(){ TNode *hapus; int d; if (isEmpty()==0){ if(head != tail){ hapus = tail; d = hapus->data; tail = tail->prev; tail->next = head; head->prev = tail; delete hapus; } else { d = head->data; head = NULL; tail = NULL; } cout<
latihan : Buatlah ilustrasi dari masing-masing potongan program. Buat program lengkap dari potongan-potongan program yang ada diatas! Buat agar menjadi seperti menu.
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Pada akhir pertemuan ini mahasiswa diharapkan mampu : Memahami sistem pengorganisasian data pada memori komputer dan file (berkas) pada media penyimpanan. Mengimplementasikannya dalam program dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman (Bahasa C/Pascal) untuk membuat berbagai macam struktur data (array, tree, struct) dengan teknik-teknik tertentu (linked list, stack, dan queue) serta manipulasinya (sorting dan searching) secara baik, efisien, dan cepat. : Pada akhir pertemuan ini anda diharapkan mampu :
: Dalam pertemuan ini anda akan mempelajari fungsi dan kegunaan rekursif dalam bahasa C/Pascal. membuat program sederhana yang di dalamnya terdapat rekursif yang merupakan pembelajaran lanjutan dari praktikum algoritma dan pemrograman pada semester
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Fungsi Rekursif Fungsi rekursif adalah suatu fungsi yang memanggil dirinya sendiri. Pada beberapa persoalan, fungsi rekursif sangat berguna karena mempermudah solusi. Namun demikian, fungsi rekursif juga memiliki kelemahan, yakni memungkinkan terjadinya overflow pada stack, yang berarti stack tidak lagi mampu menangani permintaan pemanggilan fungsi karena kehabisan memori( stack adalah area memori yang dipakai untuk variable lokal untuk mengalokasikan memori ketika suatu fungsi dipanggil. Oleh karena itu, jika bisa diselesaikan dengan metode iteratif, gunakanlah metode iteratif. Bentuk umum fungsi rekursif. return_data_type function_name(parameter_list) { ... function_name(...); ... }
Contoh program Contoh #1: Faktorial Fungsi rekursif dapat digunakan untuk menghitung faktorial. Berikut penjelasan beserta dengan contoh listing programnya. Fungsi faktorial dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk rekursif seperti berikut:
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Berikut implementasi program dengan metode iteratif. #include int fak(int n) { int i,fak; if(n == 0 || n == 1) return 1; else { temp = 1; for (i=1; i<=n; i++) fak = fak * i; return (fak); } void main() { int fakt; printf("Masukkan printf("Masukkan berapa berapa faktorial faktorial : "); scanf("%d",&fakt); printf("Hasil printf("Hasil faktorial faktorial dari adalah adalah : %d\n", fak(fakt)); fak(fakt)); }
Berikut implementasi program untuk proses faktorial dengan metode rekursif:
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Contoh #2: Fibonacci
Fungsi rekursif juga dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan bilangan Fibonacci. Fungsi Fibonacci dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk rekursif seperti berikut: fib(n) = 0, untuk n = 0 fib(n) = 1, untuk n = 1 fib(n) = fib(n-1) + fib(n-2), untuk n > 1 Berikut contoh hubungan antara n dan hasil fungsi: n 0 1 2 3 4
fib(n) 0 1 1 2 3
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Implementasi program dengan metode iteratif
#include int fib(int n) { int f1 = 0, f2 = 1, fibo; if(n == 0) return 0; else if(n == 1) return 1; else { for(int i = 0;i < n;i++) { fibo = f1 + f2; f2 = f1; f1 = fibo;
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Cobalah ketikkan implementasi program dari metode rekursif di atas dan jalankan program tersebut!Uji dengan memasukkan beberapa bilangan!Selanjutnya, kembangkan program tersebut sehingga dapat untuk menampilkan n buah bilangan fibonacci! Contoh #3: Menara Hanoi Menara Hanoi adalah persoalan untuk memindahkan tumpukan piring dari suatu tonggak ke tonggak lain dengan bantuan sebuah tonggak perantara. Penyelesaian secara rekursif untuk persoalan ini untuk n buah piring: 1. Pindahkan n-1 piring teratas pada tonggak A ke tonggak B, dengan menggunakan tonggak C sebagai perantara. perant ara. 2. Pindahkan 1 piring tersisa pada tonggak A ke tonggak C. 3. Pindahkan n-1 piring teratas pada tonggak B ke tongak C, dengan menggunakan tonggak A sebagai perantara.
Berikut implementasi program dengan metode rekursif.
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Latihan Berikut ini diberikan contoh program untuk menghitung pangkat sebuah bilangan dengan menggunakan metode iteratif. #include int pangkat (int a,int b) { int i, bil = a; if(b==1) return a; else { for (i=2;i<=b;i++) (i=2;i<=b;i++ ) a = a * bil; return a; } } void main()
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Pada akhir pertemuan ini mahasiswa diharapkan mampu : Memahami sistem pengorganisasian data pada memori komputer dan file (berkas) pada media penyimpanan. Mengimplementasikannya dalam program dengan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman (Bahasa C/Pascal) untuk membuat berbagai macam struktur data (array, tree, struct) dengan teknik-teknik tertentu (linked list, stack, dan queue) serta manipulasinya (sorting dan searching) secara baik, efisien, dan cepat. : Pada akhir pertemuan ini anda diharapkan mampu :
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TREE Dalam ilmu komputer, tree adalah sebuah struktur data yang secara bentuk menyerupai sebuah pohon, yang terdiri dari serangkaian node (simpul) yang saling berhubungan. berhubungan. Node-node tersebut t ersebut dihubungkan dihubungkan oleh sebuah vektor. Setiap node dapat memiliki 0 atau lebih node anak (child). Sebuah node yang memiliki node anak disebut node induk (parent). Sebuah node anak hanya memiliki satu node induk.
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Ilustrasi Binary Tree:
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Untuk pertama kali, saat kita akan membuat sebuah pohon biner, asumsi awal adalah pohon itu belum bertumbuh, belum memiliki node sama sekali, sehingga masih kosong. Oleh karena itu perlu kita tambahkan kode berikut pada baris awal Main: fungsi Main Node *pohon; *pohon; pohon = NULL; NULL;
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void tambah(Node **root,int databaru){ if((*root) == NULL){ Node *baru; *baru; baru = new Node; baru->data = databaru; databaru; baru->kiri = NULL; baru->kanan baru->kanan = NULL; (*root) = baru;
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void preOrder(Node *root){ if(root != NULL){ printf("%d ",root->data); ",root->data); preOrder(root->kiri); preOrder(root->kiri); preOrder(root->kanan) preOrder(root->kanan); ; } }
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The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.