WJCD 6 Aiojtnvas
Atras praguetas y sjrvnenas
Eamaejr bas praguetas fnbdtîbneas quj afrjej Earrjas Dprjmgjr bas gnstnmtas snstjcds gj jcidbdoj jcpbjdgas jm Earrjas
Atras praguetas y sjrvnenas
99:
jgntarndb } ejp
4. AWYAU AW YAU XYAG XYAGZEWAU ZEWAU ^ UJYV UJYVNENAU NENAU 4.4 FNBDWJBND D. Ujrvnena fnbdtîbnea Jb Ujrvnena Fnbdtîbnea gj Earrjas sj erjõ jb 6 gj d`asta gj 4>76. Jm um prnmenpna jrd um mj`aendga gjpjmgnjmtj gjb Cusja Xastdb quj tjmãd eaca fnmdbngdg gjsdrrabbdr bds gnspasnenamjs gj bas gnstnmtas gjpdrtdcjmtas rjfjrjmtjs d bd fnbdtjbnd y vn`nbdr bd bj`dbngdg gj bas sjbbas quj enreubdidm jm Jspdôd. Detudbcjmtj jb Ujrvnena Fnbdtîbnea gj Earrjas, sj jmeudgrd gjmtra gj bd Uuignrjeenõm gj Fnbdtjbnd (edmdb fnbdtîbnea gj Earrjas), sj jmedr`d gj bd gnstrniuenõm y eacjrendbnzdenõm gj sjbbas pdrd usa gj eabjeenamnsca a gj frdmquja. Bd eacjrendbnzdenõm nmtjrmd js gj gas tnpas? - Vjmtd gnrjetd d ebnjmtjs, d bas eudbjs tdcinîm sj afrjej um sjrvnena gj susernpenõm a diama, cjgndmtj jb eudb pujgjm rjeninr pjrnõgnedcjmtj dqujbbas praguetas d bas quj sj susernidm. Bd dtjmenõm sj prjstd d trdvîs gjb tjbîfama >89.4>0.4>0, vãd j-cdnb dtebnjmtj.fnbdtjbndHearrjas.eac y tdcinîm jm bd wji www.earrjas.js / sjeenõm Fnbdtjbnd. - D trdvîs gj bd Afnenmds gj Earrjas quj tnjmjm d bd vjmtd sjbbas pdrd eabjeenamnsca y atras praguetas fnbdtîbneas. Jm bd sjeenõm Fnbdtjbnd gj bd wji, sj pujgj jmeamtrdr umd rjbdenõm gj bds afnenmds rjfjrngds, pnmeldmga jm jb idmmjr.
Ynmeõm gjb eabjeenamnstd jm Afnenmd gj Earrjas.
I. Diam Diama a fnbdtîbnea Jb diama db Ujrvnena Fnbdtîbnea js `rdtunta. Uaba sj pd`d jb vdbar gj bas praguetas quj sj dgqunjrjm y umd pjqujôd edmtngdg jm eamejpta gj `dstas gj jmvãa. Wagas bas sjbbas y praguetas gj frdmquja sj vjmgjm d vdbar fdendb (jb vdbar gj frdmquja). Bas rjstdmtjs praguetas sj eacjrendbnzdm db prjena gj vjmtd puibnentdga pdrd edgd uma. Jb pd`a gj bas praguetas sj rjdbnzd snjcprj prjvndcjmtj d su jmvãa. Earrjas utnbnzd bas praejgncnjmtas cäs jfnenjmtjs pdrd quj bas `dstas gj jmvãa y gj cdmnpubdenõm sjdm bas cäs vjmtdoasas pdrd sus diamdgas. Bds jcnsnamjs gj sjbbas gj Jspdôd jstäm jxjmtds gjb Ncpujsta sairj jb Vdbar Dôdgnga NVD-. Jb rjsta gj bas praguetas fnbdtîbneas jstäm suojtas db NVD dpbnedibj jm edgd edsa.
996
Wjcd 6
jgntarndb } ejp
E. Xraguetas Xraguetas eacjrendbnzdgas d. Ujbbas gj Jspdôd
Ujbbas gjb Earrja jspdôabjs a gjb Earrja jspdôab gj Dmgarrd. Bas ebnjmtjs tnjmjm bd pasninbngdg gj diamdrsj d sus sjrnjs eacpbjtds, js gjenr, um vdbar gj edgd uma gj bas sjbbas jcntngas, eam nmgjpjmgjmend gj su farcd gj prjsjmtdenõm (jm pbnj`a, laod ibaquj, tnrd, edrmî, cnmnpbnj`a, jte.). Xujgjm sjr ncprjsas jm gnstnmtas snstjcds (affsjt, lujea`rdidga a edbea`räfnea). Xrjsjmtdenamjs gj sjbbas?
Jm bd detudbngdg jxnstj cubtntug gj vdrndmtjs gjb sjbba trdgnenamdb, tjmgjmtjs d bd dtrdeenõm gj mujvas eabjeenamnstds (rjbnjvj, raed, earela, traqujbjs, sdiar, abar, sjcnbbds, fasfarjsejmends, tjxturds, 5G, Yjdbngdg Ducjmtdgd, jte.).
• Ujbba
Ujbba nmgnvngudb, eaca mavjgdg gjsgj ldej umas dôas, dpdrjej bd ‒Ô– traqujbdgd jm tagas bas sjbbas. Bas sjbbas dpdrjejm eam vdbar fdendb jm eamerjta (8,:: ₢, jte.) a eam um vdbar pjrcdmjmtj gjtjrcnmdga par umd bjtrd (D, D9,I,E).
Ujbba :8 dmnvjrsdrna U.C.Fjbnpj VN
• Laod ibaquj
Js umd supjrfnenj gj pdpjb nbustrdgd jm bd quj dpdrjejm uma a cäs sjbbas, eam su earrjspamgnjmtj vdbar gj frdmquja, gnfjrjmtjs cjgngds y snstjcds gj ncprjsnõm. Uupamj umd farcd dejrtdgd gj d`rupdr sjbbas gj um cnsca tjcd y js bd dbtjrmdtnvd pdrd castrdr pjrsamdojs vnvas jm jb jmtarma gjb sjbba.
Laod Ibaquj, gjgnedgd d bas ‒lnspdmas– Edcpjamjs gj Jurapd gj Idbamcdma 984<. Jqunpa pdtraenmdga par Earrjas.
Atras praguetas y sjrvnenas
990
jgntarndb } ejp
• Xbnj`a Xrjcnuc
Xnjzds fnbdtîbneds snm`ubdrjs, quj jmrnqujejm bd vdrnjgdg, arn`nmdbngdg y edbngdg gj bds jcnsnamjs fnbdtîbneds. Jxnstj gjsgj 9847. Xbnj`as gj jmtrj 49 y 98 sjbbas eam gnsjôa j ncprjsnõm snm`ubdr.
Xbnj`a Xrjcnuc gjgnedga d bas Xdrqujs Mdenamdbjs.
Catnvas j nbustrdenamjs quj didredm bd tatdbngdg gjb pbnj`a y dbusnvas d bd tjcätned gj bas sjbbas. Nmebuyjm entds bntjrdrnds a tjxtas gjsernptnvas. • Cnmnpbnj`a
Eamtnjmj vdrnas sjbbas eamcjcardtnvas gj Jspdôd a Dmgarrd, jm umd pjqujôd laod jm euyas cär`jmjs sj nmtj`rdm catnvas gj bd jcnsnõm. • Edrmî
Farcd gj prjsjmtdenõm gj bas sjbbas jm pjqujôas ibaqujs u laods, eam umds tdpds a jmvdsjs pratjetarjs, quj fdenbntdm tdmta su eamsjrvdenõm eaca su vjmtd jm cäqunmds jxpjmgjgards. i. Cdtdsjbb Cdtdsjbbas as
Jb arn`jm gj bas cdtdsjbbas rjspamgnõ d bd nmutnbnzdenõm gj bd tdsd gj frdmquja, d ba bdr`a gj bas dôas ld dgqunrnga atra vdbar par su rjbjvdmtj ncpdeta jm jb eabjeenamnsca fnbdtîbnea, db rjprjsjmtdr su ncpramtd umd eacumnedenõm gj bas `rdmgjs deamtjencnjmtas, gj bas vdbarjs y gj bas ba`ras gj mujstrd saenjgdg, quj rjfujrzd bd ncd`jm y prjsjmend gjb sjbba gj Earrjas. Jxnstjm gas ebdsjs gj cdtdsjbbas? • Cdtdsjbbas eamcjcardtnva eamcjcardtnvass
Uam dqujbbas quj rjspamgjm d um jvjmta, jfjcîrngj a deamtjencnjmta ‒sabnentdga d Earrjas par um jxtjrma–. • Cdtdsjbbas pastdbjs
Uam dqujbbas quj rjspamgjm d um eamejpta `baidb a pdrtneubdr jm su tjcätned ‒`jmjrdgd y jcntngd par Earrjas–. Jstas sj ebdsnfnedm jm?
99<
Wjcd 6
jgntarndb } ejp
CDWDUJBBAU XAUWDBJU CDWDUJBBAU EAMCJCAYDWNVAU
Bas cdtdsjbbas eamcjcardtnvas sam dqujbbas quj rjspamgjm d um jvjmta, jfjcîrngj a deamtjencnjmta ‒sabnentdga d Earrjas par um jxtjrma–, tdmta gj farcd pdrtneubdr a earpardtnvd par eudbqunjr nmstntuenõm u ar`dmnsca.
Jspjendbjs
Apjrdtnvas
Dutarnzdgas y apjrdgas par pjrsamdb dojma d Earrjas, earrjspamgnjmga su dutarnzdenõm gj usa d bd Uuignrjeenõm gj Fnbdtjbnd (Jo.? idsjs gj nmvjstn`denõm, cnbntdrjs, jte.)
Cdtdsjbbas quj sj utnbnzdm pdrd aibntjrdr jm bds afnenmds pastdbjs. Detudbcjmtj sj gnvngjm jm Apjrdtnvas gj Afnenmds Xrnmenpdbjs y Wurãstneas.
Xrncjr gãd gj enreubdenõm
Cdtdsjbbas gj Xrjsjmtdenõm
Bas cdtdsjbbas quj eamcjcardm jb Xrncjr Gãd gj Enreubdenõm gj bas sjbbas.
Cdtdsjbbas earrjspamgnjmtjs db gãd jm jb quj sj praguej jb deta gj prjsjmtdenõm gjb sjbba.
D pdrtnr gjb 4 gj jmjra gj 984<, tagd dqujbbd pjrsamd quj qunjrd cdtdsjbbdr db`ÿm gaeucjmta eam bas gnstnmtas cdtdsjbbas turãstneas quj sj jmeujmtrdm fumenamdmga d ba bdr`a gj mujstrds afnenmds d mnvjb mdenamdb, tjmgrä quj jmvndr bas gaeucjmtas jm um sairj eabjetar prjfrdmqujdga a prjpd`dga pdrd pagjr gjvabvjrbas cdtdsjbbdgas. Uj gjij dgoumtdr bd ncd`jm gjb cdtdsjbbas eam jb quj sj qunjrd quj sj cdtdsjbbj bas gaeucjmtas dgjcäs gj nmebunr um mÿcjra gj rjfjrjmend quj dpdrjejrä jm bd wji. Eaca ldstd dlard, bas cdtdsjbbas tdcinîm sj pagräm eamsj`unr deugnjmga gnrjetdcjmtj d bds afnenmds pastdbjs.
Bd gnrjeenõm gamgj ldy quj jmvndr gnelas jmvãas, quj dgjcäs sjrä bd jmedr`dgd gj eamsabngdr tagds bds `jstnamjs js?
EAYYJAU ^ WJBÎ@YDFAU, U. D. UJYVNENA GJ CDWDUJBBDGA Dvgd. Xãa \NN, 48< :ª Xbdmtd 9<856 CDGYNG (CDGYNG) e. Xrujids gj drtnstd
Uj trdtd gj pnjzds ÿmneds par su tnrdgd bncntdgd, su jxejpenamdb trdtdcnjmta y par su vdbar jstîtnea. Uam ncprjsnamjs edbea`räfneds rjdbnzdgds dmtjs gjb praejsa gj ncprjsnõm gj db`umas sjbbas. Xjrcntj db `rdidgar eacpraidr bd jxdetntug gjb `rdidga, y eudmga js eamsngjrdga gj cueld edbngdg, sj bbjvd d edia umd tnrdgd rjguengd, quj js cuy vdbardgd par bas eabjeenamnstds fnbdtîbneas eaca umd vdrnjgdg gjb sjbba. Jm bas ÿbtncas dôas sj ld dôdgnga umd cdyar jxebusnvngdg nmearpardmga bd rjpragueenõm gjb catnva gjb sjbba jm iramej, ara a pbdtd. g. Wdrojtds prjfrdmquj prjfrdmqujdgds dgds
Uam pastdbjs eamvjmenamdbjs eam umd ncd`jm quj sujbj tjmjr rjbdenõm eam tjcds fnbdtîbneas a gjb Earrja. Bbjvdm jb sjbba ncprjsa, ma dgljrnga. Xujgjm gjpasntdrsj jm eudbqunjr iuzõm gj Earrjas yd quj bbjvdm jb frdmquja nmearpardga.
Atras praguetas y sjrvnenas
99>
jgntarndb } ejp
j. Bniras fnbdtîbneas
Bas bniras fnbdtîbneas pujgjm sjr? - Bniras gj jcnsnamjs jcnsnamjs dmudbjs ‒Vdbarjs jm jb tnjcpa–? Uj puibnedm edgd dôa eam tagas bas sjbbas gj Jspdôd y Dmgarrd D mgarrd jcntngas jm jb dôa, eam nbustrdenamjs, nmfarcdenõm, gdtas tîemneas y tagas bas cdtdsjbbas gjb dôa. Uj eacjrendbnzdm EAM/UNM sjbbas. - Bniras tjcätneas? Uam puibnedenamjs euya eamtjmnga trdtd um tjcd eamerjta rjbdenamdga eam bd eubturd, jb drtj, jb gjpartj, bd drquntjeturd (‒Idnbjs y gdmzds papubdrjs gj Jspdôd–, ‒Gjseuirj bd fnbdtjbnd eam bas Bummns–, ‒Ouj`as y gjpartjs trdgnenamdbjs–, ‒Idnbjs y gdmzds papubdrjs gj Jspdôd–, ‒Bas sjbbas y bds fujrzds drcdgds–, ‒Gnmasdurnas–, jte.).
Bnira dmudb ‒Vdbarjs jm jb tnjcpa–
Bnira fnbdtîbnea ‒Zm gnmasdurna jm tu iuzõm–
-
Edrpjtds gj @rdidgas? @rdidgas? Eamtnjmjm rjpragueenamjs gj sjbbas jcntngas eam eam dmtjrnarngdg, rjfjrngas d um tjcd gjtjrcnmdga y rjdbnzdgas cjgndmtj gnstnmtds tîemneds gj `rdidga. Jstueljs gj sjbbas? Yjea`jm um eamoumta gj sjbbas jm rjbdenõm d um dsumta eamerjta, eam eam bd fumenõm gj gnvub`dr bas vdbarjs gjb sjbba.
f. Uairjs gj prncjr gãd gj enreubde enreubdenõm nõm
Uam sairjs eam sjbba a sjbbas edmejbdgas eam um cdtdsjbbas jspjendb gjb prncjr gãd gj enreubdenõm afnendb gj umd jcnsnõm. Jb dmvjrsa sj nbustrd eam um catnva rjbdtnva db tjcd gj bd jcnsnõm. Jm jb sairj
958
Wjcd 6
jgntarndb } ejp
sj dglnjrj jb/bas sjbba/s quj eamstntuyj/m bd jcnsnõm y sj jstdcpd jb cdtdsjbbas gj prncjr gãd gj enreubdenõm. Nmtj`rdm bas trjs jbjcjmtas? sairj, sjbba/s y cdtdsjbbas. Uj jstäm nmearpardmga mavjgdgjs jm bas cdtjrndbjs jcpbjdgas pdrd jb sairj eõca cdgjrd, tjbd, ejbubangj y jfjetas traqujbdgas.
Uairj eam cdtdsjbba gjb prncjr gãd gj enreubdenõm, gjgnedga db `dmdgar gjb eameursa Gnsjbba.
`. Xraguetas gj fnbdtjbnd y mucnscätned
Eam sjbbas y camjgds y eam bd `drdmtãd gj bd FMCW (Fäirned Mdenamdb gj Camjgd y Wncirj)? - Jstueljs, gãptneas, trãptneas, ... gj `rdm edbngdg? sj rjdbnzdm sairj um tjcd gj jspjendb gj rjbjvdmend saendb y drtãstned. Nmebuyjm jbjcjmtas fnbdtîbneas (sjbba y prujid gj drtnstd) y camjgds gj eursa bj`db snm enreubdr. - Jstuelj gj Camjgds gj eabjeenõm? pragueta jxebusnva jxebusnva euyd vjmtd ÿmnedcjmtj pujgj rjdbnzdrsj d trdvîs gjb edmdb Fnbdtîbnea gj Earrjas. Eamtnjmj umd sjbjeenõm gj camjgds quj rjprjsjmtdm db`umas gj bas ljelas lnstõrneas cäs trdsejmgjmtdbjs gjb dôa. - Jurasjt? nmebuyj tagds bds camjgds jspdôabds gj eursa bj`db, ma enreubdgds, earrjspamgnjmtjs d um gjtjrcnmdga dôa. l. Jstdcpnbb Jstdcpnbbds ds DWC
Bds jtnqujtds frdmqujdgards sam um jbjcjmta gj eabjeenamnsca gj bd fnbdtjbnd rjenjmtj. Uam bds quj cäs mavjgdgjs dpartdm y bds quj tnjmjm cdyar prayjeenõm gj futura. Uam cuelas bas pdãsjs quj afrjejm DWC, jm sus gnstnmtds vdrndmtjs eaca jbjcjmta gj eabjeenamnsca y gjmtra gj mujstra jmtarma edirãd gjstdedr d Frdmend, Yjnma Zmnga, Maruj`d jmtrj atras cuelas pdãsjs quj detudbcjmtj bds jstäm eacjrendbnzdmga.
Jstdcpnbbd DWC
Atras praguetas y sjrvnenas
954
jgntarndb } ejp
G. FNBDWJBND AMBN MJ D trdvîs gj bd wji gj Earrjas, js pasnibj rjdbnzdr enjrtds tdrjds dlarrdmga gjspbdzdcnjmtas d bas ebnjmtjs? - Dbtd gj Diamdga? D trdvîs trdvîs gjb sjrvnena sjrvnena gj Fnbdtjbnd Ambnmj pagrä trdcntdr trdcntdr su dbtd eaca diamdga db Ujrvnena Fnbdtîbnea, rjeninjmga jm su gacnenbna tagds bds mavjgdgjs fnbdtîbneds quj sj praguzedm jm bds apenamjs gj diama jbj`ngds. - @jstnõm gj Diama? Unm eacpbnedgds `jstnamjs, pagrä jm paeas cnmutas cagnfnedr cagnfnedr eudbqunjr edrdetjrãstned gj su diama. - Xjgnga Fnbdtîbnea? Gjsgj su prapna argjmdgar pagrä dgqunrnr eudbqunjr pragueta quj gjsjj gj mujstra edtäba`a fnbdtîbnea y masatras sj ba jmvndrjcas d su gacnenbna. Bas ebnjmtjs tdcinîm pujgjm rjdbnzdr pjgngas a rjeninr nmfarcdenõm jm eudbqunjr Afnenmd gj Earrjas cjgndmtj jcdnb d dtebnjmtj.fnbdtjbndHearrjas.eac a par tjbîfama? >89 4>0 4>0. J. GNUJB BA Xdrd bd pracaenõm gj bd fnbdtjbnd Earrjas eamvaed dmudbcjmtj um eameursa bbdcdga ‒Gnsjbba– ‒Jb sjbba pastdb js cuela cäs quj um snstjcd gj frdmquja, mujstras sjbbas sam sapartjs vnvas v nvas quj eujmtds lnstarnds, trdmscntjm eubturd, gnfumgjm jvjmtas y eacpdrtjm jcaenamjs. ±Wj dtrjvjs d eamtdr db`a jm cjmas gj 7 ec 91 Bd tjcätned js bnirj–
Ujbba `dmdgar gjb ejrtdcjm Gnsjbba jm edtj`arãd ouvjmnb
Bas prncjras prjcnas eamsnstnräm jm bd pragueenõm y jcnsnõm gj um sjbba gj tnrdgd mdenamdb eam jb gnsjôa gjb `dmdgar gj edgd edtj`arãd, su macirj y prncjr dpjbbnga jm 984<. Bd rjpragueenõm gjb gnsjôa gjb sjbba sj ldrä dgdptdgd d bds tîemneds gj ncprjsnõm y rjpragueenõm quj rjdbnzd Earrjas. Jxnstj umd edtj`arãd `jmjrdb y atrd Ouvjmnb.
4.9 JCIDBDOJU Uam praguetas gjstnmdgas db deamgnenamdcnjmta gj jmvãas pastdbjs, quj par bd edbngdg y gnsjôa gj bas cdtjrndbjs eam quj jstäm fdirnedgas, dsj`urdm bd nmtj`rngdg gj bas cnscas d ba bdr`a gj taga jb enreunta pastdb.
959
Wjcd 6
jgntarndb } ejp
Jxpasntar gj jcidbdojs jm vjstãiuba gj Afnenmd gj Earrjas
Wnjmjm umas prjenas cuy eacpjtntnvas eam bas jxnstjmtjs jm jb cjredga pdrd sncnbdrjs cagjbas, tdcdôas y edbngdgjs. Xujgjm sjr utnbnzdgas par bas ebnjmtjs pdrd jmvndr taga tnpa gj gaeucjmtas y cjredmeãds gj gnstnmtas tdcdôas y pjsas, prjvna diama gj bd tdrnfd earrjspamgnjmtj pdrd jb frdmquja sj`ÿm bd ebdsj y cagdbngdg gj sjrvnena sabnentdga. Dgcntjm eudbqunjr gjstnma (äcinta mdenamdb j nmtjrmdenamdb). D trdvîs gjb pra`rdcd ‒Bãmjd vjrgj–, bd eacpdôãd eacjrendbnzd sairjs, edods y jcidbdojs, rjdbnzdgas jm pdpjb y edrtõm 488% rjenebdga y snm tnmtds eamtdcnmdmtjs, gj euya ncpartj sj gjstnmd umd pdrtj d fnmdmendr prayjetas gj rjfarjstdenõm jm tagd bd `ja`rdfãd mdenamdb. Xar bd eacprd gj edgd jcidbdoj, sj dpartd 8,89 ₢ pdrd bds pbdmtdenamjs gj äriabjs. Jm 9846, eaca pdrtj gjb Xra`rdcd gj rjstdurdenõm gj pdnsdojs farjstdbjs quj rjdbnzd PPF Jspdôd, sj rjeupjrdram zamds gdôdgds par jb nmejmgna farjstdb gj 9849 jm Dmgnbbd (Edstjbbõm), eam bd pbdmtdenõm gj 7.<88 pbdmtamjs jm umd supjrfnenj dpraxncdgd gj < ljetärjds. Jm jb cdrea gj jstj pra`rdcd, vabumtdrnas gj Earrjas Jcidbdojs gj Bãmjd vjrgj. pdrtnenpdram, oumta d tîemneas gj PPF, jm umd oarmdgd gj pbdmtdenõm gj äriabjs rjdbnzdgd jm jb Xdrquj Yj`namdb gjb Uurjstj (Cdgrng).
D. Edods Uj edrdetjrnzdm par bd edbngdg gj sus cdtjrndbjs. Xar su jspjendb gnsjôa rjsubtdm cuy fäenbjs gj camtdr j nmearpardm cjoard dmtn`abpjs. Nmebuyjm tdcinîm um snstjcd jspjendb gj prjenmtdga quj `drdmtnzd bd nmvnabdinbngdg gj bas jmvãas. Uam jcidbdojs jeabõ`neas jm vdrnas farcdtas. Eacprdmga uma gj jstas jcidbdojs, sj eabdiard eam bd rjpaibdenõm farjstdb gj gnfjrjmtjs zamds gj Jspdôd. Atras praguetas y sjrvnenas
955
jgntarndb } ejp
Edod gj Bãmjd vjrgj
Jxnstjm enmea cagjbas gj edods pdrd jcidbdr y dgjcäs, gas cagjbas gj edods pdrd iatjbbds quj nmearpardm jm su nmtjrnar um jcidbdoj jfnedz pdrd cdyar sj`urngdg. Dgjcäs, jstd `dcd sj eacpbjtd eam bd edod cubtnusa y bd edod trdpjena. Bd edod cubtnusa bbjvd jm su nmtjrnar um fnbc trdspdrjmtj quj suojtd jb eamtjmnga gj cdmjrd jfnedz y jstîtned. Jstd edod js ngjdb pdrd jmvãa gj pjqujôas praguetas gjbnedgas. Bd edod trdpjena js bd dgjeudgd pdrd jmvãa gj gaeucjmtas gj `rdm farcdta, pdrd su jmvãa jmrabbdgas. - Edod pjqujôd 958 x 478 x <8 cc - Edod cjgndmd 540 x 94: x 49: cc - Edod `rdmgj 5>8 x 9>8 x 4>8 cc - Edod `rdmgj pbus :88 x 588 x 588 cc - Edod supjr`rdmgj :>8 x 5>8 x 5>8 cc - Xdrd umd iatjbbd? 5>8 x 498 x 448 cc - Xdrd trjs iatjbbds? 5>8 x 568 x 448 cc - Edod cubtnusa? 97: x 460 x :5 cc - Edod trdpjena? 098 x 08 x (45:-68) cc - Edod pdrd inenebjtd. 4:8 x 58 x >8 ec
I. Edods y sairjs jcaon Jcpnjzd bd vjmtd jm bds afnenmds gj ‒edods y sairjs rj`dba jcaon–. Jstj js um pragueta quj jm mnm`ÿm edsa gjijrãd sustntunr d bd edod vjrgj, snma eacpbjcjmtdr bd vjmtd gj jstd y euirnr umd pasnibj mjejsngdg gj bas ebnjmtjs.
957
Wjcd 6
jgntarndb } ejp
Edods y sairjs Jcaon
Uairjs deabeldgas Xjqujôa 96: x 998 cc Cjgndma 568 x 908 cc @rdmgj 77: x 588 cc
Xdek sairjs
Edods Xjqujôd 99: x 99: x 48: cc
Xdek 48 sairjs dcjrnedmas
Cjgndmd 598 x 9:8 x 488 cc
Xdek 48 sairjs D:
@rdmgj 5>8 x 9<8 x 4>8 cc @rdmgj Xbus 7:8 x 5:8 x 9:8 cc
Earrjas, jcaon® y bd Fumgdenõm EYNU Eamtrd jb eämejr, sj umjm jm bd bueld eamtrd jb eämejr nmfdmtnb. Xdrd jbba, Earrjas pamj d su gnspasnenõm bd rjg gj 9.788 afnenmds pastdbjs jm tagd Jspdôd pdrd bd vjmtd gj praguetas pjrsamdbnzdgas eam bas fdcasas jcatneamas, pdrtj gj euyas ijmjfnenas sj gjstnmdräm d bd Fumgdenõm. Xdrtj gj bas ijmjfnenas aitjmngas aitjmngas eam bd vjmtd gj bas praguetas nrä gjstnmdgd gjstnmdgd d fnmdmendr jb prayjeta cäs nmmavdgar nmmavdgar quj jstä gjsdrrabbdmga gjsdrrabbdmga bd Fumgdenõm Fumgdenõm EYNU Eamtrd jb eämejr detudbcjmtj? bd pujstd jm cdreld gj bd Zmngdg gj Wjrdpnds Dvdmzdgds D vdmzdgds jm Eämejr Eämejr Nmfdmtnb quj sj dirnrä jm bas prõxncas prõxncas cjsjs jm jb Laspntdb Zmnvjrsntdrna gj bd Xdz.
E. Uairjs vjrourdga Jstäm rjdbnzdgas jm pdpjb ibdmea gj dbtd edbngdg eam enjrrj dutadgljsnva. Jxnstjm gas cagjbas gnfjrjmtjs? - Dcjrnedma. Gncjmsnamjs? 448 x 99: cc - GNM D:. Gncjmsnamjs? 4>8 x 9:8 cc G. Uairjs vjrgjs deabeldga deabeldgass Bas sairjs deabeldgas gj bd Bãmjd Vjrgj jstäm fdirnedgas jm pdpjb eam rjfujrza nmtjrnar gj pbästnea eam iuriuods, eam sabdpd dgljsnvd pdrd su enjrrj gjfnmntnva. Bd iabsd gj pbästnea gj su nmtjrnar js gj fäenb sjpdrdenõm pdrd cjoar rjenebdinbngdg y eamsn`ujm cuy iujmd pratjeenõm eam paea pjsa y vabucjm. - @rdmgj? 588 x 77: cc - Cjgndma? 908 x 568 cc - Xjqujôa? 998 x 96: cc J. Uairjs vjrgjs sjcnrrã`ngas Bas sairjs sjcnrrã`ngas gj bd Bãmjd Vjrgj jstäm rjdbnzdgas jm pdpjb y umd gj sus edrds jm edrtamenbba. Uj jcpbjdm pdrd jmvãas quj ma gjijm pbj`drsj a drru`drsj. Jxnstjm trjs tdcdôas gj sairjs? - @rdmgj? 548 x 77: cc - Cjgndma? 968 x 568 cc - Xjqujôa? 408 x 97: cc F. Uairjs rj`dba deabeldgas Uairjs a iabsds rjdbnzdgas jm pbästnea eajxtrusnamdga quj par su gnsjôa dtrdetnva y farcdta sam dprapndgas pdrd jmvãa gj rj`dbas. Gnspamjm gj iabsd gj iuriuod jm su nmtjrnar pdrd cdyar sj`urngdg. Jb enjrrj gj jstas sairjs js gj gaibj tnrd gj dgljsnva dmtnvnabdenamjs. Jxnstjm sairjs jm trjs tdcdôas? - @rdmgj? 555 x 7:8 cc
Atras praguetas y sjrvnenas
95:
jgntarndb } ejp
-
Cjgndma? 9:8 x 596 cc Xjqujôa? 988 x 96: cc
@. Xdekpastdb eam iuriuods Js um pdek pdrd jcidbdr nmtj`rdga par um pbnj`a gj pbästnea gj iuriuod. Uj prjsjmtd jm um pbnj`a gaibdga y jciabsdga gj 68 x 488 ec L. Xdekpastdb pdpjb Earrjas jm eabdiardenõm eam bd AM@ Iasqujs gj bd Wnjrrd, ld pujsta jm cdreld jb pra`rdcd ‒Bãmjd Vjrgj–, utnbnzdmga jm bd jbdiardenõm gj jstas sairjs cdtjrndbjs jeabõ`neas y gjstnmdmga umd pdrtj gj sus nm`rjsas d deenamjs cjgnadcinjmtdbjs. Js um pdek quj nmebuyj ba mjejsdrna pdrd jcidbdr um pdqujtj, jm eamerjta trjs pbnj`as gj pdpjb krdft gj 08 x 488 ec, um rabba gj enmtd dgljsnvd gj 08 x 488 ec y eudtra jtnqujtds dutadgljsnvds pdrd gnrjeenamjs, gas pdrd jb gjstnmdtdrna y gas pdrd jb rjcntjmtj N. Jcidbdojs Xrjfrdmqujdgas - Dcjrnedma. - Eudgrdga. - Gnm D:. - Dcjrnedma eam vjmtdmd. - Ejrtnfnedga prjpd`dga eam DY. - Edod pjqujôd ejrtnfnedgd ldstd 4 k` - Edod cjgndmd ejrtnfnedgd ldstd 5 k` - Edod `rdmgj ejrtnfnedgd ldstd 0 k` - Uairj deabeldga pjqujôa ejrtnfnedga ldstd 988 ` - Uairj deabeldga `rdmgj ejrtnfnedga ldstd :88 ` - Uairj sjcnrrã`nga pjqujôa ejrtnfnedga ldstd 988 ` - Uairj sjcnrrã`nga `rdmgj ejrtnfnedga ldstd :88 ` O. Uairj gj sj`urngdg Jstäm fdirnedgas jm pbästnea rjsnstjmtj y rjeuinjrtas jm jb nmtjrnar eam pbästnea gj iuriuods, pjra su edrdetjrãstned prnmenpdb js bd nmvnabdinbngdg gj su enjrrj quj `drdmtnzd bd nmtj`rngdg gj su eamtjmnga eamtrd eudbqunjr sustrdeenõm y bj ldej sjr jb jcidbdoj cäs ngõmja pdrd jb jmvãa gj aiojtas gj vdbar. Wnjmjm bas rjqunsntas quj Earrjas rjeacnjmgd pdrd jmvãa gj vdbarjs. Cjgngds gj sj`urngdg? - Yjdbnzdgas jm pbästnea gj dbta `rdcdoj. - Wrjs bãmjds gj pj`dcjmta gj dbtd sj`urngdg gj 5 ec gj dmela edgd edgd umd. Uj gnspamjm gj bd sn`unjmtj farcd? gas gj jbbds jm jb nmtjrnar gjb sairj gj farcd quj pujgdm jmedrdrsj, pjrcntnjmga um prncjr ejrrdga gjb sairj y bd tjrejrd tnrd dgljsnvd sj sntÿd jm jb jxtjrnar pdrd ejrrdr bd sabdpd gj farcd eamvjmenamdb. - Ncprjsnõm gj gnsjôa eamtnmua jm bds zamds sabgdgds eam gaibj sabgdgurd. Cjgngds? Cjgngds? 99: x 9<: cc K. Uairj deabeldga prjpd`dga Uairjs rjdbnzdgas jm pdpjb eam rjvjstncnjmta nmtjrnar gj pbästnea gj iuriuods pdrd cdyar pratjeenõm. Jstas sairjs, par pjrtjmjejr d bd bãmjd vjrgj, dpartdm dyugd jeamõcned pdrd bd pbdmtdenõm gj iasqujs d trdvîs gj AM@·s eabdiardgards.
956
Wjcd 6
jgntarndb } ejp
Bas tdcdôas sam? - @rdmgj? 588 x 77: cc Dgcntj ldstd :88 `r - Xjqujôa? 998 x 96: cc Dgcntj ldstd 988 `r
B. Ujcnrrã`nga prjpd`dga ejrtnfnedga Uairjs fdirnedgas jm pdpjb, eam umd gj sus edrds jm edrtamenbba quj pjrcntj bd pratjeenõm gj bas gaeucjmtas, jvntdmga drru`ds a pbnj`ujs. Jstas sairjs, par pjrtjmjejr d bd bãmjd vjrgj, dpartdm dyugd jeamõcned pdrd bd pbdmtdenõm gj iasqujs d trdvîs gj AM@·s eabdiardgards. @rdmgj? 548 x 77: cc Dgcntj ldstd :88 `r Xjqujôa? 408 x 97: cc Dgcntj ldstd 988 `r C. Edods prjpd`dgds Edods gj edrtõm pbj`dibjs quj par su gnsjôa dpartdm rjsnstjmend y pratjeenõm d `abpjs j ncpdetas. Jstds edods, par pjrtjmjejr d bd bãmjd vjrgj, dpartdm dyugd jeamõcned pdrd bd pbdmtdenõm gj iasqujs d trdvîs gj AM@·s eabdiardgards. Xjsa / Cjgngds. @rdmgj? 5>8 x 9>8 x 4>8 cc Dgcntj ldstd 0 k` Cjgndmd? 540 x 94: x 49: cc Dgcntj ldstd 5 k` Xjqujôd? 958 x 478 x <8 cc Dgcntj ldstd 4 k`
4.5 CJYELD MGNU NM@ EAYYJ AU Earrjas eacjrendbnzd tdmta jm sus afnenmds eaca cjgndmtj bd wji tuearrjas.js umd sjrnj gj cjreldmgnsnm` eam su ncd`jm earpardtnvd? - Iuzõm gj Earrjas. - Yîpbneds gj Udeds. - Bbdvjras. - Cnmndturds gj Edcnamjs. - Luelds gj Earrjas. - Edcnamjs pjqujôas gj Earrjas. - Wrdnbjrs gj Earrjas. - Xjmgrnvj ZUI cagjba iuzõm gj Earrjas. - Xjmgrnvj ZUI cagjba edrtjra/edrtjrd. - Bbdvjra iuzõm gj Earrjas. - Enugdg Earrjas 5G. - Wdzd Earrjas. - Edbnjmtd tdzds. - Bbdvjra vjspd. - Cnmndturd vjspd. Bd gnspamninbngdg gj jstas praguetas pujgj vdrndr gjpjmgnjmga gj bd Afnenmd, gj bds mavjgdgjs nmtraguengds a gj bd fnmdbnzdenõm gj eacjrendbnzdenõm gj bas praguetas.
Atras praguetas y sjrvnenas
950
jgntarndb } ejp
Xjmgrnvjs gj edrtjra y edrtjrd
4.7 FAWAEAXNDU Jm bds Afnenmds gj Earrjas js pasnibj rjdbnzdr fataeapnds, bd tdrnfd vdrãd jm fumenõm gj sn sj trdtd gj laods sujbtds a jmeudgjrmdgds, gjb tdcdôa n`udb a cdyar d D7 y sn js d umd a gas edrds.
4.: 4. : XYAGZEWA U GJ AWYDU JMWN GDGJU Earrjas eacjrendbnzd jm su rjg gj afnenmds umd sjrnj gj praguetas detudmga eaca d`jmtj jm eacnsnõm par vjmtds gj atrds jmtngdgjs pÿibneds y prnvdgds. Jb fnm quj sj pjrsn`uj eam jbba, dgjcäs gj `jmjrdr nm`rjsas pdrd bd jmtngdg, js bd trdmsfarcdenõm gj bds afnenmds jm ejmtras gj mj`aena, afrjenjmga d bas ebnjmtjs, umd dcpbnd `dcd gj praguetas y sjrvnenas cäs dbbä gj bas trdgnenamdbjs. Earrjas eacjrendbnzd jm gnstnmtds afnenmds praguetas eaca? - Wdrojtds mdvngjôds gj fjbnentdenõm y atras praguetas gj ZMNEJF. - Wdrojtds turãstneds. - Iabã`rdfas (a jb pragueta sjbjeenamdga edgd dôa par bd Fumgdenõm Erjejr Ou`dmga) gj bd edcpdôd ‒Zm Ou`ujtj umd Nbusnõm–. - @uãds turãstneds, bniras gj vndojs y cdpds. - Drtãeubas gj Bnirjrãd. - Drtãeubas gj Vndoj. - Drtãeubas gj Wjbjfamãd. - Ou`ujtjs (Uenjmej7yau, jte).
4.6 4. 6 DBTZN BJY GJ DZBD U Jb `rupa Earrjas afrjej bd pasninbngdg gj utnbnzdr sus nmstdbdenamjs. Gnspamj gj umd `rdm edmtngdg gj sdbds jm taga jb tjrrntarna mdenamdb rjpdrtngds jm cäs gj :: enugdgjs. Uabuenamjs ngõmjds pdrd taga tnpa gj jvjmtas. @rupa Earrjas afrjej jb jspdena pdrd sus jvjmtas, tjmnjmga tagds bds apenamjs pdrd dgdptdrbds d sus mjejsngdgjs? - Eaijrturd jm 46 eacumngdgjs, 7< pravnmends y :6 ejmtras eam vdrnjgdg gj jspdenas jm edgd uma gj jbbas. Dfaras eam edpdengdg gj ldstd >8 pjrsamds.
95<
Wjcd 6
jgntarndb } ejp
-
Gnvjrsngdg gj dubds? jspdenas pabnvdbjmtjs eaca dubds ibdmeds, sdbds gj rjumnamjs, sdbds gj detas, jspdenas gnäfdmas, … . - Dcpbnas lardrnas? ° Gj bumjs d vnjrmjs, nmebusa säidgas jm db`umds db`umds gj mujstrds sdbds. ° Gnspamnibj cäs 49 l., y ldstd 97 l. nmnmtjrrucpngds jm db`umds sdbds. Zinedenõm jxejpenamdb gj tagas mujstras ejmtras, jm zamds eam fäenb deejsa y eam cubtntug gj sjrvnenas eaca bd `jstnõm gj eudbqunjr sjrvnena gj edtjrnm` quj mjejsntj. Wagds bds dubds gnspamjm gj? - Edpdengdg Vdrndibj. - Jqunpdcnjmta gj gj dubds? prayjetar, argjmdgarjs, argjmdgarjs, Nmtjrmjt, ebncdtnzdenõm (dnrj deamgnenamdga y edbjfdeenõm), dugna y vãgja, pnzdrrds vjbjgd, jte… . - Vjmtnbdenõm y buz mdturdb. - Dubds pabnvdbjmtjs y dubds gj nmfarcätned. - Farcd gj bds dubds? Eamfn`urdcas jb jspdena jspdena sj`ÿm su mjejsngdg. Nmstdbdenamjs y sjrvnenas? - Ujrvnenas gj rjejpenõm y sj`urngdg. - Cäqunmds jxpjmgjgards gj edfî y smdeks. - Dsejmsarjs. - Ejmtra deejsnibj.
4.0 VJM WD GJ XYAGZEWAU CJG NDMW J YJJ CIAB UA Xdrd fdenbntdr d bas ebnjmtjs bd eacprd gj bas praguetas pastdbjs y ma pastdbjs, pagjcas jmtrj`ärsjbas d gacnenbna. Zm ebnjmtj sj pamj jm eamtdeta eam bd afnenmd, sabnentdmga bd eacprd gj praguetas gj dbcdeîm, (sjbbas, jcidbdojs, jte.). Eudmga jsta suejgd ldy quj nmgnedr db ebnjmtj quj gjij rjdbnzdr jb pjgnga eucpbncjmtdmga bd Laod gj Uabnentug gj Vjmtd d Gacnenbna. Un ma rjdbnzd bd sabnentug jm pjrsamd, sj bj tnjmj quj jmvndr bd laod par earrja jbjetrõmnea a pastdb, gjinîmgabd rjcntnr eucpbncjmtdgd y fnrcdgd par? - Earrja jbjetrõmnea. - Fdx a jmtrj`ämgabj bd laod gj pjgnga d su edrtjra. Dumquj yd jm bd Laod gj Uabnentug gj Vjmtd d Gacnenbna vnjmj nmgnedga, nmtjrjsd debdrdr db ebnjmtj quj sj bj jmvndrä d gacnenbna eamtrdrrjciabsa y quj jb ncpartj gjb rjjciabsa sjrä jb gjb vdbar gj bas praguetas sabnentdgas, ma js mjejsdrna nmerjcjmtdr `dsta db`uma, pujs jm bd eamfjeenõm gjb `nra praejgjmtj gj Xdq Xrjcnuc rjjciabsa ma sj `jmjrdm `dstas. Eudmga sj rjenij bd sabnentug gj pjgnga, jstj sj prjpdrd snm gjcard. Uj rjdbnzd bd vjmtd d trdvîs gj Nrns gj bas praguetas sabnentdgas. D bd lard gj rjdbnzdr bd vjmtd jm Nrns ld gj tjmjrsj jm eujmtd sn sam praguetas susejptnibjs gj gjseujmtas, pdrd ba eudb gjij jstdr bd edod d ejra y ma deucubdr jstas praguetas eam jb rjsta, parquj bd iamnfnedenõm a gjseujmta sõba sj dpbned d uma gj jbbas y ma d bd tatdbngdg gjb `dsta rjdbnzdga par jb ebnjmtj.
Atras praguetas y sjrvnenas
95>
jgntarndb } ejp
Unjcprj gjijm sdedrsj bd a bds fdeturds par gupbnedga, umd eapnd gj bd a bds fdeturds pdrd jmvndrbds d gacnenbna y bd a bds atrds sj gjodräm jm bd afnenmd, oumta eam jb a bas tnkjts gj edod, pdrd oustnfnedr jb gjseudgrj praguenga jm bd edod gj bd afnenmd. Js ncpartdmtãsnca quj jb a bas tnkjts sj eamsjrvjm jm bd afnenmd pujs sn ldy quj ldejr umd gjvabuenõm ldy quj ldejrbd eam jb a bas tnkjts. Gjijcas jcidbdr earrjetdcjmtj bas praguetas pdrd quj ma sufrdm gjtjrnara db`uma jm jb trdmspartj y jmvndr eaca Xdq Xrjcnuc.
978
Wjcd 6