VHEL =
Phghrhionls Ahjnsaltnvls
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
Phla Fhorhtb <=0>/<>>>, fh ? fh fnonhe`rh, pbr ha quh sh lpruh`l ha Phjalehitb pbr ha quh sh rhjual al prhstlonÿi fh abs shrvnonbs pbstlahs, hi fhslrrbaab fh ab hstl`ahonfb hi al Ahy 06/<>>=, fh /<>>>, fh ? fh fnonhe`rh, pbr ha quh sh lpruh`l ha Phjalehitb pbr ha quh sh rhjual al prhstlonÿi fh abs shrvnonbs pbstlahs hi fhslrrbaab fh ab hstl`ahonfb hi al Ahy 06/<>>=, fh >8, fh = fh ibvnhe`rh, fh prhvhionÿi fh Pnhsjbs Al`brlahs, ouyl ûatnel ebfngnolonÿi sh ml prbfuonfb pbr Ahy ?8/04<6, fh 07 fh fnonhe`rh, pbr al quh sh ebfngnol ha thxtb rhguifnfb fh al Ahy Jhihrla fh al _hjurnflf _bonla hi rhalonÿi obi ha rîjnehi kuråfnob fh als Eutuls fh Loonfhiths fh Vrl`lkb y Highrehflfhs Trbghsnbilahs fh al _hjurnflf _bonla Phla Fhorhtb 6=:/<>>:, fh <6 fh l`rna, sb`rh fnspbsnonbihs eåinels fh shjurnflf y slauf rhaltnvls l al elinpualonÿi eliula fh olrjls quh hitrlüh rnhsjbs, hi plrtnoualr fbrsbaue`lrhs, plrl abs trl`lklfbrhs
Zh`jrlgål
Brnjhi fh abs fbouehitbs hialzlfbs; mttps;//www.`bh.hs. Ghoml fh obisuatl l`rna 04<=
B`khtnvbs
Lilanzlr abs prbohfnenhitbs fh trltlenhitb fh al obrrhspbifhionl Hxlenilr al oalsngnolonÿi hivåbs lfentnfbs hi Bgnonils obi fhstnib l OVL Obibohr als guionbihs y brjlinzlonÿi fh abs Ohitrbs fh Vrltlenhitb Lilanzlr al rhf fh trlispbrths Fhthrenilr al obabolonÿi fh al olrjl hi abs vhmåouabs fh trlispbrth
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?0?
hfntbrnla } ohp
<. VPLVLENHIVB V PLVLENHIVB FH AL OBPPH_T OBPPH_TBIFHIONL BIFHIONL _h obiboh obeb trltlenhitb fh al obrrhspbifhionl ha obikuitb fh als bphrlonbihs luxnanlrhs rhlanzlfls obi abs hivåbs pbstlahs lfentnfbs pbr ha bphrlfbr, fhstnilfbs l prhplrlrals plrl su`snjunhiths bphrlonbihs pbstlahs. Tbr su plrth, al oalsngnolonÿi nioauyh ha obikuitb fh bphrlonbihs ouyb gni hs al brfhilonÿi fh abs hivåbs pbstlahs, lthifnhifb l ornthrnbs fh al bphrltnvl pbstla y rhon`h al fhibenilonÿi fh oursb fh al obrrhspbifhionl l al bphrlonÿi u bphrlonbihs quh phrenthi ha hiolenilenhitb fh abs hivåbs pbstlahs. _bi ibrels jhihrlahs lpanol`ahs la trltlenhitb fh al obrrhspbifhionl als snjunhiths; - Trbmn`nonÿi fh quh fhthrenilfbs hivåbs onrouahi pbr ha Obrrhb. _h obisnfhrlrìi b`khtbs prbmn`nfbs obeb hivåbs pbstlahs, lquhaabs ouyl onroualonÿi ib sh phrentl pbr ebtnvbs fh shjurnflf, fh slinflf Phla Fhorhtb <=0>/<>>>, fh ? fh pû`anol, utnanflf jhihrla y fh prbthoonÿi fha shrvnonb pbstla uinvhrsla. fnonhe`rh, pbr ha quh sh lpruh`l ha Ha obrrhb obrrhb mlrì usb fha fha ehfnb fh trlispbrth trlispbrth eìs eìs rìpnfb rìpnfb quh thijl l su Phjalehitb pbr ha quh sh rhjual al fnspbsnonÿi. prhstlonÿi fh abs shrvnonbs p bstlahs, hi fhslrrbaab fh ab hstl`ahonfb hi al Ahy Abs hivåbs sh oursli l trlvîs fh ntnihrlrnbs prhfhthrenilfbs. 06/<>>=, fh
<.< OAL_NGNOLONßI _h hitnhifh pbr oalsngnolonÿi lutbeìtnol lquhaal quh sh rhlanzl hi abs ohitrbs obi prbohsbs lutbeìtnobs fh oalsngnolonÿi. Hstì obepuhstl pbr ui alfb pbr abs hivåbs ibrelanzlfbs y pbr btrb pbr abs hivåbs tnpb Galt (obi onhrtls olrlothråstnols).
?06
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
Lotulaehith, uil vhz gnilanzlfb ha Tali fh Lutbeltnzlonÿi y ha Tali fh Obithihrnzlonÿi, abs prbohsbs fh oalsngnolonÿi fh abs hivåbs pbstlahs mli snfb lflptlfbs l als fnstnitls mhrrlenhitls utnanzlfls hi abs Ohitrbs fh Vrltlenhitb Lutbeltnzlfb. Al oalsngnolonÿi lutbeltnzlfl fha obrrhb ml rhvbauonbilfb abs ehfnbs utnanzlfbs hi al al`br fnlrnl, ole`nbs quh mli prbfuonfb al fhslplrnonÿi fh als slols y al elrjnilonÿi fh abs olsnaahrbs y lrbs fh oalsngnolonÿi rhahjlfbs plrl al oalsngnolonÿi eliula. Al oalsngnolonÿi lutbeltnzlfl lotula sh rhlanzl sb`rh abs hivåbs ibrelanzlfbs y abs ‑Galt― (plrl hithifhribs tlelüb gbanb lprbxnelflehith). Hi le`bs olsbs sh rhlanzl uil ahoturl fh al fnrhoonÿi fha hivåb ehfnlith uil BOP (rhobibonenhitb lutbeìtnob fh olrlothrhs) rhlanzlifb al neprhsnÿi fh ui oÿfnjb fh `lrrls hi al plrth nighrnbr fhrhoml fh abs hivåbs, neprhsnÿi quh snrvh plrl quh, fh elihrl lutbeltnzlfl, fnomb hivåb shl oalsngnolfb fh louhrfb obi abs fnstnitbs prbjrlels hstl`ahonfbs. Obi al oalsngnolonÿi lutbeltnzlfl sh ml obishjunfb; - Xil elybr hstl`nanflf hi ha prbohsb prbohsb abjåstnob y fh fnstrn`uonÿi. - Ehkbrlr abs invhahs fh olanflf. - Flr uil elybr gaunfhz la trlispbrth fha obrrhb. - Glonantlr ui elybr obitrba y shjunenhitb fh al prbfuoonÿi. - Phfuonr ha iûehrb fh obrrhspbifhionl ela hiolenilfl. - Mlohr aahjlr al obrrhspbifhionl obrrhspbifhionl l abs ohitrbs fh rhplrtb hi ha ehibr tnhepb pbsn`ah. - Trbguifnzlr hi al oalsngnolonÿi ‑l fhstnib― fhstnib― mlstl als prbpnls prbpnls shoonbihs shoonbihs fh rhplrtb - Ljnanzlr abs euhstrhbs hstlfåstnobs Hstl oalsngnolonÿi uinfl l al obithihrnzlonÿi fh abs hivåbs ml supuhstb uil jrli ebfngnolonÿi hi als slals fh trltlenhitb y hi als uinflfhs fh rhplrtb. Tlrl vhr al utnanzlonÿi fh als fnghrhiths eìqunils hi als guionbihs fh oalsngnolonÿi, vhrhebs als fnstnitls glshs pbr als quh plsli abs hivåbs pbstlahs hi ui Ohitrb fh Vrltlenhitb Lutbeltnzlfb (OVL).
L. Fhsolrjlfl al obrrhspbifhionl y prbohsbs ninonlahs Abs prbohsbs fhitrb fh ui OVL obenhizli obi al aahjlfl fh als fnstnitls obifuoonbihs (prbvnionlahs, zbilahs b ilonbilahs) y su fhsolrjl. Tlrl jlrlitnzlr al shjurnflf fh abs hivåbs quh onrouali pbr al rhf, al fh abs hepahlfbs quh elinpuali y al fh abs oanhiths mly quh ouepanr obi rnjurbsnflf ha pali fh nisphoonÿi fh al obrrhspbifhionl hstl`ahonfb pbr al Fnrhoonÿi fh Obitrba h Nisphoonÿi. Ha ontlfb pali hstl`ahoh abs hivåbs quh mli fh shr hsolihlfbs, ab shrìi snheprh hi brnjhi y hi tbfb olsb l al hitrlfl fha prnehr ohitrb quh fnspbijl fh abs hqunpbs ihohslrnbs, snheprh liths fh shr elinpualfbs. Obeb ibrel jhihrla sh nisphoonbili; Hsolihb Hsol ihb b`a b`anj njlt ltbr brnb nb - @uzbihs
Ib hs ihoh ihohsl slrn rnb b hsoli hsolihlr hlr - Hivåbs fh fh btrbs OVL b OVT, fh al zbil y yl hsolihlfbs.
-
Galt*
-
Hivåbs ibrelanzlfbs y Lvnsbs fh Phon`b.
-
Eliula
-
Hivåbs ela hiolenilfbs, rhhxphfnfbs y fhvuhatbs.
-
XTP
-
Tlquhthrål
*_h hxohptûli abs hivåbs elsnvbs fh eìs fh <44 jrlebs rhentnfbs pbr jrlifhs oanhiths, quh mlyli snfb lfentnfbs ehfnlith La`lrìi pbr phrsbil nfhitngnolfl, hi hstbs olsbs al nisphoonÿi sh rhlanzl pbr euhstrhb.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?08
hfntbrnla } ohp
Abs ohitrbs quh fnrnkli fnrhotlehith su olrjl l ui lhrbpuhrtb plrl su pbsthrnbr oursb pbr lvnÿi thifrìi quh jlrlitnzlr quh al tbtlanflf fha obrrhb ml snfb nisphoonbilfb. Al fbouehitlonÿi quh leplrl hstls hxphfnonbihs fh`hrì nr shaalfl obi al ahyhifl ‑Ouepanfl ibreltnvl fh _hjurnflf―. Hstls tlrhls sbi rhlanzlfls pbr phrsbila oulangnolfb (heprhsl fh shjurnflf obitrltlfl). Fhspuîs fh plslr ha obitrba fh shjurnflf sh prbohfh l trlsalflr abs hivåbs shjûi prbohfl l; - Xinflf fh XTP. - Xinflf fh Eliula. - Xinflf fh Oalsngnolonÿi lutbeìtnol (ibrelanzlfb). - Xinflf fh Oalsngnolonÿi lutbeìtnol (galt). - Xinflf fh Eltlshaalfb.
@. Eltlshaalfb Hi ha OVL sh eltlshaal ha obrrhb prbvhinhith fh bgnonils lutbrnzlfls plrl ib eltlshaalr su obrrhb y hivnlrab la OVL plrl su eltlshaab, lså obeb ha obrrhb rhobjnfb fh abs `uzbihs pbr als fnstnitls rutls. Ha eltlshaalfb hs ui puitb oråtnob yl quh sn sh rhlanzl fh gbrel rìpnfl ha obrrhb puhfh trlsalflrsh l al uinflf fbifh ml fh shr trltlfb. Als guionbihs y obeprb`lonbihs prhvnls la eltlshaalfb sbi; l) Obeprb`lr al ghoml fh eltlshaalfb eltlshaalfb hi rbfnaab. `) Hstlfb fh al tnitl y abs rbfnaabs. o) @lifhkls vloåls plrl obithihrnzlonÿi. f) Hstlithråls fh fh lanehitlonÿi fh obrrhb Galt. h) Htnquhtls plrl abs olrrbs fh trlsalfb l uinflfhs. Tbsthrnbrehith abs hivåbs sbi trltlfbs obi;
O. Eìqunils OGO (shjrhjlfbrls-glonlfb (shjrhjlfbrls-glonlfbrl-oliohalfbrl) rl-oliohalfbrl) _bi eìqunils fh latb rhifnenhitb plrl ha trltlenhitb lutbeltnzlfb fh al obrrhspbifhionl fhpbsntlfl hi `uzbihs hiolrlifb y eltlshaalifb ha obrrhb lutbeìtnolehith. Hstbs hqunpbs tnhihi uil olplonflf fh prbfuoonÿi fh mlstl ?4.444 b`khtbs/mbrl hi al shoonÿi fh glonlfb/oliohalfb, lprbxnelflehith, shplrlifb ha obrrhb prbohfhith fh `uzbihs hi sus fnstnitbs gbreltbs (ibrelanzlfb, Galt, eliula). Al bphrltnvl fh trl`lkb hs `lstlith `ìsnol; - Lanehitlonÿi; sh vuhaol ha obrrhb hi al tbavl fh lanehitlonÿi, sh rhtnrli eliulaehith abs hivåbs quh l snepah vnstl ib shli lptbs plrl shr trltlfbs pbr al eìqunil y quh puhfli prbfuonr plrbs b rhtrlsbs. - Hvloulonÿi; ha obrrhb rhsuatlith (oalsngnolfb hi 6 jrupbs) sh trlsalfl l sus obrrhspbifnhiths fhstnibs fhitrb fha OVL, thinhifb hi ouhitl al mbrl fh slanfl fh als hxphfnonbihs. Ha obrrhb trls shr eltlshaalfb obeb mhebs vnstb sh oalsngnol hi uil fh als snjunhiths = slanfls;
?07
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
_LANFL _LAN FL__ VNTB VNTB FH OB OBPP PPHB HB 0 Hivå Hi våbs bs obi sh shaaaabs bs fu fuf fbs bsbs bs,, sni sni sha haab abss b obi obi sha haab abss lfm lfmhr hrnf nfbs bs hi au aujl jlrrhs hr hrrÿ rÿih ihbs bs.. < Obrrhb tnpb Galt. _lanfl obrrhb nithrilonbila. Hsth obrrhb, pbr sus ihohsnflfhs fh olanflf, hs trl`lklfb plrl su < trltlenhitb y pbsthrnbr oursb l al Bgnonil fh Ole`nb obrrhspbifnhith. 6
Hivå Hi våbs bs ib ibre rela lanz nzlf lfbs bs,, abs abs eì eìss iue iuehr hrbs bsbs bs pl plrl rl qu quhh shl shli i oal oalsn sngn gnol olfb fbss fh fh gbr gbrel el lu lutb tbel eltn tnzl zlfl fl..
Ha ‑Ouaanij― hs al slanfl fha obrrhb ‑jbrfb― fh uil OGO, plrl su oliohalonÿi eliula. Oliohalfb eliula; ha obrrhb rhtnrlfb pbr abs hepahlfbs pbr ib ouepanr abs rhqunsntbs fh trltlenhitb y ha obrrhb rhomlzlfb pbr al eìqunil sbi oliohalfbs eliulaehith.
Ha obrrhb obi al nifnolonÿi ‑pbr lvnÿi― slah la lgnalfbr obrrhspbifnhith plrl su oalsngnolonÿi eliula. _n lplrhohi hivåbs urjhiths sbi trlsalflfbs l al Xinflf fh Trbfuotbs Phjnstrlfbs. Abs hivåbs obi nisugnonhionl fh grliquhb sbi nfhitngnolfbs y trltlfbs shjûi vnebs hi ha thel 7. Als guionbihs prnionplahs fh als eìqunils OGO sbi; - _hjrhjli ha obrrhb; hxnsthi fbs slanfls fnstnitls plrl ha obrrhb quh puhfh shr trltlfb y eltlshaalfb pbr al prbpnl eìqunil y lquha quh pbr sus olrlothråstnols ib puhfh shr trltlfb pbr al eìqunil, obeb pbr hkhepab abs hivåbs fhelsnlfb råjnfbs b quh obithijli ehtlahs. - Wloåli ha obrrhb; al bphrlonÿi fh glonlfb obisnsth prnionplaehith hi hiolrlr als olrtls fh tla gbrel quh ha snjib fh grliquhb quhfh hi ha enseb aujlr, plrl pbsthrnbrehith puhfl shr eltlshaalfb obrrhotlehith. Hi hstl bphrlonÿi tle`nîi sh obepruh`l al pbsn`ah hxnsthionl fh shaabs glasbs. Hi ha olsb fh lplrnonÿi fh lajuib, al elqunil rhtnrl ha hivåb. - Oliohal ha obrrhb; hi hstl ûatnel guionÿi als olrtls sbi eltlshaalfls plrl quh obisth ha ohitrb ohitrb fh trltlenhitb, ghoml y mbrl fh eltlshaalfb.
F. Hivåbs susohptn`ahs fh oalsngnolonÿi lutbeltnzlfl Fh`hebs thihr prhshith quh ha obrrhb susohptn`ah fh shr trltlfb fh elihrl lutbeltnzl, ib hs ûinolehith ha obrrhb ibrelanzlfb, la obitrlrnb, hs euomb eìs lepanb y hijab`l tbfb ha obrrhb ibrelanzlfb eìs ha tnpb Galt, snheprh quh rhûili onhrtls olrlothråstnols. Fhitrb fh fnombs hivåbs quh sh oalsngnoli lutbeltnzlflehith fnstnijunebs hitrh; - Hivåbs ibrelanzlfbs (trltlfbs obi NPW y G_E). - Hivåbs tnpb Galt (trltlfbs obi sbaystno). Hs euy nepbrtlith quh fhsfh al lfensnÿi fh abs hivåbs îstbs hstîi shplrlfbs pbr aåihls fh trltlenhitb. L obitniulonÿi, vhrhebs als olrlothråstnols fh abs fnstnitbs hivåbs.
l. Olrlothråstnols fh al obrrhspbifhionl susohptn`ah fh trltlenhitb lutbeìtnob • Hivåbs ibrelanzlfbs Olrlothråstnols gåsnols
-
Abijntuf; hitrh <64 y 0?8 ee Laturl; hitrh >4 y <04 ee Hsphsbr; hitrh 4.<8 y 8 ee Thsb; hitrh 0 y 04 j
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?0:
hfntbrnla } ohp
Hstruoturl fha sb`rh ibrelanzlfb
-
Olrlothråstnols gåsnols; º _b`rhs `aliobs b oalrbs, prhghrn`ahehith uinobabrhs. º Hvntlr plphahs lgnanjrlilfbs, sltnilfbs y `rnaaliths. º Whitlinaals; trlisplrhiths y sni lrrujls. º Hvntlr utnanzlr elthrnlahs obi obepbihiths gaubrhsohiths. º Ib trltlrsh fh hivåbs fhvuhatbs b yl nifhxlfbs prhvnlehith. º Jrlelkh Obitrlsth; quh quh jlrlitnoh ui ‑Trnit Obitrlst Obitrlst Pltnb― elybr fha ?8 % º Threntnrìi al ahoturl fha `abquh fnrhoonÿi + oÿfnjb oanhith.
Hi olsb fh vhitlinaal
-
Al vhitlinaal obeprhifhrì ui ìrhl vloål fh la ehibs 8 ee larhfhfbr fha `abquh. Mbajurl nithril hitrh sb`rh y olrtl. Threntnrìi oulaqunhr olsb al ahoturl obepahtl fha `abquh fh fnrhoonÿi y oÿfnjb oanhith. Ib sh fh`h ebstrlr l trlvîs fh al vhitlinaal nigbrelonÿi fha rhenthith fha tnpb; thaîgbib, glx, ING, hto.
@abquh fh fnrhoonÿi (Olrlothråstnols)
-
?0=
Laturl; hitrh 0 y = ee Fhisnflf (hi ibrelanzlfb); hitrh 0 y 8 olrlothrhs/oe Thsb (hi ibrelanzlfb); hitrh 0 y 8 ee _hplrlonÿi; hvntlr quh sh tbquhi b suphrpbijli Hsplonb hitrh plal`rls; plal`rls; ib nighrnbr l al liomurl eåinel fh olrlothrhs olrlothrhs Vnpbs fh guhiths; tbfbs abs obehronlahs hi usb Hstnabs fh guhith; hvntlr oursnvls su`rlylfbs, ihjrntls y hsphsbrhs eåinebs.
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
@abquh fh fnrhoonÿi (Hstruoturl)
Al hstruoturl `ìsnol fha `abquh hstlrì obepuhstl pbr abs snjunhiths hahehitbs, hi ha brfhi quh sh nifnol; - Aåihl ‑4―; Nfhitnflf fha fhstniltlrnb - Aåihl ‑<―; Vnpb fh vål, ibe`rh fh vål, iûehrb, iûehrb, hsolahrl, hsolahrl, pnsb, pnsb, hto. - Aåihl ‑0―; Oÿfnjb pbstla, abolanflf - Aåihl ‑?―; Trbvnionl. _n guhrl ihohslrnb niobrpbrlr nigbrelonÿi obepahehitlrnl rhghrnfl la puitb fh hitrhjl (heprhsl, olrjb, fhplrtlehitb…) b la puitb jhbjrìgnob (ur`linzlonÿi, pbaåjbib…). _nheprh gnjurlrì pbr hionel fh al aåihl < fha `abquh fh fnrhoonÿi.
Phobehiflonbihs; - Vnpb vål + Ibe`rh vål + I» pbrtla + Tnsb; hi uil ensel aåihl aåihl - Tnsb; shplrlfb shplrlfb fha i» fh pbrtla pbr uil obel. - I» pbrtla; hvntlr lithpbih lithpbihrr I», i», iûe., hto. - OT y ibe`rh fh al abolanflf; hi uil uil ensel aåihl. - Ha oÿfnjb pbstla snheprh sh lithpbih la ibe`rh ibe`rh fh al abolanflf. abolanflf. - Ibe`rh fh al prbvnionl; prbvnionl; sh nioaunrì snheprh snheprh hi al ûatnel aåihl. - Hi abs olsbs olsbs hi abs quh ha hivåb hstì fnrnjnfb l al olpntla fh al prbvnionl hs rhobehifl`ah nioaunr al prbvnionl hi al ûatnel aåihl. - Hvntlr l`rhvnlturls hi ha ibe`rh fh vål.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?0>
hfntbrnla } ohp
`. Ha Oÿfnjb Tbstla Ha oÿfnjb pbstla hs ui hsquhel quh lsnjil l fnstnitls zbils b aujlrhs fh ui plås, ui oÿfnjb quh, lfbslfb l al fnrhoonÿi, snrvh plrl glonantlr y eholinzlr ha hiolenilenhitb fha obrrhb. Jhihrlaehith hs uil shrnh fh fåjntbs, luiquh hi lajuibs plåshs nioauyhi ahtrls. Al Phpû`anol Ghfhrla fh Lahelinl guh ha prnehr plås fha euifb hi nitrbfuonr ui snsthel fh oÿfnjbs pbstlahs, l prnionpnbs fh al fîolfl fh abs 74. Al jrli elybrål fh abs shrvnonbs pbstlahs hstltlahs fha euifb utnanzli oÿfnjbs pbstlahs. Abs oÿfnjbs pbstlahs tnhihi fnstnitbs gbreltbs y ibrels fh usb fhphifnhifb fha plås. Hi al elybr plrth fh Hurbpl, ha oÿfnjb pbstla vl liths fha ibe`rh fha aujlr b onuflf y l vhohs prhohfnfb pbr ha oÿfnjb fha plås. Ha snsthel fh oÿfnjb pbstla hsplüba obeprhifh uil shrnh fh oÿfnjbs utnanzlfbs plrl ehkbrlr ha guionbilenhitb fha shrvnonb pbstla hi Hsplül. Abs oÿfnjbs pbstlahs guhrbi nitrbfuonfbs hi Hsplül hi <>=0, obnionfnhifb obi al puhstl hi elroml fh abs prbohfnenhitbs lutbeltnzlfbs fh oalsngnolonÿi fh obrrhspbifhionl. Abs oÿfnjbs pbstlahs hsplübahs obistli fh 8 ongrls, fh als quh als 0 prnehrls mlohi rhghrhionl l al prbvnionl pbr brfhi lagl`îtnob (shjûi ha ibe`rh bgnonla hi ha lüb fh nepalitlonÿi), shjunfls fh als onuflfhs fh Ohutl y Ehanaal, ouybs oÿfnjbs ninonlaehith phrthihoåli l als prbvnionls fh Oìfnz y Eìaljl rhsphotnvlehith y lübs fhspuîs sh ahs lsnjilrbi iuhvbs oÿfnjbs. Als trhs ongrls gnilahs nifnoli al zbil pbstla. Als olpntlahs fh prbvnionl y lajuils jrlifhs onuflfhs hstìi fnvnfnfls hi vlrnls zbils pbstlahs, enhitrls quh hi ha rhstb fh abolanflfhs ui enseb oÿfnjb sh lpanol l tbfl al abolanflf b nioausb l vlrnls abolanflfhs ohrolils. Tlrl mlohr eìs gìona al nitrbfuoonÿi fh abs iuhvbs oÿfnjbs pbstlahs, hi als onuflfhs hi als quh hxnståli zbils pbstlahs, obeb Elfrnf, @lrohabil y Wlahionl, sh mnzb quh ha prnehr iûehrb fh al iuhvl zbil pbstla guhrl ui ohrb y abs fbs snjunhiths obrrhspbifnhrli obi al litnjul zbil pbstla. Hi als olpntlahs fh prbvnionl (y sbalehith hi haals) al prnehrl ongrl fh al zbil pbstla (hs fhonr, al ongrl ohitrla fh als oniob quh obepbihi ha oÿfnjb) hs snheprh ui ohrb. Hi olfl olpntla fh prbvnionl hxnsthi uibs oÿfnjbs rhshrvlfbs plrl usbs hsphonlahs; - 4:4 plrl obrrhspbifhionl bgnonla fh Obrrhbs y Vhaîjrlgbs - 4:< plrl obrrhspbifhionl fh brjlinsebs bgnonlahs - 4=4 plrl lplrtlfbs y anstl fh obrrhbs
??4
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
TLÅ_H_ NTO LX_VPNL LAHELINL @ÎAJNOL OLILFÌ OMNTPH FNILELPOL H_VLFB_ XI XINFB_ GNIALIFNL GPLIONL JPHONL MBALIFL NPALIFL N_ALIFNL NVLANL AX]HE@XPJB IBPXHJL TBPVXJLA PHNIB XINFB _XHONL _XN[L
OßFNJB N_B LV FH @H OL O^ FC X_ GN GP JP IA NH N_ NV AX IB TV J@ _H OM
Al pltrbila fh als als heprhsls fh trlispbrth y abjåstnol quh bphrli hi Hsplül prhshitlrbi hi 04<8 04<8 ui nigbreh la Eninsthrnb fh Gbehitb hi ha quh lrjuehitli abs `hihg nonbs hobiÿenobs y ehfnble`nhitlahs quh sh fhrnvlråli fh al ebfng nolonÿi fha lotula oÿfnjb pbstla. Al brjlinzlonÿi sbanontÿ l Gbehitb lepanlr hi trhs fåjntbs ha lotula oÿfnjb, quh plslrål lså fh hstlr obepuhstb pbr oniob ongrls l bomb. Al nitrbfuoonÿi fh btrls trhs ongrls la lotula oÿfnjb mlrål ‑quh als gabtls fh trlispbrth guhrli eìs hgnonhiths, sh rhobrtlråli abs obsths fh oalsngnolonÿi y rhplrtb, sh jhihrlråli ehibs hensnbihs, hensnbihs, ml`rål ml`rål ehibs loonfhiths fh fh trìgnob, shrål `hihgnonbsb `hihgnonbsb plrl ha rhplrtb pbstla trlfnonbila y tle`nîi plrl als heprhsls fh plquhthrål― plquhthrål―..
o. Obrrhb lutbeltnzl`ah ib ibrelanzlfb (Galt) Vnhih als snjunhiths olrlothråstnols; - Fnehisnbihs eìxnels; ?=4 pbr 0?= ee - Fnehisnbihs eåinels; <64 pbr >4 ee - Thsb; <4-=44 jr - Hsphsbr; hitrh 4,8 ee y 04 ee - Laturl; hitrh >4 y 0?= ee - Abijntuf; hitrh <64 y ?=4 ee - Ib obithifrìi elthrnlahs råjnfbs y su obithinfb fh`hrì shr rhjualr. - Ha sb`rh shrì `aliob b prhghrhithehith uinobabr.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
??<
hfntbrnla } ohp
- Ib sh trltlrì fh hivåbs fhvuhatbs b nifhxlfbs lithrnbrehith. - Hvntlr plphahs lgnanjrlilfbs, sltnilfbs y `rnaaliths. - Whitlinaals; trlisplrhiths y sni lrrujls. - Hvntlr utnanzlr elthrnlahs obi obepbihiths gaubrhsohiths. - Ib trltlrsh fh hivåbs fhvuhatbs b yl nifhxlfbs prhvnlehith. - Jrlelkh/Obitrlsth; quh jlrlitnoh ui ‑Trnit Obitrlst Obitrlst Pltnb― elybr fha ?8 % - Threntnrìi al ahoturl fha `abquh fnrhoonÿi + oÿfnjb oanhith. Hi olsb fh vhitlinaal, obeprhifhrì ui ìrhl vloål fh la ehibs 8 ee larhfhfbr fha `abquh. Mbajurl nithril hitrh sb`rh y olrtl. Threntnrìi hi oulaqunhr olsb al ahoturl obepahtl fha `abquh fh fnrhoonÿi y oÿfnjb oanhith. Ib sh fh`h ebstrlr l trlvîs fh al vhitlinaal nigbrelonÿi fha rhenthith fha tnpb; thaîgbib, glx, ING, hto.
f. Ib lutbeltnzl`ah Hs ha tnpb fh obrrhb quh ml fh trltlrsh fh gbrel eliula pbr ib thihr als olrlothråstnols tîoinols ihohslrnls; - Obrrhspbifhionl fh hsphsbr ib uingbreh. - B`khtbs råjnfbs hi su nithrnbr (aalvhs, fnschtths,…). - Obi jrlpls b oanps. - Threhl`ah la lnrh (gnomls phrgbrlfls, sb`rhs obi lphrturls althrlahs). - Hi ibrelanzlfb; ibrelanzlfb; obi htnquhtls ib phrghotlehith lfmhrnfls (hi galtssh lfenthi htnquhtls eÿvnahs). - Obi sbalpls ela ohrrlfls b obistntunfbs pbr mbkls fb`alfls ouybs `brfhs ib hstîi tbtlaehith phjlfbs. - Hivåbs phjlfbs hitrh haabs. - Hivåbs nifhxlfbs prhvnlehith. - Hivåbs fhvuhatbs. - Obrrhb nithrilonbila fh slanfl. - \uh suphrhi suphrhi als ehfnfls rhobehiflfls plrl al lutbeltnzlonÿi lutbeltnzlonÿi fh abs hivåbs.
H. Oalsngnolonÿi lutbeltnzlfl, eìqunils Tlslebs l vhr als fnstnitls eìqunils quh nithrvnhihi hi ui Ohitrb fh Vrltlenhitb Lutbeltnzlfb (OVL), lså obeb sus fnghrhiths guionbihs y olrlothråstnols.
l. NPW Hs al eìqunil quh nithjrl al ahoturl y al vnfhbobfngnolonÿi (nifhxlfbrl-oalsngnolfbrl) fbifh sh nitrbfuohi als olrtls quh sbi ahåfls ehfnlith ui snsthel ÿptnob fh rhobibonenhitb fh olrlothrhs (BOP), ehfnlith ha oula sh ahh ha fnrhoonbilenhitb fha hivåb hsorntb tlitb l eìqunil obeb l elib, thinhifb uil vhabonflf lprbxnelfl fh 64.444 hivåbs/mbrl. Al nigbrelonÿi ahåfl hs trlfuonfl l ui oÿfnjb fh `lrrls quh sh neprneh hi ha livhrsb fha hivåb. Al NPW trl`lkl tbfb ha obrrhb ibrelanzlfb. Lfheìs, trl`lkl als olrtls brfnilrnls y pu`anobrrhb ibrelanzlfb fhvuhatb fh jrlifhs oanhiths, ha oula sh oalsngnol ehfnlith al ahoturl fha abjbtnpb fha rhenthith. Tlrl obishjunr ui jrlfb ÿptneb hi al oalsngnolonÿi mly quh elithihr lotulanzlfbs abs abjbtnpbs y lilanzlr abs rhomlzbs.
??0
Niyhoonÿi fh hivåbs hi NPW
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
Lajuibs hivåbs puhfhi ib shr ahåfbs pbr ab oula su neljhi plsl l uil slal fh vnfhbobfngnolonÿi, plrl quh ha phrsbila fh Obrrhbs, vnhifb al neljhi hi ui ebintbr, vhl al libelaål y obfngnquh ha hivåb obrrhotlehith. Hstbs hivåbs puhfhi lplrhohr fh fbs gbrels; - Bianih; ha hivåb fl fl vuhatls hi al eìqunil furlith ui tnhepb l al hsphrl fh quh ha bphrlfbr ab ahl. _n ib hs ahåfb, ha hivåb sh laelohil hi ui olsnaahrb aalelfb ‑vnfhb-bgg― y al neljhi olpturlfl plrl su pbsthrnbr obfngnolonÿi. - Bgg-anih; als neìjhihs laelohilfls laelohilfls vli lplrhonhifb la bphrlfbr, pbr brfhi fh litnjñhflf hi su laelohilenhitb. Abs hivåbs obfngnolfbs obrrhotlehith plsli l ui prhoalsngnolfbr fh 6= slanfls fbifh sh laelohili pbr prbjrlels fh trl`lkb; - Abola - Trbvnionla - Ilonbila Hi al ol`hohrl fh hstl eìqunil la njula quh hi al G_E, hxnsth ui ‑sheìgbrb― quh nifnol ha hstlfb fh trl`lkb; - Pbkb; eìqunil plrlfl. - Whrfh; eìqunil trl`lklifb ibrelaehith. - @aliol; eìqunil hi phrghotb hstlfb, hsphrlifb shr puhstl hi elroml. - Lzua; ebfb fh trl`lkb hxoausnvb plrl ha shrvnonb tîoinob. - Ilrlikl; eìqunil plrlfl b ltlsolfl. Abs eÿfuabs fh al NPW sbi; - Lanehitlfbr. - _hplrlonÿi pbr gbreltbs. - Trh-ahotbr oÿfnjb `lrrls. - Olpturl fh al neljhi. - Whrngnolonÿi fh neprhsnÿi. - Fnstrn`uonÿi. Hi abs pupntrhs vnfhb-obfngnolonÿi, hstbs hivåbs ‑prhoalsngnolfbs― plsli shjunflehith l al G_E, sbifh sbi oalsngnolfbs l su fhstnib gnila.
`. G_E Al G_E hs uil eìqunil fh oalsngnolonÿi quh ahh abs oÿfnjbs fh nifhxlonÿi fh al NPW. Fnspbih fh 644 olsnaahrbs rhplrtnfbs hi oniob aåihls; olfl olsnaahrb obitnhih ha obrrhb oalsngnolfb plrl ui fhstnib gnila (hithifhebs pbr fhstnib ‑gnila― ha obikuitb fh uil bgnonil b uil shoonÿi fh rhplrtb y rhshrvl ui olsnaahrb aalelfb ‑olrtl `aliol― plrl abs hivåbs quh ib fnspbijli fh obfngnolonÿi).
G_E
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
???
hfntbrnla } ohp
Vnhih uil vhabonflf fh trl`lkb fh uibs ?8.444 hivåbs, y ui rhobibonenhitb fh hivåbs ohrolib la >>%. Hstl eìqunil fnspbih vlrnbs prbjrlels plrl trl`lklr hi olfl ebehitb abs hivåbs fnrnjnfbs l abs aujlrhs fhshlfbs. Abs eÿfuabs quh obepbihi al G_E sbi; - Lanehitlfbr. - [bil fh lpnalfb. - Fnspbsntnvb fh hxtrloonÿi. - Eÿfuab ahoturl oÿfnjb fh `lrrls. - Ebfuab fh olpturl fh neljhi. - Eÿfuab fh hitrlfl. - Olsnaahrb rhomlzb fha eÿfuab fh hitrlfl. - Lpnalfbr fh hxohfhionl hi ha eÿfuab fh hitrlfl. - Eÿfuabs olsnaahrbs. - Eÿfuab fh lobifnonbilenhitb nithrehfnb. - Eÿfuab fh olsnaahrb gnila. - Olsnaahrb fh hxohfhionl hi ha eÿfuab fh olsnaahrbs gnila. - Hstlonÿi bphrltnvl.
o. Obrrhb GALV _bi hqunpbs _baystno, eìqunils Vbp 0444 als hiolrjlfls fh oalsngnolr ha obrrhb tnpb Galt. Tuhfhi thihr hitrh 064 y ?04 slanfls, aahjlifb l trltlr mlstl :.844 hivåbs al mbrl pbr olfl lanehitlfbr, thinhifb fbs lanehitlfbrhs pbr aåihl. Olrlothråstnols; - Niyhoonÿi lutbeìtnol fh `lifhkls vloåls. - Vrlispbrth lutbeìtnob fh `lifhkls aahils y vloåls. - _ustntuonÿi lutbeìtnol fh `lifhkls vloåls pbr aahils. - Htnquhtlfb lutbeìtnob fh `lifhkls aahils. - Obigauhionl fh abs fbs invhahs fh slanfl hi ui ûinob ûinob puitb. - _nsthels fh obitrba. - Tupntrhs fh vnfhbobfngnolonÿi. - Oalsngnolonÿi.
f. _nsthel fh Oalsngnolonÿi fh Jbrfb (_OJ) Hi lajuibs OVL hxnsth uil obignjurlonÿi lutbeìtnol _JO (_nsthel fh Oalsngnolonÿi fh Jbrfb) plrl hivåbs ib lutbeltnzl`ahs hi NPW in GALV. Abs hivåbs obi oÿfnjb fh hiolenilenhitb b obi oÿfnjb pbstla fh fhstnib niobrpbrlfb hi ha oÿfnjb fh `lrrls (snibtrlis) sh lanehitli hi al _OJ, ha rhstb sh trl`lkl eliulaehith.
h. _nsthel fh Oalsngnolonÿi fh Tlquhthrål (_OT) Xil vhz ouaenilfb ha Tali fh Lutbeltnzlonÿi fh al obrrhspbifhionl brfnilrnl y fh abs hivåbs fh gbreltb Galt, al Fnrhoonÿi fh Bphrlonbihs fh Obrrhbs hephzÿ l prbjrlelr ha trltlenhitb lutbeltnzlfb fh al plquhthrål obeb ui plsb eìs plrl lvlizlr hi ui ebfhab bphrltnvb lflptlfb l abs ole`nbs fha shotbr, lohahrlfbs pbr al obyuiturl hobiÿenol y al sustntuonÿi hahotrÿinol, y l als iuhvls fhelifls brnjnilfls pbr ha obehronb hahotrÿinob. Hstl ninonltnvl obnionfnÿ obi ha b`khtnvb obehronla,
??6
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
nioaunfb hi ha Tali fh Heprhsl 04<<-04<6, fh niorhehitlr al lotnvnflf y prhshionl hi ha ehrolfb fh al plquhthrål, uib fh abs oultrb ehrolfbs rhahvliths fhgninfbs hi lquha. L gnilahs fh 04
_nsthel fh Oalsngnolonÿi fh plquhthrål
Lotulaehith sh mli mli nistlalfb _OT hi; OLE-0 OLE-0 fh @lrohabil, @lrohabil, OV OVL _hvnaal, OV OVL L Lanolith, Lanolith, OV OVL Wntbrnl, Wntbrnl, OVL OVL [lrljbzl, OVL fh Wlahionl, OLE-0 fh Elfrnf y OVL fh Wlaalfbanf, OVL fh _litnljb, OVL fh Tlael fh Elaabrol, OVL fh Als Tlaels, OVL Vhihrngh, OVL fh Jrlilfl y OVL Eìaljl.
Xil fh als vhitlkls eìs snjingnoltnvls fh hstbs snsthels fh oalsngnolonÿi fh plquhthrål (_OT) hs quh hghotûli al lfensnÿi fha plquhth l su plsb pbr al eìqunil, tlitb abs plquhths quh hitrhi pbr bgnonils obeb pbr ha olila fh Elsnvl vli l thihr ui obitrba fh lfensnÿi nifnvnfula. Obi hstbs iuhvbs hqunpbs, hi abs quh ûinolehith ha snsthel fh lanehitlonÿi hs eliula, trls fhklr ha plquhth sb`rh al onitl trlispbrtlfbrl tbfbs abs prbohsbs sbi lutbeìtnobs; olpturl fha oÿfnjb fh `lrrls, phslfb y fnehisnbilfb hi fniìenob, hto. y fhsfh ha prnehr ebehitb al nigbrelonÿi lohrol fha plquhth trlsonhifh l abs snsthels fh nigbrelonÿi plrl su trlzl`nanflf (_JNH, Ehrournb...) h, nioausb, plrl su gloturlonÿi (_LT). Hxnsthi fbs tnpbs fh eìqunils; - Xils obi 8 ehtrbs, 6? rlepls fh slanfl y uibs <04 fhstnibs fh oalsngnolonÿi.
• Trbfuotbs Abs prbfuotbs quh sh vli l trl`lklr hi ha iuhvb _OT, shjûi ha ebfhab fh prbfuoonÿi plrl hsth OVL, sbi ‑Tlq Hstìiflr, Tlquhth Lzua, HE_, HTJ y TTN fh nepbrtlonÿi, Tlq Hstìiflr fhvuhatb, oalsngnolonÿi fh al plquhthrål nithrilonbila y Tlq Trnbrntlrnb, sh rhlanzl fh gbrel shplrlfl y fnghrhionlfl. Hs euy nepbrtlith quh al plquhthrål lfentnfl hi als Bgnonils shl jrl`lfl obi ha oÿfnjb pbstla fh fhstnib, fh ebfb quh sh phjuhi als htnquhtls fh oÿfnjb fh `lrrls sni quh quhfhi fb`alfls, rbtls, hto. y quh puhfli shr ahåfls obi glonanflf, lfheìs fh quh inijûi hivåb aahvh eìs fh uil htnquhtl obi oÿfnjb fh `lrrls. Als htnquhtls fh abs Tlq Hstìiflr fh`hi slanr fh als neprhsbrls obrrhotlehith neprhsls. Trbfuotbs l trl`lklr fh gbrel lutbeltnzlfl
-
Tlq Hstìiflr (ib sb`rhs). Tlquhth Lzua.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
??8
hfntbrnla } ohp
-
HE_ Nepbrtlonÿi. HTJ Nepbrtlonÿi. TTN Nepbrtlonÿi. Tlquhthrål fhvuhatl. Ohrtngnolfbs eìs fh ?84 jrlebs.
Hivåbs ib trl`lklfbs fh gbrel lutbeltnzlfl
-
HE_ Hxpbrtlonÿi. TTN Hxpbrtlonÿi. Tlq Trhenue.
• Olrlothråstnols hivåbs lutbeltnzl`ahs Fnehisnbihs
-
Eìxnels; >4 oe oe Alrjb x 74 oe oe Liomb x 64 oe oe Latb. Eåinels; <8 oe Alrjb x <8 oe Liomb x 0 Latb.
Thsb
-
Eåineb; 044 jrlebs. Eìxneb; ?4 cj Ib hs lutbeltnzl`ah Tlquhthrål obi gbreltb nrrhjualr; prbfuotbs prbfuotbs hsgîrnobs b onaåifrnobs, `nfbihs, `lrrnahs, he`lalkhs fh `bthaals, prbfuotbs obi he`lalkhs fhth rnbrlfbs, ouhrfls suhatls, lfmhsnvbs fhsprhifnfbs …
• Lanehitlonÿi fh abs Hqunpbs Tlrl lanehitlr al eìqunil, abs plquhths sh obaboli hi al onitl trlispbrtlfbr trlispbrtlfbrl. l. Xibs hsoìihrhs (suphrnbr y althrla) olpturli ha oÿfnjb fh `lrrls. La enseb tnhepb uil `lalizl obabolfl hi al plrth nighrnbr rhobjh ha phsb. Vbfbs hstbs fltbs, obthklfbs, sbi hivnlfbs la nistlith la snsthel nigbreìtnob fh al eìqunil, quh oalsngnol olfl plquhth, hioleniìifbab l al rlepl fh slanfl obrrhspbifnhith. L pnh fh rlepl mly obabolfbs threnilahs quh phrenthi jhihrlr al htnquhtl fh rbtualonÿi fh als kluals fbifh abs hepahlfbs obabolrìi abs plquhths plrl su trlispbrth l fhstnib. Abs quh, pbr fnstnitbs ebtnvbs, ib puhfhi shr trltlfbs hi ui prnehr nithitb fh gbrel lutbeltnzlfl, sbi fhsvnlfbs l al aalelfl rlepl fh rhomlzb. Fhsfh ui threnila fh rhjnstrb eliula, ha hepahlfb su`slil al olusl fha rhomlzb plrl quh puhfl vbavhr l shr prbohslfb lutbeìtnolehith; - _nheprh lpbylfbs hi al olrl eìs eìs hstl`ah (al fh elybr suphrgnonh), fh prhghrhionl, abijntufnilaehith l al onitl, fh prhghrhionl, O@ lrrn`l. _n ib pbsn`ah, O@ hi ha althrla grbitla fha bphrlrnb. - _hplrlonÿi hitrh plquhths; 08 oe lprbx. (Ibtl; sn ehibr ehibr shplrlonÿi, sh prbfuohi ‑tnrbihs― hi onitl). Abs plquhths sh obaboli hi al onitl fh lanehitlonÿi obi ha oÿfnjb fh `lrrls hi al plrth suphrnbr fha hivåb b hi ha althrla grbitla la bphrlfbr. Tuhstb fh nionfhionls
Ha puhstb fh nionfhionls ouhitl obi; - TO obi plitlaal tìotna. - Tnstbal nilaìe`rnol. - Neprhsbrl fh htnquhtls O@. - Tbrtlrrbaabs htnquhtl vhrfh (Phj. Eliula).
??7
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
Phjnstrb Eliula
Tuhstb fh Hitrlfl; ‑Phjnstrb eliula―; - _nrvh plrl rhjnstrlr abs hivåbs ib lutbeltnzl`ahs (pbr gbrel b phsb), nioauyhifb abs prbohfhiths fh btrbs ohitrbs nfhitngnolfbs obi htnquhtl vhrfh. ‑Jlaahtl vhrfh―. - Xil vhz rhjnstrlfb ha plquhth, sh lpuitlrì hi phjltnil vhrfh hsphoågnol ha iûehrb fh al rlepl quh ibs nifnol ha snsthel, sh shplrlrì hi ui olrrb y sh fnstrn`unrì hi al rlepl obrrhspbifnhith. Al bphrltnvl fh rhjnstrb eliula hs al snjunhith; - _hahoonÿi Phjnstrb Eliula; nitrbfuoonÿi ha oÿfnjb fh `lrrls fha hivåb-Nitrbfuoonÿi oÿfnjb pbstla fh fhstnib. - Phjnstrlr; rhjnstrlrì ha plquhth hi al `lsh fh fltbs h nigbrelrì hi plitlaal fha fhstnib y rlepl quh ah obrrhspbifhi la plquhth shjûi ha rhsuatlfb fh vlanflonÿi y fha prbjrlel fh oalsngnolonÿi. - Thjlebs al phjltnil vhrfh la plquhth obisnjilifb ha iûehrb fh rlepl (sn ha plquhth yl vnhih obi phjltnil vhrfh al obabolebs hionel fh hstl b lrrliolebs al quh trlål fh btrb ohitrb). - _h fhpbsntlrìi hi uil klual/olrrb. - _h prbohfhrì l su oalsngnolonÿi eliula hi abs ensebs olrrbs/kluals olrrbs/kluals quh al plquhthrål lutbeltnzl`ah, nithitlifb ib fhklral plrl ha gnila plrl hvntlr loueualonbihs. - Hxnsth al pbsn`nanflf fh rhlanzlr al obisuatl fh olusl fh abs plquhths rhomlzlfbs (ahyhifb ONB), lså obeb ha loohsb l abs `btbihs quh phrenthi loonbihs prhvhitnvls (Fupanolr oÿfnjbs) b obrrhotbrls (Gbrzlr ONB, Fupanolr oÿfnjb, Jhihrlr oÿfnjb). - Al fupanolonÿi y jhihrlonÿi fh oÿfnjbs puhfhi rhlanzlrsh prhvnlehith l al prnehrl plslfl fha plquhth pbr eìqunil. Phsphotb l al rhsbauonÿi fh rhomlzbs; - Fh`hrìi shr shr trltlfbs hstlifb lotnvb ha enseb ebfb bphrltnvb hi ha quh sh jhihrlrbi. - Fupanolonÿi fh fh oÿfnjbs; obisnsth hi ahhr obi pnstbal ui oÿfnjb (b obi thoalfb) h neprnenr ui fupanolfb. - Jhihrlonÿi fh oÿfnjbs; sh pbfrì jhihrlr iuhvbs oÿfnjbs OH. - Hrrbr OT Thjlebs al htnquhtl fh OH hi al ensel olrl fbifh vlyl ha ONB (Oÿfnjb fh `lrrls) y lanehitlebs ha plquhth hi al eìqunil plrl su oalsngnolonÿi lutbeìtnol. Ha ûinob prbfuotb hi ha quh ib hs pbsn`ah ole`nlr ha Oÿfnjb Tbstla y slolr iuhvb OH hs ha Tlq Hstìiflr. Obi ha Tlquhth Lzua fhvuhatb y ohrtngnolfb 9 ?84 jrlebs fhvuhatb l al aahjlfl fh als obifuoonbihs sh shplrlrì y sni hsolihlr sh trlsalflrì la puhstb fh jhstnÿi fh nionfhionls fh al eìqunil.
G. Oalsngnolonÿi Eliula Al oalsngnolonÿi eliula fha obrrhb ml snfb al ûinol hxnsthith mlstl abs lübs shthitl hi al quh sh guhrbi nitrbfuonhifb fnghrhiths ehfnbs ehoìinobs quh ljnanzlrbi al oalsngnolonÿi. Al oalsngnolonÿi eliula sh rhlanzl sni lyufl fh ehfnbs ehoìinobs sb`rh al ehsl, olsnaahrb, lrbs, hto., shjûi hsquhels fhgninfbs prhvnlehith, hstlifb lotulaehith rhahjlfl l onhrtb tnpb fh obrrhb quh ib sh ‑lflptl― l abs snsthels fh oalsngnolonÿi lutbeltnzlfl (fhelsnlfb jruhsb, jrlifh b ha obrrhb nithrilonbila fh slanfl). Al oalsngnolonÿi eliula fh`h shr rhsnfula hi abs OVL. _n oulifb sh rhlanzl oalsngnolonÿi eliula sh fhthotli hivåbs lutbeltnzl`ahs, sh fh`hi slolr fha onrountb eliula h nithjrlrabs hi lutbeltnzlonÿi. Ha obrrhb trl`lklfb lutbeìtnolehith hi brnjhi sh fh`h trl`lklr lutbeìtnolehith hi fhstnib, snhifb al prbguifnflf fh oalsngnolonÿi elybr.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
??:
hfntbrnla } ohp
Obeb ibrel jhihrla ha obrrhb eliula sh oalsngnol fnrhotlehith l `lifhkl hi ha hxpbsntbr. Hi ohitrbs obi euomb vbauehi sh utnanzli olsnaahrbs b obithihfbrhs fh jrli gbreltb. BPNJHI FHA OBPPHB ELIXLA - Obrrhb rhomlzlfb NPW - Obrrhb rhomlzlfb GALV - Obrrhb ib prbpnb fh shr oalsngnolfb hi al GALV - Gbreltb jbrfb, fha Ouranij fh al OGO, hi ohitrbs sni _OJ - Obrrhb ela hiolenilfb y rhhxphfnfb - Obrrhb fhvuhatb sni sni abjb b rhomlzlfb pbr ha prbjrlel fh fhvuhatbs
0. OAL_NGNOLONßI OAL_NG NOLONßI HIWÅB_ LFENVNFB_ HI BGNONIL BGNONIL__ OBI FH_VNIB L OVL Fhsfh al hitrlfl hi pahib rhifnenhitb fh abs fnstnitbs Ohitrbs fh Vrltlenhitb Lutbeltnzlfb al guionÿi prnionpla fh als Bgnonils hs obishjunr quh ha obrrhb quh sh hiolenih l abs OVL plrl su oalsngnolonÿi hstî fh`nflehith shplrlfb hxoausnvlehith plrl al lanehitlonÿi fh als eìqunils fh oalsngnolonÿi (ibrelanzlfb y Galt), yl quh al latl olplonflf fh rhifnenhitb fh hstbs ohitrbs uinfbs l su hsphonlanzlonÿi phrenth uil ehkbr oalsngnolonÿi mlonl sus fhstnibs gnilahs. Abs fnstnitbs hsquhels fh oalsngnolonÿi fha obrrhb ilonfb hi guionÿi fh abs puitbs fh fhstnib hs lajb b`sbahtb, yl quh als lotulahs eìqunils hstìi prhplrlfls plrl al ahoturl nifnvnfula fh tbfbs abs hivåbs y hi `lsh l fnoml ahoturl, rhlanzlr al oalsngnolonÿi obrrhspbifnhith. Lotulaehith olfl prbvnionl tnhih ui hsquhel fnstnitb fh oalsngnolonÿi fh abs hivåbs hi guionÿi fh su OVL, rutls fh trlispbrth, hto. Lui lså, pbfhebs vhr als olrlothråstnols eìs jhihrlahs.
0.< 0. < OAL _NGN OLONßI FH AB_ HIW ÅB_ Al Oalsngnolonÿi y rbtualonÿi fh abs hivåbs hi ha ìe`ntb ilonbila fhphifh fh olfl prbvnionl fh brnjhi y su OVL. Whebs ui hkhepab hstìiflr.
L. Obithihrnzlonÿi fh hivåbs oliohalfbs hi Bgnonils obi eltlshaabs gnaltîanobs Tlrl lshjurlr quh abs hivåbs lfentnfbs hi Bgnonil, l abs quh sh niutnanzl ha grliquhb obi abs Eltlshaabs Gnaltîanobs Eliulahs ml`nantlfbs la hghotb hi Bgnonils Trnionplahs, Bgnonils Vuråstnols b hi fhthrenilfls Bgnonils Tbstlahs, pbr olusls obiehebrltnvls hsphonlahs, ib shli b`khtb fh iuhvb eltlshaalfb hi prbohsbs lutbeltnzlfbs pbsthrnbrhs hi OVL„s quh ah mljl phrfhr ha vlabr gnaltîanob, sh ahs fh`h flr ha trltlenhitb snjunhith; - Als Bgnonils Tbstlahs lfentnrìi lfentnrìi abs hivåbs y oliohalrìi abs shaabs obi ha eltlshaab Gnaltîanob oulifb lså shl sbanontlfb pbr ha rhenthith. - Tbsthrnbrehith, abs obithihrnzlrìi obithihrnzlrìi hi als obrrhspbifnhiths obrrhspbifnhiths `lifhkls, quh quh sh nifnoli hi hsth enseb fbouehitb fh Oalsngnolonÿi y Pbtualonÿi (@lifhkls fh Ibrelanzlfb b Ib Ibrelanzlfb shjûi obrrhspbifl). Iuiol sh nioaunrì hi al `lifhkl fh @X[BIH_, pbrquh hstl `lifhkl sh aahvl snheprh l oliohalonÿi lutbeìtnol, obi ab quh sh prbfuonrål ha fb`ah eltlshaalfb.
@. Obrrhb Obrrhb brfnilrnb Xtnanzlr snheprh obithihfbrhs fnghrhionlfbs sni nepbrtlr ha iûehrb fh hivåbs quh obithijli. Xtnanzlr ha obithihfbr fh ehibr tlelüb plrl bptnenzlr ha trlispbrth. Ha obrrhb fh rhobjnfl fh `uzbihs olaah fh abolanflfhs (quh hitrhjli als X.P. l al Bgnonil) sh rhenth rbtualfb l `uzbihs sni shplrlonÿi fh gbreltbs y sni trl`lklr.
??=
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
<*. Hivåbs hiolrlfbs mlonl ha alfb lelrnaab fha obithihfbr y obi ha shaab mlonl al plrth suphrnbr fha enseb. 0*. Hivåbs tue`lfbs, enrlifb mlonl al tlpl fha obithihfbr y obi ha shaab hi ha alfb lelrnaab fha enseb. ?*. Ha Tu`an`uzÿi sh ourslrì obi al fbouehitlonÿi fh fnstrn`uonÿi 6* Hivåbs hiolrlfbs b tue`lfbs mlonl ha alfb lelrnaab fha obithihfbr
O. Obrrhb Phjnstrlfb Fhvuhatb
(<) Abs hivåbs fhvuhatbs fh al prbpnl abolanflf sh obithihrnzli fh al snjunhith elihrl; - Abolanflfhs obi sÿab uil XP sh hitrhjli hi elib l al Xinflf fh Phplrtb sni obithihrnzlr hi rhjnstrlfbs fhvuhatbs. - Abolanflfhs obi eìs fh uil XP abs hivåbs fhvuhatbs sh hijbeli y sh fhpbsntli hi al `lifhkl fh rhjnstrlfbs fhvuhatbs fnghrhionìifbabs fha rhstb quh vli sni hijbelr.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
??>
hfntbrnla } ohp
F. Obrrhb Obrrhb rhjnstrlfb -
Xtnanzlr snheprh obithihfbrhs fnghrhionlfbs sni nepbrtlr ha iûehrb fh hivåbs quh obithijli. Xtnanzlr ha obithihfbr fh ehibr tlelüb plrl bptnenzlr ha trlispbrth.
(<) Abs hivåbs obi Wlabr Fhoalrlfb (WF) y/b obi Phhe`basb fh 1:ee sh nioaunrìi hi al `lifhkl fh TPBFXOVB_ H_THONLAH_. (0) Abs hivåbs Fhvuhatbs fh al prbpnl abolanflf sh obithihrnzli fh al snjunhith elihrl; - Abolanflfhs obi sÿab uil XP sh hitrhjli hi elib l al Xinflf fh Phplrtb sni obithihrnzlr hi Phjnstrlfbs Fhvuhatbs. - Abolanflfhs obi eìs fh uil XP abs hivåbs fhvuhatbs sh hijbeli y sh fhpbsntli hi al `lifhkl fh Phjnstrlfbs Fhvuhatbs fnghrhionìifbabs fha rhstb quh vli sni hijbelr. (?) Abs Lvnsbs fh Phon`b nrìi hijbelfbs hi al `lifhkl fh Phjnstrlfb Fhvuhatb. Hxohptb abs fh al prbpnl abolanflf quh sh obithihrnzlrìi fh al snjunhith elihrl; - Abolanflfhs obi sÿab uil XP sh hitrhjli hi elib l al Xinflf fh Phplrtb sni obithihrnzlr hi Phjnstrlfb Phjnstrlfb Fhvuhatb. - Abolanflfhs obi eìs fh uil XP XP sh hijbeli y sh fhpbsntli hi al `lifhkl fh Phjnstrlfb Fhvuhatb fnghrhionìifbabs fha rhstb. (6) Abs hivåbs quh puhfli obithihrnzlrsh fh`hi ourslrsh hi `lifhkl.
?64
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
0.0 Obithihrnzlonÿi Als bgnonils quh fnspbijli fh neprhsbrl fh htnquhtls b`thifrìi al htnquhtl lfmhsnvl fh rbtualonÿi l trlvîs fha snsthel. Hstl sh phjlrì l su vhz sb`rh al htnquhtl fh obabr quh obrrhspbifl, shjûi ha tnpb fh oalsngnolonÿi quh sh hstî gbrelanzlifb. Als bgnonils quh ib fnspbijli fh neprhsbrl fh htnquhtl rbtualrìi ha obithihfbr obi al htnquhtl fh obabr quh obrrhspbifl. Fhslplrhohi abs fhsplombs obeb abs obibohebs mlstl lmbrl, hs fhonr, sh fhkl fh fhtlaalr hivåbs hi _JNH lsnjiìifbabs l ui fhsplomb. L plrtnr fh lmbrl sbab mly quh mlohr als shplrlonbihs fh abs hivåbs shjûi al tl`al fh OAL_NGNOLONßI ^ PBVXALONßI. Abs hivåbs quh mlstl lmbrl mli snfb fhtlaal`ahs, uil vhz lfentnfbs hi NPN_, sh hsphrli hi ha ohitrb fh trltlenhitb sni ihohsnflf fh shr nitrbfuonfbs hi _JNH hi ui fhsplomb. Abs hivåbs fh sbanontuf fh vbtb y vbtb pbr obrrhb fh hahoonbihs hstltlahs shjunrìi lsnjiìifbsh l ui fhsplomb _JNH, fhtlaalifb olfl hivåb obeb sh ml mhomb snheprh. ^ al rbtualonÿi fha fhsplomb sh fhtlaalrì hi als nistruoonbihs quh sh hivåli plrl olfl hahoonÿi. Al obrrhspbifhionl sh oalsngnol hi abs obithihfbrhs fh louhrfb obi al VL@AL FH OAL_NGNOLONßI ^ PBVXALONßI. Vbfls als Bgnonils fh al Phf fh`hi utnanzlr al `lifhkl eìs phquhül pbsn`ah shjûi ha vbauehi fh hivåbs (L, @ b O), nioauyhifb hi haals tbfbs abs hivåbs hxnsthiths (ibrelanzlfbs y ib ibrelanzlfbs) obi al gnilanflf fh bptnenzlr su usb hi ha trlispbrth. Vbfls als `lifhkls fh`hi onroualr sni tlpl. Ib sh pbfrìi utnanzlr plrl al obithihrnzlonÿi fh hivåbs ilonfbs hi al Bgnonil als `lifhkls fh obabr lzua, hxoausnvls plrl ha obrrhb NTO. Vbfbs abs hivåbs quh pbr su vbauehi ib quhpli hi al `lifhkl, fh`hi onroualr la fhsou`nhrtb. Tbfrìi obignjurlrsh oalsngnolonbihs hi olrrb b klual snheprh quh ha trlispbrth phrentl ha usb fh hstbs hahehitbs. Liths fh hitrhjlr tbfb ha obrrhb rhjnstrlfb y brfnilrnb la rhspbisl`ah fh al obifuoonÿi, sh fh`h vhrngnolr quh ib quhfl obrrhb lfentnfb phifnhith hi al Bgnonil. Obeb ornthrnb jhihrla, tbfb ha obrrhb lfentnfb fh`h slanr hi al prnehrl obifuoonÿi. Hitrhjlr als `lifhkls y olrrbs obithinhifb ha obrrhb la rhspbisl`ah fh al obifuoonÿi. Hxnsth hi _JNH, hi ha Ehiû; VPÌI_NVB; Thifnhiths slanfl, al pbsn`nanflf fh jrl`lr abs hivåbs rhjnstrlfbs lfentnfbs fhspuîs fh al slanfl fh al ûatnel rutl, plrl hi ui ebehitb flfb thihr uil hstlfåstnol gnl`ah fh abs hivåbs quh sh quhfli hi als bgnonils sni slanr hi al ghoml fh su lfensnÿi. Iuiol sh rhlanzlrì hstl jrl`lonÿi obi abs hivåbs lfentnfbs ha sì`lfb yl quh hstbs hivåbs ib sh hsphrli hi ha ohitrb mlstl ha auihs.
Hi al Bgnonil fh`h ml`hr uil prbvnsnÿi fh obithihfbrhs y olrrbs sugnonhith, lkustlfl l abs vbaûehihs fh lfensnÿi fh al Bgnonil.
L. Hahehitbs fh obithihrnzlonÿi Al obithihrnzlonÿi ml supuhstb; - Al hanenilonÿi fh slols y su sustntuonÿi pbr `lifhkls. - Al hanenilonÿi fh kuhjbs fh lrbs y al sustntuonÿi pbr pbr rnij fh `lifhkls. - Al hanenilonÿi fh kluals y su su sustntuonÿi pbr olrrbs trlspbrtlfbrhs.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?6<
hfntbrnla } ohp
-
Al lflptlonÿi prbjrhsnvl fh ehfnbs fh trlispbrth la iuhvb snsthel. Al ehkbrl fh als obifnonbihs fh trl`lkb plrl tbfbs abs trl`lklfbrhs trl`lklfbrhs hi jhihrla, y hsphoågnolehith, plrl ha phrsbila fhfnolfb l abs prbohsbs fh olrjl y fhsolrjl.
l. @lifhkls Als `lifhkls sbi fh paìstnob, obi fbs obabrhs obrpbrltnvbs (lelrnaab y lzua). _h obaboli hi ha hxpbsntbr obi ha alfb lelrnaab fh olrl la oalsngnolfbr, fnspbihi fh uil juål hi al plrth suphrnbr fha alfb lelrnaab plrl obabolr al htnquhtl nfhitngnoltnvl fha obithinfb. Vnhih gbrel fh trbiob pnrlenfla y fh fnshüb hrjbiÿenob, su `lsh hs eìs hstrhoml plrl glonantlr su hiolklfb y lpnalenhitb.
Hxnsthi trhs tnpbs;
?60
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
Hstls `lifhkls hstìi prbvnstls plrl su onhrrh fh tlpls quh prbthjhi ha obithinfb fh al suonhflf y hvntli quh sh fb`ahi abs hivåbs. Hs b`anjltbrnl su utnanzlonÿi plrl tbfls lquhaals `lifhkls quh fh`li trlispbrtlrsh pbr vål lîrhl, ibrelaehith hi obifuoonbihs ilonbilahs. Vle`nîi fnspbihi fh lahtls althrlahs l`ltn`ahs quh lyufli l sukhtlr al tlpl fh onhrrh. Hstls lahtls snrvhi fh lpbyb y hiolkh fh al `lifhkl suphrnbr hvntlifb quh sh fhsebrbihi oulifb hstìi ohrrlfls y lpnalfls jlrlitnzlifb uil elybr shjurnflf hi abs trlsalfbs. Abs tnpbs fh `lifhkls sbi phrghotlehith obepltn`ahs plrl su lpnalenhitb lflptìifbsh tbfls haals. Xil vhz vloåls plrl su lpnalenhitb, sh fh`hi l`ltnr als lahtls althrlahs fh onhrrh plrl quh hiolkhi uils hi btrls, ib ehzoalifb abs fnghrhiths tnpbs. - @lifhkls tnpb L, @, O. - Olrrb hxpbsntbr. - Olrrb pbrtl`lifhrls. - Olrrb trlispbrtlfbr.
`. Olrrb Vrlispbrt Vrlispbrtlfbr lfbr Ha olrrb trlispbrtlfbr hs ha hahehitb oalvh plrl al obisbanflonÿi, laelohilenhitb y trlispbrth fh `lifh kls. Hstì fbtlfb fh;
Olrrb Vrlispbrtlfbr
Hahehitbs; - Grhib fh hstlonbilenhitb. - Grhib fh elib an`rh. - Lsl hrjbiÿenol. - @abquhb fh fnrhoonÿi plrl 0 ruhfls jnrltbrnls. - Tltåi litnvuhaob. - Kuhjb fh hsanijls plrl sukhtlr al olrjl. _us prnionplahs guionbihs sbi; - Glonantlr ha trlsalfb nithrib fh `lifhkls hi als _lals fh Vrltlenhitb. - _hrvnr fh ehfnb fh trlispbrth hi als rutls. - Glonantlr ha trlispbrth fh `lifhkls mlstl abs euhaahs euhaahs fh olrjl y fhsolrjl _h olrlothrnzl pbr; - Vnhih ui phsb fh 6= cj - Oultrb ruhfls eÿvnahs. - Grhib fh elib an`rh (ûtna oulifb hstì hi ebvnenhitb).
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?6?
hfntbrnla } ohp
-
Grhib fh hstlonbilenhitb obi phfla litnvuhaob (ûtna oulifb hstì plrlfb). _nsthel shionaab fh lioalkh. Vrhi fh rbflkh quh phrenth phrenth ebvhr ebvhr obi glonanflf mlstl 684 cj Vnhih plrhfhs althrlahs hi abs alfbs obrtbs. Lajuibs olrrbs pbshhi rhf ehtìanol hi su plrth pbsthrnbr jlrlitnzlifb uil elybr shjurnflf. Al `lsh `lsh fha olrrb phrenth hiolklr abs trhs tnpbs fh `lifhkls. `lifhkls.
o. Olrrb hxpbsntbr Ha olrrb hxpbsntbr hs ha aujlr ilturla fbifh sh fhspanhjli als `lifhkls. Hs ui hahehitb ebfualr plrl obistntunr rnij `lifhkls. Threnth fhsolrjlr y oalsngnolr fnrhotlehith hi ha hxpbsntbr gbreltb galt (gnib) y jbrfb. Olplonflf fh <0 `lifhkls tnpb @.
Olrrb hxpbsntbr
f. Olrrb pbrtl`lif pbrtl`lifhkls hkls Ha olrrb pbrtl`lifhrls hs uil hsphonh fh olelrhrl plrl 6/7 `lifhkls la quh sh puhfh flr ui usb fnvhrsb. Olplonflf 6 `lifhkls.
?66
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
h. Obithihfbr pahjl`ah rhutnanzl`ah
g. Fhsrbtualonÿi y rbtualonÿi fh als uinflfhs fh olrjl Vbfl uinflf fh olrjl (klual, olrrntb, plaaht) trltlfl hi ha ìrhl Abjåstnol ml fh shr fhspbshåfl fh al htnquhtl obi al quh aahjÿ. Al htnquhtl shrì fhpbsntlfl hi al plphahrl, elithinhifb anepnb ha hitbrib fh trl`lkb, slavb quh ha olrrb b klual hi ouhstnÿi thijl lajuil nionfhionl. nionfhionl. Hi hsth olsb al htnquhtl shrì rhpbrtlfl, kuitb obi obi al nionfhionl, la rhspbisl`ah fha prbohsb.
Al htnquhtl fh olrrbs obi brnjhi hi btrls ìrhls b Xinflfhs fha OVL shrìi rhouphrlfls plrl su rhutnanzlonÿi pbsthrnbr. Fh oulaqunhr ebfb, ha olrrb b klual vloål snheprh quhflrì sni inijûi tnpb fh htnquhtl. Vbfl uinflf fh olrjl (klual, olrrntb b plaaht) quh sh obighoonbih hi abs fnstnitbs rnijs fh oalsngnolonÿi/ obisbanflonÿi fha ìrhl Abjåstnol hstlrì prbvnstl fh uil htnquhtl hi al quh sh hsphongnquh; - Brnjhi. - Ghoml. - Obithinfb. - Fhstnib. Al htnquhtl shrì puhstl hi al klual b olrrntb hi ha ebehitb fh sntulrab hi ha rnij, hs fhonr, liths fh obehizlr l fhpbsntlr prbfuotbs hi ha enseb. Al htnquhtl hs fh usb b`anjltbrnb, nifhphifnhithehith fha fhstnib fh al klual, olrrntb b rnij; btrb Ohitrb, ha ìrhl fh Trbfuoonÿi, btrl [bil fh al ensel ìrhl, hto. Tlrl ha htnquhtlfb sh puhfhi utnanzlr, lfheìs fha ebfb bgnonla fh htnquhtl fh olrrb b Klual (O<<) ebfhabs obighoonbilfbs nigbreìtnolehith b ehfnlith gbtbobpnls. Hi hsth olsb al hstruoturl fh al htnquhtl ml fh shr al ensel fha ebfhab bgnonla; enseb tlelüb, ensebs hpåjrlghs, ensebs olepbs, hto.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?68
hfntbrnla } ohp
?. AB_ OHIVPB_ FH VPLVLENHIV VPLVLENHIVB B Al abjåstnol mby hi fål tnhih uil nepbrtlionl vntla plrl als heprhsls. Al Lsbonlonÿi Grliohsl fh Abjåstnol al fhgnih obeb ‑ha obikuitb fh lotnvnflfhs quh tnhihi pbr b`khtb obabolr la eåineb obstb uil olitnflf fhthrenilfl fh prbfuotb hi ha aujlr y ebehitb quh hs fheliflfl―. Ib tbfbs abs ohitrbs abjåstnobs fh Obrrhbs tnhihi hiobehiflfls als ensels guionbihs in abs ensebs jrlfbs fh lutbeltnzlonÿi.
?.< ?. < OHI VPB FH VPLV VPLVLEN LEN HIVB TB_VLA ( OV T ) Ibrelaehith hstls uinflfhs ib ouhitli obi ehfnbs lutbeìtnobs fh oalsngnolonÿi. _u guionÿi prnionpla hs hiolenilr ha obrrhb mlonl su OVL hstruoturlifb ha obrrhb hi guionÿi fh abs prbjrlels fh oalsngnolonÿi fh fnomb ohitrb. Ouhitli obi uil Xinflf fh Trbfuotbs Phjnstrlfbs plrl ha obitrba fh tbfbs abs hivåbs fh su prbvnionl, sn `nhi hstls guionbihs hi lajuils prbvnionls sbi lsuenfls pbr ha OVL fh rhghrhionl. Hi al lotulanflf hxnsthi ?7 ohitrbs fh hsth tnpb.
?.0 ?. 0 OHI VPB_ FH LFEN _Nß I EL_ NW NWL L ( OL E ) Obeb su prbpnb ibe`rh nifnol sbi abs ohitrbs hiolrjlfbs fh lfentnr abs jrlifhs gaukbs fh obrrhb lså obeb obitrbalr tbfls als rhalonbihs y la`lrlihs fh hitrhjl plrl su jrl`lonÿi. Tuhfhi hxnstnr fh gbrel lutÿibel, hi jrlifhs ilvhs b nithjrlfbs fhitrb fh abs hfngnonbs fh abs OVL.
?.? ?. ? AB_ OHI VPB_ FH VPLV VPLVLEN LEN HIVB LXVB ELVN[LFB (OVL ) Abs OVL fh Obrrhbs sbi abs ohitrbs pbr fbifh sh nithrole`nl tbfb ha obrrhb fhphifnhith fh sus prbvnionls. Hsth trltlenhitb sh rhlanzl hi su elybr plrth fh gbrel lutbeltnzlfl. _us guionbihs prnebrfnlahs sbi; - Vrltlenhitb fha obrrhb lutbeltnzl`ah fh hitrlfl y slanfl. - Obisbanflonÿi/fhsobisbanflonÿi fh prbfuotbs rhjnstrlfbs. - Taltlgbrel abjåstnol zbila.
L. Anstlfb fh OV OVL L Hi al lotulanflf hxnsthi hstbs OVL; [B I L
OVL _litnljb fh Obepbsthal
[bil < Wlaalfbanf
Bvnhfb
?67
TPBWNIONL_ FHTHIFNHIVH_ L Obruül Aujb Brhish Tbithvhfrl Wlaalfbanf Ìvnal @urjbs _hjbvnl _laleliol, Tlahionl [lebrl Ahÿi Lsturnls
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
Wntbrnl @na`lb [bil 0 [lrljbzl
@lrohabil Obaÿi [bil ?
[bil 6
@lrohabil
Elfrnf
Lanolith [bil 8
Wlahionl @lahlrhs Jrlilfl Eìaljl
[bil 7 _hvnaal
[bil :
Als Tlaels _litl Oruz fh fh Vh Vhihrngh
Ìalvl Olitl`rnl Junpûzobl Pnbkl @na`lb [lrljbzl Ilvlrrl Muhsol Muhsol _brnl Vhruha @lrohabil Olpntla @lrohabil prbvnionl Jnrbil Aahnfl Vlrrljbil. Onuflf Phla Ouhiol La`lohth Vbahfb Julflalklrl Elfrnf Olpntla Elfrnf Trbvnionl Lanolith Euronl Wlahionl Olsthaaÿi @lahlrhs Laehrål Jrlilfl Klîi Eìaljl, Ehanaal _hvnaal Muhavl Oìfnz Ohutl Oÿrfb`l Jrli Olilrnl _litl Oruz fh fh Vhihrngh
@. Ìrhls Als ìrhls y su`ìrhls fha Ohitrb ib sbi uinflfhs hstliols, snib quh tbfls haals fh uil u btrl elihrl sh rhalonbili. Als Ìrhls Abjåstnol y fh Trbfuoonÿi tnhihi uil jrli rhalonÿi; tbfbs abs hivåbs trltlfbs hi ha Ìrhl fh Trbfuoonÿi tnhihi su slanfl fha Ohitrb l trlvîs fha Ìrhl Abjåstnol, uil plrth nepbrtlith fh abs prbfuotbs aahjlfbs la Ìrhl Abjåstnol fh`hrìi shr trltlfbs hi ha ìrhl fh Trbfuoonÿi, hto.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?6:
hfntbrnla } ohp
Als zbils fh trltlenhitb lutbeìtnob y eliula fha Ìrhl fh Trbfuoonÿi hstìi euy rhalonbilfls, yl quh al zbil fh eliula fh`h shr obepahehitlrnl fh al fh lutbeltnzlonÿi. Abs hivåbs fh`hi aahjlr fhsfh ha Ìrhl Abjåstnol l al zbil fh lutbeltnzlonÿi y, shrì hstl al ûatnel, al quh gnatrh abs hivåbs quh ib puhfhi shr trltlfbs lutbeìtnolehith plrl hiolenilrabs obi gaunfhz l al zbil fh eliula. Vbfbs abs OVL sh obepbihi fh fbs jrlifhs ìrhls;
l. [bil fh abjåstnol Hs ha hsplonb pbr ha quh sh prbfuohi als hitrlfls y slanfls fh tbfbs abs prbfuotbs quh vli l shr trltlfbs hi ha Ohitrb. Hs uil zbil hi al quh eìs quh trltlr abs prbfuotbs, sh obisbanfli b fhsobisbanfli plrl hiolenilrabs mlonl su aujlr fh trltlenhitb b fnstrn`uonÿi. Ha ìrhl fh Phf Abjåstnol hstì nepuaslifb uil iuhvl brjlinzlonÿi nithril hi abs OVL. Lså, yl sh mli elrolfb hi ha suhab abs olrrnahs b olaahs plrl al onroualonÿi fh als trlsplahtls y hepahlfbs, y plrl fhgninr als ìrhls fh trl`lkb sh mli rhfnshülfb abs puitbs fh slanfl, abs aalelfbs ‑rnij―, prbvnionlahs, abolahs y ilonbilahs, plrl al obrrhspbifhionl brfnilrnl, ohrtngnolfl y plquhthrål. Lfheìs, sh ml aahvlfb l ol`b al obabolonÿi fh al iuhvl rbtualonÿi y olrthahrål obrrhspbifnhiths plrl olfl ìrhl fha ohitrb y plrl als obifuoonbihs. Vbfb hsth iuhvb alybut hstì thinhifb uil jrli lohptlonÿi hitrh abs hepahlfbs, yl quh glonantl als plutls fh trl`lkb, ha brfhi y al nfhitngnolonÿi fh abs hsplonbs fbifh sh hghotûli tbfbs abs prbohsbs.
`. Ha ìrhl fh Trbfuoonÿi Hs ha hsplonb hi ha quh rhlaehith sh rhlanzl ha trltlenhitb fh abs hivåbs pbstlahs quh plsli pbr ha ohitrb. Vnhih l su vhz vlrnls su`ìrhls quh sbi;
• Xinflf fh Trbfuotbs Brfnilrnbs (XTB) Xinflf fh Trbfuotbs Brfnilrnbs Ìrhl fh Oalsngnolonÿi Lutbeìtnol OGO (`uzbihs) Aåihl ibrelanzlfb (NPW+G_E) Aåihl ib ibrelanzlfb VBT (Galt) _OJ (_nsthel fh oalsngnolonÿi fh jbrfb)
Ìrhl Eliula NTO* Hivåbs brfnilrnbs* Hivåbs fhvuhatbs*
*_h brjlinzli lthifnhifb la fhstnib gnila fh abs hivåbs (abola, prbvnionla, Ilonbila, zbila h nithrilonbila).
• Xinflf fh Trbfuotbs Phjnstrlfbs (XTP) Al Xinflf fh Trbfuotbs Phjnstrlfbs hs al hiolrjlfl fhitrb fha OVL fh al rhohponÿi, obitrba, oalsngnolonÿi y hiolenilenhitb fh tbfbs abs hivåbs rhjnstrlfbs lså obeb ha obitrba fh ibtngnolonbihs. Phonhithehith sh ml prbohfnfb l al hanenilonÿi fh al obighoonÿi fh fhsplombs pbr als XTP, obi ab quh sh prhthifh ehkbrlr al trlzl`nanflf fh abs hivåbs, la enseb tnhepb quh rhfuonr als tlrhls ihohslrnls quh fh`hi fhslrrbaalr abs hepahlfbs fh als bgnonils hi ha trltlenhitb fh abs hivåbs, tlitb ilonfbs hi al ensel bgnonil obeb phifnhiths fh rhon`nr fhsfh ui Ohitrb fh Vrltlenhitb. Al prnionpla ibvhflf obisnsth hi quh als bgnonils ib fh`hrìi rhlanzlr fhsplombs fh abs hivåbs ilonfbs, in rhon`nrìi fhsfh abs ohitrbs fh trltlenhitb abs hivåbs ljruplfbs hi fhsplombs. Hstl prnehrl glsh sbab laolizl l abs ebvnenhitbs fh hivåbs hitrh ohitrbs fh trltlenhitb (Xinflfhs fh Trbfuotbs Phjnstrlfbs-XTP) y uinflfhs fh hitrhjl b lfensnÿi, quhflifb plrl ui shjuifb fhslrrbaab ha ebvnenhitb fh hivåbs hitrh uinflfhs fh lfensnÿi b hitrhjl (Bgnonils /XP/X_H). Al iuhvl guionbilanflf sh `lsl hi quh, hi ha ebehitb fh al lfensnÿi fha hivåb hi NPN_ (snheprh ml`alebs fh hivåbs rhjnstrlfbs) y lyufìifbsh fh al nigbrelonÿi obithinfl hi al lpanolonÿi
?6=
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
Elhstrb, pbfhebs obibohr ha hiolenilenhitb quh fh`h shjunr ha hivåb y als uinflfhs pbr als quh fh`h plslr, fhsfh al uinflf fh lfensnÿi mlstl al uinflf fh hitrhjl. Ha hsquhel fh guionbilenhitb hs obeb snjuh; <) Ha hivåb hs lfentnfb hi al Bgnonil. Fhsfh hsh ebehitb _JNH yl obiboh al uinflf fh fhstnib y als fnghrhiths uinflfhs pbr als quh fh`hrì plslr. Al bgnonil ib lsnjil ha hivåb l inijûi fhsplomb, snib quh ab obithihrnzl sni eìs rhqunsntbs. Tbr ab tlitb, ib neprnenebs fhsplombs in elpbihs. 0) Al XTP fh brnjhi hsphrl hi su _JNH ha hivåb. _bab lplrhoh hi ha oulfrb fh elifb elifb fh hstl uinflf. Oulifb pnstbahl ha hivåb, fhslplrhoh fh su oulfrb fh elifb y lplrhoh hi ha oulfrb fh elifb fh al snjunhith uinflf, quh hi h sth hkhepab mhebs fhibenilfb XTP fh fhstnib. ?) Oulifb al XTP fh fhstnib pnstbahl ha oÿfnjb fha hivåb , fhslplrhoh fh su oulfrb fh elifb y lplrhohrì obeb phifnhith fh rhohponÿi hi ha oulfrb fh elifb fh al snjunhith uinflf, quh hs al Bgnonil quh rhlanzlrì al hitrhjl la oanhith. 6) Tbr ûatneb, oulifb al bgnonil ab lsnjih lsnjih la laeloîi fh _JNH obrrhspbifnhith, ha hivåb fhslplrhoh fhslplrhoh fh su oulfrb fh elifb. Vbfbs hstbs plsbs mli jhihrlfb abs hvhitbs obrrhspbifnhiths hi abs snsthels, fhklifb al trlzl fha hivåb. Tlrl ha olsb fh abs hivåbs rhjn strlfbs ilonfbs, al bgnonil ib thifrì quh mlohr ilfl fnghrhith l ab quh yl vhiål mlonhifb, slavb ab yl obehitlfb hi rhalonÿi obi al suprhsnÿi fh fhsplombs y elpbihs
O. Hsquhe Hsquhell fh ui OV OVL L
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?6>
hfntbrnla } ohp
?.6 ?. 6 BGN ONI L FH OLE@N B ELFP NF - @LPLKL_ ( B OL ) Bgnonil Nithrilonbila nithjrlfl hi ha Ìrhl fh Bphrlonbihs Nithrilonbilahs fh al Fnrhoonÿi fh Bphrlonbihs. Al Bgnonil fh Ole`nb Elfrnf @lrlkls hstì obepuhstl pbr;
L. O.V O.V.N.@lrlk .N.@lrlkls ls Al brjlinzlonÿi fha ohitrb sh hstruoturl hi fbs ihjbonlfbs; - Phohponÿi y hitrhjl; su prnionpla guionÿi hs ha obitrba fh als hxphfnonbihs fha obrrhb tlitb fh slanfl obeb fh aahjlfl. - Hxpbrtlonÿi/nepbrtlonÿi; º Vrltlenhitb fh olrtls prnbrntlrnls fh hxpbrtlonÿi; fhfnolfb fhfnolfb l al lphrturl, oalsngnolonÿi y prhplrlonÿi fh fhsplombs. º Lphrturl obrrhb ib NTO brfnilrnb nepbrtlonÿi. º Lphrturl obrrhb ohrtngnolfb fh nepbrtlonÿi.
@. O.O.T. O.O.T. @lrlkls Ohitrb fh trl`lkb fhfnolfb la trltlenhitb y oalsngnolonÿi eholinzlfb fha obrrhb nithrilonbila. Ha phrsbila y ha trl`lkb sh brjlinzli hi fnghrhiths ihjbonlfbs; - Hxpbrtlonÿi fh olrtls ib ib prnbrntlrnls; trltlenhitb fh hstbs hivåbs obi fhstnib oulaqunhr plås fha euifb. - Oalsngnolonÿi hivåbs rhjnstrlfbs nepbrtlonÿi. - Hxpbrtlonÿi fh plquhthrål; jhstnbil abs hivåbs fh plquhthrål obi brnjhi hi Hsplül y obi fhstnib ha hxtrlikhrb. - Oalsngnolonÿi eholinzlfl; eholinzlfl; trltlenhitb trltlenhitb fh tbfb tnpb fh hivåb nepbrtlfb ouyls ouyls olrlothråstnols olrlothråstnols fh phsb y tlelüb phrentl shr eholinzlfb, rhlanzlifb uil oalsngnolonÿi l OVL š ilonbilahs.
-
Ihjbonlfb fh lpbyb; fhstnilfb l flr lpbyb y sbpbrth la rhstb fh ihjbonlfbs fh gbrel obepahobepahehitlrnl; º HE_ fbouehitbs. º Jrl`lonÿi Ghfhx. º Jrl`lonÿi Phhe`basb. º Obitrba plrl gloturlonÿi. º Olanflf Obitrbahs nithribs; - NTO Hxpbrtlonÿi; Hxpbrtlonÿi; tbfb hivåb rhon`nfb liths fh als 46;44m, fh`h ourslrsh ourslrsh enseb enseb fål. - NTO Nepbrtlonÿi; Nepbrtlonÿi; tbfb hivåb rhon`nfb mlstl als <7;44m ml fh ourslrsh ourslrsh liths fh als <7;68m. - HE_ Hxpbrtlonÿi; al obrrhspbifhionl rhon`nfl hi ha fål ml ml fh ourslrsh liths fh als 46;?4m fha fål snjunhith. - HE_ Nepbrtlonÿi; ûatneb onhrrh l als <:;?4m. - HTJ Nepbrtlonÿi; ûatneb onhrrh l als <:;?4m. _nsthels nigbreìtnobs; _NOHP, MBPX_, MX@, OLTH, TBPVLA FHA ELIFB.
?84
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
6. PHF FH VPLI VPLI_TB _TBPVH_ PVH_ 6.< PHF H_ FH VPLI _TBPVH Xib fh abs hahehitbs nepbrtliths fh al olfhil abjåstnol pbstla hs al rhf fh trlispbrths, quh sh hstruoturl hi 6 su`rhfhs.
L. Al Phf Vrbiola b Nithrzbila Phf fh ìe`ntb ilonbila quh snrvh plrl ha trlispbrth fh abs hivåbs nithrzbilahs. _us prnionplahs hahehitbs sbi;
l. Phf hi hstrhaal brnjhi Elfrnf Xih Elfrnf, prbvnionl obi elybr vbauehi fh lfensnÿi, obi abs prnionplahs Ohitrbs Tbstlahs fha Tlås; OVL„s y btrbs Ohitrbs fh al phrnghrnl.
`. Phf hi l`linob brnjhi @lrohabil Xih @lrohabil, shjuifl prbvnionl pbr vbauehi fh lfensnÿi, obi abs prnionplahs Ohitrbs Tbstlahs fha Tlås; OVL„s y btrbs Ohitrbs fh al phrnghrnl.
o. Phf phrngîrnol/trlisvh phrngîrnol/trlisvhrsla rsla Xih Ohitrbs fh al phrnghrnl sni plslr pbr Elfrnf b @lrohabil.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?8<
hfntbrnla } ohp
f. Phf Xrjhith Iboturil (PXI) Phf rìpnfl obi Mu` hi Elfrnf quh jlrlitnzl al olanflf F+< plrl als rhalonbihs hi als quh ha rhstb fh rhfhs ib al obisnjuhi.
@. Als A ls Phfhs [bilahs Phfhs fh ìe`ntb zbila quh uihi, pbr ab jhihrla, la OVL obi olfl uib fh abs OVT„s fh al [bil. Hxnsth uil rhf fh hsth tnpb hi olfl [bil.
O. Als Phfhs Trbvnionla Trbvnionlahs hs Phfhs fh ìe`ntb prbvnionla quh uihi olfl uib fh abs OVL„s b OVT„s obi als fnstnitls Bgnonils fh al Trbvnionl. Hxnsth uil rhf fh hsth tnpb hi olfl Trbvnionl.
F. Als Phfhs Abolahs Phfhs fh ìe`ntb ur`lib quh rhobjhi `uzbihs b uihi Ohitrbs u Bgnonils abolanzlfls fhitrb fh al ensel abolanflf hi olsb fh hxnstnr vlrnls.
?80
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
Phf
Fhgninonÿi Phf fh ìe`ntb ilonbila quh snrvh plrl ha trlispbrth fh hivåbs nithrzbilahs
Hahehitbs - Phf hstrhaal obi brnjhi hi Elfrnf
- Xih @lrohabil obi Phf fh l`linob obi brnjhi @lrohabil abs prnionplahs Ohitrbs Tbstlahs Phf Vrbiola b Nithrzbila
PHF FH VPLI_TBPVH FH OBPPHB_
Phfhs [bilahs. Phfhs Trbvnionlahs. Phfhs Abolahs.
Phf phrngîrnol/trlisvhrsla
Xih ohitrbs fh al phrnghrnl sni plslr pbr Elfrnf b @lrohabil
Phf Xrjhith Iboturil (PXI)
Phf rìpnfl obi mu` hi Elfrnf quh jlrlitnzl al olanflf F+< plrl als rhalonbihs hi als quh ha rhstb fh rhfhs ib al obisnjuhi
Phfhs fh ìe`ntb zbila quh uihi, pbr ab jhihrla, la OVL obi olfl uib fh abs VOT fh al zbil Phfhs fh ìe`ntb prbvnionla quh uihi olfl uib fh abs OVL b OVT, obi als fnstnitls Bgnonils fh al Trbvnionl Phfhs fh ìe`ntb ur`lib quh rhobjhi `uzbihs b uihi Ohitrbs u Bgnonils abolanzlfls fhitrb fh al ensel abolanflf hi olsb fh hxnstnr vlrnls. Oulfrb rhsuehi Phfhs fh Vrlispbrth.
8. AL A L OLP OLPJL JL FH WHMÅ WHMÅOXAB OXAB _ Hi al olrjl fh abs vhmåouabs mhebs fh shr hsphonlaehith ounflfbsbs l al mbrl fh obighoonbilr abs fnstnitbs lplrtlfbs, yl quh ha ebvnenhitb fha prbpnb vhmåouab puhfh mlohr quh sh ehzoahi. Als `lifhkls plrl ui enseb fhstnib fh`hi olrjlrsh kuitls yl quh, la shr lpnal`ahs, lshjurli ehkbr su sukhonÿi la tnhepb quh ibs puhfhi shrvnr fh `lrrhrl shplrlfbrl fh olrjls. Mly quh prhstlr hsphonla lthionÿi l abs hivåbs quh onrouali la fhsou`nhrtb. La njula quh hi al obisbanflonÿi fh kluals, olrrbs y plaaht, abs hivåbs grìjnahs mly quh rhshrvlrabs plrl quh shli olrjlfbs la gnila. _u u`nolonÿi hi al plrth suphrnbr fh al olrjl, l ebfb fh junifl fha plstha, hvntlrì su fhthrnbrb pbr lpalstlenhitb.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?8?
hfntbrnla } ohp
8.< WHMÅOX AB_ OBIVHIHP N[LFB_ HI KLXAL _, OLPPNVB_ B TLAAHV _ Al olrjl fh hstbs vhmåouabs hs eìs gìona fh rhlanzlr. Ib b`stlith, ml`rì quh thihr hi ouhitl; - Al lfhoulfl lfhoulfl obabolonÿi fh als kluals, olrrntbs olrrntbs b plaahts hi abs vhmåouabs. - \uh als uinflfhs fh olrjl, kluals, olrrntbs b plaahts onrouahi lprbvhomlfbs la eìxneb, slavb quh ib hxnstl eìs olrjl plrl hsh fhstnib. - \uh abs plaahts olrjlfbs thijli sugnonhith obisnsthionl plrl quh ljulithi ha vnlkh b quh sugrli fhsebrbilenhitb. Hi olsb obitrlrnb ml`rì quh rhgbrzlrabs ehfnlith gahkh fh paìstnob b nioausb trlvlslrabs l kluals b olrrntbs. - \uh ha obifuotbr fh al rutl oniomh als kluals b olrrntbs olfl onhrtb trhomb trhomb plrl jlrlitnzl quh al olrjl ib sh fhspaloh. Hi bolsnbihs, ib ol`hi tbfls als kluals, plaahts y olrrbs quh thihebs plrl uil rutl. Hi hsh olsb sh prbohfh l rhguifnr ha obithinfb fh fbs kluals b olrrbs hi uib, snheprh rhlanzlifb rhguifnonbihs aÿjnols. _h rhshrvlrìi abs hivåbs grìjnahs kuitb l al puhrtl fha vhmåouab quh rhlanzlrì al rutl plrl shr olrjlfb hi al plrth suphrnbr fh al olrjl. Xil vhz obighoonbilfbs abs olrrntbs b kluals fh plquhthrål sh prbohfhrì nihxousl`ahehith l ohrrlr als olfhils b hsanijls fh hstbs hahehitbs fh trlispbrth plrl hvntlr ha fhspalzlenhitb fh abs hivåbs furlith ha trlyhotb. Hi olsb fh abs olrrbs b kluals quh ib fnspbijli fh olfhils b hsanijls, b fh prhshitlr fhthrnbrb als ensels, sh prbohfhrì l rhtrlotnalr ha olrrb b klual liths fh sntulrabs hi ha laeloîi fh slanfl.
8.0 8. 0 TPN BPNFLF HI HA OXP_ B FH TPBFX OVB_ Hi bolsnbihs euy puitulahs thifrhebs glatl fh olplonflf hi ha vhmåouab quh rhlanzl uil rutl, l phslr fh ml`hr rhlanzlfb lajuil rhguifnonÿi aÿjnol fh als hxpanolfls lithrnbrehith. Hi hstbs olsbs hs nepbrtlith thihr oalrls als prnbrnflfhs fh oursbs, hstls sbi; - Trbfuotbs urjhiths. - NTO. - Olrtls ohrtngnolfls. - Olrtls brfnilrnls ibrelanzlfls y prhsl fnlrnl. - Olrtl brfnilrnls GALV. - Tlq Trhenue/Tlq Hstìiflr y Tlquhths Lzuahs. - Olrtls fh oanhith elsnvb. - @ìsnol eliula. - Tu`anobrrhb. - Fhvbauonbihs.
8.? 8. ? IBP EL_ OBEXIH_ TLPL TLPL AL OBIGH OONßI FH KLX AL_, OLPPB_ ^ TLAAHV -
?86
Obeb ibrel jhihrla als `lifhkls sh ourslrìi hi olrrbs olrrbs plrl quh onrouahi onrouahi hiolstrlfls. Vbfls als `lifhkls shrìi olrjlfls hi ha olrrb hiolrlfls hiolrlfls obi al olrl hi al quh gnjurl al htnquhtl mlonl al plrth l`nhrtl fha olrrb. _nheprh quh ha vbauehi y al olplonflf fh fh abs vhmåouabs ab phrentli sh obighoonbilrìi obithihobithihfbrhs elybrhs (kluals, `lifhkls, b plaahts) hxoausnvbs plrl `lifhkls, plquhthrål y olrjls l jrliha (rhsphtlifb als shjrhjlonbihs fh prbfuotbs).
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
-
-
Al olrjl fhpbsntlfl hi oulaqunhr obithihfbr elybr ib fh`h sb`rhslanr fh abs aåenths fh hsth plrl bptnenzlr ha trlispbrth. Obeb ibrel jhihrla l al mbrl fh obighoonbilr kluals olrrbs b plaahts, euy hsphonlaehith hi ha olsb fh al plquhthrål, u`nolrhebs als olrjls eìs phslfls hi al plrth nighrnbr fh abs ensebs. Tlrl obishjunr hsth gni; º Vrltlrhebs hi prnehr aujlr als rhehsls fh hivåbs phslfbs hi al ehfnfl fh ab pbsn`ah. º Lplrtlrhebs hi prnehr aujlr als rhehsls fh hivåbs phslfbs hi al ehfnfl fh ab pbsn`ah. º Lplrtlrhebs y rhshrvlrhebs abs hivåbs grìjnahs plrl shr obabolfbs hi al plrth suphrnbr fh al klual, olrrb b plaaht. Abs olrrbs fh`hi onroualr obi als hsanijls l`rbomlfls, als kluals obi als olfhils homlfls y abs plaahts obrrhotlehith rhtrlotnalfbs. Vbfb olrrb klual b plaaht obighoonbilfb shrì rbtualfb obi al htnquhtl obrrhspbifnhith obi al nifnolonÿi fh; º Ha ohitrb fh brnjhi. º Ha ohitrb fh fhstnib. º Al ghoml. º Ha prbfuotb trlispbrtlfb hi su olsb.
8.6 IBP EL_ OBEXI H_ TLPL AL OLPJL FH WHM ÅOX AB_ Ha Ìrhl Abjåstnol hs ha prnionpla rhspbisl`ah fh bptnenzlr als rutls fh trlispbrth. _bab oulifb hi ha vhmåouab quh rhlanzl uil rutl shl sugnonhith plrl trlispbrtlr al tbtlanflf fh al olrjl fnspbin`ah hi ha Ìrhl Abjåstnol plrl hsl rutl (l al mbrl fh slanfl fh hstl), pbfrhebs lshjurlr quh abs hivåbs trlispbrtlfbs pbfrìi ouepanr obi abs obeprbensbs fh shrvnonb obeprbehtnfbs obi iuhstrbs oanhiths. Tlrl obishjunr hsth b`khtnvb hs nepbrtlith; - Olrjlr als uinflfhs fh trlispbrth (kluals b olrrbs) obepahtbs, slavb quh thijlebs olplonflf hxohfhihxohfhitlrnl fh trlispbrth. - Pholrjlr mlstl obepahehitlr lquhaals uinflfhs fh trlispbrth (olrrbs b kluals) quh ib ibs aahjuhi obepahtls. - Fhsmlohr abs plaahts phquhübs h nioaunr su obithinfb hi als kluals b olrrbs quh obrrhspbifl. - Phlanzlr uil rhguifnonÿi aÿjnol fh als hxpanolfls lithrnbrehith hi olsb fh glatl fh olplonflf.
8.8 TPBVBOBAB_ FH OLPJL FH WHM ÅOX AB_ Ha Ìrhl Abjåstnol hs tle`nîi al prnionpla rhspbisl`ah fh quh sh ouepal hsth prbtbobab, quh tnhih pbr gnilanflf jlrlitnzlr quh abs vhmåouabs quh slahi fha OVL ib sb`rhplshi al olrjl eìxnel lutbrnzlfl y hstl`ahonfl plrl olfl vhmåouab pbr ha gl`rnolith. Fh hstl gbrel ibs lshjurlebs fh quh; - _h ouepah ouepah obi obi al ibreltnvl fh onroualonÿi onroualonÿi y trlispbrth trlispbrth pbr olrrhthrl. - _h ouepah obi al Ahy fh fh Trhvhionÿi fh Pnhsjbs Al`brlahs.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?88
hfntbrnla } ohp
7. ELINTXALONßI ELINTXAL ONßI FH OLPJL_ 7.< 7. < AL ELI NTXA LONßI ELIX LA FH OLPJL_ HI AL AH^ FH TPHWHIONßI FH PNH_JB_ AL@BPLAH_ Al Ahy ?>8, fh = fh ibvnhe`rh, fh Trhvhionÿi fh Pnhsjbs Al`brlahs, fhthrenil ha ouhrpb `ìsnob fh jlrlitåls y rhspbisl`nanflfhs prhonsb plrl hstl`ahohr ui lfhoulfb invha fh prbthoonÿi fh al slauf fh abs trl`lklfbrhs grhith l abs rnhsjbs fhrnvlfbs fh als obifnonbihs fh trl`lkb, hi ha elrob fh uil pbaåtnol obmhrhith, obbrfnilfl y hgnolz. _hjûi ha lrtåouab 7, shrìi als ibrels rhjalehitlrnls als quh nrìi gnklifb y obiorh_bi als ibrels fh fhslrrbaab tlifb abs lsphotbs eìs tîoinobs fh als ehfnfls prhvhitnvls. rhjalehitlrnb als quh fh`hi gnklr Hitrh als ibrels fh fhslrrbaab rhjalehitlrnb sh hiouhitrli als ehfnfls eåinels quh fh`hi als fhstnilfls l jlrlitnzlr quh fh al elinpualonÿi eliula lfbptlrsh plrl al lfhoulfl fh olrjls ib sh fhrnvhi rnhsjbs, hi plrtnoualr fbrsbaue`lrhs, prbthoonÿi fh abs trl`lklfbrhs. plrl abs trl`lklfbrhs. Hstls ibrels rhjalehitlrnls; - _h lkustlrìi, hi tbfb olsb, l abs prnionpnbs fh pbaåtnol prhvhitnvl hstl`ahonfbs hi al Ahy ?>8. - Elithifrìi al fh`nfl obbrfnilonÿi obi al ibreltnvl ibreltnvl slintlrnl slintlrnl y fh shjurnflf nifustrnla. nifustrnla. - _hrìi b`khtb fh hvlaulonÿi, y hi su olsb, fh rhvnsnÿi phrnÿfnol, fh louhrfb obi al hxphrnhionl hi su lpanolonÿi y ha prbjrhsb fh al tîoinol. Hi ha lrtåouab 7 fh al Ahy fh Trhvhionÿi fh Pnhsjbs Al`brlahs sh hstl`ahoh hsphoågnolehith quh ha Jb`nhrib, l trlvîs fh als obrrhspbifnhiths ibrels rhjalehitlrnls y prhvnl obisuatl l als brjlinzlonbihs snifnolahs y heprhslrnlahs eìs rhprhshitltnvls, rhjualrì als elthrnls quh l obitniulonÿi sh rhalonbili; l) Phqunsntbs eåinebs quh fh`hi rhuinr als obifnonbihs fh trl`lkb plrl al prbthoonÿi fh al shjurnflf y al slauf fh abs trl`lklfbrhs. `) Anentlonbihs b prbmn`nonbihs quh lghotlrìi l als bphrlonbihs, bphrlonbihs, abs prbohsbs y als hxpbsnonbihs al`brlahs l ljhiths quh hitrlühi rnhsjbs plrl al shjurnflf y al slauf fh abs trl`lklfbrhs. Hsphoågnolehith pbfrì hstl`ahohrsh ha sbehtnenhitb fh hstbs prbohsbs u bphrlonbihs l trìenths fh obitrba lfeninstrltnvb, lså obeb, hi ha olsb fh ljhiths phanjrbsbs, al prbmn`nonÿi fh su hepahb. o) Obifnonbihs b rhqunsntbs hsphonlahs plrl oulaqunhrl fh abs supuhstbs obithepalfbs hi ha lplrtlfb lithrnbr, tlahs obeb al hxnjhionl fh ui lfnhstrlenhitb b gbrelonÿi prhvnl b al hal`brlonÿi h al`brlonÿi fh ui pali hi ha quh sh obithijli als ehfnfls prhvhitnvls l lfbptlr. f) Trbohfnenhitbs fh hvlaulonÿi fh abs rnhsjbs plrl plrl al slauf fh abs trl`lklfbrhs, ibrelanzlonÿi fh ehtbfbabjåls y juåls fh lotulonÿi prhvhitnvl. h) Ebflanflfhs fh brjlinzlonÿi, guionbilenhitb y obitrba fh abs shrvnonbs fh prhvhionÿi, obisnfhrlifb als phouanlrnflfhs fh als phquhüls heprhsls obi ha gni fh hvntlr b`stìouabs niihohslrnbs plrl su orhlonÿi y fhslrrbaab, lså obeb olplonflfhs y lptntufhs quh fh`li rhuinr abs ehionbilfbs shrvnonbs y abs trl`lklfbrhs fhsnjilfbs plrl fhslrrbaalr al loonÿi prhvhitnvl. g) Obifnonbihs fh trl`lkb trl`lkb b ehfnfls prhvhitnvls hsphoågnols hi trl`lkbs hsphonlaehith hsphonlaehith phanjrbsbs, hi plrtnoualr sn plrl abs ensebs hstìi prhvnstbs obitrbahs eîfnobs hsphonlahs, b oulifb sh prhshithi rnhsjbs fhrnvlfbs fh fhthrenilfls olrlothråstnols b sntulonbihs hsphonlahs fh a bs trl`l klfbrhs. j) Trbohfnenhitb fh olangnolonÿi fh als highrehflfhs prbghsnbilahs, lså obeb obeb rhqunsntbs y prbohfnenhitbs plrl al obeuinolonÿi h nigbrelonÿi l al lutbrnflf obephthith fh abs flübs fhrnvlfbs fha trl`lkb.
?87
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
7.0 GLOVBPH_ \XH BOL_N BILI PNH _JB_ FBP _BA XE@ LPH_ FHP NW NWLFB_ LFB_ FH AL ELINTXALONßI ELIXLA FH OLPJL_ L. Olrlothråstnols fh al olrjl Al elinpualonÿi eliula fh uil olrjl puhfh prhshitlr ui rnhsjb, hi plrtnoualr fbrsbaue`lr, hi abs olsbs snjunhiths; - Oulifb al olrjl hs fhelsnlfb phslfl b fhelsnlfb jrlifh. - Oulifb hs vbauenibsl b fngåona fh sukhtlr. - Oulifb hstì hi hqunan`rnb nihstl`ah b su obithinfb obrrh ha rnhsjb fh fhspalzlrsh. - Oulifb hstì obabolfl fh tla ebfb quh fh`h sbsthihrsh b elinpualrsh l fnstlionl fha trbiob b obi tbrsnÿi b nioanilonÿi fh hsth. - Oulifb al olrjl, fh`nfb l su lsphotb lsphotb hxthrnbr b l su obisnsthionl, puhfh bolsnbilr ahsnbihs la trl`lklfbr, hi plrtnoualr hi olsb fh jbaph.
@. Hsguhrzb gåsnob ihohslrnb Xi hsguhrzb gåsnob puhfh hitrlülr ui rnhsjb, hi plrtnoualr fbrsbaue`lr, hi abs olsbs snjunhiths; - Oulifb hs fhelsnlfb nepbrtlith. - Oulifb ib puhfh rhlanzlrsh eìs quh pbr ui ebvnenhitb fh tbrsnÿi b fh gahxnÿi fha trbiob. - Oulifb puhfh lolrrhlr ui ebvnenhitb `rusob fh al olrjl. - Oulifb sh rhlanzl enhitrls ha ouhrpb hstì hi pbsnonÿi nihstl`ah. - Oulifb sh sh trlth fh lazlr b fhsohifhr fhsohifhr al olrjl obi ihohsnflf fh ebfngnolr ha ljlrrh.
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?8:
hfntbrnla } ohp
O. Olrlothråstnols fha ehfnb fh trl`lkb Als olrlothråstnols fha ehfnb fh trl`lkb puhfhi luehitlr ha rnhsjb, hi plrtnoualr fbrsbaue`lr, hi abs olsbs snjunhiths; - Oulifb ha hsplonb an`rh, hsphonlaehith vhrtnola, rhsuatl nisugnonhith plrl ha hkhrononb fh al lotnvnflf fh quh sh trlth. - Oulifb ha suhab hs nrrhjualr y, pbr pbr tlitb, puhfh flr aujlr l trbpnhzbs b `nhi hs rhs`lalfnzb plrl ha olazlfb quh aahvh ha trl`lklfbr. - Oulifb al sntulonÿi b ha ehfnb fh trl`lkb ib phrenth la trl`lklfbr al elinpualonÿi eliula fh olrjls l uil laturl shjurl y hi uil pbsturl obrrhotl. - Oulifb ha suhab b ha palib fh trl`lkb prhshitli fhsinvhahs quh nepanoli al elinpualonÿi fh al olrjl hi invhahs fnghrhiths. - Oulifb ha suhab b ha puitb fh lpbyb sbi sbi nihstl`ahs. - Oulifb al thephrlturl, muehflf b onroualonÿi fha lnrh sbi nilfhoulfls. - Oulifb al nauenilonÿi ib shl lfhoulfl. - Oulifb hxnstl hxpbsnonÿi l vn`rlonbihs.
F. Hxnjhionls fh al lotnvnflf Al lotnvnflf puhfh hitrlülr rnhsjb, hi plrtnoualr fbrsbaue`lr, oulifb nepanquh uil b vlrnls fh als hxnjhionls snjunhiths; - Hsguhrzbs gåsnobs gåsnobs fhelsnlfb grhouhiths b prbabijlfbs hi abs quh nithrvhijl hi plrtnoualr al obaueil vhrth`rla. - Thråbfb nisugnonhith fh rhpbsb gnsnbaÿjnob b fh rhouphrlonÿi. - Fnstlionls fhelsnlfb jrlifhs fh hahvlonÿi, fhsohisb b trlispbrth. - Pnteb nepuhstb nepuhstb pbr pbr ui prbohsb quh ha trl`lklfbr ib puhfl ebfualr. ebfualr.
H. Glotbrhs nifnvnfulahs fh rnhsjb Obistntuyhi glotbrhs nifnvnfulahs fh rnhsjb; - Al glatl fh lptntuf lptntuf gåsnol plrl rhlanzlr als tlrhls hi ouhstnÿi. ouhstnÿi. - Al nilfhoulonÿi fh als rbpls, ha olazlfb u btrbs hghotbs phrsbilahs quh aahvh ha trl`lklfbr. - Al nisugnonhionl nisugnonhionl b nilflptlonÿi fh abs obibonenhitbs obibonenhitbs b fh al gbrelonÿi. - Al hxnsthionl prhvnl fh pltbabjål fbrsbaue`lr.
7.? 7. ? PHJ AL_ FH LOVXLONßI Obeb ibrel jhihrla, snheprh quh shl pbsn`ah sh nithitlrì hvntlr al guhrzl muelil plrl ha ahvlitlenhitb fh olrjls. Hi olsb fh shr ihohslrnl al elinpualonÿi b trlispbrth eliula fh olrjls, sh fh`hrìi thihr hi ouhitl fbs prnionpnbs guiflehitlahs; - Phlanzlr ha hsguhrzb fh hahvlonÿi obi als pnhrils. - Elithihr rhotl al hsplafl. L obitniulonÿi sh euhstrli uibs fn`ukbs nifnoltnvbs sb`rh ha ebfb obrrhotb fh elinpualonÿi eliula fh olrjls.
?8=
Vhel =
hfntbrnla } ohp
Trbohsbs fh trltlenhitb y trlispbrth
?8>
