EOD Manual

FOREWORD This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective commands and other commands as appropriate.

JOHN JOHN N. ABRA ABRAMS MS

MAR MA RTIN R. BERND BERNDT T

General, USA Commander Training and Doctrine Command

Major General, USMC Commanding General Marine Corps Combat Development Command

R.G. R.G. SPRIGG

LANC LANCE E L. SM SMIT ITH H

Rear Admiral, USN Commander Navy Warfare Development Command

Major General, USAF Commander Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

This publication is available on the General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at www.adtdl.army.mil

FOREWORD This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective commands and other commands as appropriate.

JOHN JOHN N. ABRA ABRAMS MS

MAR MA RTIN R. BERND BERNDT T

General, USA Commander Training and Doctrine Command

Major General, USMC Commanding General Marine Corps Combat Development Command

R.G. R.G. SPRIGG

LANC LANCE E L. SM SMIT ITH H

Rear Admiral, USN Commander Navy Warfare Development Command

Major General, USAF Commander Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center

This publication is available on the General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at www.adtdl.army.mil

PREFACE 1. Scope This mu ltiservic ltiservicee t actics, actics, techniques, an d procedures procedures (MTTP) MTTP) m anu al provides guidance and procedures for the employment of an explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) force when operating in a joint capacity throughout the ran ge of of military military operat ions. ions.

2. Purpose This ma nua l identifies identifies stan dard ta ctics, tics, techniques, and pr ocedures (TTP) among t he servic services for for planning, integrat ing, and exec execut ing EOD operations in a joint joint en vironment. vironment. It sets forth forth TTP t o assist joint joint a ctivities tivities an d performance of the entire EOD force and establishes the procedures necessary to protect protect all United Sta tes (US) military military an d coalitio coalition n personnel personnel a nd operations.

3. Application This public publicat ion ion applies applies to all leaders, planner s, an d th e EOD war fighter ighter when deployi deploying ng forces forces into any t heat er. The The TTP established established in th is man ua l apply to th e comma comma nders of co combat an t comma nds, su bunified bunified co comma nds,   joint task forces (JTFs), and subordinate components of these commands.

4. Implementation Plan Pa rt icipatin icipatin g ser vice vice comm comm an d offic offices es of prima ry responsibility responsibility will will r eview eview this public publication, validat validat e th e inform inform ation, and reference reference an d incorporate incorporate it in service service a nd comma nd ma nua ls, regulations, regulations, a nd curr icula icula as follo llows: Army. The Army will incorporate the TTP in this publication in US Army tr aining an d doctrina doctrina l public publications as directed directed by th e Comma Comma nder, US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). Distribution is in accordance with Depar tm ent of the Arm y (DA (DA) Form 12-99-R. 12-99-R. Marine Corps. The Mar ine Corps Corps will will inco incorporate rporate the TTP in this publication in US Marine Corps (USMC) training and doctrinal publications as directed directed by the Comma Comma nding General, US Mar ine Corps Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC). Distribution is in accordance with the Marine Corps Publication Distribution System. N a v y . The Navy will incorporate the TTP in US Navy doctrine and training publications as directed by the Commander, US Navy Warfare Development Comm Comm an d (NWDC). (NWDC). Distribut ion ion is in a cco ccorda nce with MILSTRIP Desk Guide an d Na vy Supplement Supplement al P ublic ublicat ion ion 409. 409.

Marine Corps: PCN 14400009600

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Air Force (AF). AF units will validate a nd incorporate appropriate procedures in accordance with applicable governing directives as validated by Headquarters (HQ), AF Civil Engineer (CE). Distribution is in accordance with Air Force Inst ru ction 33-360 as d irected by the Air Force Doctrine Cen ter (AFDC).

5. User Information a. The TRADOC-MCCDC-NWDC-AFDC Air Land Sea Applicat ion (ALSA) Center is the proponent for this publication with the joint par ticipat ion of the appr oving service comman ds. ALSA will review an d updat e this publication as r equired. b. We encoura ge recommended changes for improving this publicat ion. Key comm ent s t o specific chapt ers a nd s ubjects wh ile providing a ra tionale for each r ecommen dation. Send commen ts to— Army Commander US Army Training and Doctrine Command ATTN: ATDO-A Fort Monroe, VA 23651-5000 DSN 680-3454 COMM (757) 727-3454 E-mail: [email protected]

Marine Corps Commanding General US Marine Corps Combat Development Command ATTN: C42 3300 Russell Road – Suite 318A Quantico, VA 22134-5021 DSN 278-6233 or 34 COMM (703) 784-6233/4

Navy Commander, Navy Warfare Development Command ATTN: ALSA Liaison Officer 1530 Gilbert Street Norfolk, VA 23511-2723 DSN 262-2782 COMM (757) 322-2782

Air Force Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center ATTN: DJ 216 Sweeney Boulevard, Suite 109 Langley Air Force Base (AFB), VA 23665-2722 DSN 574-8091 COMM (757) 764-8091 E-mail: [email protected]

ALSA ALSA Center ATTN: Director 114 Andrews Street Langley AFB, VA 23665-2785 DSN 575-0902 COMM (757) 225-0902 E-mail: [email protected]

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FM 4-30.16 MCRP 3-17.2C NTTP 3-02.5 AFTTP(I) 3-2.32 FM 4-30.16

US Army Training and Doctrine Command Fort Monroe, VA

MCRP 3-17.2C

US Marine Corps Combat Development Command Quantico, VA

NTTP 3-02.5

US Navy Warfare Development Command Newport, RI

AFTTP(I) 3-2.32

US Air Force Doctrine Center Maxwell AFB, AL

15 February 2001

EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE DISPOSAL Multiservice Procedures for EOD in a Joint Environment

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Chapter I

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi EOD within the Department of Defense Mission. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-1 Threa t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I-1 Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1 Comm on Ch ar acteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1 Int eroperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3

Chapter II

EOD in a Joint Environment Operat ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Em ployment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Component Responsibility with DIRLAUTH . . . . . . . . . . Lead-Service Component (with or with out TACON or OP CON) Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subordinate J EODTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J oint E OD Operations Center (J EODOC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Informa tion Mana gement a nd Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II-1 II-2 II-2 II-4 II-5 II-7 II-8

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution is approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

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Chapter III

Army EOD Operations Int erservice Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-1 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-1 Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-1 Organ izations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-4 Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-5 Tra ining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-7

Chapter IV

Marine Corps EOD Operations Int erservice Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-1 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-1 Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-1 Organ izations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-1 Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-4 Tra ining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-6

Chapter V

Navy EOD Operations Int erservice Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organ izations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tra ining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter VI

V-1 V-1 V-1 V-2 V-3 V-9

Air Force EOD Operations Int erservice Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-1 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-1 Doctrine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-1 Organ izations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-3 Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-4 Tra ining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-6

Appendix A

Multiservice EOD Capabilities Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix B

EOD Planning Checklist for Joint Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

Appendix C

Establishing a JEODTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

Appendix D

Standardized EOD Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

Appendix E

EOD Recurring Support Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A-1

Glossary-1

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References-1 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index-1

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FIGURES II-1

Service-Component Responsibility (with DIRLAUTH) Organ ization . . . . . . . II-3

II-2

Lead-Service (with or without TACON/OPCON) Organ ization . . . . . . . . . . . . II-5

II-3

JE ODTF Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II-6

III-1 US Army Theater EOD Force Stru cture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-2 III-2 US Army E OD Force Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III-4 IV-1 USMC H&S Company, Engineer Su pport Bat ta lion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-2 IV-2 USMC EOD P latoon, En gineer Support Batt alion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-2 IV-3 USMC EOD Section, Marin e Wing Support Squ adr on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV-3 V-1

Atlantic Fleet and Eur opean E OD Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-2

V-2

Pa cific Fleet E OD Organizat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V-3

VI-1 Air F orce Pea cetime E OD Organ ization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-3 VI-2 Air F orce War time E OD Organ izat ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI-4 C-1

Notional J EODTF Staff Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2

TABLES D-1

Sam ple UXO Spot Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2

D-2

Sample EOD Incident Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3

D-3

Sample PRETECHREP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-4

D-4

Sample COMTECHREP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-6

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

EOD Multiservice Procedures for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in a Joint Environment This manual − • describes service-specific EOD organizat ions, capa bilities, equipmen t, doctr ine, and t ra ining. • provides joint EOD command and control (C 2 ) considera tions. • provides guidan ce for pla nn ing an d condu cting EOD opera tions in a joint environment. • establishes pr ocedures for informa tion ma nagement (IM), an d operational and intelligence reporting.

Introduction This publication documents the C 2 considerations and procedures for conducting EOD operations in a joint environmen t. These TTP ar e n ecessary to coordinate and integrate multiservice EOD operations to facilitate efficient and safe joint EOD operations. The EOD force performed in a joint capacity during many recent operations; however, most of the command relationships an d coordinat ion requirement s were ad h oc. Ea ch service r out inely deploys EOD forces into a theater, and assigns the force based on service needs rather tha n t he th eater needs as a whole. This MTTP provides man y considerations for employing EOD forces in a joint capa city a nd provides C 2 options for th e geographic combatant commander and commander, joint task force (CJTF) to consider. This MTTP a lso highlights t he E OD capa bilities an d force str uctu res for each service.

Concept and Organization Chapt ers I and II h ighlight th e significan t joint C 2 issues when preparing to employ EOD forces. The focus of the service chapters (Chapters III-VI) is for the benefit of non-EOD comma nders a nd st aff and EOD comma nders a nd st aff  from oth er services to gain an under stan ding of the personnel/equipment a nd doctrine utilized within the other services. Finally, in an effort to expedite C 2 requirement s for the senior thea ter EOD comma nder, the MTTP offers stan dardized EOD reporting forma ts which each service ha s a greed to use when operating in a joint environment. Countering unexploded explosive ordna nce (UXO) and t he t hr eat it creates du ring all operat ions is cha llenging. This MTTP provides the necessary command structure to assist (rather than impair ) efficient EOD opera tions. This cha llenge becomes easier as th e level of  knowledge regarding other services’EOD forces and their contributions to the mission increase.

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Command and Control By captu ring m ethods used to coordinat e joint EOD operations, this publication offers three command relationship options in how to best employ the entire EOD force:

 Service-component responsibility (with direct liaison authorized [DIRLAUTH]). • Lead-service component (with or without tactical control [TACON] or operational control [OPCON] of other service EOD forces). • Subordinate Joint EOD Task Force (JEODTF). Other C 2 considerations when utilizing these task organization options include: a. The geographic combat an t comma nder or CJTF can modify or mix these options to the theater mission, threat, and situation. b. The MTTP esta blishes methods for creat ing a joint EOD operat ions center (JEODOC) to assist and streamline the management of EOD operat ions a t a single comma nd, norma lly un der t he direction of the J -4. c. The J EODOC is useful whenever joint EOD man agement requirement s ar e beyond t he capability of the J -4 an d/or t he subordinate E OD force headquar ters. Both th e Army a nd Na vy have existing C 2 EOD units around which a JEODOC or JEODTF headquarters can be built. Specifically, th e Arm y’s bat ta lion (O-5 comma nd) an d group (O-6 comma nd) hea dqua rt ers, or t he Na vy’s Mobile Un it (O-5 comm an d) an d gr oup (O-6 comm an d), provide a r eady EOD headqua rt ers un it to quickly mana ge or comma nd joint EOD operations.

Chapters C h a p t e r I – Introduces the Department of Defense (DOD) EOD mission, capabilities, and common characteristics of the EOD force. The chapter also provides a h istorical perspective of EOD opera tions an d t he impa ct the thr eat has had on US operations. C h a p t e r I I – Describes the purpose for conducting EOD operations as a   joint force and provides three distinct employment options for the CJTF to consider when employing EOD forces. This cha pter also provides guida nce for standing up a JEODOC or a JEODTF. Chapter III – Provides the reader an understanding of Army EOD operations to include the Army EOD mission, service doctrine, Army organizations and capabilities, and specific Army EOD training. C h a p t e r I V - Provides the rea der a n u ndersta nding of Mar ine Corps E OD operations to include the USMC EOD mission, service doctrine, Marine Corps organizations and capabilities, and specific EOD training opportunities.

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C h a p t e r V – Discusses th e Na vy EOD mission an d n aval EOD doctrine. The chapter also focuses on Navy EOD operations to include Navy EOD organizations and capabilities and specific Navy EOD training opportunities. C h a p t e r V I – Presents AF EOD operations to include AF EOD mission, service doctr ine, an d specific AF EOD t ra ining.

Appendices A p p e n d i x A – Offers a multiservice capabilities matrix for commanders and planners to understand what capabilities each service can and can not provide. A p p e n d i x B - Pr ovides a CJ TF sta ff or EOD sta ff officer with a logical checklist of necessary E OD planning r equirements during ea ch stage of an operation. A p p e n d i x C – Describes the pr ocedures for st an ding up a J EODTF, and th e r esponsibilities of ea ch ser vice’s E OD force. Also ident ifies E OD-specific J EODTF sta ff requirements a nd pr ovides an example of a n otional J EODTF staff. A p p e n d i x D – Formulates and describes the required EOD reports, and sta ndar dizes reporting requirement s when opera ting in a joint environmen t. A p p e n d i x E – Captu res t he r ecur ring EOD opera tions ea ch ser vice rout inely conducts.

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PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS The following commands and agencies participated in the development of  this publication:

Joint DOD EOD Technology and Training Secretariat, Indian Head, MD J oint War fighting Cen ter, Fort Monr oe, VA Joint Staff, J34, Combating Terrorism, Washington, DC Comma nda nt, Naval School EOD, E glin AFB, FL

Army HQ, DA, ATTN: DALO-AMA-E OD, Wash ingt on, DC HQ, TR ADOC, Deput y Chief of Sta ff, Doctr ine (ATTN: ATDO-A), Fort Monroe, VA US Army P acific, ATTN: EODCT, Fort Sha fter, HI TRADOC Munitions System Manager, Redstone Arsenal, AL HQ, 52d Ordnance Group (EOD), Fort Gillem, GA HQ, 79 t h Ordna nce Batta lion (EOD), Fort Sam Houston, TX HQ, 184 t h Ordnance Battalion (EOD), Fort Gillem, GA US Army Techn ical Det achmen t, NAVEODTECH DIV, Ind ian Hea d, MD Army EOD Trainin g Represent at ive, Fort Lee, VA Army E ngineer School, Fort Leona rd Wood, MO

Marine Corps Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Joint Doctrine Branch (C427) an d Gr oun d Br an ch (C422), Qua nt ico, VA Mar ine Corps Ba se, EOD, Qua nt ico, VA HQ, USMC Logistics, Planning and Operations, Washington, DC 2d Mar ine Air Wing, Cherry P oint, NC Seventh Engineer Support Ba tta lion, Camp P endleton, CA Eighth E ngineer Support Bat talion, Camp Lejeune, NC

Navy NWDC, ALSA Liaison Officer (LNO), Norfolk Naval Base, Norfolk, VA Commander, EOD Group ONE, San Diego, CA Comm an der, EOD Group TWO, Norfolk, VA

Air Force HQ, USAF CE, Washington, DC Air Force Doctrine Cent er, Detachmen t 1, Lan gley AFB, VA Air Comba t Comm an d, CE /EOD Division, Lan gley AFB, VA

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Air Force CE Supp ort Agency, Tynda ll AFB, F L Air Force Special Operations Command, CE/EOD Division, Hurlburt Field, FL Air Force Materiel Command, CE/EOD Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH HQ, AF Space Command, CE/EOD Division, Peterson AFB, CO HQ, Air Mobility Comma nd, CE/EOD Division, Scott AFB, MO Air Education Training Command, CE/EOD Division, Randolph AFB, TX HQ, USAF Europe, Ramstein AFB, CE/EOD Division, Germany HQ, P acific Air Force, CE/EOD Division, Hickam AFB, HI 75 t h CE Group, Hill AFB, UT 56 t h CE S quadr on, Luke AFB, AZ USAF EOD Liaison Officer, Central Command, Tampa, FL Detachment 63, Aircra ft a nd Armam ent Cent er, Indian H ead, MD

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Chapter I

EOD WITHIN THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 1. Mission The mission of DOD EOD is to support national security strategy and force protection by neutralizing hazards from foreign and domestic, conventional, nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) UXO, and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) tha t pr esent a thr eat to operat ions, insta llations, personnel, or materiel.

2. Threat The increasing potential of UXO resulting from the proliferation of arms, amm un ition, an d explosives thr oughout th e world, and a n increasing num ber of terrorist a tta cks t hrea ten th e mobility a nd survivability of the ent ire force. Area denial-type munitions containing antidisturbance, influence, selfdestruct, remote control, booby-trap, or contact fuzing also directly threaten US forces. The increasing availability of NBC material, components, and weapons raises the possibility of terrorists using these weapons, or conventional IEDs, in an attack against civilian populations or military facilities and units. Wherever US forces deploy, these threats exist.

3. Capabilities Military EOD personnel and equipment provide a variety of capabilities to commanders. Joint regulations and DOD directives prescribe specific responsibilities for each service. Common EOD training, equipment, and technical manuals provide each service with the capability to detect, identify, field evalua te, r ender safe, recover, and m ak e fina l disposition of conventional or NBC UXO and IEDs, both foreign and domestic. Due to specific training an d sa fety mea sures, equipment capa bilities, an d security issues, only EOD-qualified personnel can provide EOD support to US military operations. See Appendix A, Multiservice EOD Capabilities Matrix, and individual service cha pter s (cha pter s I II-VI) for a deta iled listing of specific service E OD capabilities.

4. Common Characteristics a. History. The development of the US milita ry EOD force was an outgrowth of the bitt er experien ce of the Br itish a t t he beginn ing of World War (WW) II, when t he Germ an s dropped thousan ds of bombs a nd mines cont aining large explosive charges on land a nd in the waters ar ound Great Britain. The US star ted a n E OD service shortly before en tering WWII by sending representa tives from each of the m ilitary br an ches t o England for

I-1

bomb disposal tr aining. Those representa tives return ed to the US a nd established separate Army and Navy bomb disposal schools. By 1960, DOD combined the Army and Navy schools under Navy cognizance to become the Naval E OD School. In 1971, DOD designa ted t he Secretar y of the N avy as the single manager for EOD technology and training. b. Multiservice EOD School. The Nava l School EOD (NAVSCOLEOD) located a t E glin AFB, F L, is a N avy comm an d, sta ffed by Army, Na vy, AF, an d Marine Corps instructors. The EOD course of instruction is approximately six months in length for Army, AF, and Marine Corps personnel and twelve months long for Navy personnel. Navy personnel receive additional instru ction in diving procedures an d un derwater ordna nce operat ions. NAVSCOLEOD tr ain s officer an d en listed per sonnel from all ser vices in mu nitions iden tification, ren der-safe procedur es, explosives safety, an d EOD-unique equipmen t. Th e school’s m ission is to pr ovide EOD-tra ined individuals to th e opera ting forces of all US services an d to provide tr ain ing to various federa l agencies and inter na tiona l students. c. EOD Research an d Development. The Navy is assigned as the single man ager for a ll DOD EOD research an d development, tr aining and evalua tion, an d comm on-type t ra ining. The Na val E OD Techn ology Division (NAVEODTECH DIV), Ind ian Hea d, MD, is a Na vy comm an d with colocated deta chm ent s of all services, which is r esponsible for r esear ch an d developmen t of specialized EOD tools, equipment, techniques, and procedures common to two or more services. This research a nd development assists E OD units in maintaining a modern capability to detect/locate, render safe, or dispose of  UXO an d a ssociat ed haza rds. All services can su bmit r equirements to the NAVEODTECHDIV for equ ipment developmen t a nd can pr ovide inpu t t o the prioritization a nd selection of projects for developmen t. Th e ser vices a lso provide fina l appr oval a nd accepta nce of developed item s. d. EOD Technical Manu als. All services use the same EOD techn ical man ua ls as th e basis for E OD tra ining and technical procedures. The NAVEODTECHDIV develops an d publishes th ese technical man ua ls and receives joint service input and approval prior to publication. The NAVEODTECHDIV limits access to E OD pu blications to E OD-qua lified personn el who ar e perform ing EOD dut ies. The NAVEODTECHDIV regular ly exchanges information with both US national agencies and allied ordnance experts to stay abreast of the latest UXO trends and threat s. e. Common Equipment. All military EOD teams possess the same basic EOD tools to detect, identify, evaluate, render safe, and perform final disposition of explosive devices a nd associat ed h aza rds. These tools include portable x-ray equipment, robots, specialized demolition charges, and specialized tools for rem oving fuzes. Ea ch ser vice h as specialized EOD equipment to perform service-unique EOD missions.

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5. Interoperability Interoperability The existing multiservic multiservice t ra ining an d t echnical echnical ma nua ls, co common equipment, and jointly jointly support support ed research a nd develo development progra progra m m ake EOD one of the most interoperable specialties in the US military. Multiservice EOD forces have worked side by side in numerous operations during recent contingencies and conflicts. These joint EOD operations demonstr demonstr ate the potent potent ial for for greater planning a nd operat iona iona l eff efficie iciency ncy in the future.

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Chapter II

EOD IN A JOINT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT 1. Operations a. Backgro Background. und. UXO UXO and other other ha zardous zardous devi devices in in a th eater of  of  operations will likely threaten military forces and operations. US personnel ha ve been k illed illed or injur ed by UXO in virtu ally every confli conflict ct or cont cont ingency in which which t he US has par ticipated. ticipated. The UXO UXO thr eat is more more serious to nonco noncombat an ts, who ar e u nfamiliar nfamiliar with m ilitary ilitary ordn ance. While While service service components usually deploy with, and are supported by, its own EOD assets, the n umber of th ese assets is very very limited limited and in high demand. In m an y situat ions, ions, t he geograph geograph ic co combat an t comma nder, th rough his directive directive au th ority for for logistic logistics, s, can achieve economy economy of effo effort rt by organizing h is E OD forces using common servicing. Common servicing may allow the joint force commander (JFC) to provide more efficient and effective EOD support to the  joi  joint nt force orce depen ding on t he opera opera tional scena rio. The joint joint EOD force force could could also include include integr at ion ion of co coalition E OD forces forces in a joint/c joint/coalitio oalition n EOD t ask  force (TF). b. Historic Historical Examples. During recent recent US co contingencies, ntingencies, EOD assets from from different different services services combined t heir effo effort rt s t o ma ximize th e effic efficiency iency of  of  EOD operat ions. ions. Wh ile ile effectiv effective, e, most were accompli accomplished shed in a n ad h oc manner, often improvised on site between the local EOD commanders. (1) Desert Storm. Storm. During the major major UXO UXO cleanup cleanup eff effort in Kuwait immediately after Desert Storm, EOD forces from each of the services were organized into a de facto subordinate EOD JTF under Task Force Freedom. The J TF dealt with t he lar ge numbers of UXO UXO rema ining in in Kuwait City. City. This organizationa rganizationa l technique allowed allowed the ta sk force force an d su bordinat bordinat e E OD commanders to focus all available EOD assets on the major UXO clean-up effort in an organized and efficient manner, thus reducing the need for individual services to bring more EOD assets into the country. (2) Somalia. Somalia. In Somalia, Somalia, EOD fo forces from from the Army, Army, AF AF, and Marines operat ed together together to remove UXO UXO by sha ring r esponse esponse sectors sectors in Mogadishu. Mogadishu. Navy EOD personnel supplemented Army E OD soldi soldiers ers in destroying destroying capt capt ured mun itions itions at an improvise improvised d demolitio demolition n ra nge. (3) Bosnia. Bosnia. In support of cont inued peacekeepi peacekeeping ng eff effort s in Bosnia, Bosnia, US E OD forces forces were int egrat ed to pr ovide EOD services services for for t he elimina tion of  of  UXO and to su pport convent convent iona iona l/speci l/special al opera tions a nd coalition coalition forces. forces. c. Plan ning. A common servic servicing approach for EOD support support is of often th e most eff efficie icient nt mean s t o address t he UXO thr eat, especially especially when when a limited limited

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num ber of EOD forces are available. Fa ctors affecting th e str ucture of a joint EOD force include intelligence and terr orist t hrea ts, par ent un it mission (for example: flight opera tions, deminin g, or support to Special Oper at ions Forces [SOF]). Appendix B, EOD Planning Checklist for Joint Operations, provides general EOD planning guidance to support contingency operations.

2. Employment Options a. Background. The magnitu de of th e UXO thr eat in th e joint operat ions area (JOA), coupled with the overall operational situation, normally determines the value added and degree of common servicing desired for EOD support. b. J FC Options. This cha pter provides th ree options for stru ctu ring a  joint EOD force to accomplish the theater mission. Each option and organizat iona l examples depict th e us e of service forces to a ccomplish t he EOD mission. If th e geographic combata nt comma nder uses a functional command structure for the theater, the JFC logistics directorate of a joint staff  (J-4) would still ha ve overa ll responsibility, with service forces per form ing t he EOD mission. Based on the situat ion, t he CJ TF can modify or mix any of the following options: (1)

Service-componen t responsibility (with DIRLAUTH).

(2) Lead-service component (with or without TACON or OPCON) of  other service E OD forces. (3 )

S u bor d in a t e J E O D TF.

3. Service Component Responsibility with DIRLAUTH a. Utilization. The service-componen t responsibility employmen t option is used when each service component provides for and controls its own EOD forces and requirements. It is also the most common method of employing EOD forces, alt hough th is option often will not provide th e m ost efficient or responsive use of EOD assets. b.

Benefits. This option works best when—

(1) th e service component geogra phical ar eas of responsibility within the J OA ar e clear. (2) th e opera tional situa tion allows deployment of each of th e service comp onen t’s EOD forces. (3)

the J FC does not require direct contr ol of EOD missions.

c. DIRLAUTH Option. Comma nders may benefit by specifying DIRLAUTH between t he ser vice component ’s EOD un its. Pr evious E OD operat ions ha ve routinely operat ed in th is ma nner ; however, DIRLAUTH often was not expressly written in the operation plan (OPLAN) or operation order (OPORD). Forma lizing DIRLAUTH often provides a more efficient an d

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responsive method for coordinating EOD operations among the service componen ts. See F igure II-1, Service-Componen t Responsibility (with DIRLAUTH) Organization. d.

Employment Considerations. This employment option—

(1) allows each service to retain contr ol of its EOD assets for operat ions in it s a rea of responsibility (AOR). (2)

does not always allow the most efficient or responsive use of EOD

assets. (3) will likely increase response time to a ma jor a ccident or incident when support is required to cross service-component lines. (4) increases intelligence an d operat ional informa tion sharing between the service components when DIRLAUTH is authorized. (5) may benefit the JFC an d staff by establishing a J EODOC to assist in ma naging the EOD mission. Pa ra graph 6 of this chapter provides the conditions for establishing a JEODOC and its functions.

Geographic Combatant Commander Joint Special OperationsTF (JSOTF) (2)

JTF (1)

JEODOC

Army Forces (ARFOR)

Navy Forces (NAVFOR)

Marine Forces (MARFOR)

Air Force Forces (AFFOR)

EOD Force

EOD Force

EOD Force

EOD Force

Note (1): Any service lead. Note (2): If used, receives direct support (DS) EOD personnel from service components as directed by OPLAN/OPORD.

LEGEND Combatant Command (COCOM) TACON or OPCON Assigned/Attached DIRLAUTH

Figure II-1. Service-Component Responsibility (with DIRLAUTH) Organization

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4. Lead-Service Component (with or without TACON or OPCON) Option a. Utilization. The combat an t comma nder may use the lead-service component option to support a limited duration mission or to provide more efficient EOD support, especially in a short notice, austere environment mission (for exam ple: Bosnia an d Kosovo). In t his option, t he comba ta nt comm an der, th rough h is directive aut hority for logistics, assigns specific EOD-relat ed m issions to a specific service component with or with out TACON/OPCON of other services’EOD forces. b. Format ion. To establish a lead-service component , the combat ant commander, in consultation with his subordinate JFC and service-component comm an ders, a ssigns specific common EOD t ask s t o a lead-service component . Normally, the lead-service component for EOD functions within a JFC is the service component with the majority of EOD requirements in theater. Another consideration for appointing a lead service is to appoint the component most capable of condu cting the E OD mission. The comba ta nt comm an der m ay place selected EOD a ssets from one or more of the other service component s TACON or OPCON to the lead-service component EOD commander to assist in accomplishing the assigned tasks. Other services providing forces to the lead service may provide, or be directed to provide, staff augmentation to the lead-service EOD comm an der ’s sta ff. These services should, as a m inimu m, provide LNOs. Having other service EOD staff augmentation or LNOs within the lead-service EOD staff section expedites planning, coordination, and mission execution. This option must include a support relationship for administrative/logistics support. Figure II-2, Lead-Service (with or without TACON/OPCON) Organ ization, depicts a typical lead-service comm an d relationship. c.

Employment Considerations. This option—

(1) allows more efficient use of limited EOD assets for J TF-specific missions of limited du ra tion or h igh priority. This option is not u sed t o provide EOD su pport for specific service-related missions (to include a ircraft support , ha rbor clearan ces, and car rier ba ttle-group su pport). Each service ret ains select EOD forces to accomplish service-specific missions. (2) centralizes all routine EOD operation taskings and data tra cking with a single point of contact (POC), norma lly the lea d-service component EOD un it opera tions officer. (3) improves technical intelligence acquisition an d dissemination to all E OD forces. (4) may benefit the JFC an d staff by establishing a J EODOC to assist in managing the EOD mission. The conditions for establishing a J EODOC and its functions a re discussed in pa ragra ph 6 of this chapter. (5) provides a mechanism tha t plans for fluctuat ions of service EOD force responsibilities as the operation transitions through different phases. Allows service EOD support to increase or decrease based on operational tempo or t he th eater EOD mission. II-4

JEODOC (3)

ARFOR (2)

JSOTF (4)

JTF

NAVFOR (2)

AFFOR (2)

MARFOR (2)

*Lead EOD Commander (1)

Army EOD (5)

Navy EOD (5)

Air Force EOD (5)

Marine EOD (5)

LEGEND *Combatant commander directs attachment/assignment of a lead EOD commander under a service component.

TACON or OPCON

Note (1): Any service can have the Joint EOD force responsibility. Note (2): Parent service retains administrative control over EOD forces that are TACON or OPCON to another service component. Note (3): See chapter II, paragraph 6. Note (4): If used, receives DS EOD personnel from service-component EOD units as directed in the OPLAN/OPORD. Note (5): Select forces from other service components placed TACON or OPCON to the lead service. Each service retains a portion of their EOD force to conduct service-specific EOD missions.

Figure II-2. Lead-Service (with or without TACON/OPCON) Organization

5. Subordinate JEODTF a. Utilization. A J EODTF is a subordinat e JTF th at contr ols (via TACON/  OPCON for attached units) two or more service-component EOD organizations and is jointly staffed. Task organizing EOD forces under a J EODTF a llows the CJTF to focus limited EOD assets wher e they a re n eeded most and provides an opportunity to optimize EOD mission capabilities. It also serves a similar function as a JEODOC, but includes command authority, as opposed to sta ff man agement, over a ssigned a nd a tta ched EOD forces. b. Format ion. The CJTF should base the decision to establish a JE ODTF on specific mission needs, while also considering ongoing service component EOD requirement s. Based on J FC guidance and other considerat ions, such as an OPLAN and existing agreements, each service component provides assets to fulfill common EOD support requirements within the JOA. However, even when common EOD support is provided for by a lead service or JEODTF, service-unique EOD r equirements rema in t he responsibility of the individual

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service components. The combatant and subordinate JFCs should consider the common support reqirements needed to allow service-components the ability to execute their service-specific requirements. See Figure II-3, JEODTF Organization. The J EODTF headqua rter s normally is built around an existing service-component EOD command, with augmentation from other service EOD staff personnel. When using a JEODTF, the CJTF must ensure that adequat e a dministrat ive, logistical, an d m edical su pport is available to the JEODTF. The CJTF employs a JEODTF for a limited time for a specific mission t o clear h azar ds tha t t hr eaten thea terwide operat ions. See Appendix C for more details on establishing a JEODTF. c.

Employment Considerations. The J EODTF option—

(1) delegates the au thority to organ ize forces to accomplish th e EOD mission, ba sed on t he CJ TF’s concept of the opera tion. By design an d t o avoid duplication of effort, a JEODOC is not established if the JEODTF option is used. (2) provides th e EOD force with un ity of effort, centra lized plan ning, and decentralized execution. (3) consolidat es th e capa bilities of each service’s EOD force in a joint effort to solve theaterwide UXO hazards. (4) facilita tes the combat ant comma nder/CJTF contr ol over EOD forces a nd missions.

Figure II-3. JEODTF Organization

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(5) expedites technical intelligence/data a cquisition and disseminat ion to end- users. (6) provides a comma nd stru ctur e for the integration an d contr ol of  coalition EOD forces. (7) may be most appropriate for a major theat er war (MTW), mun itions st ora ge or tr ansporta tion disasters, large opera tions, or post-hostilities UXO clean -up opera tions.

6. JEODOC a. Formation. The JFC and J -4 staff determine the need for the JE ODOC. The J EODOC is useful whenever joint EOD ma nagement requirement s ar e beyond th e capability of the J TF’s J -4 staff or s ubordina te E OD force headqua rter s. The scope of the a ssigned mission and allocated force stru ctu re determines th e staffing level and overall support requirement s. The J EODOC is a fully integrated and mobile facility, manned and equipped by the individual service components under the auspices of the JTF J-4. To avoid duplication of effort , a J EODOC is not established wh en a J EODTF is form ed. Both the Army an d Na vy ha ve existing C 2 EOD units a round which a J EODOC is built. S pecifically, u sing t he Army’s ba tt alion (O-5 comma nd) a nd group (O-6 comm an d) head qua rt ers, or t he N avy’s Mobile Un it (O-5 comma nd) and group (O-6 comma nd), provide a ready E OD headqua rter s u nit to quickly establish a J EODOC. b. Fu nctions. The J EODOC is a multifun ctiona l operat ional center under the auspices of the J TF J -4. Its primar y purpose is to man age th eater-level UXO ha zard-reduction operat ions an d EOD plan ning, integrating, coordinat ing, and ta sking functions (th rough th e direction an d a ut hority of  the comma nder) when ther e is no subordina te J EODTF formed to accomplish this task. The JEODOC provides the JTF oversight over all EOD operations in thea ter, tra cks critical E OD assets, monitors an d recommends cha nges in priorities, and resolves issues between service components. The JEODOC tas king au thority ena bles t he J TF to chan ge service-component EOD force responsibilities as th e opera tion tr ansitions thr ough different phases. This allows service EOD support to increase or decrease based upon operational tempo or the thea ter EOD mission. The m ajor functions r esident in th e J EODOC are— (1) Opera tions/Int elligence (Ops/Intel) Section. The ops/intel section ensures current theater-EOD operations are synchronized with CJTF intent. It monitors, synchronizes, and r eport s EOD operations to ensur e ma ximum efficiency th roughout the J OA. The section also monitors an d int erprets the enemy and friendly situation for the commander and informs forces of  significan t changes in opera tions, objectives, an d pr iorities. (2) Administra tive/Logistics (Admin/Log) Section. The admin /log section identifies immediate or potential problems in t he su pport or mat erial system. The section determines logistics support resource requirements,

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coordinat es airlift r equests, and special tra nsportat ion r equirements, an d provides feedback (on request) for mission-essential repair and support items. (3) Comm un icat ions-Electronics (C-E) Section. This section provides informa tion systems planning, coordinat ion, an d support t o the J EODOC and all joint, coalition, and external organizations, as required.

7. Information Management and Reporting a. Informa tion Management (IM). IM refers to the processes a J TF J-4, J EODOC, and J EODTF use t o obtain, ma nipulate, direct, an d contr ol vital EOD-relat ed inform at ion. IM for EOD opera tions includes all pr ocesses involved in the creation, collection and control, dissemination, storage and retrieval, protection, and destruction of critical EOD information. The goal of  IM for EOD opera tions is t o provide a timely flow of quality informa tion, enabling the comma nder of any E OD force to anticipate an d un derstan d th e consequences of changing conditions. See FM 3-99.4 (FM 101-4)/MCRP 6-23A/  NWP 3-13.1.16/AFTTP(I) 3-2.22, Multiservice Procedures for Joint Task  Force–Information Management . b.

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Reporting Requirements. See Appendix D, Stan dardized EOD Report s.

Chapter III

ARMY EOD OPERATIONS 1. Interservice Responsibilities Arm y Regulat ion (AR) 75-14; Chief of Na val Oper at ions Ins tr uction (OPNAVINST) 8027.1G; Marine Corps Or der (MCO) 8027.1D; an d Air Force Joint Instruction (AFJI) 32-3002, Int erservice Responsibilit ies for E xplosive Ordn ance Disposal; and AR 75-15, Responsibilities an d Procedures for   Explosive Ordnance Disposal, define t he Army’s r esponsibilities as th e following: a. To provide support to Army insta llations/activities and to render safe/  dispose of explosive ordna nce in th e ph ysical possession of the Arm y. b. To establish, operat e, an d support an explosive ordna nce reconn aissance pr ogram. c. To provide routine and emergency response to all land-mass areas under US control, except those specifically assigned as a responsibility of the Na vy, Mar ine Corps, or Air Force.

2. Mission The Army EOD m ission is to support na tiona l secur ity stra tegy by providing the capability to neutralize hazards from conventional UXO, NBC an d associated ma terials, and IED (both explosive an d NBC), tha t present a thr eat to operat ions, insta llat ions, personnel, and/or mat erial. Army E OD forces also ma y dispose of ha zar dous foreign or U S a mm un ition, UXO, individual mines, booby-trapped mines, and chemical mines. Routine clearing and rapid breaching of foreign or US minefields is the responsibility of the Army en gineers. EOD provides th e Army with a ra pidly deployable support package for the elimination of hazards from UXO in any operational environmen t. The EOD force serves as a combat multiplier by neutr alizing UXO that is restricting freedom of movement and denying access to supplies, facilities, and other critical assets. Army EOD forces equip, train, and organize to support tactical land forces across the spectrum of operations, to include peacekeeping, military operations other than war (MOOTW), and MTW.

3. Doctrine a. Rules of Allocat ion. The Army ha s sufficient EOD force structure t o support two simultan eous MTWs in separa te t heat ers of operat ions. The Army a llocates each th eater one E OD group a t Army/thea ter level; th ree E OD battalions at theater support command/corps/division level; and 28 EOD

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companies at specified locations that best support the maneuver commander. See Figure III-1, US Army E OD Theater Force Str ucture. b. C 2 . The EOD group provides C 2 for all Army E OD assets a nd operat ions in th eater. The EOD batta lions provide C 2 , mission tasking, technical int elligence acquisition an d m an agement, and limited administrative and logistic support for up to 10 EOD companies. EOD battalions, or battalions (-), may deploy as the senior C 2 element for Army EOD operat ions in a given operat ion. Ordna nce compan ies remain un der th e comma nd of their par ent batt alion, but depending on th e operat iona l situat ion, ma y be placed TACON/OPCON to another unit. When ut ilizing the TACON/OPCON C 2 option, the parent battalion retains administrative cont rol (ADCON) of their subordina te compa nies. EOD compa nies pr ovide general support (GS) on an area basis or direct support (DS) to specified element s in support of opera tions. The comba ta nt comman der ’s plann ing staff  tailors EOD forces to support specified operations down to a brigade combat tea m. Responsibilities of th e EOD comma nder a t all levels include— (1) (2) priorities.

recommen ding policy and distribution of EOD assets. monitoring EOD support missions and establishing workload

(3)

serving as POC for technical intelligence coordina tion.

(4)

coordinating GS and DS EOD support.

Ordnance Group (EOD)*

Ordnance Battalion (EOD)

Ordnance Battalion (EOD)

Ordnance Battalion (EOD)

Ordnance Company (EOD) X 10

Ordnance Company (EOD) X 10

Ordnance Company (EOD) X 8

* To support two simultaneous MTWs, the Army has two ordnance groups (EOD): 52d Ordnance Group (EOD), Fort Gillem 111th Ordnance Group (EOD), Alabama National Guard

Figure III-1. US Army Theater EOD Force Structure

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(5) ensur ing each EOD unit establishes provisions for communications at each level to support EOD operations. (6) supplementing other t heat er force-protection procedures to meet the existing threat. (7) coordinat ing administra tive an d logistical support, as required, from th e supported comma nd. c. Operationa l Plann ing. The EOD group and EOD batt alion provide staff  planning for Army EOD operations throughout their area of operations (AO). Thus, the EOD group commander is also the EOD special staff officer to the Army force commander, joint force land component commander (JFLCC), and coalition J FLCC. The EOD ba tta lion comma nder serves as t he E OD special staff officer at the corps JTF and coalition JTF level. In the absence of a deployed EOD group or EOD battalion, the senior-ranking Army EOD officer also serves as the EOD staff officer for the Army element. The EOD commander is responsible for providing the EOD annex to all OPLANs/  OPORDs. This ensures that EOD forces fully understand and support the ma neu ver comm an der ’s opera tions a nd also provides for force protection thr oughout th e AO. d. Theater-Level Str ategic Plan ning. The Army service component comma nder (ASCC) and his sta ff plan for Army a nd assigned EOD thea ter-strat egic EOD requirement s in support of the geographic combat ant comm an der ’s campa ign plan. The ASCC accomplishes t he plan ning by using the J oint Operat ion P lanning an d Execut ion System (JOP ES) and coordinat es th e plan ning effort with th e comba ta nt comm an der ’s EOD st aff officer. The EOD bat ta lion and group comma nder ma y provide LNOs t o the geographic combat an t comma nder or J FC st aff if required. The EOD bat ta lion commander may also provide an LNO to a brigade, division, or corps JTF headqua rter s if deemed necessar y by operat iona l requirements. The LNO ensures— (1) mutu al cooperation and understanding between comman ders and sta ffs of different headqua rter s. (2) coordinat ion on tactical matt ers to achieve mut ua l pur pose, support, and action. (3) precise understa nding of stat ed or implied coordinat ion measur es to achieve synchronized results. e. Combined Operat ions. Combined operat ions involve the militar y forces of two or more nations acting together in common purpose. The EOD batt alion/group comma nder considers m ilitary doctrine a nd tra ining, equipment, cultura l differences, and language ba rr iers when providing TACON or OPCON of alliance or coalition EOD forces. Lessons learned indicate tha t few linguists ha ve both the technical expertise and dept h of  un dersta nding to cross both language a nd doctr inal bounda ries and be fully

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under stood when dealing with UXO a nd technical E OD procedures. Combined operations require a significant resource commitment to dedicated liaison an d linguist t eam s from alliance or coalition EOD forces.

4. Organizations The Army assigns EOD organizational assets to specified major command (MAJ COM) ar eas. See F igure III-2, US Arm y EOD Force Allocation. The

HQ Department of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff Logistics

Eighth US Army Republic of Korea

US Army Pacific Command

EOD Control Team

EOD Control Team

Ordnance Company (EOD)

National Guard Bureau State Adjutant General (4 States)

Ordnance Company (EOD)

52d Ordnance Group (EOD)

Ordnance Company (EOD) X 2 Alabama State Adjutant General 111th Ordnance Group (EOD)

US Army Forces Command

3d Ordnance Battalion (EOD)

184th Ordnance Battalion (EOD)

Ordnance Company (EOD) X 8

Ordnance Company (EOD) X 10

US Army Europe

CONUS Support Company X2

Ordnance Company (EOD) X 2

79th Ordnance Battalion (EOD)

63d Ordnance Battalion (EOD)

Ordnance Company (EOD) X 10

Ordnance Company (EOD) X 9

Figure III-2. US Army EOD Force Allocation

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191st Ordnance Battalion

441st Ordnance Battalion (EOD) Ordnance Company (EOD)

Support Groups

Army numbers all EOD units for support to specified OPLANs. Major EOD comma nds a nd t heir locations ar e: a. US Army Forces Comma nd: 52d Ordna nce Group (EOD), four EOD batt alions, a nd 39 EOD compan ies. b. US Army Europe: EOD cell, 191st Ordna nce Batt alion, and two EOD companies. c. US Army, Pa cific Comma nd: EOD contr ol team a nd two EOD companies. d. Eighth US Army, Republic of Korea: EOD cont rol team and one EOD company. e. US Army National Guard: one EOD ordnan ce group, one EOD battalion, and five EOD companies.

5. Capabilities a. The EOD Compan y–Mission. Each EOD compan y is au thorized 23 soldiers, compr ising 20 EOD-qualified technicians, including t he comma nder an d first sergeant , and thr ee support soldiers (personn el clerk, mechan ic, and supply sergean t). The EOD compan ies provide GS t o the corps on an ar ea basis and can perform DS missions for a specific maneuver unit, normally a division or brigade TF. Due to th e limited support personnel, the E OD compan y depends on the supported un it for administr at ive an d logistical support. b. The EOD Compan y–Force Capabilities. The activity of EOD intensifies based upon the operat iona l tempo of the batt le and st abilizes as th e thea ter matures. The EOD force within a theater of operations can expect to conduct operations in a myriad of situations and locations. An EOD company can field up t o seven E OD team s, consisting of a m inimum of one E OD team leader an d one EOD tea m m ember. Each tea m can operate for a period up t o 72 hours and may conduct 8-10 EOD incidents in a 24-hour period. This is dependent on the mission, enemy, terr ain and weather, tr oops an d support available, time ava ilable (METT-T). The Arm y add s a “C” at th e en d of METT-T for civilian considerations. Manpower intensive EOD operations (multiple UXO, NBC opera tions, a nd amm unition supply point accidents) require several EOD tea ms a t one time t o complete th e mission. EOD comma nders can ta sk  organize th eir team s a s n ecessary t o complete th e mission. c. Operationa l Capabilities. Organic to each EOD compan y ar e personnel and equipment to identify, mitigate, neutralize, remove, and dispose of  conventional or NBC explosive hazards. These hazards may arise from domestic or foreign ordna nce or IE D th at degra des th e comman der ’s mobility or t ha t t hrea ten personnel, operat ions, or installations. Many of the capabilities ar e n on-service specific. To avoid r epetition in th e ser vice cha pters, Appendix E pr ovides th ose capabilities t ha t ar e recurr ing,

III-5

non-service s pecific EOD r equirem ent s. Key Arm y-specific EOD opera tional capabilities are— (1) Force Protection. Army EOD provides the bomb disposal componen t of th e Army’s force protection program . In addition t o actua l response to explosive devices, Arm y EOD forces can also provide t ra ining in UXO/explosives recognition an d report ing, bomb thr eat sear ch procedur es an d evacuation, site vulnerability assessments, and unit standard operating procedures (SOP) preparat ion a nd validation. This tr aining increases t he effectiveness of the ma neu ver comm an der ’s force pr otection pr ogra m. (2) Very Importa nt P erson P rotective Support Activity (VIPP SA). Army EOD is the executive agent for coordination and tasking of all military EOD support for t he US Departm ent of State (DOS) an d US Secret Service (USSS) for the protection of the president, vice president, and designated foreign heads of state. (3) Amnesty Progra ms. Arm y EOD units assist in the collection and disposal of ha zardous mu nitions a nd components a s par t of the ma neuver comm an der ’s force protection pr ogram , to ensur e th e cont inu ed safety of  militar y personnel. (4) Stuck Rounds. Each EOD team performs specialized procedures to remove ar tillery or m ort ar rounds th at become st uck in firing tubes. (5) Mortu ar y Services. Immediate recovery and cleara nce of deceased persons is a priority of th e ser vices. The pr esence of UXO being foun d on or imbedded in deceased per sons a dversely impacts th e r ecovery of coalition or US personnel. Therefore, Army planners normally involve EOD-qualified leaders in planning and conducting recovery and processing of deceased personnel. d. Continent al US (CONUS) Support Company. The Army assigns two CONUS support compan ies to the EOD group. The CONUS support compan y assumes responsibility for the CONUS Army EOD mission upon deployment of an EOD battalion and all, or some, of its subordinate EOD companies. The CONUS support company commander provides C 2 of an opera tions section and disperses a response force or teams at up to six different geographical locat ions. The CONUS support compan y can assum e ma ny of the C 2 functions of th e deployed ba tt alion, t o include— (1)

coordinat ion of EOD support to the USSS.

(2)

EOD support to militar y installation comma nders.

(3)

EOD support to other civilian agencies.

The group can also task the companies to provide specialized support to the National Command Authority (NCA) for response to counterterrorism activities and response to weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

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6. Training a. Required Individual EOD Tra ining. All Army EOD specialists att end the Army-specific material/equipment tra ining (Ph ase II) at Redstone Arsenal, AL. Army EOD personnel also receive continuous technical sustainment training and evaluations a t their un its of assignment. b. Specialized Tra ining Opportu nities. Select EOD soldiers may also at ten d specialized tr ainin g such as techn ical escort s pecialist, adva nced access an d disablement , advanced EOD, and a variety of nuclear and chemical operat ions cour ses. A limited nu mber of specially selected EOD soldiers a lso att end F ederal Bur eau of Investigation civilian E OD tra ining or foreign EOD cour ses, such as the British Army En gineer IED Disposal a nd Advanced Manu al Techniques Course, th e Can adian Military Forces IED Disposal Course, a nd the Fr ench Military Demining School. c. Combat Tra ining Centers. EOD compan ies and compan y elements provide support to maneuver forces (battalions, brigades, and division TF headquarters) undergoing training at the Joint Readiness Training Center, Nat ional Training Center, and th e Combat Maneuver Training Center. Specifically, countering UXO hazards with EOD teams prevent needless deat hs, injur ies, and dest ru ction of th e comm an der ’s comba t power. During reception, st aging, onwar d m ovement, an d int egration, su pport ing EOD teams provide UXO danger awareness and risk management, fratricide prevention, an d other sa fety instr uction t o JTF personnel.

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Chapter IV

MARINE CORPS EOD OPERATIONS 1. Interservice Responsibilities MCO 8027.1D; AR 75-14; OPNAVINST 8027.1G; and AFJI 32-3002,  Interservice Responsibilit ies for Expl osive Ordna nce Disposal, s t a t es t h a t t h e USMC E OD forces provide E OD services on USMC inst allat ions, in assigned operational areas, or for explosive ordnance in the physical possession of the Marine Corps.

2. Mission The USMC EOD mission is to provide force protection in support of the Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF). This is accomplished by neutralizing hazards from foreign, domestic, conventional, and NBC UXO and IEDs that present a t hr eat t o operat ions, installations, personnel, or m ater ial. Additionally, Mar ine Corps EOD un its provide t echn ical in telligence on ordnance through disassembly and rendering munitions inert.

3. Doctrine a. Operational Concept. Mar ine EOD forces conduct operat ions to enhance survivability/mobility, preserve warfighting capabilities, and to enable Marine expeditiona ry a nd joint forces to achieve a nd ma intain batt lespace dominan ce t hr ough the reduction or eliminat ion of UXO th reat s. b. C 2 . The EOD officer/team leader directs and coordinates the execution of EOD task s in support of the comma nder ’s inten t. The E OD team s within Marine expeditionary forces (MEFs) and subordinate MAGTFs must coordinate with each other to ensure complete support of all units. The senior EOD officer has staff responsibility for all EOD-related matters during a cont ingen cy or conflict. c. Operationa l Plan ning. For planning, EOD falls under the Pacific/  Atlant ic/MEF Mar ine Corps componen t logistics st aff officer (Mar ine Corps brigade or h igher st aff) (G-4). The sen ior E OD Mar ine for a fut ur e mission conducts all operat iona l planning. Due to th e inher ent danger of UXO, commanders should include the EOD officer/team leader in all phases of  planning. This Marine is responsible for providing the EOD annex for OPLANs/OPORDs to ensu re full EOD su pport in a ll phases of the operation.

4. Organizations a. Marine EOD Forces. Marine EOD forces within the MEFs consist of an EOD platoon within the engineer support battalion (ESB) of the force service

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support group contained within the division and EOD forces within the Marine wing support squadr on (MWSS) of the Marine wing support group. (1) The EOD Platoon of the ESB. The ESB EOD platoon is a par t of  the headqua rter s a nd services (H&S) compan y of the E SB. The ESB S-3 task s and controls the EOD platoon. See Figure IV-1, which depicts the H&S compan y of the ESB. Organ ization an d equipment for the EOD platoon provides eight fully capable teams for operations in support of the MEF. See Figure IV-2, USMC EOD Platoon, Engineer Support Battalion, for a depiction of the eight team s. These eight t eams can reorganize into smaller t eams a nd respond t o separ at e incident s, depending upon t he complexity of the UXO/IED incident. A six-ma n EOD t eam will support a Marine expeditionar y un it (special opera tions capa ble) (MEU[SOC]). The ME U (SOC) is t he most

Headquarters and Support Company, Engineer Support Battalion

S-1 Section

S-2/S-3 Section

Communication Platoon

EOD Platoon

Senior Enlisted Advisor

Construction Platoon

S-4 Section

Medical Platoon

Field Mess Section

Figure IV-1. USMC H&S Company, Engineer Support Battalion

Figure IV-2. USMC EOD Platoon, Engineer Support Battalion

IV-2

Chaplain Section

Supply Platoon

comm only deployed version of a MAGTF. The Mar ine Corps a ssigns t he E OD team to the MEU service support group (MSSG) operations officer. During MEU operations, the E OD team ma y be OPCON/TACON to a higher headqua rter s t o facilitat e th e most efficient u se of a scarce asset. (2) EOD Section of th e MWSS. The EOD section of the MWSS consists of one officer and six enlisted personnel and primarily supports the air comba t element . The MWSS E OD section is capable of providing full EOD support t o an expeditiona ry a irfield (EAF). Each tea m may r eorganize into smaller team s an d respond to separa te incidents. For example, the E OD team ma y operat e at a forwar d opera ting base, EAF, forwar d ar ming an d refueling point, or may respond to a separate UXO incident. See Figure IV-3, USMC EOD Section, Mar ine Wing Su pport Squadr on. b.

Marine Base/Air Station EOD Forces.

(1) Marine Corps Bases. The base EOD teams are under OPCON of  the Assistant Chief of Staff, Operations an d Training, departm ent of the Marine Corps base. The EOD team usually consists of one officer and six enlisted a nd provides full EOD support for all operat ional a nd tra ining evolutions th at the base conducts. (2) Marine Corps Air Stat ions (MCAS). The Marine Corps assigns this EOD team as a special staff section to the air station commanding officer. This section u sua lly consist s of one officer an d four enlisted per sonnel an d provides all support in th e conduct of operat ions an d tr aining aboard t he MCAS.

Marine Wing Support Squadron

S-1 Section

MP/Flight Line Security Department

Internal Airfield Communications

S-2 Section

Airfield Operations Division

S-3 Section

EOD Section

S-4 Section

Motor Transport Operations Division

Equipment Maintenance Department

Engineer/ Operations Division

Figure IV-3. USMC EOD Section, Marine Wing Support Squadron

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5. Capabilities a. Marine EOD Team Capabilities. In addition to the recurr ing operations provided in Appendix E, all Marine EOD teams have the following capabilities— (1) Tactical Recovery of Aircraft or Personn el (TRAP). The EOD technicians assist in extracting personnel from aircraft and the recovery, rendering safe, or destruction of any remaining explosive and classified components a s required. Marine E OD technician s th at support/part icipate in a TRAP operat ion a re u nder OP CON of the search t eam leader. (2) Base Recovery After Atta ck. EOD provides rapid UXO clearan ce after an attack to facilitate rapid reopening of an airfield for combat operat ions. A UXO ha zard can disrupt a nd/or para lyze air operations a nd do so for long periods of time. These disruptions/interruptions to operations are par ticularly applicable t o tar gets r equiring ra pid reopening priority. Regar dless of the mun itions employed against an airbase, base recovery, an d, in particular, airfield recovery must take place in the shortest time possible. Multiple factors effect wh en a nd h ow th e ren dering sa fe an d clear an ce of UXO occurs during a recovery mission. These factors include, but are not limited t o— (a) sensitivity of th e fuzing. (b) condition of the m un ition. (c) location of th e mu nition. (d) pr iority of clear an ce a ssigned to th e location. (3) Noncombata nt Evacuation Operat ion (NEO). The EOD team neut ra lizes any explosive ha zards capable of endangering the NEO pa rt y/  security forces or evacuating personnel. These explosive hazards can include conventional or improvised UXO. The EOD team can also destroy any cont raba nd, weapons, or explosives brought into the site. During an NEO, th e site commander normally has TACON of the EOD team for optimal utilization. (4) Huma nitarian Assistance (HA) Operations. Marine EOD units conducting an HA operat ion provide mobile t ra ining team s. These tea ms destroy weapons, ordnance, and explosives, and report ordnance-related informa tion t o the proper au th ority. The EOD un its support MAGTF inter na l security by responding to IEDs and by providing instruction to MAGTF units concerning ordnan ce identification a nd IED awar eness. The optimal m ethod of employing an EOD unit during an HA is by TACON to the operations officer. (5) Force Pr otection. The optimal meth od of employing EOD forces dur ing force pr otection operat ions is by pr oviding DS t o the MAGTF. Employment of the EOD force requires a pplication of planned and integrat ed security programs, including— (a) combat ing terr orism. (b) physical security.

IV-4

(c) operat ions s ecur ity. (d) personal protective security supported by intelligence. (e) counterintelligence (f) other security program s. The E OD force within th e MAGTF n orm ally receives direction from t he force protection officer of the MAGTF. Attachm ent of EOD tea ms to subordina te un its should only occur when t he supported un it is separat ed from th e MAGTF and response by individual tasking is not feasible. (6) Technical Support and Tra ining. EOD units provide technical intelligence t hr ough exploita tion of ordn an ce by identificat ion, disassem bly, an d r endering m unitions inert. Additionally, Mar ine E OD personnel teach awareness, response, reporting, and identification of IEDs and locally manufactured ordnance items. EOD units perform crater analysis and assist in post-blast investigations. The MAGTF can attach EOD forces to raid units to neutralize munitions/missiles. (7) Dynamic Ent ry. Dyna mic entr y involves the use of specialized technical ent ry met hods against a specific ta rget. EOD perform s t he dynam ic entr y mission in su pport of the mar itime special pur pose force (MSPF) an d military police (MP) special response teams. Methods include the use of  mechanical tools, ther ma l t orches, shotguns, a nd explosives. Dynamic entr y meth ods ensur e 100 percent penetra tion of the t ar get using a minimum of  force, with th e intent to limit collat eral da mage. These opera tions support in-extremis hostage rescue an d r aids to destroy or rescue equipment/  personn el in su pport of the MSPF or MP special response t eams. (8) Disaster Areas. If a disaster strikes an area where munitions are manufactured, stored, or utilized, EOD support may allow relief forces to conduct operations and to safeguard citizens. b. Marine Corps MOOTW EOD Capabilities. During MOOTW an d sma ller scale cont ingencies, EOD forces r ecover, render safe, an d dispose/  neut ra lize amm unition/UXO, and clear IE Ds used by guerrilla or para militar y units. c. MEU (SOC) EOD Capabilities. MEU (SOC) EOD units provide EOD-relat ed capabilities in t he following opera tions: (1) Maritime Intercept Operat ion (MIO). The purpose of an MIO is to board and search shipping vessels that may be handling contraband or are potent ially hostile to na tional int erests. The USMC often att aches EOD t eams to a unit conducting a visit, board, search, and seize (VBSS) operation. The EOD teams search for and render safe or destroy IEDs and other hazardous devices. (2) Gas an d Oil Platform (GOPLAT) Operation. A GOPLAT is an operation when the NCA dictates use of oil and gas production platforms as a sta ging/listening/operat ing base, or the US deems it n ecessary t o captu re t he platform. The Marine Corps assigns an EOD tea m t o the a ssault force of a

IV-5

GOPLAT to neutralize IEDs and to perform special demolition procedures to destr oy critical locations (if n ecessar y). (3) In-Extremous Hostage Rescue (IHR). The Marine Corps conducts this mission to protect American and foreign lives that have been held hostage or pr isoner when a point of death situat ion ar ises. The Marine Corps assigns EOD t echnician s t o the ma ritime special purpose force dur ing deployment. The assau lt un it EOD technicians mu st qua lify on a ssault skills to operat e as par t of the t eam du ring all phases of the operation. During th e IHR, the E OD technicians clear explosive devices and are members of the dynamic entry team s. The EOD technician s assist t he person or per sons t asked with breaching (establishing a n entr y point) to facilitate surpr ise and speed of  entry.

6. Training a. Team Qualification Requirements. All EOD technicians ar e gradua tes of basic EOD school and possess some or all of the skills listed in paragraph b below, th rough MEU tr aining rotat ion an d follow-on tra ining at their unit. b. MEU-Specific Cour ses. The following cour ses are MEU -specific tra ining opportu nities: (1)

Specialized demolitions.

(2)

Dynamic entr y and close-quar ters battle courses.

(3)

Training in the urban environment.

(4) Special operat ions exercises (ta ught by the Special Operat ions Tra ining Group from the 1st, 2d and 3d MEF). Marines also attend Basic Airborne School, Fort Benning, GA; the Combat Divers School, Pan ama , FL; and the Small Boat Tra ining Landing Force Tra ining Center with in th e Pa cific an d Atlantic Fleets.

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Chapter V

NAVY EOD OPERATIONS 1. Interservice Responsibilities OPN AVINST 8027.1G/AR 75-14/MCO 80 27.1D/AFJ I 32-3002, Interservice  Responsibilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal, defines the Navy EOD mission. US Na vy (USN) EOD pr ovides services on na val inst allat ions; within oceans an d contiguous wat ers, up to the h igh wa ter m ar k of ha rbors, rivers an d coasta l environments; an d emergency response t o lan d ma ss not specifically ass igned a s a responsibility of the Arm y, Mar ine Corps, or AF.

2. Mission The USN EOD mission is to support national security strategy by providing forces capable of conducting land and underwater detection, identification, ren der safe, recovery, field evalua tion, an d disposal of explosive ordna nce.

3. Doctrine The N avy generally categorizes EOD operations into t hree types: maritime operations, contingency operations, and ordnance intelligence and acquisition. a. Maritime Operat ions. The Navy conducts EOD operat ions to enha nce ship survivability, preserve fleet warfighting capabilities, and enable naval, expeditiona ry, and joint forces to achieve an d ma inta in bat tlespa ce domina nce thr ough t he r eduction or elimination of hazardous UXO threat s. The Navy ass igns EOD forces to aircraft car rier ba tt legroups (CVBG), amph ibious r eady groups (ARG) and mine-countermeasures groups, special contingency operat ions a t sea an d ash ore, an d shore installations where continu ing EOD requirement s exist. Operat iona l comma nders employ th ese forces as necessary to meet theater objectives. b. Cont ingency Opera tions. EOD forces support cont ingency opera tions in support of US forces and operat ions in th e interest of nat iona l security a nd safety. Their flexibility an d int eropera bility facilitat e par tn ersh ip with Special Warfare and Marine Corps forces when threats involve conventional ordnance or WMD. From their dedicated fleet and shore assignments, EOD forces support federa l an d local a ut horities in t he r endering safe an d disposal of  explosives and explosive devices and assist the USSS in presidential and very important person (VIP) protection. EOD forces also support the Coast Guard in count erna rcotics opera tions an d par ticipate in MOOTW such as mar itime interdiction, NE O, disaster relief, an d security a ssistance sur ge operat ions. c. Ordna nce Intelligence an d Acquisition. Navy EOD personnel are qualified divers an d can recover ordnan ce items on lan d or u nderwat er, make

V-1

the ordnance explosively safe, and return the item for exploitation. EOD detachment s gather immediate preliminar y intelligence on t hrea t ordnan ce in the field. This intelligence is then disseminated to those requiring it in the AO unt il the deta chmen t or other asset can conduct a more detailed exploitation. Data collected contributes to the development of render-safe procedures and support s th e development of count ermea sures, a s well as deter mining the location of enemy st ockpiles, types of lau nch pla tform s, an d t actics.

4. Organizations The Navy organizes EOD forces to support the geographic combatant comma nders. The geographic combat ant comma nder ha s OPCON of EOD forces thr ough t he fleet comma nders and nu mbered fleet comma nders. St aff  officers with in ea ch of th ese organ izations pr ovide C 2 and staff planning support for operat iona l EOD a ctivities. See F igure V-1 for a depiction of th e Atlant ic Fleet a nd Eur opean EOD organizationa l stru ctur e an d F igure V-2 for the EOD organizationa l str ucture of the Pa cific Fleet.

Figure V-1. Atlantic Fleet and European EOD Organization

V-2

Figure V-2. Pacific Fleet EOD Organization

5. Capabilities The fundamental operational entity within EOD is the detachment. A detachment is a subordinat e ent ity, capable of independent operat ions, with assignment to EOD mobile units (EODMUs). The best method to describe Navy EOD capabilities is by listing the EOD detachment types. Appendix A identifies s pecific mission capabilities of each of the ma jor Na vy EOD detachments. a. EOD Mobile (MOB) Detachments. These detachments provide EOD support to CVBGs, ARGs, and t heat er comma nders. The Na vy tasks MOB detachment s with a variety of cont ingency operat ions to include ra nge

V-3

clearan ce, USSS support , organic mine count ermea sures (MCM), hum an itarian demining operat ions (HDO), riverine, port security/ha rbor defense opera tions, an d to au gment SOF. The E OD MOB detachment can perform in one of th ree m ain configur at ions—a CVBG deployment , an ARG deployment, and contingency deployments. (1)

EOD MOB Detachments–CVBG Deployments.

(a) Mission. The MOB deta chment 's mission is to provide an EOD warfare capability to the deployed CVBG commander. Navy EOD provides response during flight deck operations involving live, fuzed ordnance, and ordnance replenishment evolutions. Also, Navy EOD provides a rapid response to ordnance incidents within the CVBG and a forward deployable capability for response to cont ingencies out side of the CVBG. MOB detachment s a lso provide support to ma ritime int erdiction forces, NEO, an d other contingency operations in a MOOTW environment and participate in bilat eral multina tiona l exercises. MOB detachment s can perform a limited amount of minor ships un derwater repair ta sks. Mobility capabilities include fastrope, rappel, helicopter cast and recovery, specialized personnel insertion/  extraction (SPIE) and helicopter deployment of combat rubber raiding craft (CRRC). EOD per sonn el from th ese detachment s m ay split into sma ller response elements. Normal manning is one officer and seven enlisted personnel. (b) Assignment. The Na vy assigns an EOD MOB deta chm ent t o each deploying CVBG as a ta sk elemen t. To coordina te C 2 of th e MOB detachment within th e CVBG, assignment of the deta chment is to the CVBG commander. A separate EOD officer and senior enlisted EOD technician is colocat ed on t he CVBG comm an der ’s pla tform with th e E OD officer perform ing duties as the tas k element comma nder. The EOD officer t ha t perform s th e ta sk element comma nder functions a lso acts as the EOD LNO to plan a nd direct the em ployment of detachment s/element s as appropriate. (2)

EOD MOB Detachment-ARG Deployment.

(a) Mission. The mission and capabilities are similar to those provided to a CVBG with the additional emphasis of supporting amphibious operat ions a float an d a shore. (b) Assignmen t. The Navy assigns an EOD MOB detachment to each ARG/MEU. The ARG/MEU furt her assigns th e detachment s to th e deployed am phibious squa dron/amph ibious group. To best coordin at e C 2 of  the MOB detachmen ts within the ARG, the ARG comma nder h as OP CON of  the detachment. The ARG commander assigns the detachments as task  element s u nder the amph ibious task group. The h ost ship(s) have TACON of  the detachments. Normal manning is one officer and seven enlisted personnel. (3) EOD MOB Detachments–Cont ingency Operat ions Deployment. When the N avy tasks a n EOD MOB detachmen t t o perform in a MOOTW environmen t, th e detachment provides EOD personnel to support primar y

V-4

forces enga ged in cont ingency opera tions including insu rgency/  coun terinsur gency, count erter rorism/an titerr orism, peacekeeping, mar itime interdiction, NE O, disaster relief, count erdru g, and security a ssistance sur ge operations. Normal manning is one officer and seven enlisted. The EOD MOB detachment performs the following operations in support of contingency operations: (a) Special Operations Support. EOD forces frequently operate in support of SOF. In Vietnam, Gren ada, P an ama , and t he Per sian Gulf, EOD provided direct m ission su pport t o dispose of ant ipersonnel devices, IEDs, a nd UXO th at impeded operat ions. Any MOB detachment can perform contingency operations in a MOOTW environment such as VBSS or insurgency/counterinsurgency action in support of special operations. Additiona lly, th e Na vy perman ently assigns a limited n umber of EOD personnel to the Navy Special Warfare Development Group. (b) Coun tern ar cotics. The increase in the use of IEDs in t he narcotics trade has significantly expanded EOD-force participation in counternarcotics operations. EOD personnel conduct diving and search operat ions in support of th e US Coast Gua rd, US Treasur y, and US Cust oms Service in counternarcotics and drug interdiction. (c) EOD Support to Non-DOD and Civilian Organizations. The executive manager for EOD technology and training provides EOD research, technology, and tra ining support to the U SSS, the F ederal Bur eau of  Investigation, the Centra l Intelligence Agency, the US Coast Guar d, and the Federal Aviation Administration. The executive manager provides assistance to other organizations designa ted by t he Secreta ry of Defense. The Na vy provides E OD assistan ce to render safe and dispose of IEDs, nonmilitar y commercial explosives, and similar dangerous articles upon request from federal agencies or civil authorities. b. Fleet Ant iterrorist Secur ity Team. The comma nder, EOD Group TWO assigns a detachment from EODMU TWO to support th ese operat ions. This detachment au gments a Marine compan y on a rotationa l basis, as required. Their mission is to support geographical areas experiencing heightened tension resulting from a terr orist t hr eat or regiona l instability. Normal manning is one officer and seven enlisted personnel. c. Shore-Based (SHORE) Detachments. The Navy locat es EOD SHORE detachment s at shore activities th at require continu ous E OD support. Their mission is to provide an EOD capability to the activity to which they are assigned. EOD support includes general ordnan ce ha ndling, tra nsportat ion, storage, disposal and/or safety missions, live-fire training, range clearance, an d un derwater ordna nce testing. The operat iona l comma nder may deploy the assigned detachment for ar ea or r egiona l response in su pport of military and civilian incidents or accidents requiring EOD warfare skills. The specific mission determ ines the actua l mann ing requirements of a SH ORE detachment.

V-5

d.

M CM D et a ch m e n t s .

(1) Mission. EOD MCM detachments ar e part of th e dedicated mine warfare force and are specialized detachments that locate, identify, neutralize, recover, exploit, and dispose of sea mines. These detachments provide the MCM comma nder with a n under water capability. They normally conduct integrated operations with surface MCM (SMCM) and airborne MCM (AMCM) units and are also capable of limited independent operations. MCM detachment s m ainta in basic warfighting capabilities equivalent to those of  MOB detachments in the conventional ordnance and IED threat response ar eas. MCM detachment s h ave special low-influence signatu re (magnetic and acoustic) equipment an d capabilities. The deta chm ents ar e a lso responsible for recovering new mine types and subsequently conducting tactical field exploitation of the recovered mines, a mission critical to the effectiveness of all MCM operations. Normal manning is one officer and seven enlisted personnel. (2) Assignmen t. The Navy often assigns MCM detachment s under OPCON of an MCM squadron commander. Each deploying MCM squadron normally consists of a command/support ship, an AMCM unit, an SMCM unit, and an underwater MCM (UMCM) unit. The UMCM command task unit is norma lly the comm an ding officer of EODMU THRE E or EODMU S IX (or th eir designated representa tive). The UMCM ta sk unit normally consists of two or more MCM detachments and other EOD detachments as assigned. The EOD comma nd t ask unit is the MCM squadr on comma nder's primar y advisor for planning and executing safe and efficient UMCM operations. e. Marine Mammal System (MMS) Detachments. MMS detachments provide an enhanced capability to detect, identify, mark, render safe, recover, an d neut ralize objects within t he wat er column a s well as t hose that have become bur ied un der th e ocean ’s floor. All MMS det achm ent s a re mobile systems that can rapidly deploy to most areas of the world on short notice ut ilizing fixed-wing air cra ft, helicopters, t ru cks, boat s, am phibious ship well decks, or comma nd sh ip. The Na vy’s curren t m ar ine mam mal program has one fleet operat iona l site a nd one fleet su pport facility, both located in Sa n Diego, CA. Th ese h ighly mobile, reliable, a nd effective syst ems provide a tr ain ed, cont ingency response capability in th e following mission a rea s: (1) Mar k (MK) 4 Module (MOD) 0 MMS (Close-Teth ered, Deep-Moored Minehunting, and Neutralization System). This MMS detachment is an u nderwat er sur veillance and detection system which employs dolphins for object locat ion, m ar king, an d r ecovery with th e mission of detecting and neutralizing close-tethered, deep-moored mines. The system provides an effective tool for port break-in and breakout missions as well as MCM operations at naval choke points, anchorages, along known/suspected mine routes (Q-routes) and in vital sea lanes. Normal manning is one officer an d 18 enlisted personn el. (2) MK 5 MOD 1 MMS (Pin gered Object Recovery System). This MMS detachm ent is a recovery system t hat uses sea lions t o locat e an d at ta ch

V-6

recovery har dware t o mines a nd t est ordnan ce with a coustic pingers a tta ched to th em. Normal man ning is one officer an d 13 en listed. (3) MK 6 MOD 1 MMS (Swimmer Detection an d Defense System). This MMS deta chmen t is a waterside security system t hat uses dolphins to protect h arbors, anchora ges, and individual a ssets against un aut horized swimmers, divers, and swimmer delivery vehicles. It can be employed in MOOTW, an titerrorist, or t ra ditiona l port an d a nchora ge scenar ios. Normal manning is one officer and 20 enlisted personnel. (4) MK 7 MOD 1 MMS (Bottom and Buried Minehu nting and Neutralization System). This MMS detachment is a mine detection, location, an d neut ralization system th at uses dolphins to detect a nd n eutr alize proud mines (mines on the ocean floor) and mines buried under the ocean bottom. Normal manning is one officer and 25 enlisted personnel. f.

Area Search Detachments (ASDs).

(1) ASD Underwa ter Systems. ASDs detect and locat e under water ordnance on the ocean bottom by using side-scan sonar, towing hardware/  cables, and precise n avigat ion systems. The sonar an d a ssociated equipment are portable and have a relatively small logistic footprint for employment on an ASD cra ft of opport un ity. Alth ough ASDs a re flexible an d m obile, th eir effectiveness is largely limited to areas of smooth and hard bottoms. Buried mines, certa in mine sha pes, clutter ed and uneven bottoms, an d moored mines redu ce th e effectiveness of ASDs for MCM opera tions. Norma l ma nn ing is one officer an d four enlisted p ersonnel. (2) ASD Deployment a nd Mission. ASDs deploy from EODMUs or mobile diving a nd salvage units (MDSU) to perform un derwater search operations to locate salvageable objects such as aircraft or large debris to be removed from sea lanes. These operations occur during channel conditioning operat ions a nd support t he conduct of port breakouts an d overseas port facility recovery operations. ASDs also use their assets to reacquire mine-like objects previously detected by other MCM assets and systems. EOD ASDs provide a limited m ine-detection capa bility when a low-profile presen ce or very rapid response is desired, an d th e increased r isk to the h ost plat form is acceptable. ASDs can pass position data and mark contacts for prosecution by EOD MCM detachments and can operat e in both sa lt and fresh wat er. g. Fly-Away Recompression Chamber Detachment. This detachment provides emergency hyperbaric recompression treatment for personnel who experience diving-related injuries when a local chamber is not available. The fly-away recompression chamber can locate on an MCM command/support ship, a cra ft of opportu nity, or ash ore. Norma l ma nning is thr ee divers, one diving medical t echn ician, an d one diving m edical officer. h.

Very Sha llow Wat er (VSW) MCM Detachments.

(1) VSW Mission. The mission of the VSW MCM detachment is to provide a small cadre of specially trained and equipped forces to conduct

V-7

low-visibility mine exploration and reconnaissance operations in the VSW zone (10-40 feet). Pr imar y fun ctiona l ar eas in clude: confirmin g th e presen ce or absence of mines in selected VSW areas, re-acquiring and identifying previously detected mine-like contacts in the VSW zone, and providing the tactical commander with data from VSW zone exploratory and reconnaissance missions to predict mine density. Supporting functional areas involves diving and demolition operations. VSW MCM forces must apply primary and support ing functional a rea s described a bove by employing specific VSW MCM-unique equipment, procedures, an d t actics t o count er the VSW mine threat. (2) VSW Assignmen t an d Opera tions. VSW serves as a component of  th e Na vy’s dedicated MCM forces un der OP CON of comm an der, mine war fare comma nd, a nd ADCON of comma nder, EOD Group ONE. The deta chmen t participates in fleet MCM exercises and conducts regular fleet training to develop a nd refine VSW MCM ta ctics. Additiona lly, t hey ser ve as a warfighting laboratory for assessing the performance of new technologies to address MCM reconnaissance in the VSW zone. In the event of contingency operations, the VSW detachment maintains a 48-hour fly-away capability for short-notice embar kat ion in a dvance force platforms assigned un der t he commander, amphibious task force (CATF) and the MCM commander when the MCM comma nder is assigned under the CATF. The VSW deta chment can mobilize with specialized equipment and tactics to enhance advance force and pre-assault MCM capabilities in support of amphibious operations in a mined environmen t. Curr ent m an ning totals 70 personnel—seven officers a nd 46 enlisted personnel from the Navy and one officer and 16 enlisted from the Marine Corps . i. EOD Command, Control, Commun ications, Computers, and Intelligence (C 4 I) Cell. Individual EOD an d MDSU detachment s ar e cur rent ly assigned in s upport of various OP LANs/contingency plans (CONP LANs). As multiple detachments deploy, EOD forces may deploy as a single unit under the control of their commanding officer. Operations may require employment of EOD deta chment s simu ltan eously in close proximity or ra pidly dispersed t o remote areas for independent operations. Accordingly, an EOD C 4 I capability is requir ed to assist in elimina ting frat ricide and pr oviding force identificat ion an d logistical su pport . Experience du ring Desert Storm, n umer ous exercises, and MOOTW have routinely demonstrated that an EOD C 4 I cell provides effective C 4 I, logistics, and medical support to the deployed EOD and MDSU detachment s. The deployed E OD C 4 I cell also facilita tes organic support capabilities to sustain operations for long periods. Normal manning is two officers an d seven en listed per sonnel. j. Naval Reserve Force (NRF) EOD Detachments. NRF EOD detachment s ar e maint ained within the N RF EODMUs. They provide contributory support during peacetime and crisis response during MOOTW, major regional conflicts, and contingency operations. NRF detachments are compr ised of selected r eserve per sonnel, who main ta in capa bilities in diving, basic demolition, ordn an ce location, identification, an d disposal. There ar e

V-8

thr ee types of NRF EOD detachment s: ordna nce clearan ce detachments (OCDs), mobile comm un icat ions deta chment s (MCDs), an d ASDs. (1) OCDs. OCDs provide diving an d demolition su pport, perform man power-intensive EOD-related t asks t ha t ena ble EOD detachment s to be available for more technical procedures, and act as force multipliers when integrated with regular forces. OCDs can locate, identify, and destroy conventional ordnance, but they do not perform render-safe or exploitation procedures. OCDs train and qualify on basic use of the low-signature diving equipment (MK 16 un derwater breath ing appar at us [UBA]). OCDs conduct routine hull/pier/underwater searches, locate/identify/destroy underwater ordnance in support of MCM port clearance operations, and provide cont ributory support in th e a reas of search-an d-rescue retr ograde ordna nce/  explosives disposal and range clearance operations. For MCM operations, OCDs work in conjunction with other MCM assets to provide additional identification and neutralization capabilities. Normal manning is one officer an d six enlisted personnel. (2) MCDs. MCDs provide a deployable field comm un icat ions cell for integrat ed comma nd post t actical a nd stra tegic commu nicat ions in support of  EOD forces in the field. Capabilities include Global Command and Control System, secure voice, data, and imagery radio-frequency communications in the high frequency, ultrahigh frequency line of sight, satellite commu nicat ions, a nd very high frequency spectr um. N orma l ma nning is one officer an d four enlisted p ersonnel. (3)

ASDs. ASDs were described in para graph 5f above.

k. MDSUs. In addition to assigned EOD units, EOD Group ONE and EOD Group TWO have ADCON over MDSU ONE and MDSU TWO, respectively. MDSUs pr ovide mission-capa ble active an d n aval r eserve detachments to perform diving, salvage/recovery, and underwater ship-repair operat ions in ports or h ar bors. They can operat e from ports, US N avy and Military Sealift Command vessels, or commercial contract salvage or repair vessels. In addition, the MDSU detachments provide limited self-defense. Ea ch MDSU ha s mobile diving a nd sa lvage deta chmen ts a nd fleet maint enan ce diving detachm ents. These detachments can simultaneously deploy to different areas of the world in support of their assigned mission areas.

6. Training a. Diver Tra ining. EOD diver training, conducted at the Naval Diving an d Sa lvage Training Center, Pan ama City, FL, qualifies Na vy EOD technicians t o perform self-conta ined un derwater breat hing appa ra tus (SCUBA), MK-16 m ixed gas, a nd sur face-supp lied diving operat ions. b. Tactical Insert ion/Extraction. EOD MOB an d MCM detachment s perform the ta ctical insert ion a nd extr action of personnel a nd equipment by unconventional methods (for example SPIE, rappel, fastrope, casting, and

V-9

CRRC) in a reas th at cann ot be accessed/reached by conventiona l mean s. Select mobile and shore detachments maintain land and water parachuteinsertion capability for worldwide emergent support. c. EOD Tra ining an d Evaluat ion Units (EODTEUs). EODTEUs provide readiness improvement tra ining to EOD detachment personnel prepa ring for operat iona l deployments. Detachment s a re guided th rough a dvanced TTP clas sroom tr ainin g, followed by a dvan ced pr actical exercises in all core mission a reas. EODTEUs pr ovide similar tr aining to shore a nd n aval reserve detachment personnel. Additionally, training units provide specialized, highrisk supervisory tra ining for demolition/burn ra nge operations, SPIE /ra ppel/  fastr ope opera tions, SCUBA/MK-16 UBA operat ions an d field communications procedures. EODTEUs also conduct field evaluation of new an d experiment al EOD t ools and equipment prior to distribution t o operat iona l units.

V-10

Chapter VI

AIR FORCE EOD OPERATIONS 1. Interservice Responsibilities AFJI 32-3002; AR 75-14; OPNAVINST 8027.1G; and MCO 8027.1D,  Interservice Responsibilit ies for Expl osive Ordna nce Disposal, define th e AF EOD responsibilities. The AF EOD furnishes services on AF installations, dispersal bases (which include non-DOD installations from which air reserve componen t forces opera te), in a ssigned operat iona l ar eas, or for t he disposal of  explosive ordn an ce in t he ph ysical possession of the U SAF. When r equested by other services, federal agencies, or civil authorities, USAF EOD teams respond to an y incident site to prevent or limit dama ge and injur y.

2. Mission The AF EOD m ission is to protect people, facilities, an d r esour ces from damaging effects of UXO, hazardous components, and devices. The EOD personn el locate, ident ify, disar m, n eut ra lize, recover, and dispose of  ha zardous explosives, NBC, an d incendiary items. They also neutr alize criminal a nd t errorist bombs when r equested or directed by proper a ut hority, clear areas of explosives-related contamination, and dispose of unserviceable an d outda ted mu nitions. The EOD force support s th e USSS a nd t he DOS in their protection of the president, vice president, foreign dignitaries, and VIPs. EOD forces train other USAF personnel on ordnance recognition, hazards, an d pr ecaut ions an d provide EOD su pport to the global engagement mission.

3. Doctrine a. Concept. The USAF organ izes EOD force packages into unit-type codes (UTCs) to provide flexible stru ctu res to supp ort cont ingency missions. Th e USAF designs these packages to meet specific manning an d equipment requirements based on the mission and threat. Planners can combine the UTCs in building-block fashion to provide coverage for location-specific missions. b. C 2 . In peacetime, USAF a ssigns E OD units t o a USAF wing un der th e base civil engineer (BCE) and furt her assigns th e wings to the MAJ COMs thr ough the num beredAir F orces. Dur ing deployed operat ions, USAF assigns EOD units under the deployed BCE (when one is assigned). If no BCE is assigned, E OD un its n orm ally work for t he deployed wing/unit comman der. At the wing level dur ing increased th reat conditions, th e wing establishes a sur vival r ecovery cent er (SRC) for wing C 2 . The senior EOD represent ative performs duties a t the SRC to contr ol all EOD opera tions at the deployed location.

VI-1

c. Operationa l Plan ning. The USAF provides basic UTC packages for plan ner s t o develop capa bilities a t deployed locat ions. Th ese UTCs form capabilities to respond to the various threat levels. This building-block  appr oach a llows th e ma ximum flexibility in E OD force employmen t. The USAF EOD UTCs are— (1) 4F9X1-Civil Engineer Squadron (CES) Pr ime Base Engineer Emergency Force (BEEF) EOD Lead Team. This UTC consists of six personn el, EOD equipmen t, t echn ical da ta , explosives, two vehicles (one M-1116 u p-arm ored high-mobility mu ltipur pose wheeled veh icle [UAHMMWV] an d one M1038 h igh-mobility m ultipur pose wh eeled vehicle [HMMWV]), and one M101 tr ailer. The UTC su pports MTW locations an d contingency missions at aerial ports, en route bases, or critical CONUS operat ing locations. It also provides limited capability for MOOTW and force protection buildup. This UTC supports lead aviation squadrons by protecting critical resources and personnel from the effects of explosive hazards, minor mu nitions a ccidents , ter rorist explosive devices, an d UXO from limited en emy att ack. Capabilities of the UTC include r ender safe US a nd foreign conventiona l and chemical ha zards, an d IE Ds. (2) 4F9X2-CES Pr ime BEEF EOD Follow Team. This UTC has four personnel with a limited set of EOD equipment, technical data, explosives, and one vehicle (M1038 HMMWV). The UTC augments an EOD lead team (4F9X1) to provide a dded su pport t o both a lead a nd a follow aviation squadron. (3) 4F9X3-CES Prime BEEF E OD Base Support/Sustainment Team. The base support/sustainmen t t eam ha s two personnel deploying with a set of  base support equipment. This UTC includes robotic platforms for remote operat ions a nd a ugmen ts t he E OD lead team (4F9X1) an d/or E OD follow team (4F9X2). This UTC can provide additional equipment for sustained operations. (4) 4F9X6-CES Armored Base Recovery Vehicle. The 4F9X6 UTC consist s of one M1116 U A-HMMWV th at provides mobile, a rm ored pr otection during ordna nce reconna issance and safing m issions. (5) 4F9X7-All-Pu rpose Remote Tran sport System (ARTS). The ARTS provides r emote a pplicat ion of explosive tools for use a gainst lar ge IEDs a nd a rem otely opera ted plat form for r emoval of subm un itions from operat ing ar eas. The ARTS a lso supports an y deployed EOD capa bility for recovery from at ta ck, force pr otection build-up, or a ccident clean -up operat ions. (6) 4F9X9-CES Pr ime BEEF High Threat Augmenta tion Team. The high thr eat augment ation team consists of two EOD personnel with weapons, amm un ition, an d personal protective equipment. This UTC a ugments oth er UTCs in incremen tal levels by adding two additiona l personn el unt il necessary manpower requirements are met.

VI-2

(7) 4F9XA-CES Pr ime BEEF EOD Leadership/Mana gement Team. The 4F9XA UTC has one EOD officer and a chief master sergeant with persona l weapons, a mmu nition, a nd persona l protective equipment . This UTC supports forward-deployed staff positions and provides a C 2 capability for theater, JTF, or unit EOD teams. (8) 4F9XB-CES Prime BEEF EOD Contingency Support Team. This UTC consists of six personnel, one vehicle, minimum EOD equipment, technical da ta, an d explosives. This UTC supports en-route an d force-protection missions.

4. Organizations During peacetime, the AF assigns EOD flight s t o the CE organization within the MAJCOMs. They are responsible for peacetime support of the comm an d mission an d postur ing deployable force pa ckages. See Figur e VI-1, Air Force Peacetime EOD Organization. In wartime, the EOD force deploys to support the geographic combatant commanders. See Figure VI-2, Air Force Wart ime E OD Organization.

Figure VI-1. Air Force Peacetime EOD Organization

VI-3

Joint Chiefs of Staff USAF Chief of Staff The Air Force Civil Engineer

EOD Program Board

Civil Engineer Support Agency Field Operating HQ

EOD Program Board

Navy Commander

Unified Commands Joint Forces Command Central Command European Command Pacific Command Southern Command Space Command Special Operations Command Strategic Command Transportation Command

Air Force Commander

Army Commander

Wings Fighters, Bombers, Airlift, Tankers

Operations Group  Flying Squadrons • Global Reach • Global Engagement

Support Group • Installation Infrastructure • Operating Support

Logistics Group • Maintenance • Transportation • Contracting

Civil Engineer Squadron

Operations

EOD Flight

Fire Protection

Figure VI-2. Air Force Wartime EOD Organization

5. Capabilities a. General. The minimum E OD team size on incident responses is two qualified operators employing remote procedures whenever possible. If  ava ilable, a t hird EOD-qualified super visor provides on-scene sa fety, supervision, and command advice.

VI-4

b. Capabilities. In a ddition to the recurring, nonservice-specific EOD capabilities at Appendix E, the USAF EOD force has the following capabilities: (1) Lau nch and Recovery of Aircraft. The USAF’s EOD tea ms directly support sortie generation. They respond to airfield emergencies according to peacetime requirements of safety, resource protection, and sound judgment. War time operat ions involving a ircraft d iffer from pea cetime opera tions primarily from an increased operations tempo. (2) Force Protection. To provide a secure environment, USAF EOD operations require EOD forces to respond outside traditional base boundaries. AF EOD pla ys a crit ical r ole in force protection by elimina ting or m itigating explosive ha zards creat ed by kn own or suspected criminal a nd terr orist devices. (3) Airfield Recovery Operations. CE ra pid ru nway repair includes EOD opera tions du ring airfield recovery operat ions. The SRC plan s, prioritizes, and controls all airfield recovery operations. The SRC integrates all assets (to include engineer, EOD, security forces, disaster preparedness, commu nicat ions, tr ansporta tion, r esource ma na gement) to support postat ta ck  recovery opera tions. (4) Aerial Port Opera tions. Aerial port s are vital links to transportation in both surge and sustainment operations. They are susceptible targets for hostile forces wishing to disrupt operations. They have a substan tial EOD m ission r elat ive to th e increased movement of munitions. Additionally, enemy ordnance captured for intelligence assessment must tra nsit these ports. (5) Mort ua ry Services. Becau se of ordna nce being left on or imbedded in casualties, processing casualty operations should involve EOD teams. While this is par ticularly import ant at the CONUS-port mortua ries (last military involvement prior to turning over casualties to the families), EOD team s should also support th eater mortua ry effort s. (6) Base Populace Tra ining. AF EOD personnel provide training on ordna nce hazar ds an d recognition, mine awa reness, terr orist bomb search an d recognition procedures, and personnel protective measures. (7) DS Units (Fu ll Capability Nuclear Su pport). The AF assigns EOD personnel dealing with nuclear mun itions in per sonnel reliability pr ogram positions. The pr ogra m is set up t o review th e individua l’s background prior to working with nuclear mun itions. P ersonn el working in DS units with full capability nuclear support train to perform all necessary EOD actions on nuclear weapon systems from site stabilization to site recovery.

6. Training a. “SILVER FLAG”. This exercise prepa res EOD forces for air field operat ions in MTW environm ent s via classr oom, pr actical han ds-on exercises,

VI-5

an d field t ra ining. The SILVER FLAG cour se/exercise pr ovides classr oom an d practice training in the following areas: (1)

Force protection planning.

(2)

Large vehicle operat ions.

(3)

NBC operations.

(4)

IED tools and procedures.

(5 )

AR TS .

(6)

Portable ra dio commu nications-139 radio system.

(7 )

L a n d n a v ig a t ion .

(8)

Global positioning system.

(9)

Damage assessment operations.

(10) Sta ndoff munitions disrupt ion. (11) Minefield opera tions. The first thr ee days of training ar e classroom a nd practical, culminat ing with an integrated airfield recovery exercise. The exercise is based on a hum an itarian /MOOTW scenar io tha t a llows student s to apply skills lear ned thr oughout th e course in a realistic environment. b. Air Mobility War fare Center-“PH OENI X READINESS ”. The Air Mobility War fare Cen ter condu cts a t ra ining event for EOD forces (also kn own as Exercise PHOENIX READINESS). The exercise prepares EOD forces for MOOTW environments via classroom, practical, and field training. The training culminates in a four-day deployment exercise.

VI-6

Appendix A

MULTISERVICE EOD CAPABILITIES MATRIX

Army

Capability

   m    a    e     T     D     O     E

   y    n    a    p    m    o     C     D     O     E

Navy    y    n    a    p    m    o     C     t     S   r     U   o     N   p    p     O   u     C    S

   e     l     i     b    o     M

    M     C     M

    M     C     M     /     W     S     V

Air Force

   e    r    o     h     S

    D     C     O

Marine Corps

   n    o     i     t    a     t     S     /    e    s    a     B

   e    s    a     B    e    m    o     H

    d    e    y    o     l    p    e     D

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

    U     E     M

    D     O   n     E   o    o     B    t    a     S    l     E    P

    D     O     E   n     S    i    o     S    t    c     W    e     M     S

CONVENTIONAL MUNITIONS Locate/Identify

X

X

X

X

X

X

Render Safe Procedures (RSP)

X

X

X

X

X

X

Dispose

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Near-Surface Buried Munition Detection

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Subsurface Buried Munition Detection

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Buried Ordnance Recovery

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Large Area Munitions Clearance

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Airfield Recovery

X

Submunitions Clearance

X

X

X

X

X

X

Surface Munitions Disruption

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Munitions Storage Area Accident Cleanup

A-1

Army

   y    n    a    p    m    o     C     D     O     E

Navy    y    n    a    p    m    o     C     t     S   r     U   o     N   p    p     O   u     C    S

Air Force

    M     C     M

    M     C     M     /     W     S     V

   e    r    o     h     S

X

X

X

X

RSP

X

X

X

X

Dispose

X

X

X

X

X

X

X(3)

X(3)

X

Capability

   m    a    e     T     D     O     E

   e     l     i     b    o     M

Locate/Identify

    D     C     O

   e    s    a     B    e    m    o     H

    d    e    y    o     l    p    e     D

Marine Corps

    U     E     M

    D     O   n     E   o    o     B    t    a     S    l     E    P

    D     O     E   n     S    i    o     S    t    c     W    e     M     S

   n    o     i     t    a     t     S     /    e    s    a     B

Naval Sea Mines (1)

Recover

X

X

Low-Influence Diving

X

X

Locate/Identify

X

X

X

RSP

X

X

X

Dispose

X

X

X

X

Locate/Identify

X

X

X

X

X

RSP

X

X

X

X

Dispose

X

X

X

X

Limpet Mines (1)

UNDERWATER ORDNANCE (1)

X

IED

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Large Vehicle IED

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X(3)

X(3)

X(3)

X(3)

X(3)

X(3)

X(3)

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X

X

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X

X

X

WMD (2) Locate/Identify RSP

X(3)

NUCLEAR MUNITIONS Radiation Detection/Monitor RSP Nuclear System

A-2

X

X

X

Army

Capability

   m    a    e     T     D     O     E

   y    n    a    p    m    o     C     D     O     E

Navy    y    n    a    p    m    o     C     t     S   r     U   o     N   p    p     O   u     C    S

Continue RSP Seal/Package

   e     l     i     b    o     M

    M     C     M

    M     C     M     /     W     S     V

Air Force

   e    r    o     h     S

    D     C     O

   e    s    a     B    e    m    o     H

X(3)

X(3)

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X

X

X(3)

    d    e    y    o     l    p    e     D

Marine Corps

    U     E     M

    D     O   n     E   o    o     B    t    a     S    l     E    P

    D     O     E   n     S    i    o     S    t    c     W    e     M     S

   n    o     i     t    a     t     S     /    e    s    a     B

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

BIOLOGICAL MUNITIONS Detection Decontaminate

X

X

Seal/Package

X

RSP

X

X

X

Emergency Disposal

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X(3)

X

X

X

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X

X

X

X

X

CHEMICAL MUNITIONS Agent Identification

X

X

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X

X

X

X

X

Agent Decontamination

X

X

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X

X

X

X

X

Seal/Package

X

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X

X

X

X

X

RSP

X

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X

X

X

X

X

Emergency Disposal

X

X

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X

X

X

X

X

Munitions Intel Gathering

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Exploitation

X

Inerting Explosive Demolition

X

X

X

Vessel Boarding Search & Seizure NEO

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X(3)

X

X

A-3

Army

Capability

   m    a    e     T     D     O     E

   y    n    a    p    m    o     C     D     O     E

Navy    y    n    a    p    m    o     C     t     S   r     U   o     N   p    p     O   u     C     S

TRAP/Combat Search and Rescue

    M     C     M     /     W     S     V

Air Force

   e     l     i     b    o     M

    M     C     M

X

X

X(3)

   e    r    o     h     S

Aircraft Crash Recovery

X

X

X

X(4)

X(4)

X(4)

VIP Protection

X

X

X

X

X

X

Dynamic Entry

X(5)

X(5)

X(5)

X(5)

X(5)

    D     C     O

X(4)

   e    s    a     B    e    m    o     H

    d    e    y    o     l    p    e     D

Marine Corps

    U     E     M

    D     O   n     E   o    o     B    t    a     S    l     E    P

    D     O     E   n     S    i    o     S    t    c     W    e     M     S

X

X

X

   n    o     i     t    a     t     S     /    e    s    a     B

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X(5)

X(5)

X(5)

X(5)

X(5)

X(6)

X

Tactical Insert/Extract Personnel and Equipment Parachute

X(6)

SPIE

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Fastrope

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Rappel

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

CRRC

X

Casting

X

X X

X

Robotics (Small) X

X

Satellite Communications X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

(1) In water only, otherwise treat as conventional ordnance. (2) Refer to established OPLANS for further guidance. (3) Selected detachments only. (4) Includes in-water recovery. (5) See service chapters for unique breaching capabilities. (6) Only designated Mobile and shore detachments.

A-4

X

X

Robotics (Large)

Organic Tactical Communications

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Appendix B

EOD PLANNING CHECKLIST FOR JOINT OPERATIONS 1. Mobilization Planning a. Tra in, equip, and organize EOD forces within each service component . b. Review OPLANs for EOD requirements and the plan ned flow of EOD forces t ime-phased forces deployment list (TPF DL). c. Consider ad ding an EOD-qua lified officer to th e combatant commander’s special staff. d. Ident ify opport un ities for joint EOD opera tions in exercise plan (EXPLANs), OPLANs, CONPLANs, and OPORDs. e. Perform a n intelligence estimate of informa tion necessary t o count er th e UXO and IE D thr eat including:

f.

(1)

Ordnance orders of battle.

(2)

Terrorist/param ilitary threats and capabilities.

(3)

Critical ta rget listing (enemy) an d mun itions US forces plan to use.

(4)

Critical vulnera bilities (friendly) an d wha t munitions the enemy may use.

Coordinat e periodic joint, interopera bility exercises with mu ltiservice E OD forces.

2. Deployment Planning a. Update intelligence estimate. b. Update mission ana lysis to determine EOD requirements to support the mission, to include— (1)

joint EOD mission requirements.

(2)

service EOD requirements.

(3 )

t ot a l E O D r e qu i r em e n t s .

B-1

c.

Sour ce the EOD requirement s to support joint and service-specific missions.

d. Determ ine flow of EOD forces (TPF DL).

3. Employment Planning a. Develop mission sta tement s and concept of  operations. (1)

Ident ify single-service EOD missions (See Chapters III-VI).

(2)

Identify joint EOD missions (See Chapter II).

(3)

Select employmen t options for condu cting  joint operations (See Chapter II). (a) Service responsibility with DIRLAUTH. (b) Lead service component (with or without TACON/OPCON). (c) Subordinat e J EODTF.

b. Esta blish JE ODOC (if required) (See Cha pter II a nd Appendix C). c.

En sur e meth odology is in place for intelligence collection a nd dissemina tion. (1)

Disseminate new or unknown ordnan ce technical inform ation within thea ter.

(2)

Process new or unknown ordnan ce items to appropriate a gencies outside th eater.

(3)

Coordinate with the National Imagery and Mapping Agency for upda ted ma pping, geodesy, an d mu ltispectr al imagery data covering the area of the UXO/EOD incident.

4. Sustainment Planning a. Coordinat e administrat ive and logistical support with Theater Support Comma nd or service components. b. Monitor EOD report s; tak e action as required.

B-2

5. Redeployment Planning a . E n s u r e E OD com m a n d e r s u n d e r st a n d a n d employ appropriate procedures (for instance, explosives safety and environmental protection) for th e closing of demolition ar eas. b. Establish EOD battle hand-off requirements and procedures— (1 )

t o h os t n a t i on .

(2)

to coalition EOD forces.

(3)

to civilian contr actors.

c. Deter mine redeploymen t flow of EOD forces. d. Conduct post-mission an alysis.

B-3

Appendix C

ESTABLISHING A JEODTF 1. Background A key responsibility of the geographic combatant commander is the designation of an EOD controlling authority after a full evaluation of the assigned mission. It is important for the efficiency of the TF that the JEODTF J -3 is a cur ren tly qua lified EOD officer. All personnel as signed to th e J EODTF staff should understand multiservice or joint TTP to allow for a seamless tr ansition. J EODTF plan ning should be in concert with esta blished joint doctrine as found in JP 5-00.2, Joint Task Force Planning Guidance Procedures .

2. Authority Establishment of a JEODTF is appropriate when EOD C 2 requirements exceed the capabilities of the theater EOD staff or when conducting EOD operat ions with a joint force would be m ore efficient. Th e CJ TF n orm ally forms a JEODTF from the nucleus of the designated major service component EOD comma nd. Both the Army and Navy ha ve existing C 2 EOD units around which a J EODTF is built. Specifically, usin g th e Army’s E OD group (0-6 comm an d) headqu ar ter s, or th e Na vy’s m obile group (0-6 comm an d), provides a r eady EOD headqua rter s un it to serve as a building block for a J EODTF headqua rter s. A combat ant comma nder esta blishes and deploys a J EODTF from outside the thea ter of operat ions. When form ed, the J EODTF is a temporary joint EOD h eadquar ters tha t contr ols two or more different service componen t’s E OD un its in a specific JOA to a ccomplish th e EOD m ission. Th e JEODTF supports the theater campaign plan, JTF mission, or other operat ions as directed.

3. Responsibilities The J EODTF is r esponsible for ma king recommen dations to the CJ TF (or geographic combatant commander if a JTF has not been formed) on the proper employmen t of EOD an d for accomplishing a ssigned operat iona l missions. The J EODTF develops a deta iled plan using the J OPES for integra ted employment of assigned a nd a tta ched forces based on an assessment of the operat iona l requirements. a. Organization of Forces. The comma nder, J EODTF, ha s th e au thority to organize assigned or a tta ched forces to meet mission requirement s.

C-1

b. for—

Comma nder ’s Guidance. The combat an t comma nder is responsible (1)

defining the scope of responsibility of th e JE ODTF.

(2) defining un its assigned OPCON, TACON, and relationships within the J FC. (3) defining J EODTF AORs for force protection, UXO response, and other missions. (4) ensur ing tha t all identified externa l support requirement s for susta ining th e E OD force ar e pr operly coordinat ed.

4. The JEODTF Staff The designat ed EOD comma nder coordinat es th e esta blishment of the J EODTF st aff. A doctrina l method is to develop J EODTF sta ffs a round t he "core" of the designated EOD commander's assigned staff. Other service EOD personnel a ugment th e designat ed J EODTF's core s taff. The geographic combat an t comma nder m ay also provide certa in au gmentat ion (to include security, medical, and adm inistr at ion/logistics) to a J EODTF, depending on the mission a nd su pport requirement s. See Figure C-1, Notional J EODTF Sta ff Organization.

Figure C-1. Notional JEODTF Staff Organization

C-2

a. Organization. EOD comman ders organize the JEODTF staff as necessary t o carr y out assigned duties an d r esponsibilities. The J EODTF st aff  includes at a minimum t he norma l J-1 through J -4 staff an d may include J -5 an d J -6 as well as special sta ff members a s required. b. Orientat ion Program. A staff orientation program ensures that all individuals assigned to the JEODTF become thoroughly familiar with multiservice and joint EOD operations. This can be accomplished through the establishment of a joint reception center, a short training program, or even use of a “buddy” system whereby an experienced J EODTF sta ff member ment ors a newly assigned individual.

5. Staff Functions and Responsibilities a. The Man power and Personnel Directorate (J-1). The J-1 provides joint personnel planning, coordinat ion, m an agement, an d r eview; assists subordinat e comma nds in acquiring, replacing, and t ra nsferring personnel; provides administra tive and personnel service; monitors an d reports the personnel readiness of assigned, allocated, and apportioned forces to higher headqua rter s; and provides appropriate input to OPLANs. b. The Intelligence Directorat e (J -2). The primar y function of th e J-2 is to support the JEODTF staff and subordinate assigned/attached units by ensuring the availability of reliable intelligence and timely indications and warning on the characteristics of UXO on the battlefield, first-seen ordnance, an d potential terr orist t hr eats. Members of the directorate actively par ticipate in joint staff planning and in planning, coordinating, directing, integrating, and controlling a concentration of intelligence efforts on the proper enemy items-of-intelligence int erest at the appropriate time. The J -2 also has the functional responsibility for the acquisition, production, requests, and dissemination of intelligence and counterintelligence to support EOD operat ions. The J -2 develops, refines, an d u pdates the J EODTF int elligence estimate to provide a common un dersta nding an d view of the ba ttlefield a nd directs intelligence collection efforts and exploitation of first-seen/recovered foreign ordnance. The J-2 serves as the single POC within intelligence chan nels for th e collection a nd dissemina tion of technical int elligence products and provides intelligence input to OPORDs. c. The Operat ions Directorat e (J -3). The J-3 plans, coordinat es, and integrat es EOD operat ions with th at of the supported comma nder. Should the J EODTF n ot include a J -5, the J -3 would also perform long-ran ge or futu re planning functions. The J-3 conducts crisis action planning; assists the J-5 (if  organized) in deliberate planning; and coordinat es a nd directs the deployment, employment, and redeployment of assigned and attached forces. The J-3 is responsible for providing oversight of current operations and planning for emerging missions; mainta ining a curr ent operat ions estimate; prepar ing operat iona l plans, an nexes, orders, r eport s, an d records; determining pr e-deployment technical tra ining requirement s for replacement EOD personnel; and recommending EOD priorities for operational support,

C-3

task organization, an d J TF bounda ries. Should the J EODTF not include a J -6, the J -3 would a lso perform th e C 4 I planning and execution functions. d. The Logistics Directorate (J -4). The J-4 formu lates logistics plans an d coordinates supply, maintenance, transportation, field services, general engineering, health services, contracting, host-nation support, and other logistics a ctivities. The J -4 provides logistic oversight for J EODTF an d t he management of external logistics. e. The Plans Directora te (J -5). The J-5 conducts delibera te planning for the JEODTF, develops and recommends C 2 arr angements, and participates in the J TF, th eater, or combat an t comma nd’s campa ign an d concept planning. The J -5 also projects futur e EOD requiremen ts for per sonnel, mat erial, and organization. When r equired, the J -5 provides the J EODTF input for the JOPES. f. Th e C 4 I Systems Directorate (J-6). The J-6 is responsible for communications, electronics, and automated information systems in support of th e J EODTF. This includes development a nd in tegra tion of C 4 I architecture an d plans th at support t he comma nd’s operat iona l and str at egic requirement s as well as policy and guidance for implementation and integration of  interoperable C 4 I systems to exercise command in the execution of the J EODTF mission. g. Sta ff J udge Advocat e (SJ A). The SJ A is the legal advisor on issues ra nging from a dministra tive law t o rules of engagement. To ensure t he JEODTF complies with international law, domestic law, environmental protection laws, an d DOD regulations, th e SJ A coordinat es with th e J TF SJ A and JEODTF supported commands. h. Pu blic Affairs Officer (PAO). The PAO advises th e JE ODTF commander on public opinion pertaining to the impact of EOD operations, public affairs policy and guidance from higher h eadquar ters, a nd the comm an d’s need t o esta blish a deta iled media commun icat ions pla n. The media commun icat ions plan focuses on pr oviding overar ching public affair s guidance on m edia relationships, tar geting intern al an d externa l audiences, providing key messages, and detailing the production of public information mat erials (to include web pages, fact sheets, r eleases, an d r elated ma terials). Finally, the PAO serves as the JEODTF spokesperson and ensures that the public affairs port ion of EXPLANs, CONP LANs, OP LANs, a nd OPORDs, a nd related plan ning and execution documen ts a re properly prepar ed and coordinated i. Chaplain. The chaplain is the JE ODTF comman der’s primary staff  officer in t he ar eas of religion, morals, a nd mora le as affected by religion. The chaplain is the commander's adviser on indigenous religions and local religious practices. They provide religious support to all TF members regar dless of service.

C-4

j. HQ Comman dant. The comman der, J EODTF, appoints the HQ comma ndan t, who is r esponsible for all aspects of the hea dquar ters operat ion. The comma ndan t assum es th e initial functional responsibility for all equipment a nd facilities assigned to the J EODTF an d assigns subsequent functions to personn el an d a gencies in dir ect contr ol of those activities. The commander must include the HQ commandant in the JEODTF planning process t o fully support th e effort s of the E OD mission.

C-5

Appendix D

STANDARDIZED EOD REPORTS 1. Background Timely and accurate UXO reporting and intelligence information gathering dur ing EOD opera tions, regar dless of service component , is critical to th e sa fe conduct of operations within an AOR. Although reporting procedures are similar between the service components and provide similar information, subm ission a nd dissem ina tion procedur es differ. Timely, sta nda rdized reporting and dissemination provide multiservice EOD forces with the ability to effectively counter the hazards associated with ordnance. During multiservice operations, u sing th e following report s pr events redun dancy an d ensur es accura te E OD incident t asking, reporting, and tra cking.

2. UXO Spot Report a. Pu rpose. The UXO Spot Report is a detailed, two-way report ing system that makes clear where the UXO hazard areas are, the priority for clearance, an d which u nits th e ha zard a ffects. The report is used to request h elp in ha ndling a UXO hazar d t hat affects t he u nit’s mission and is beyond their ability to han dle. This report h elps th e comma nder set pr iorities based on th e bat tlefield situ at ion. The UXO Spot Report is th e first echelon rep ort sent when an observer detects UXO. The report consists of nine lines and is sent by the fastest means available. See Table D-1, Sample UXO Spot Report. b. Routing. Forwar d the UXO Spot Report th rough the cha in of comma nd. Ea ch comma nder in the chain wh o reviews th e report may change th e priority to reflect the cur rent ta ctical situa tion or projected ba ttle plans. E ach commander in the chain is responsible for forwarding UXO Spot Reports thr ough comma nd chan nels an d for setting th e proper priority for each report. A higher-level comma nder in th e chain t hat changes a priority mu st inform subordinat e comma nds, especially the initial reporting u nit. In addition to the priority sta tus, a ll comma nders need to be kept informed of the st atu s of each UXO hazar d in their ar ea. The report ing unit’s higher headqua rter s tha t is supported by EOD or engineer forces determines the final priority. Based on METT-T, with th e Army addin g a “C” for civilian considera tions, EOD t eam s use the UXO spot reports to prioritize and sequence their response to assigned UXO incident s.

D-1

Table D-1. Sample UXO Spot Report Line 1.

Date-Time Group (DTG): DTG item was discovered.

Line 2.

Reporting Activity (unit identification code and location (grid of UXO).

Line 3.

Contact Method: Radio frequency, call sign, POC, and telephone number.

Line 4.

Type of Ordnance: Dropped, projected, placed, or thrown. If available, give the size of the hazard area and number of items, if more than one. Without touching, disturbing, or approaching (due to a potential tripwire) the item, include details about size, shape, color, and condition (intact or leaking).

Line 5.

NBC Contamination: Be as specific as possible.

Line 6.

Resources Threatened: Report any equipment, facilities, or other assets that are threatened.

Line 7.

Impact on Mission: Provide a short description of your current tactical situation and how the presence of the UXO affects your status.

Line 8.

Protective Measures: Describe any measures taken to protect personnel and equipment.

Line 9.

Recommended Priority: Recommend a priority for response by EOD technicians or engineers.

Priority

Basis

Immediate

Stops the unit’s maneuver and mission capability, or threatens critical assets vital to the mission.

Indirect

Slows the unit’s maneuver and mission capability, or threatens critical assets important to the mission.

Minor

Reduces the unit’s maneuver and mission capability, or threatens noncritical assets of value.

No Threat

Has little or no affect on the unit’s capabilities or assets.

3. EOD Incident Report The EOD un it responding to the incident su bmits th is report in message, memorandum, or digital format. See Table D-2 for the format of the EOD incident report . The E OD unit should immediat ely report essential details of  the operat ion t ha t h ave immediate a nd vital significan ce. Include the following relevant information in the EOD incident report.

D-2

Table D-2. Sample EOD Incident Report Line 1.

Responding EOD unit.

Line 2.

Personnel, vehicles, and any special equipment responding to incident.

Line 3.

Site POC or on-scene commander.

Line 4.

Geographical location (latitude/longitude and/or Global Positioning System) and location with respect to buildings or valuable installations.

Line 5.

Chronological record of operations, including safety precautions taken.

Line 6.

Detailed description and available photographs/drawings of items; positive identification; external markings/condition of case or body; worn or damaged parts; corrosion; extent and kind of sea growth; condition of explosives; fuzing/firing mechanisms; batteries; important components or fittings; and antistripping devices or booby traps.

Line 7.

Reason object failed to function as designed.

Line 8.

Difficulties or unusual circumstances related to the incident.

Line 9.

RSP used, if applicable.

Line 10.

Final disposition of items.

Line 11.

List expenditure of demolition materials.

Line 12.

Additional pertinent information.

NOTE: This report does not supersede, unless specified, specific service reporting requirements.

4. Technical Intelligence Reports. Technical intelligence r eport ing follows t he appr opria te service procedur es contained in Army technical manual/Air Force Technical Order/Navy EOD Bullet in 60A-1-1-7.

5. Lead Service and JEODTF EOD Report. Each service maintains unique, service-specific EOD reports and formats. It is useful when conducting operations as a joint force to have mutual reports and reporting formats. Those EOD assets under TACON/OPCON of lead service or JEODTF prepare the following intelligence reports for first-seen ordnance: a. Spot Report. The acquiring unit prepares the spot report as an oral or written report. The sender tr ansmits th e report by the fastest means available. The minimum informa tion r equirements for t his report ar e as follows: (1)

Identificat ion of reporting un it.

(2)

What is being report ed (for instan ce ordna nce or documen ts).

D-3

(3)

Time and location of recovery.

(4)

Quantity of material.

(5)

Condition of ma terial.

(6)

P OC.

b. Pr eliminar y Technical Report (PRETE CHREP) Type B. See Table D-3, Sample PRE TECHREP. An E OD unit forwar ds this r eport when a n item of  ordna nce ha s t echnical intelligence value. The sender of the report forwar ds the r eport to the J EODOC/J EODTF J -2. An inter im RSP is developed and reported, wheth er th e RSP is issued or n ot.

Table D-3. Sample PRETECHREP For the protection of sources and methods and unless otherwise directed by on-scene intelligence personnel, the initial report shall be classified SECRET/  NOFORN/WNINTEL. WARNING NOTICE – INTELLIGENCE SOURCES OR METHODS INVOLVED. The first paragraph of the report shall read: 1. (U) This report is initially classified S/NF/WNINTEL for protection of sources and methods. Verification of correct classification by (your service intelligence organization) is required. Foreign nuclear weapons or components, including sabotage devices, are evacuated through technical intelligence channels. Security classification of such items, once in evacuation channels, will not be lower than SECRET (RESTRICTED DATA). PRIORITY FM: XXXX ORD CO (EOD) TO: XXXX (JEODOC) INFO: CDRUSATECHDET INDIAN HEAD MD NAVEODTECHDIV INDIAN HEAD MD//  FSTC CHARLOTTESVILLE VA//AIFRCB/AIFIM//  DIA WASHINGTON DC//DT2C/DT-3B//  BT SECRET/NOFORN/WNINTEL WARNING NOTICE - SENSITIVE INTELLIGENCE SOURCES OR METHODS INVOLVED

D-4

Table D-3. Sample PRETECHREP (continued) SUBJ: PRETECHREP REF A. MSG XXX SUBJECT: SPOT REPORT a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

( ( ( ( ( ( ( (

) DATE FOUND, LOCATION (map references) ) TYPE OF EQUIPMENT AND QUANTITY ) ORIGIN ) BRIEF DESCRIPTION WITH DISTINGUISHING MARKS ) TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH AN IMMEDIATE VALUE ) NAME OF COMMANDER OF CAPTURING UNIT ) TIME AND ORIGIN OF MESSAGE ) TENTATIVE RSP (EOD use only) (Classification) NOTE: The subject and each paragraph and subparagraph must be classified individually, but not higher than the classification of the entire message. Examples: 1. (Secret/No-Foreign); 2. (Unclassified)

c.

Complementa ry Technical Report (COMTECHREP) Type B.

(1) Pu rpose. Use the COMTECHREP Type B to report informa tion about explosive ordnance. Technical intelligence (TECHINT) teams prepare these reports, as do EOD personnel. However, EOD personnel only prepare them in th e absence of a TECHINT tea m or when r equested by a G-2 or representative. This report must be as complete and detailed as possible. EOD personnel prepare an d send t his report by the fastest means through the JEODOC/JEODTF J-2 to the TECHINT unit. (2) Timing and Completeness. Complete all of the items in the report th at you h ave inform at ion for a nd st rive for th e most complete r eport possible. However, when a detailed report might r esult in serious delay and t he r eport is of significan t or new item s of extrem e ur gency, complete only para gra phs a-e, l(1), y, an d a a of priority messa ge. See Table D-4, Sam ple COMTECHRE P. (3) Additiona l Informa tion. Additiona l para graphs of part icular importance, for example, those referring to safety (paragraph u) or design (para graph m) may be included at the origina tor’s discretion. Pa ra graph aa should state a n est imated t ime required for a detailed report to be completed.

D-5

Table D-4. Sample COMTECHREP PRIORITY FM: XXXX ORD CO (EOD) TO: XXXX (JEODOC) INFO: CDRUSATECHDET INDIAN HEAD MD NAVEODTECHCEN INDIAN HEAD MD//DC//  FSTC CHARLOTTESVILLE VA//AIFRCB/AIFIM//  DIA WASHINGTON DC//DT2C/DT-3B//  BT SECRET/NOFORN/WNINTEL WARNING NOTICE - SENSITIVE INTELLIGENCE SOURCES OR METHODS INVOLVED SUBJ: COMTECHREP REF A. MSG XXX SUBJECT: PRETECHREP a. b. c. d.

Date and location of acquisition, acquired by, and for whom. Nationality, designation, and identification marks. Description. Overall length, including fuze, tail, vanes, or control surfaces and fittings; measurement of various states (if there are several). e. Maximum diameter of each state (if there are several). f. Shape, design, and internal configuration (streamlining shells). g. Span of vanes and control surfaces. h. Number, relative positions, and dimensions (width, length, size, and/or configuration of control surfaces). i. Thickness of casing at— (1) nose. (2) slides. (3) base.  j. Type and materials of body and control surfaces. k. Color and markings of— (1) nose. (2) body. (3) tail and vanes. l. Weight— (1) total, including propellant. (2) of filling. m. Nature of filling. If chemical or biological warfare in nature, give method of filling, for example, bomblets or massive fill; specify method of delivery, such as spray, groundburst, or airburst. For antitank missiles with high-explosive, antitank (HEAT) warheads, give full details of cone-liner materials, cone angle, and diameter. For antitank missiles with non-HEAT warheads, give full description of the warhead.

D-6

Table D-4. Sample COMTECHREP (continued) n. Type of missile guidance system and method of stabilization environment (control and guidance radars, acquisition radar); frequencies used for reception response (in case of a transponder); and proximity fuze (if there is one). Electronic countermeasures and electronic counter-countermeasures equipment and/or chaff-dispensing equipment. o. Sensors. p. Diameter of radome and size of homing dish, if fitted. q. Dimensions (internal and external) of wave guides in the homing head, and wave guides and or aerials in the wings or body, and the technology used. r. Homing head, transducer design, and shape and size (torpedoes). s. Method of propulsion and propeller data (torpedoes). t. Detonating system, fuzing system (nose, tail, or transverse) and firing mechanism details. u. Type of suspension, giving details of devices used, such as electrically operated hoods or release gear. v. Antihandling or booby-trap devices. w. Other information (to include estimate of time required to prepare item for shipment to TECHINT center or designated industrial firm for detailed analysis). x. Name of officer in command of technical team making examination. y. Time and origin of message. z. Energy used for mobile systems other than propulsions. aa. Estimate of time required for completion. Note: If feasible, a preliminary set of photographs should be sent with the report. (Classification) Note: The subject and each paragraph and subparagraph must be classified individually, but not higher than the classification of the entire message. Examples: 1. (S/NF); a. (U); b. (C).

6. Responsibilities a. Service Responsibility (with DIRLAUTH). DIRLAUTH as a uth orized by CJTF allows for m ore ra pid dissemina tion of ordn an ce int elligence between service EOD forces prior to submitting reports into intelligence channels. Ea ch service EOD comma nd m ust coordinat e with other EOD assets to disseminat e th is inform ation. b. J EODOC. The J EODOC, when established, is responsible for the collection of incident tr acking r eports a nd ordn an ce int elligence from ser vicecomponent EOD a ssets, assessment an d dissemination of informa tion to all

D-7

service EOD assets within the AO, and submission of consolidated information reports to intelligence channels. c. J EODTF. The J EODTF collects incident tra cking reports and ordnance intelligence from service-component EOD assets, assesses and disseminat es informa tion to all service EOD a ssets within t he AO, and submits consolidated information reports to intelligence channels.

D-8

Appendix E

EOD Recurring Support Operations 1. Background The DOD EOD force performs nu merous support missions on a recurring basis. Each of the ser vices E OD personnel assists in the performa nce of these missions.

2. Recurring DOD EOD Support Missions The DOD E OD force perform s t he following missions on a recur ring ba sis: a.

VI P P SA.

(1) General. Current ly the DOS and DOD use joint EOD assets to support th e USSS a nd t he DOS in protecting th e Pr esident or Vice Pr esident and their immediate families (as defined by DOD Instruction 5030.34). This protection is a lso provided to th e US Secret ar y of Stat e, foreign head s of sta te, prime ministers, ministers of defense, or other VIPs as specified by the President of the United States. The EOD force provides specific protection from all potentially hazardous explosive devices within assigned secure areas for protecting VIPs. (2) Executive Agent. The Secreta ry of th e Army is the DOD executive agent for the direct receipt, approval, coordination, and tasking of USSS and DOS requests for routine reimbur sable and nonreimbursable EOD pr otective support for locations worldwide. The Assistant Secretary of the Army (Installations, Logistics, and Environment) maintains oversight of this support on behalf of the executive agent. The Director of Military Support provides st aff support t o the Secretar y of the Army t o assist in carr ying out this executive agency. Commander, US Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM), is designated the operat ing agent to act on behalf of the executive agent to plan, coordinat e, ta sk, an d execute routine E OD VIP pr otective su pport employing assets from the military services and the unified and specified commands. The US Army EOD for VIPPSA, Fort Gillem, GA, is the tasking an d coordinat ing agent for t he Commander, USJ FCOM. (3) CONUS and Outside the Continen tal US (OCONUS) Missions. Support r equests from U SSS or DOS ar e commu nicat ed directly to the VIPPSA. For missions within CONUS, the VIPPSA identifies the closest EOD un it (of any service) and t asks tha t unit’s comma nd to provide EOD team s to support t he USSS or DOS security details. For OCONUS missions, th e VIPP SA tasks th e geographical combat an t comma nder to provide EOD team s. EOD tea ms a ssigned t o support USSS or DOS ar e subject t o overall supervision and direction of the USSS Director or the Director of the DOS

E-1

Office of Diplomatic Security (or their authorized representative) at the mission site for the duration of the support mission. (4) VIPP SA Tasks. A typical EOD VIP su pport mission will include th e following ta sks: (a) Conduct a site sur vey of areas to be visited by the protectee. (b) Assist in establishing evacuation routes for potentially ha zar dous explosive devices. (c) Search t he a reas to be visited by the protectee for ha zardous explosive devices. (d) Clear th e protectees’depar tur e route in the event a ha zardous explosive d evice is discovere d. (5) If the EOD team discovers a ha zardous explosive device, provide technical assist an ce to local law en forcement agencies/bomb disposal tea ms a s requested. b. Force Pr otection. Since criminal and terrorist atta cks commonly involve the use of explosive devices on US forces, force commanders should include EOD commanders/planners in all force protection planning and training. During periods of conflict, the awareness of, and emphasis on, force protection ar e heightened, th us increasing E OD response to potent ially ha zar dous situa tions. In ad dition t o actu al resp onse to explosive devices, EOD forces can pr ovide tr ainin g in UXO/IED r ecognition an d r eporting; bomb thr eat search procedures a nd evacuation; site vulnera bility assessments, an d SOP prepar at ion an d validation. This t ra ining will increase t he effectiveness of th e comm an der ’s force pr otection pr ogra m. E OD forces a lso provide DS t o NEO forces. c. J oint Task Force Full Account ing (JTFFA). J TFFA is a sta nding task  force un der th e Comma nder in Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC). EOD per sonnel support th e J TFFA by providing the fullest possible accountin g of US personnel listed as missing in action in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Most sites investigated by J TFFA teams a re littered with UXO from m ilitary action, or in th e case of aircra ft cra sh sites, from UXO tha t wa s pa rt of the air craft’s pa yload. E OD personn el clear UXO from investigat ion s ites so th at J TFFA recovery personnel can operat e in a safe environment. E OD support to this mission is provided by all services, and primarily from units within CINCPAC. d. WMD. Certain EOD units have special capabilities and training to recognize and render safe all known types of WMD. All EOD units are trained to provide first response to suspected WMD and to assist in coordination of  responses by more specialized national WMD response assets. e. Intelligence Gath ering and Report ing. EOD forces perform technical intelligence gathering and reporting on new or first-seen foreign ordnance,

E-2

aircraft, weapons systems, or sabotage devices encountered by maneuver forces. f. HDO. EOD forces develop training progra ms and conduct HDO tr aining in su pport of SOF in developing count ries th at ar e experiencing land mine/UXO pr oblems. g. Weapon/Amm un ition Storage Site Inspections. EOD forces condu ct inspections of weapon/ammunition storage sites during peacekeeping operations for compliance with peace agreements. EOD forces assist with the safety and st ora ge requirements for a mmu nition a nd a ssociated components. h. Destruction of Foreign Ammu nition. EOD forces inspect an d destroy foreign ammunition and explosive items. i. Amnesty Progra ms. EOD units assist in the collection and disposal of  ha zardous mun itions a nd components a s par t of th e man euver comma nder ’s force protection program to ensure the continued safety of military personnel.   j. Accident /In cident Invest igation. EOD forces provide technical information on foreign and US ordnance and conduct crater or munition fra gmenta tion an alysis, as par t of an accident or incident investigation.

E-3

Glossary PART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS A ADCON admin AF AF B AFDC AFFOR AFJI AFTTP(I) AL ALSA AMCM AO AOR AR ARFOR AR G

administr ative contr ol administrative Air Force Air Force base Air Force Doctrine Center Air Force forces Air Force Joint Instruction Air Force tactics, techniques, and procedures (interservice) Alabama Air Lan d Sea Applicat ion airborne mine countermeasures area of operations ar ea of responsibility Army regulation Army forces am phibious ready group

ARTS

all-purpose remote tr an sport system

ASCC

Army service component commander

AS D ATTN AZ

area search detachment attention Arizona

B B CE BEEF

base civil engineer base engineer emergency force

C (C ) C2

confidential comma nd an d contr ol

Glossary-1

C4I

command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence

CA

California

CATF CE C-E CE S CINC CINCPAC CJTF CO comm COMTECHREP CONPLAN CONUS

commander, amphibious task force civil engineer communications-electronics civil engineer squa dron commander in chief  Commander in Chief, Pacific comm an der, joint ta sk force Colorado comm ercial phone line complementary technical report cont ingency plan continental United States

CRRC

combat rubber ra iding craft

CVBG

car rier bat tle group

D DA

Department of the Army

DC

District of Columbia

DIRLAUTH

direct liaison authorized

D OD

Departm ent of Defense

D OS

Depart ment of State

DS

direct support

DSN

Defense Switched Network 

D TG

date-time group

E E EAF

expeditiona ry airfield

EOD

explosive ordna nce disposal

EODMU EODTEU ESB EXPLAN

Glossary-2

enlisted (with nu mber repr esents pay grade)

explosive ordn an ce disposal mobile u nit explosive ordnance disposal training and evaluation unit engineer support ba tta lion exercise pla n

F FL FM FORSCOM

Florida field ma nua l US Army Forces Command

G G-2

Army or Marine Corps component intelligence staff  officer

G-4

Army or Ma rine Corps component logistics st aff  officer

GA

Georgia

GOPLAT

GS

gas and oil platform

general support

H H &S HA HD O HEAT HI HMMWV

HQ

headquarters and services huma nitarian assistance humanitarian demining operations high-explosive, antitank  Hawaii high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle

headquarters

I IE D

improvised explosive device

IH R

in-extremous hostage recovery

IM intel

information management intelligence

J J -1

man power a nd personnel directora te of a joint st aff 

J -2

intelligence directorat e of a joint sta ff 

J -3

operations directorate of a joint staff 

J -4

logistics dir ectora te of a joint sta ff 

J -5

plans directorate of a joint staff 

J -6

command, control, communications, and computer systems directorate of a joint staff 

JEODOC

joint explosive ordn an ce disposal opera tions center

Glossary-3

JEODTF JFC JFLCC J OA JOPES JP JSOTF J TF JTFFA

joint explosive ordn an ce disposal ta sk force joint force commander joint force lan d component comm an der joint operations area J oint Operat ion P lann ing and E xecution System joint pub joint special opera tions t ask force joint task force joint ta sk force full accoun ting

L LN O lo g

liaison officer logistics

M MAGTF MAJCOM

major command

MARFOR

Mar ine forces

MCAS MCCDC

Marine Corps air stations Marine Corps Combat Development Comma nd

MCD

mobile communications detachment

MCM

mine countermeasures

MCO

Marine Corps order

MCRP

Marine Corps reference publication

MCWP

Marine Corps warfighting publication

MD MDSU ME F METT-T METT-TC ME U MEU(SOC) MIO MK

Glossary-4

Marine air-ground ta sk force

Maryland mobile diving and salvage units Mar ine expeditiona ry force mission, enemy, terr ain an d weath er, troops an d support available, time available mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time available, and civilian const ra ints (Arm y only) Marine expeditiona ry u nit Marine expeditionary unit (special operations capable) mar itime intercept operation mark 

MMS MO

Marine mamm al system Missouri

MOB MO B

mobile

MO D

module

MOOTW MP

military operation other than war military police

MSPF

maritime special purpose force

MSSG

Marine expedi expeditio tiona na ry u nit servic service su pport pport group group

MTTP

multiservice tactics, techniques, and procedures

MTW MT W MWSS

major major t heater war Marine wing support support squadr on

N NAVEODTECHDIV NAVSCOLEOD NBC NAVFOR NC

Navy EOD technology division na val school school explosive explosive ordn ordn an ce disposa disposa l nuclear, biological, chemical Navy forces North Carolina Carolina

N CA

Nat ional ional Comman d Aut Aut hority

NEO

noncombatant evacuation operations

NF

no-foreign (as in secret, no foreign)

NOFORN

no-foreign (as in secret, no foreign)

NRF NWDC N WP

naval reserve force Navy War War far e Develo Development Comma Comma nd Navy warfare publication

O O OC D OCONUS OH

officer icer (with n umber represent s pa y grade) ordna nce clearan clearan ce deta deta chment outside th e continent continent al US Ohio

OPCON

operational control

OPLAN

operation plan

OPNAVINST

chief of na val operat ions ions instr uction uction

Glossary-5

OPORD ops

operation order operations

P P AO

pu blic affairs offic officee

P OC

point of contact

PRETECHREP

preliminar preliminar y t echnical echnical r eport eport

R RI RS P

Rhode Rhode Islan d render safe procedures procedures

S (S )

secret

S -1

bat ta lion lion or brigade per sonnel st aff off offic icer er (Arm (Arm y; Marine Corps Corps batt alion, alion, brigade , or regiment regiment )

S -2

bat ta lion lion or brigade intelligence intelligence st aff off offic icer er (Arm (Arm y; Marine Corps Corps batt alion, alion, brigade , or regiment regiment )

S -3

bat ta lion lion or br igade operat ions ions sta ff offic fficer er (Arm (Arm y; Marine Corps Corps batt alion, alion, brigade , or regiment regiment )

S -4

battalion or brigade logistics staff officer (Army; Marine Corps Corps batt alion, alion, brigade , or regiment regiment )

SC

Sout Sout h Carolina Carolina

SCUBA

self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

SHORE

shore-based shore-based (detachment )

SJA SMCM

sta ff judge advocat advocat e surface mine countermeasures

S OC

special operations capable

S OF

special special opera tions forces orces

S OP

standard operating procedure

SPIE SRC

specialized specialized per sonnel ins ert ion/extra ion/extra ction ction sur vival vival r ecovery ecovery center

T TACON TECHINT TF

Glossary-6

ta ctical ctical cont cont rol technical intelligence intelligence task force

TPFDL TRADOC TRAP TT P TX

time-phased force deployment listing US Army Training an d Doctrine Doctrine Comma Comma nd tactical recovery of aircraft or personnel tactics, techniques, and procedures Texas

U (U ) UA-HMMWV UBA UMCM US USAF USJFCOM USMC USN USSS UT

unclassified up-armored high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle underwater breathing apparatus underwater mine countermeasur countermeasur es United States US Air Force US J oint F orces Comma Comma nd US Mar ine Corps Corps US Navy United St ates Secret Secret Service Service Utah

U TC

unit type codes

U XO

un exploded exploded explosive explosive ordna nce

V VA VBSS VIP VI P VIPPSA VS W

Virginia visit, board, search, and seize very importan importan t per son son very important person protection support activity very shallow water

W WA WMD WW

Washington weapons of mass destruction world war

Glossary-7

PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n t r o l. Direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other organizations in respect to administration and support. It includes organization of service forces, control of resources and equipment, personnel management, unit logistics, individual and unit training, readiness, mobilization, demobilization, discipline, and other matters not included in th e operational missions of the su bordina te or other organ izations. Also called ADCON . a r e a o f o p e r a t i o n s . An operational area defined by the JFC for land and na val forces. Area s of opera tion do not typically encompa ss t he entire opera tiona l area of the J FC, but should be lar ge enough for component commanders to accomplish their missions and protect their forces. Also called AO . a r e a o f r e s p o n s i b i l it y . (1) The geograph ical a rea associated with a COCOM within which a combata nt comma nder h as a uth ority to plan and condu ct opera tions. (2) In na val usa ge, a predefined ar ea of enemy terr ain for which supporting sh ips ar e r esponsible for covering by fire known t ar gets or ta rgets of opportun ity a nd by observat ion. Also called AO R . A r m y c o r p s . A tactical unit larger than a division and smaller than a field army. A corps usually consists of two or more divisions together with auxiliary arms and services. a s s i g n . To place units or personnel in a n organ izat ion wh ere su ch placement is relatively permanent and/or where such organization controls and administers the units or personnel for the primary function, or greater port ion of the functions, of the u nit or personnel. a t t a c h . (1) The placement of units or per sonn el in an organ izat ion wh ere such pla cement is r elatively tem porary. (2) The deta iling of individua ls to specific fun ctions where such fun ctions a re seconda ry or relat ively tempora ry, e.g., att ached for qu ar ters an d r at ions; att ached for flying dut y. c h a n g e o f o p e r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l. The date and time (coordinated universal time) at wh ich a force or u nit is r eassigned or a tt ached from one comma nder to another where the gaining commander will exercise OPCON over that force or un it. Also called CHOP. See also o p e r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l . c o m b a t a n t c o m m a n d . A unified or specified command with a broad cont inuing mission u nder a single comma nder established an d so designa ted by the P resident, th rough t he Secretary of Defense and with the advice and assista nce of the Cha irma n of th e J oint Ch iefs of Sta ff. Combat an t commands typically have geographic or functional responsibilities. Also called COCOM . c o m m o n s e r v i c i n g . That fun ction perform ed by one m ilitar y service in support of an oth er m ilitar y service for wh ich r eimbursemen t is not r equired from t he service r eceiving su pport .

Glossary-8

c o n v e n t i o n a l m i n e s . Land mines, other than nuclear or chemical, which ar e not designed to self-destr uct. They ar e designed t o be emplaced by han d or m echa nical mea ns. Conventional mines can be buried or sur face laid and are normally emplaced in a pattern to aid in recording. d i r e c t l i a i s o n a u t h o r i z e d . The aut hority granted by a comma nder (any level) to a subordinate to directly consu lt or coordina te a n action with a comma nd or agency with in or outside of th e gra nt ing comma nd. Direct liaison a ut horized is more applicable to plan ning th an opera tions a nd a lways carries with it the requirement of keeping the commander granting direct liaison authorized informed. Direct liaison authorized is a coordination relat ionsh ip, not a n a uth ority th rough which comma nd m ay be exercised. Also called DIRLAUTH . d i r e c t s u p p o r t . A mission requiring a force to support another specific force an d a ut horizing it to an swer directly to the supported force’s r equest for assistance. Also called D S . d i s p o s i t i o n . The operat ion by suitably qua lified personnel designed to ren der safe, neut ra lize, recover, remove, or destr oy mines. e x p l o s i v e o r d n a n c e . All mu nit ions cont ain ing explosives, nuclear fission or fusion ma teria ls, and biological an d chemical agent s. This includes bombs an d war hea ds; guided an d ballistic missiles; artillery, mortar, r ocket, and sma ll arms am mu nition; all mines, torpedoes, and depth cha rges; demolition cha rges; pyrotechnics; cluster s a nd dispensers; car tr idge a nd propellant actuated devices; electro-explosive devices; clandestine and improvised explosive devices; and all similar or related items or components explosive in nature. e x p l o s i v e o r d n a n c e d i s p o s a l . The detection, identification, on-site evaluation, rendering safe, recovery, and final disposal of unexploded explosive ordna nce. It ma y also include explosive ordna nce th at ha s become ha zardous by da ma ge or deterioration. Also called E OD . E x p l o s i v e O r d n a n c e R e c o n n a i s s a n c e P r o g r a m . Reconnaissance involving t he investigat ion, detection, locat ion, ma rking, initial identification, and reporting of suspected UXO, by explosive ordnance reconnaissance agents, in order to determine further action. f o rw a r d a r m i n g a n d r e f u e l i n g p o i n t . A tem pora ry facility organ ized, equipped, and deployed by an aviation comma nder. It is norma lly located in th e ma in bat tle ar ea closer t o th e AO th an th e aviation unit’s combat service ar ea, to provide fuel an d am mun ition n ecessar y for t he employment of  aviation maneuver units in combat. The forward arming and refueling point permits combat aircra ft t o rapidly refuel and r ear m simu ltan eously. Also called FARP . f u n c t i o n a l c o m p o n e n t c o m m a n d . A command normally, but not necessa rily, composed of forces of two or more m ilita ry depa rt men ts which ma y be established across the r an ge of militar y operat ions t o perform

Glossary-9

particular operational missions that may be of short duration or may extend over a period of time. g e n e r a l s u p p o r t . That support wh ich is given t o the support ed force as a whole a nd not t o an y par ticular subdivision th ereof. Also called GS . G lo b a l C o m m a n d a n d C o n t r o l S y s t e m . Highly mobile, dep loyable C 2 system su pport ing forces for joint an d mu ltinat iona l opera tions across the range of military operations, any time and anywhere in the world with compatible, interoperable, and integrated C 4 systems. i m p r o v i s e d e x p l o s i v e d e v i c e . A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiar y chemicals a nd designed t o destroy, incapacita te, ha ra ss, or distra ct. It ma y incorporat e militar y stores, but is n ormally devised from nonmilitary components. Also called IE D . i n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y . (1) The ability of systems, units, or forces to provide services to a nd accept ser vices from other systems, un its, or forces an d t o use th e ser vices so exchanged to ena ble th em to operate effectively together. (DOD). (2) The condition achieved among C-E systems when information or services can be excha nged directly and sat isfactorily between t hem an d/or th eir user s. The degree of inter opera bility should be defined when referring to specific cases.   j o i n t f o r c e c o m m a n d e r . A general term applied to a combata nt commander, subunified commander, or joint task force commander au thorized to exercise COCOM (comman d a ut hority) or OPCON over a joint for ce. Also called J F C . jo i n t o p e r a t i o n s . A genera l term to describe military a ctions condu cted by  joint forces (two or more services), or by ser vice forces in r elat ionsh ips (for insta nce support or coordina ting a uth ority), which, of them selves, do not create joint forces.   j o i n t o p e r a t i o n s a r e a . An ar ea of lan d, sea, a nd a irspace, defined by joint forces, or by service forces in relationships (e.g., support, coordinating au th ority), which, of them selves, do not crea te joint forces. Also called J OA . J o i n t O p e r a t i o n P l a n n i n g a n d E x e c u t i o n S y s t e m . A continuously evolving system th at is being developed th rough th e integra tion a nd enhancement of earlier planning and execution systems: Joint Operation Planning System and Joint Deployment System. It provides the foundation for conven tiona l C 2 by national- and theater-level commanders and their sta ffs. It is designed to sat isfy th eir informa tion needs in t he condu ct of joint plann ing an d operat ions. It includes joint opera tion plann ing policies, procedures, and reporting structures supported by communications and automated data processing systems. It is used to monitor, plan, and execute mobilizat ion, deployment , employment, an d su sta inment activities associated with joint operations. Also called J O P E S .

Glossary-10

jo i n t t a s k f o r c e . A joint force th at is const itut ed an d so designat ed by the Secretar y of Defense, a combat an t comma nder, a subun ified comman der, or an existing joint task force commander. Also called J TF . l e a d a g e n t . Individual ser vices, COCOMs, or joint sta ff directora tes ma y be assigned a s lead a gents for developing an d ma inta ining joint doctr ine, joint TTP, publicat ions, or joint adm inistra tive publicat ions. Th e lead agent is responsible for developing, coordina ting, r eviewing, and ma inta ining a n assigned doctrine, joint TTP, or joint administrative publication. l i a i s o n . That contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of military forces or other agencies to ensure mutual understanding and un ity of purpose and action. l i n e o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n . A rout e, either land, wat er, and/or air, which conn ects a n operat ing milita ry force with a ba se of opera tions a nd a long which supplies and military forces move. Also called LO C . l o g i s ti c s u p p o r t . Logistic support encompasses the logistic services, mat eriel, and tra nsporta tion required to support CONUS-based an d worldwide deployed forces. l o g i s t i c s u p p o r t ( m e d i c a l ). Medical care, treatment, hospitalization, evacuation, fur nishing of medical ser vices, supplies, ma teriel, an d a djuncts thereto. M a r i n e a i r - g r o u n d t a s k f o r c e . A ta sk organization of Marine forces (division, a ircraft wing, an d ser vice-support groups) under a single comm an d an d st ru ctu red to accomplish a specific mission. Th e components norma lly include comm an d, aviat ion combat, ground combat , a nd combat -servicesupport element s (including Navy support element s). Three t ypes which can be task-organized are the Marine expeditionary unit, Marine expeditionary brigade, and Marine expeditionary force. Also called MAGTF. Ma r i n e e x p e d i t i o n a r y u n i t . A task organ izat ion which is norma lly built ar oun d a batt alion lan ding team , reinforced helicopter squadr on, an d logistic support un it. It fulfills routine forwa rd-afloat deployment requirem ents, provides an immediate rea ction capa bility for crisis situa tions, a nd is capa ble of relatively limited combat operations. Also called MEU. Ma r i n e e x p e d i t i o n a r y u n i t ( s p e c i a l o p e r a t i o n s c a p a b l e ). A forward-deployed, embar ked US Ma rine Corps un it with en ha nced capa bility to condu ct special operat ions. Th e un it is oriented toward am phibious ra ids, at night, un der limited visibility, while employing emission cont rol procedur es. It is not a Secreta ry of Defense-designated special opera tions force but, when directed by th e Na tional Comma nd Aut horities an d/or th e geograph ical combat an t comma nder, ma y condu ct hostage recovery or oth er special opera tions u nder in extrem is circumsta nces when designated special operations forces are not available. Also called MEU(SOC) .

Glossary-11

m i l i t ar y o p e r a t i o n s o t h e r t h a n w a r . Operations th at encompass t he use of milita ry capa bilities across th e r an ge of milita ry operat ions short of war. These militar y actions can be applied to complement an y combinat ion of the other instruments of national power and occur before, during, and after war. Also called MOOTW. m i l i t ar y s e r v i c e . A bra nch of th e ar med forces of the Un ited Sta tes, esta blished by act of Congress, in which persons a re appoint ed, enlisted, or inducted for m ilitar y service, and wh ich operat es an d is adm inistered within a military or executive department. The military services are the United States Army, the United States Navy, the United States Air Force, the United States Marine Corps, and th e United States Coast Gua rd. m i n e . (1) In land-mine war far e, an explosive or other m at erial, norma lly encased, designed to destr oy or da ma ge ground vehicles, boat s, or a ircraft, or designed t o woun d, kill, or otherwise incapacita te per sonn el. It ma y be detonat ed by t he a ction of its victim, by th e pa ssage of time, or by cont rolled mea ns. (2) In na val-mine wa rfare, a n explosive device laid in t he wa ter with th e inten tion of dama ging or sinkin g ships or of deterr ing shipping from entering an area. The term does not include devices attached to the bottoms of ships or to har bor inst allations by personn el opera ting un derwat er, nor does it include devices which explode immediately on expiration of a predetermined time after laying. m u n i t i o n . A complete device charged with explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, initiatin g composition, or NBC m at erial for use in m ilitar y opera tions, including demolitions. Certa in suita bly modified mu nitions can be u sed for tr aining, ceremonial, or nonopera tiona l pur poses. Also called am mu nition. (Note: In common u sage, mun itions [plura l] can be milita ry weapons, a mmun ition, a nd equipment.) n o n c o m b a t a n t e v a c u a t i o n o p e r a t i o n s . Operations directed by the Depar tment of State, t he Depart ment of Defense, or other appropriat e authority whereby noncombatants are evacuated from foreign countries when th eir lives a re enda ngered by war, civil unrest, or na tur al disaster t o safe havens or to the United Sta tes. Also called N E O . n u c l e a r w e a p o n . A complet e a ssembly (i.e., implosion-type, gun -type, or th ermonuclear-type), in its intended ultima te configur at ion which, u pon completion of th e pr escribed a rm ing, fusing, a nd firing sequen ce, is capa ble of producing th e inten ded nu clear rea ction an d r elease of energy. o b s t a c l e . Any obstr uction designed or em ployed to disru pt, fix, tur n, or block  th e m ovement of an opposing force a nd to impose additiona l losses in personnel, time, a nd equipment on the opposing force. Obsta cles can exist na tur ally or can be man ma de, or can be a combinat ion of both . o p e r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l. Tran sferable comma nd a uth ority tha t m ay be exercised by commanders at any echelon at or below the level of COCOM. OPCON is inher ent in COCOM (comm an d aut hority). OPCON may be

Glossary-12

delegat ed an d is th e au th ority t o perform th ose fun ctions of comma nd over subordinate forces involving organizing and employing commands and forces, assigning ta sks, designat ing objectives, and giving a ut horitat ive direction necessary t o accomplish th e mission. OPCON includes a ut horitat ive direction over all aspects of militar y opera tions an d joint tr aining n ecessar y to accomplish m issions assigned t o the comma nd. OPCON should be exercised thr ough t he comma nder s of subordinat e organizations. Norma lly this authority is exercised through subordinate JFCs and service and/or functiona l component comm an ders. OP CON n orm ally provides full au th ority to organ ize comma nds a nd forces a nd t o employ th ose forces as th e comm an der in opera tional contr ol considers necessary to a ccomplish assigned m issions. OP CON does not, in an d of itself, include a ut horitat ive direction for logistics or ma tt ers of adm inistra tion, d iscipline, inter na l organ ization, or un it t ra ining. Also called OPCON . o p e r a t i o n s c e n t e r . The facility or locat ion with in a t heat er u sed by the comm an der to comm an d, cont rol, and coordinate all EOD activities. Also called E OD . o r d n a n c e . Explosives, chemicals, pyrotechnics, a nd similar stores, t o include bombs, guns and ammunition, flares, smoke, and napalm. r e c o v e r y . In n aval-mine warfare, salvage of a mine as nearly intact a s possible t o permit furth er investigat ion for intelligence a nd/or evaluat ion purposes. r e n d e r s a f e . As applied to weapons and ammunition, the changing from a sta te of readiness for initiation to a safe condition. S e r v ic e c o m p o n e n t c o m m a n d . A command consisting of the service component comm an der an d a ll those service forces, such a s individuals, units, detachments, organizations, a nd installations under the comma nd, including th e support forces assigned to a COCOM, or furth er a ssigned t o a subordinat e un ified comm an d or J TF. s u b m u n i t i o n . Any mu nition tha t, to perform its ta sk, separat es from a parent munition. t a c t i c a l c o n t r o l. Comma nd a ut hority over assigned or a tt ached forces or comma nds, or militar y capa bility or forces ma de ava ilable for ta sking, tha t is limited to th e det ailed an d, usu ally, local dir ection an d contr ol of movements or man euvers n ecessar y to a ccomplish m issions or ta sks a ssigned. TACON is inher ent in OP CON. TACON may be delegated to and exercised at a ny level at or below the level of combatant command. Also called TACON . u n e x p l o d e d e x p l o s i v e o r d n a n c e . Explosive ordna nce which ha s been primed, fused, armed or other wise prepar ed for action. It ha s been fired, dropped, laun ched, projected, or placed in such a ma nn er a s to const itut e a hazar d t o operations, installations, personnel, or ma terial an d r emains unexploded either by malfunction or design or for any other cause. Also called U XO .

Glossary-13

u n i t t y p e c o d e . A five-cha ra cter, alpha nu mer ic code th at un iquely identifies each type un it, an d, in th e case of this ma nu al, specific EOD organ izations or str uctur es of the a rm ed forces. Also called U TC . w e a p o n s o f m a s s d e s t r u c t i o n . In a rms contr ol usage, weapons th at are capa ble of a high order of destru ction a nd/or of being used in such a ma nn er as to destr oy large n um bers of people. Can be NBC a nd ra diological weapons, but excludes th e mean s of tr an sport ing or pr opelling the weapon wher e such mea ns is a separ able an d divisible par t of the weapon. Also called WMD .

Glossary-14

REFERENCES Joint JP 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces, 24 Februar y 1995 J P 1-02, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated  Terms , 24 J anua ry 2000 JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations, 1 Februa ry 1995 J P 3-07, J oint Doctrine for M ilitary Operations Other than War , 16 June 1995 JP 3-07.2, Joint Tactics Techniques and Procedures for Anti-Terrorism , 17 March 1998 JP 3-07.5, J oint Tactics, Techn iques, and Procedu res for N on-Com batant    Evacuation Operations, 30 September 1997 J P 3-15, Joint Doctrine for Barriers, Obstacles, and Mine Warfare, 24 Februa ry 1999 JP 5-0, Doctrine for Plann ing J oint Operations, 13 April 1995 JP 5-00.2, J oint Task Force Planning Gu idan ce and Procedu res, 13 Jan uary 1999 DOD Instruction 5030.34, Agreem ent Between the Un ited S tates S ecret  S ervice and th e Departm ent of Defense Concernin g Protection of  the President and other Officials, 17 September 1986 Technical Manual (TM) (Army), Technical Order (TO) (Air Force), EOD Bullet in (Navy), 60A-1-1-7, Explosive Ordnance Disposal Procedures; Field Evaluation and Intelligence, 23 March 1999

Multiservice AR 75-14/MCO 802 7.1D/OPN AVINST 8027.1G/AFJ I 32-3002, Interservice   Responsibilities and Procedures for Explosive Ordnance  Disposal , 14 Februar y 1992 FM 3-100.38 (FM 100-38)/MCRP 4-5.1/NWP TP 3-02.4.1/AFTTP(I) 3-2.12,  Mult iservice Procedures for Un exploded Ordn an ce, J uly 1996 (Revision in progress) FM 3-99.4 (FM 101-4)/MCRP 6-23A/NWP 3-13.1.16/AFTTP (I) 3-2.12,  Mult iservice Procedures for J oint T ask Force–In forma tion  Management , April 1999

References-1

Army NOTE: The new Army n umbering system for field ma nua ls reflects t he new number, followed by the old number in parenthesis.

AR 75-15, Responsibilities and Procedures for Explosive Ordnance  Disposal , 1 November 1978 FM 4-30.12 (FM 9-15), Explosive Ordn ance Disposal S ervice and Un it  Operations , 8 May 1996 FM 3-24.32 (FM 20-32), Mine/ Counterm ine Operations, 30 September 1992 FM 4-30.11 (F M 21-16), Un exploded Ordn an ce Procedures, 30 August 1994 FM 3-34.2 (FM 90-13-1), Com bined Arm s B reachin g Operations, 28 Februa ry 1991

Marine Corps MCWP 3-2, Aviation Operations, April 1999 MCWP 3-16, Techn iques and Procedu res for Fire Su pport Plann ing/  Coordination , March 1992 MCWP 3-17.2, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, December 1993 MCRP 3-17.2A, UX O Procedu res, August 1994 MCWP 3-33.6, Hum anitarian Operations, October 1994 MCWP 3-35.3, Military Operations on Urban ized Terrain, April 1998 MCO 3571.2, Explosive Ordnance Disposal Program , August 1990

Navy Departm ent of the N avy, US N avy Explosive Ordna nce Disposal Plan, 28 March 1997 OPNAVINST 3501.97, Projected Operational Environment and Required  Operational Capabilities for Explosive Ordnance Disposal Ground Forces, 26 Jan uar y 1996 NWP 3-02.4, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, J uly 1997

Air Force AFPD 32-30, Explosive Ordnance Disposal, 20 J uly 1994 AFMAN 32-3001, EOD Program , 1 J une 1998 AFEOD Equipm ent an d S upplies Listing, November 1998

References-2

Index A accident clean up, A-1 administrative control, III-2, V-8 - V-9 adm inistr at ive/logistics section, I I-7

combat an t comma nd, i, C-4 command and control, see C 2 comm an d, cont rol, commun icat ions, computers, and intelligence, see C 4 I

aerial port operations, VI-5 airborne mine countermeasures, V-6 Air Force, III-1, VI-3 - VI-4, A-1, D-3

comm an der, a mph ibious ta sk force, V-8

Air Force Doctrine Cent er, ii Air La nd Sea Applicat ion Cent er, ii, ix all-pur pose rem ote tr an sport system, VI-2, VI-6

cont ingen cy plan , V-8, B-1, C-4

amn esty progra m, III-6, E -3 am ph ibious rea dy gr oup, V-1, V-3 - V-4 ar ea sear ch deta chment , V-7, V-9

Desert St orm, II-1, V-8

Arm y service componen t comm an der, III-3

B base civil engineer, VI-1 base engineer emergency force, VI-2 - VI-3 base r ecovery a fter a tt ack, IV-4 Bosnia, II-1, II-4

C 2

C , vi - vii, II-7, III-2, III-6, IV-1, V-2, V-4, VI-1, VI-3, C-1 - C-2, C-4

Comm an der in Ch ief, Pa cific, E-2 communications-electronics, II-8

D Department of State, III-6, VI-1, E-1 detection, V-1, V-6 - V-7 direct liaison au th orized, vii, II-2 - II-3, B-2, D-7 direct su pport, VI-5, E -2 dynamic entry, IV-5 - IV-6

E engineer, III -1, III -7, VI-5, D-1 - D-2 engineer support bat ta lion, IV-1 - IV-2, A-1 - A-4 exercise plan, B-1, C-4 expeditionary airfield, IV-3

C 4 I, V-8, C-4

F

chaplain, C-4

Federa l Bur eau of Investigation, III-7, V-5

Chief of Naval Operations Instr uction, see OPNAVINST

fleet antiterrorist security team, V-5

civil engineer, ii, ix - x, VI-2 - V-3, VI-5 squ ad r on, VI-2 - V-3

force protection, I-1, III-3, III-6, IV-1, IV-4 - IV-5, VI-2, VI-5 - VI-6, C-2, E-2 - E -3

combat ru bber r aiding cra ft, V-4, V-10, A4 combat search a nd r escue, A-4 combat tr aining centers, III-7

fly-away recompression chamber, V-7

G gas and oil platform, IV-5 - IV-6 general su pport, III-2, III-5

Index-1

H HQ commandant, C-4 - C-5 hum an itarian assistan ce, IV-4 hum an itarian demining operat ions, V-4, E -3

I impr ovised explosive device, I-1, III-1, III-5, III-7, IV-1 - IV-2, IV-4 - IV-6, V-5 - V-6, VI-2, VI-6, A-2, B-1, E -2 in-extremous hostage rescue, IV-6

Mar ine a ir-groun d t ask force, IV-1, IV-3 - IV-5 Marine Corps air stations, IV-3 Marine Corps Combat Development Comma nd, i - ii Mar ine expeditiona ry force, IV-1 - IV-2, IV-6 Marine expeditionary unit, IV-1 - IV-3, IV-5 - IV-6, V-4, A-1 - A-4 service support group, IV-1 special operations capable, IV-2, IV-5

informa tion ma nagement , vi, II-8

Marine mam mal system, V-6 - V-7

intelligence, vi, II-2 - II-4, II-7, III-2, IV-1, IV-5, V-1 - V-2, VI-5, B-1 - B-2, C-3, D-1, D-3 - D-8, E -2

Marine wing support squadr on, IV-2 - IV-3, A-1 - A-4

inter opera bility, I-3, V-1, B-1 interservice responsibilities, IV-1

J J-4, vii, II-2, II-7 - II-8  joint EOD operat ions cent er, vii, II-3 - II-8, B-2, D-4 - D-5   joint EOD task force, vii - viii, II-2, II-5 - II-8, B-2, C-1 - C-5, D-3 - D-5, D-8  joint force commander, II-1 - II-7, III-3, C-2  joint force lan d component comm an der, III-3  joint operation planning and execution system, III-3, C-1, C-4   joint task force, i, vi - viii, II-1 - II-2, II-4 - II-8, II I-3, II I-7, VI-3, C-1, C-4, D-7 comm an der, vi - viii, II-2, II-5 - II-7, C-1, D-7   joint task force full accounting, E-2

L lead-service component, vii, II-2, II-4, B-2 liaison officer, ix, II-4, III-3, V-4

M MAGTF, IV-1, IV-3 - IV-5 major command, III-4, VI-1, VI-3 major t heat er war, II-7, III-1, VI-2, VI-6

Index-2

maritime intercept operation, IV-5 ma ritim e s pecial pur pose force, IV-5 military operations other than war, see MOOTW milita ry police, IV-5 mine countermeasures, V-4, V-6 - V-7, V-9, A-1 - A-4 detachment for, V-6 - V-7, V-9 mission, enemy, terrain, troops and support available-time available, III-5, D-1 mobile communications detachment, V-9 mobile diving and salvage units, V-7 - V-9 mobile unit, V-3, V-5 - V-8 MOOTW, III-1, IV-5, V-1, V-4 - V-5, V-7 - V-8, VI-2, VI-6 mortuary services, III-6, VI-5

N National Command Authority, III-6, IV-5 na val E OD t echn ology division, I-2 na val res erve force, V-8 - V-9 na val school EOD, I -2 Navy War far e Development Comma nd, i - ii noncombatant evacuation operation, IV-4, V-1, V-4 - V-5, A-3, E-2 nu clear, biological, chem ical, I-1, III-1, III-5, IV-1, VI-1, VI-6, D-2

O

T

opera tion order, II-2 - II-3, III-3, IV-1, B-1, C-3 - C-4 operation plan, II-2, II-5, III-3, III-5, IV-1, V-8, B-1, C-3 - C-4 opera tional cont rol, vii, II-2, II-4 - II-5, III-2 - III-3, IV-3 - IV-4, V-2, V-4, V-6, V-8, B-2, C-2, D-3 opera tions/intelligence section, II-7

tactical control, vii, II-2, II-4 - II-5, III-2 - III-3, IV-3 - IV-4, V-4, B-2, C-2, D-3

OPN AVINST, II I-1, IV-1, V-1, VI-1 ordna nce clearan ce detachment , V-9, A-1 - A-4

time-phased forces deployment list, B-1 - B-2

P

ta ctical r ecovery of aircraft or pers onn el, IV-4, A-4 task force, II-1, III-7, C-1, C-4 Task Force Freedom, II-1 ter rorism, IV-4

U

PHOENIX READINESS, VI-6

underwater breathing apparatus, V-9 - V-10

preliminary technical report, D-4 - D-6 pub lic affairs officer, C-4

under water mine count ermeasu res, V-6

R ren der safe pr ocedur es, D-3 - D-5, A-1 - A-4 research an d development, I-2 - I-3

unexploded explosive ordnance, vi, I-1 - I-2, II-1 - II-2, II-6 - II-7, III-1, III-3, III-5 - III-7, IV-1 - IV-5, V-1, V-5, VI-1 - VI-2, B-1 - B-2, C-2 - C-3, D-1 - D-2, E-2 - E -3 spot r eport , D-1 - D-2 unit identification code, D-2

S

unit-type codes, viii, VI-1 - VI-3

S-3, IV-2

US Army Forces Command, III-5

satellite communications, V-9

US Army Training an d Doctr ine Comma nd, i - ii

self-conta ined un derwater breath ing appar at us, V9 - V10 service component , vii, II-1 - II-7, III-3, B-1 - B-2, C-1, D-1

US J oint Forces Comma nd, E-1 US Secret Service, III-6, V-1, V-4 - V-5, VI-1, E -1

shore-based det achm ent , V-5 SILVE R F LAG, VI-6 Somalia, II-1 special opera tions forces, II-2, V-4 - V-5, E -3 specialized per sonnel insertion/extraction, V-4, V-9 - V-10, A-4 sta ff judge a dvocat e, C-4 surface mine countermeasures, V-6 survival recovery center, VI-1, VI-5

V very importan t person, V-1, VI-1, A-4, E-1 - E-2 very import ant person protective support activity, III-6, E-1 - E-2 very shallow water, V-7 - V-8, A-1 - A-4 visit, board, search, and seize, IV-5, V-5

W weapons of mass destruction, III-6, V-1, A-2, E -2

Index-3

FM 4-30.16 MCRP 3.17.2C NTTP 3-02.5 AFTTP(I) 3-2.32 15 February 2001

B y O r d e r o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e Ar m y :

O ffic ia l:

ER IC K. SHINSEKI G e n e r a l, U n i t e d S t a t e s Ar m y Ch ief of Sta ff 

J O E L B . H UD S O N Ad m i n i s t r a t i v e As s is t a n t t o t h e Secretar y of the Army 0105827

DISTRIBUTION: A c t i v e A r m y , A r m y N a t i o n a l G u a r d , a n d U .S . A r m y R e s er v e : T o b e d i s t r i b u t e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e i n i t ia l d i s t r i b u t i on n u m b e r 1 158 39 r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r F M 4 30.16

B y O r d e r o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e Ai r F o r c e :

LANCE L. SMITH M a j or G e n e r a l , U SAF Commander H e a d q u a r t e r s Ai r F o r c e D oc t r i n e C e n t e r

Ai r F o r c e D i s t r i b u t i o n : F