NAME: NURUL FATIN FATIN BINTI RAZAK STUDENT ID: 2014983737 CLASS: AS2452D COURSE: CHM 475 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LECTURERS NAME: DR! AMALINA MOHD TA"UDDIN
EXPERIMENT 8: SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF TRANSITION METAL CATIONS
OBJECTIVE: To determine the onentr!tion o" !n #n$no%n& o''er(II) *o+#tion ,- *'etro'hotometri !n!+-*i*.
INTRO/0CTION: A *'etro'hotometer i* !n in*tr#ment th!t !n me!*#re inten*it- !nd the %!1e+en2th o" the +i2ht. The in*tr#ment me!*#re* 3#!ntit!ti1e+- the "r!tion o" the +i2ht '!**e* thro#2h the *o+#tion. S'etro'hotometer detet !* the +i2ht o" the *!m'+e th!t !,*or,ed !nd on1ert into the n#m,e* $no%n !* !,*or,!ne. The d!r$er the o+o#r o" the *o+#tion& the more +i2ht %i++ !,*or, !nd the e!*ier to 2et the !,*or,!ne 1!+#e. In thi* e4'eriment& the !,*or,!ne 1!+#e o" the $no%n C# 56 *o+#tion %!* determined ,- #*in2 the *'etro'hotometer. 7r!'h o" !,*or,!ne 1er*#* onentr!tion o" the $no%n *o+#tion %!* '+otted. Thi* 2r!'h %!* e4'+!ined !,o#t the re+!tion*hi' o" the onentr!tion !nd !,*or,!ne. A* the onentr!tion o" *o+#tion i* inre!*e& the !,*or,!ne 1!+#e %i++ ,eome 2re!ter. It i* 'ro1ed th!t the onentr!tion i* diret+- 'ro'ortion!+ to the !,*or,!ne.
PROCE/0RE: . The *'etro'hotometer* %!* *%ith on to %!rm #' !nd the %!1e+en2th m!4 %!* *et !t 9; nm. 5. Si4 te*t t#,e* %ere +e!ned !nd n#m,er* !* <9. =. M HNO= %!* tr!n*"erred into the ,#rette. . The *i4 te*t t#,e* %!* "i++ed %ith the "o++o%in2 *o+#tion !* +i*ted in the t!,+e.
Te*t t#,e No. . 5.
Content* >.> mL o" M HNO = "rom the ,#rette .> mL o" *t!nd!rd C# 56 *o+#tion !nd 9.> mL o" M HNO =
=.
"rom ,#rette. Mi4ed %e++ ?.> mL o" *t!nd!rd C# 56 *o+#tion !nd =.> mL o" M HNO =
. ;.
"rom ,#rette. Mi4ed %e++ >.> mL o" *t!nd!rd C# 56 *o+#tion >.>; 2 o" #n$no%n *!m'+e !nd >.> mL o" M HNO = "orm
9.
the ,#rette. Mi4ed %e++ >.> 2 o" #n$no%n *!m'+e !nd >.> mL o" M HNO = "orm the ,#rette. Mi4ed %e++
;. The ontent* in the te*t t#,e* %!* tr!n*"erred into #1ette* !nd the !,*or,!ne o" e!h *o+#tion %ere me!*#red !t 9; nm.
RES0LTS: Te*t t#,e no. . 5. =. . ;. 9.
Conentr!tion (M) >.>>> >.>9> >.> >.5>> >.>5 >.>>@
A,*or,!ne >.>8? >.5?> >.=> >.;@8 >.=8 >.
CALC0LATION: /etermin!tion o" onentr!tion (M) o" $no%n C# 56 *o+#tion. Te*t t#,e No. .
Conentr!tion m1m515
>.5 >.> M
M >.>>> M
8.@ ;=. =?.5 5;.= .= 9>.5
m1m515 5.
>.>> >.5 >.> M M >.>8> M m1m515
=.
>.>>? >.5 >.> M M >.> M m1m515
.
;. 9.
>.>> >.5 M M >.5>> M (>.=8 D >.>8?) 5.;;; >.>5 M (>. D >.>8?) 5.;;; >.>>@ M
Y m4 6 At 'oint o" (>.>>>& >.>8?) .8? (>.>>> m) 6 >.>8? At 'oint (>.5>>& >.;@8) >.;@8 m (>.5>>) 6 >.>8? m 5.;;; There"ore& the e3#!tion i* Y 5.;;;4 6
/ISC0SSION: S'etro'hotometer %!* #*ed in thi* e4'eriment to determine the onentr!tion o" the #n$no%n o''er(II) *o+#tion. The *'etro'hotometer i* 1er- *en*iti1e ,e!#*e it !nnot detet !n- *o+#tion th!n ont!in too +o% onentr!tion o" the *o+#tion. The o+o#r o" the *o+#tion %!* 1er- im'ort!nt *o th!t *'etro'hotometer !n !,*or,ed the +i2ht !nd on1ert into the 1!+#e o" !,*or,!ne. The !,*or,!ne 1!+#e he+'ed to determine the onentr!tion o" the #n$no%n o''er(II) *o+#tion.
B!*ed on the e4'eriment& *t!nd!rd C#56 *o+#tion !nd #n$no%n *!m'+e *o+#tion %ere 're'!red. At 9; nm o" the %!1e+en2th& the !,*or,!ne o" !++ the *o+#tion %ere me!*#red. The !,*or,!ne 1!+#e inre!*ed d#e to the inre!*ed o" the onentr!tion o" the $no%n *o+#tion. S'etro'hotometer !+*o he+'ed to determine the onentr!tion o" the #n$no%n *o+#tion. The onentr!tion %!* determine thro#2h the !+i,r!tion #r1e !,*or,!ne 1er*#* the onentr!tion. B!*ed on the 2r!'h dr!%n& the 2r!dient i* 5.;;; !* the -.>8?. The "orm#+! o" the 2r!'h i* %ritten ,!*e on Y m4 6 . the onentr!tion %!* !+#+!ted thro#2h the "orm#+! Y 5.;;;4 6 . The !,*or,!ne o" the "ir*t #n$no%n *o+#tion in the te*t t#,e ; i* >.=8 !nd the onentr!tion i* >.>5 M. the !,*or,!ne o" the *eond #n$no%n *o+#tion in the te*t t#,e 9 i* >. !nd the onentr!tion i* *m!++ %hih i* >.>>@ M.
G0ESTIONS: . P+ot ! 2r!'h o" !,*or,!ne 1er*#* onentr!tion (!+i,r!tion #r1e) o" $no%n C# 56 *o+#tion.
G#$%& '( A)*'#)$+,- .-#*/* C'+,-+0#$01'+ O( K+'+ C/23 S'4/01'+ 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
$)*'#)$+,-
0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
,'+,-+0#$01'+ 5M6
5. /etermine the onentr!tion o" the #n$no%n "rom the !+i,r!tion #r1e. The onentr!tion o" the #n$no%n !re >.M !nd >.> M. =. h!t i* the 2ener!+ re+!tion*hi' ,et%een onentr!tion !nd !,*or,!ne The re+!tion*hi' ,et%een the onentr!tion !nd the !,*or,!ne i* !* the onentr!tion inre!*in2& the 1!+#e o" the !,*or,!ne ,eome 2re!ter. The onentr!tion i* diret+ 'ro'ortion!+ to the !,*or,!ne.
. E4'+!in ho% the onentr!tion o" the #n$no%n i* determined. The onentr!tion o" the #n$no%n i* determine #*in2 the "orm#+! Y m4 6 . The 1!+#e o" i* determine on the - !4i*. The m i* the 2r!dient o" the 2r!'h. So& the onentr!tion i* !+#+!ted %hih i* the 4.
CONCL0SION: The onentr!tion o" the $no%n C# 56 *o+#tion %!* determined ,- #*in2 *'etro'hotometer. The onentr!tion i* >.>5 M !nd >.>>@ M.
REFERENCES: . R!-mond Ch!n2 !nd enneth A. 7o+*,-& Chemi*tr-& e+e1enth edition '#,+i*hed ,M. 7r!% Hi++ o'-ri2ht 5>=.
EXPERIMENT @: COMPLEX IONS AN/ THE SPECTROCHEMICAL SERIES
OBJECTIVE: To 2ener!te the *'etrohemi!+ *erie* o" +i2!nd ,- o,*er1in2 the o+o#r* o" *e1er!+ om'+e4 ion* INTRO/0CTION:
Com'+e4 ion ont!in met!+ ion !t the entre %ith n#m,er o" the other o" the mo+e#+e* or ion*. The ion* or mo+e#+e* !tt!hed to the entr!+ ,- o +i2!nd* %hih i* h-droh+ori !id& !mmoni!& *odi#m thio*#+'h!te& o4!+i !id& t!rt!ri !id& !eti !id& E/TA& *odi#m ,romide !nd dimeth-+2+-o4ime in eth-+ !+oho+.
PROCE/0RE: . te*t t#,e* %ere +e!ned !nd +!,e++ed !* to . 5. mL o" o''er(II) *o+#tion %!* me!*#red !nd tr!n*"erred into the te*t t#,e*. =. The 'H o" the *!t#r!ted *o+#tion o" o4!+i !id !nd t!rt!ri !id i* !dK#*ted ,- !ddin2 *m!++ !mo#nt o" !mmoni! *o+#tion. The 'H '!'er %!* #*ed to determine the 'H 1!+#e. . Te*t t#,e %!* *et !* ontro+. Se1er!+ dro'* o" +i2!nd* %ere !dded to the > te*t t#,e* ont!inin2 o''er(II) *o+#tion !nd mi4. There !re the +i2!nd* th!t %ere #*ed:
T-* /)- N'! . 5. =. . ;. 9. ?. 8. @.
L$+* H-droh+ori !id Sodi#m thio*#+'h!te Ammoni! O4!+i !id (*!t#r!ted *o+#tion) T!rt!ri !id (*!t#r!ted *o+#tion) Sodi#m ,romide /imeth-2+-o4ime in eth-+ !+oho+ *o+#tion Aeti !id E/TA
;. The h!n2e !"ter !ddition o" +i2!nd* %ere o,*er1ed. Contin#e to !dd +i2!nd* #nti+ ! notie!,+e o+o#r h!n2e* o#rred. The +i2!nd* *o+#tion %ere om'!red %ith the ontro+. 9. The *te' to ; %ere re'e!ted %ith the o,!+t(II) *o+#tion.
RES0LT: T!,+e : O,*er1!tion o" om'+e4e* *o+#tion %hen +i2!nd* %ere !dded. Te*t t#,e
O,*er1!tion Li2!nd*
Co''er(II) *o+#tion
Co,!+t(II) *o+#tion
B+#e *o+#tion
P!+e 'in$ *o+#tion
No. Contro+ (%itho#t .
+i2!nd*) H-droh+ori !id
No h!n2e B+#e mi+$- ,+#e
5.
Ammoni!
Sodi#m thio*#+'h!te
d!r$ ,+#e *o+#tion !nd 'rei'it!te B+#e 2reen -e++o%
=.
No h!n2e
o+o#r+e** *o+#tion
P!+e 'in$
,+#e *o+#tion
!nd 'rei'it!te P!+e 'in$
'#r'+e
*o+#tion
.
O4!+i !id
B+#e
9. ?. 8. @.
T!rt!ri !id Aeti !id E/TA Sodi#m ,romide /imeth-+2+-o4ime in eth-+ !+oho+
+o#d- 'in$
'in$ *o+#tion !nd
*o+#tion B+#e
;.
mi+$- ,+#e
P!+e 'in$
mi+$- ,+#e
,+#e *o+#tion !nd
'rei'it!te
P!+e 'in$
'#r'+e
*o+#tion
'rei'it!te No h!n2e No h!n2e No h!n2e
No h!n2e No h!n2e No h!n2e
No h!n2e
No h!n2e
/ISC0SSION: B!*ed on the e4'eriment& t%o o" om'+e4e* %ere #*ed to re!t %ith di""erent t-'e* o" +i2!nd*. The om'+e4e* !re o''er(II) *o+#tion !nd o,!+t(II) *o+#tion. The o+o#r o" o''er(II) *o+#tion i* ,+#e *o+#tion %hi+e the o,!+t(II) *o+#tion i* 'in$ *o+#tion. The e4'eriment i* *t!rted %ith o''er(II) *o+#tion !nd o,!+t(II) *o+#tion to re!ted %ith h-droh+ori !id. There i* no h!n2e o" the o+o#r *o+#tion "or ,oth o" the om'+e4e*. there i* !+*o no o,*er1!tion on ,oth o" the om'+e4e* %hen re!ted %ith !eti !id& E/TA& *odi#m ,romide !nd dimeth-+2+-o4ime in eth-+ !+oho+. A* +i2!nd& !mmoni! i* !dded to the o''er(II) *o+#tion& the *o+#tion *+o%+- t#rn into mi+$- ,+#e *o+#tion !nd t#rn into d!r$ ,+#e *o+#tion !t the end o" the re!tion. B+#e *o+#tion %ith 'rei'it!te %!* "ormed !* the !mmoni! *o+#tion %!* !dded. There i* o,*er1!tion %hen +i2!nd o" *odi#m thio*#+'h!te re!ted %ith om'+e4e*. The o''er(II) *o+#tion t#rned "rom ,+#e *o+#tion into o+o#r+e** *o+#tion. /#rin2 the re!tion& the ,+#e *o+#tion *+o%+- t#rn "rom 2reen !nd -e++o% *o+#tion ,e"ore om'+ete+- t#rn into o+o#r+e** *o+#tion. Co,!+t(II) *o+#tion h!n2ed o+o#r "rom 'in$ to '#r'+e *o+#tion %hen *odi#m thio*#+'h!te %!* !dded. O4!+i !id !nd t!rt!ri !id +i2!nd* %ere mi4ed %ith !mmoni! *o+#tion to ,eome ne#tr!+ *o+#tion ,e"ore re!ted %ith the
om'+e4e*. /#rin2 the te*t o" the ne#tr!+i!tion on the +i2!nd*& 're!#tion m#*t ,e !%!re *o th!t the re*#+t %i++ not !""eted. The *o+#tion %!* te*ted #*in2 'H '!'er #nti+ !nd the !ddition o" !mmoni! m#*t ,e dro'%i*e. O4!+i !id th!t re!ted %ith o''er(II) i* o,*er1ed no h!n2e. S!me 2oe* to o,!+t(II)& the *o+#tion !re not h!n2in2. L!*t ,#t not +e!*t& the o''er(II) om'+e4 %!* re!ted %ith t!rt!ri !id !n" "ormed mi+$- ,+#e %ith 'rei'it!te *o+#tion. The o,!+t(II) *o+#tion h!n2e "rom 'in$ to '#r'+e *o+#tion %hen t!rt!ri !id i* !dded.
CONCL0SION: A* the on+#*ion& the *'etrohemi!+ *erie* o" +i2!nd i* 2ener!ted !nd the o+o#r o" the *e1er!+ om'+e4 ion* !re o,*er1ed. REFERENCES: . R!-mond Ch!n2 !nd enneth A. 7o+*,-& Chemi*tr-& e+e1enth edition '#,+i*hed ,M. 7r!% Hi++ o'-ri2ht 5>=.
