UNIVERSIDAD UNIVERS IDAD CATÓLICA CATÓLICA DEL MAULE FACULT FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS CIENCI AS SOCIALES SOCIAL ES Y ECONOMICAS ECONOMI CAS ESCUELA DE SOCIOLOGÍA
Arise! Subgenius Recruitment Film #16 Ensayo de Análisis Cultural
Alvaro Arriagada Retamal
Diego Campos, Proesor G!"a I#$es%iga&i'# prese#%a(a para )a &*%e(ra (e So&io)og"a (e )a C!)%!ra, +-./
Presentación
La Ig)esia (e )os S!0ge#ios #a&e e# )os se%e#%as &omo !#a &r"%i&a paro(ia#(o a )as re)igio#es &o#$e#&io#a)es, s! orige# #o es (e) %o(o pre&iso, se se1a)a 2!e !e a i#a)es (e )a (3&a(a (e )os se%e#%as &!a#(o e) es&ri%or I$a# S%a#g &rea )a Ig)esia (e )os S!0ge#ios e# )a &i!(a( (e Da))as, Te4as, a s! $e5 )a &ro#o)og"a (e es%a re)igi'# se1a)a 2!e !e e# -676 &!a#(o %a#%o S%a#g &omo s! amigo P8i)o Dr!mmo#( so# &o#%a&%a(os por 9o0 Do0s, )a ig!ra e# %or#o a )a &!a) se &o#s%r!:e )a Ig)esia (e )os S!0ge#ios, )a primera a&%i$i(a( oi&ia) (e )a Ig)esia !e )a p!0)i&a&i'# (e !# (o&!me#%o &o#o&i(o &omo ;S!0 Ge#i!s Pamp8)e% <-= ese mismo a1o, es%e >!#%o a o%ros (o&!me#%os simi)ares &ir&!)aro# por !#i$ersi(a(es : &o)egios e# Es%a(os U#i(os, $o)$i3#(ose e# a)g!#os )!gares par%e (e )a s!0&!)%!ra >!$e#i)/ D!ra#%e )os a1os ? )a Ig)esia (e )os S!0ge#ios rea)i5o m@)%ip)es !#&io#es e# &i!(a(es es%a(o!#i(e#ses, (e es%a orma sa)i' (e )a es&e#a !#(ergro!#( 2!e )a $io #a&er para &o#$er%irse e# !#a (e )as re)igio#es paro(ia m*s i#)!:e#%es/ E# e) a1o -66+ La ig)esia es%re#a Arise! Subgenious Recruitment Film #16 , &o#&e0i(o &omo !# $i(eo (e re&)!%amie#%o re)igioso prese#%a !#a #arra&i'# (e !#a $o5 e# o a&er&a (e )a 8is%oria : )as &ree#&ias (e )a Ig)esia, es%a #arra&i'# es a&ompa1a(a &o# !# 0ri&o)a>e (e $i(eos e im*ge#es (e (iere#%es 3po&as pero, pri#&ipa)me#%e, (e )a &!)%!ra #or%eameri&a#a (e )os a1os ., es%o i#%err!mpi(o (e $e5 e# &!a#(o por gra0a&io#es (e )as re!#io#es (e )a ig)esia : a)g!#as e#%re$is%as a miem0ros (e )a ig)esia/
Contexto Sociohistórico
De0i(o a 2!e )a Ig)esia (e )os S!0ge#ios !e !#(a(a e# -676, mie#%ras 2!e Arise )a pe)"&!)a 2!e a#a)i5ar3 e# es%e e#sa:oB !e es%re#a(a e# -66+, e) perio(o 8is%'ri&o m*s impor%a#%e para e#%e#(er es%a o0ra es )a (3&a(a (e )os ?, e# )a &!a) es%a re)igi'# se e4%e#(i' por )os Es%a(os U#i(os/ D!ra#%e )a (3&a(a (e )os o&8e#%a e) m!#(o $i$e gra#(es %ra#sorma&io#es e&o#'mi&as, %a#%o )as Reaganomics #or%eameri&a#as &omo )a Perestroika so$i3%i&a $ie#e# a reormar )as gra#(es e&o#om"as m!#(ia)es e# !# pro&eso (e )i0era)i5a&i'# (e )a e&o#om"a 2!e, e# e) &aso (e) primero, mar&ar"a !#a #!e$a %ra#sorma&i'# (e) &api%a)ismo, es%a $e5 0a>o )a 0a#(era (e) #eo)i0era)ismo, mie#%ras 2!e para )os so$i3%i&os )a Perestroika ))e$o a !# pro&eso (e (eses%a0i)i5a&i'# e&o#'mi&a : so&ia) 2!e se e4%e#(i' por %o(a )a pos%erior (3&a(a (e )os 6/ Es e# es%e &o#%e4%o (e )i0era)i5a&i'# e&o#'mi&a, &o#se&!e#&ia (e )a &risis (e) es%a(o (e 0ie#es%ar $i$i(a e# )os 7, : e) r*pi(o &re&imie#%o (e )as e&o#om"as a )o )argo (e) m!#(o/ E# )o so&ia), )a masii&a&i'# (e )a %e)e$isi'# : e) s!rgimie#%o (e #o$e(osas %e&#o)og"as (e &om!#i&a&i'# :, m*s impor%a#%e, (e (i!si'# (e pro(!&%os &!)%!ra)es &am0io ra(i&a)me#%e e) pa#orama so&ia) e# )os Es%a(os U#i(os, e) &o#s!mo (e es%os pro(!&%os &!)%!ra)es %omo #!e$as aris%as : %!$o !#a impor%a#%e i#)!e#&ia e# )a so&ie(a( #or%eameri&a#a, )os >'$e#es (e es%a ge#era&i'# :a #o se &o#orma# simp)eme#%e &o# &o#s!mir, si#o 2!e a8ora )as #!e$as %e&#o)og"as )es permi%e# e)a0orar a par%ir (e )os pro(!&%os a!(io$is!a)es #!e$os pro(!&%os, es as" &omo apare&e# &o#&ep%os &omo e) (e )as ;mi4%ape=, re&opi)a&io#es (e &a#&io#es 2!e p!e(e# #o ser (e) mismo a!%or o #i si2!iera (e) mismo es%i)o m!si&a), es (e&ir !# 0ri&o)a>e m!si&a), re)e>o (e )os g!s%os (e 2!ie# )o e)a0ora, e) &!a) se &ompo#e (e &a#&io#es &rea(as por )a i#(!s%ria m!si&a)/ Tam0i3# es%a (3&a(a se &ara&%eri5a por )a progresi$a i#(i$i(!a)i5a&i'# 2!e e# es%a (3&a(a :a se 8a&e #o%oria, es%o res!)%a(o (e) ra&aso (e) es%a(o (e 0ie#es%ar e# )os 7 : )a )i0era)i5a&i'# (e )a e&o#om"a >!#%o &o# e) a!me#%o (e )a (e)i#&!e#&ia e# )as gra#(es &i!(a(es/ E# e) pa#orama ar%"s%i&o, se 8a&e pop!)ar e) $i(eo&)ip : #a&e e# -6?- e) &a#a) MTV 2!e %ra#smi%"a $i(eo&)ips m!si&a)es %o(o e) ("a/ Es as" &omo (!ra#%e es%a 3po&a )a %e)e$isi'# %e#(r* !#a pro!#(a i#)!e#&ia e# )a es%3%i&a (e )a 3po&a sir$ie#(o &omo !# impor%a#%e i#s%r!me#%o (e (i!si'# (e g!s%os : pr*&%i&as/ Es e# es%e &o#%e4%o 2!e )a Ig)esia (e )os S!0ge#ios se (esarro))a &omo !#a &o#%ra&!)%!ra e# re&8a5o (e )o 2!e era so&ia)me#%e a&ep%a0)e (!ra#%e esos a1os, 2!i5*s !#o (e )os pri#&ipa)es a&%ores 2!e p!(iero# i#)!ir e# e) or%a)e&imie#%o : masii&a&i'# (e es%a re)igi'# !e e) (e0i)i%amie#%o : )a (es$ir%!a&i'# 2!e s!r"a e# ese e#%o#&es e# )os EE/UU/ e)
&ris%ia#ismo : o%ras re)igio#es )egi%ima(as e# o&&i(e#%e/ Es%a re)igi'# apare&"a &omo !#a oposi&i'# #o so)o a )o po)"%i&a, si#o %am0i3# a )o so&ia)me#%e a&ep%a0)e, )o &!a) por &ier%o )e (e0i' $arios ro&es &o# )as a!%ori(a(es es%a%a)es (!ra#%e s!s e$e#%os/ Es as" &omo, #o so)o 3s%a, si#o m!&8as o%ras re)igio#es &o#si(era(as paro(ia emergiero# e# !#a so&ie(a( e# )a &!a) ("a a ("a #a&"a# #!e$os pro(!&%os &!)%!ra)es para sa%isa&er a &o#s!mi(ores &a(a $e5 m*s (i$erso e# s!s g!s%os/
Análisis Sociológico
La (ei#i&i'# 0a>o )a 2!e se e#%e#(er* &!)%!ra e# es%e a#*)isis ser* )a (e Margo)is 2!e )a (es&ri0e &omo ;e) &o#>!#%o (e &'(igos (e )a sig#ii&a&i'#, 8is%'ri&ame#%e &o#s%i%!i(os, &ompar%i(os por !# gr!po so&ia), 2!e 8a&e# posi0)e, e#%re o%ros aspe&%os, )a &om!#i&a&i'#, )a i#%era&&i'# : )a i(e#%ii&a&i'#=/ Para empe5ar me g!s%ar"a a0or(ar e) &o#&ep%o (e 8iperrea)i(a( &rea(o por 9a!(ri))ar(, es%e se reiere a !#a sim!)a&i'# (e )a rea)i(a(, e)a0ora(a por )a so&ie(a(, )a &!a) reemp)a5a a )a misma rea)i(a( e# @)%ima i#s%a#&ia, (esarro))a#(o es%e &o#&ep%o se 8a ))ega(o a )a i(ea (e )as re)igio#es 8iperrea)is%as :perRea) Re)igio#B, es%as so# re)igio#es &rea(as &omo !#a resp!es%a a )a (i$ersii&a&i'# (e )os g!s%os e# )os &o#s!mi(ores &o# )a &o#sig!ie#%e #e&esi(a( (e sa%isa&er es%as #e&esi(a(es (e pro(!&%os re)igiosos/ Es%as #!e$as re)igio#es se &ara&%eri5a# %am0i3# por ap!#%ar a !# p@0)i&o m*s 0ie# i#(i$i(!a)is%a 2!e 0!s&a ))e$ar s! re)igi'# (e ma#era i#(i$i(!a), a (iere#&ia (e )as es%r!&%!ras !#(ame#%a)me#%e &om!#i%arias (e )as re)igio#es %ra(i&io#a)es, e# es%e mismo se#%i(o )a Ig)esia (e )os S!0ge#ios ma#iies%a !# re&8a5o a) (ogma &omo me&a#ismo (e &o8esi'# (e#%ro (e )a &om!#i(a(, &o# e) )ema ;)a @#i&a 8ere>"a es )a or%o(o4ia= re&8a5a &!a)2!ier i#%e#%o (e (ogma%ismo e i#s%a a s!s seg!i(ores a &rear s!s propias $aria#%es (e )a ig)esia, es (e&ir a(ap%ar )a re)igi'# a s!s g!s%os : #e&esi(a(es, e# )a pe)"&!)a se m!es%ra &omo &ompara# $arios ;s!0ge#ios= arg!me#%a#(o 2!e T8e o#): %8i#g %8a% mos% s!0ge#i!ses 8a$e i# &ommo# is %8a% %8e:re a)) (iere#% Arise, H+?B/ M*s impor%a#%e, )a Ig)esia (e )os S!0ge#ios e# s" es !#a sim!)a&i'#, :a 2!e a pesar (e %omar e)eme#%os i&%i&ios : re!%i)i5a#(o &o#s%a#%eme#%e e)eme#%os (e o%ras re)igio#es &omo !#a 0!r)a para es%as, #o se p!e(e (e&ir 2!e es%a apare#%e paro(ia (e re)igi'# #o sea e# rea)i(a( !#a $er(a(era re)igi'#, :a 2!e es%e es e) po(er (e )a sim!)a&i'# 2!e e4p)i&a 9a!(ri))ar( : 2!e )a (iere#&ia (e)
simp)e i#gir, e) 8e&8o (e 2!e #o se p!e(a (e&ir &o# &)ari(a( si es rea) o #o, s!s seg!i(ores :a #o es%*# simp)eme#%e >!g*#(o)e !#a 0roma a )a so&ie(a( %ra(i&io#a), si#o 2!e so# &re:e#%es &omo )os (e &!a)2!ier o%ra re)igi'#/ Es por es%e mo%i$o 2!e a)g!#os a!%ores 8a# ))ega(o a )a &o#&)!si'# (e 2!e e# rea)i(a( )a Ig)esia (e )os S!0ge#ios #o es !#a 0roma i#gie#(o ser re)igi'#, si#o !#a re)igi'# 2!e se es%r!&%!ra &omo !#a 0roma, &omo )o e4p)i&a 9a!(ri))ar( e# Cultura y Simulacro ;No se %ra%a :a (e imi%a&i'# #i (e rei%era&i'#, i#&)!so #i (e paro(ia, si#o (e !#a s!p)a#%a&i'# (e )o rea) por )os sig#os (e )o rea), es (e&ir, (e !#a opera&i'# (e (is!asi'# (e %o(o pro&eso rea) por s! (o0)e opera%i$o, m*2!i#a (e "#(o)e repro(!&%i$a, program*%i&a, impe&a0)e, 2!e ore&e %o(os )os sig#os (e )o rea) :, e# &or%o&ir&!i%o, %o(as s!s peripe&ias/= 9a!(ri))ar(, -67?, p/ 7B, )a rea)i(a( 8a (esapare&i(o por &omp)e%o : a8ora es reemp)a5a(a por )a 8iperrea)i(a(/
O%ro &o#&ep%o 2!e pare&e impor%a#%e %omar (e#%ro (e) a#*)isis ser"a e) (e )a so&ie(a( (e masas, &o#&ep%o 2!e por s" mismo %ie#e &o##o%a&io#es #ega%i$as : ap!#%a a !#a $!)gari5a&i'# : (egra(a&i'# (e )a &!)%!ra, si# em0argo, )a impor%a#&ia (e es%e &o#&ep%o e# e) a#*)isis so&io)'gi&o, a) ig!a) 2!e e# )a so&io)og"a (e )a &!)%!ra a&%!a)me#%e, es e) (e re!%ar )os pre>!i&ios : )as $a)ora&io#es err'#eas : sesga(as 2!e &ompo#e# es%e &o#&ep%o :a a0a#(o#a(o : e# (es!so (e#%ro (e )a (is&ip)i#a/ E# es%e &aso %omare e) 8e&8o (e 2!e es%a, &omo m!&8os &o#&ep%os !%i)i5a(os (e#%ro (e )a so&io)og"a (e )a &!)%!ra &o#si(era a) &o#s!mi(or &omo pasi$o, re&ep%or (e )a pro(!&&i'# (e )a &!)%!ra (e masas, )o &ara&%eri5a &omo &o#ormis%a, a&ep%a#%e (e )os me#sa>es 2!e )e so# e#%rega(os a par%ir (e )os me(ios (e &om!#i&a&i'#, e# simp)es pa)a0ras apare&e &omo !# perso#a>e si# &rea%i$i(a(, mero espe&%a(or (e) $as%o mo#o)ogo a!(io$is!a) 2!e )os me(ios masi$os (esp)iega# re#%e a 3)/ E# Arise se p!e(e $er &omo se a0ri&a %o(o !# pro(!&%o &!)%!ra) a par%ir (e pe2!e1os %ro5os (e o%ros pro(!&%os &!)%!ra)es, es !# &o#s%a#%e )!>o (e reere#&ias, !# 0ri&o)age (e s"m0o)os, pr*&%i&as : perso#a>es ame#i5a(o a s! $e5 por !# 0ri&o)age a!(io$is!a), rasgo &ara&%er"s%i&o (e es%a re)igi'#, &omo me#&io#a Mi&8e) (e Cer%ea! -676B a&er&a (e) a#*)isis (e) &o#s!mo &!)%!ra) ;Pero %am0i3# es posi0)e i#%eresarse e# )o 2!e e) &o#s!mi(or &!)%!ra) a0ri&a (!ra#%e )as 8oras 2!e pasa mira#(o )a %e)e$isi'# o !#a pe)"&!)a &o# )as im*ge#es %o%a)me#%e 8e&8as : a&a0a(as 2!e se )e 8a# propor&io#a(o=/ E# Arise se p!e(e apre&iar es%a me5&)a (e pro(!&%os &!)%!ra)esH ///0: %8e 8a#( o Je8o$a8 - i%se), %8e &osmi& p!ppe%eer o %8e o)( %es%ame#%, %8e Kra%8!) a)ie# spa&e go( rom some &opora%e si#
ga)a4: Arise, -66+, -?H+B/ La ma#era e# &omo es%e gr!po (e perso#as or(i#arias &o#s%r!:e !#a i#s%i%!&i'# re)igiosa a par%ir (e )os pro(!&%os &!)%!ra)es 2!e %ie#e# ;a ma#o= o 2!e 8a# a(2!iri(o (!ra#%e s!s $i(as (e#%ro (e )a &!)%!ra o&&i(e#%a) e# )a 2!e es%*# i#mersos (em!es%ra 2!e )os &o#s!mi(ores per%e#e&ie#%es a )a so&ie(a( (e masas 8a# si(o : so# &apa&es (e a0ri&ar )o 2!e, reiri3#(o#os #!e$ame#%e a 9o!(ri))ar(, po(r"amos ))amar s!s propios pro(!&%os e i#s%i%!&io#es 8iperrea)es/ Por @)%imo e) &o#&ep%o (e es%i)o (e $i(a es impor%a#%e para e#%e#(er )as &om0i#a&io#es (e e)eme#%os &!)%!ra)es (e (iere#%e orige# 2!e &ara&%eri5a# a )a ig)esia : )e &o#iere# !#a i(e#%i(a(, es e# es%e pro&eso (e mi4%!ra (e pro(!&%os : pr*&%i&as (e (i$erso orige# e) &!a) es a s! $e5 !# re)e>o (e )as &o#%ra(i&&io#es (e )a ))ama(a so&ie(a( pos%mo(er#a : (e )a (i$ersii&a&i'# (e )os g!s%os 2!e &o#$i$e >!#%o a )os e)eme#%os &om!#es 2!e i(e#%ii&a# a )os seg!i(ores (e es%a re)igi'# : 2!e )es permi%e# &rear s!s propios &'(igos 2!e )es permi%e i(e#%ii&arse &omo par%e (e !# gr!po/ Para ser m*s &)aros, )a Ig)esia (e )os S!0ge#ios se p!e(e e#%e#(er &omo !# pro(!&%o (e )a ma)ea0i)i(a( (e )a &!)%!ra, (e )os es%i)os (e $i(a &am0ia#%es : &o#%ra(i&%orios : (e )a m!%a0)e i(e#%i(a( (e) 8om0re posmo(er#o/ U#a (e )as &ara&%er"s%i&as 2!e 2!i5*s p!e(e (is%i#g!ir a es%e gr!po (e s!>e%os es e) 8e&8o (e 2!e, a) me#os apare#%e pro$e#ga# (e )a misma &)ase so&ia), si# em0argo ma#iies%a# (iere#%es pr*&%i&as : g!s%os/
Conclusiones
Po(emos (e&ir 2!e a pesar (e 2!e Arise es !#a o0ra pro(!&i(a a pri#&ipios (e )os #o$e#%a : 2!e, a simp)e $is%a &!a)2!iera po(r"a (e&ir, apres!ra(ame#%e, 2!e #o %ie#e m!&8o 2!e (e&ir a&er&a (e )a &!)%!ra (e )os a1os o&8e#%a, )o &ier%o es 2!e re)e>a )a &!)%!ra >!$e#i) (e )os a1os ? :, e# par%e, &omo e))os &o#s%r!"a# s!s rea)i(a(es/ Ca0e me#&io#ar 2!e si (e a)go es espe>o es%a o0ra, #o es (e )a rea)i(a(, si#o (e )a 8iperrea)i(a(, es as" &omo e# e) (o&!me#%a) )o 2!e $emos es !# sim!)a&ro e# a&&i'#, a)go 2!e es : #o es re)igi'#, 2!e se s!s%e#%a #o e# )o ma%eria) si#o e# )a image# 2!e (a (e s" mismo/
Tam0ie# se p!e(e $er e# es%a o0ra &!)%!ra) )a &o#s%r!&&i'# (e !# pro(!&%o &!)%!ra) a par%ir (e re%a5os (e o%ros 0ie#es &!)%!ra)es, 8i>a (e )a posmo(er#i(a( se m!es%ra &o#%ra(i&%oria : (i$ersa, pro(!&i(a por )os mismos &o#s!mi(ores (e )a so&ie(a( (e masas, 2!ie#es resig#ii&a# )os pro(!&%os &!)%!ra)es &omo !# (ia)ogo &o# )a i#(!s%ria &!)%!ra), )a &!a) #o es%* )i0re (e ser i#)!i(a por e))os &omo %am0i3# s!&e(e a )a i#$ersa/ Por @)%imo )a #a%!ra)e5a, &ama)e'#i&a 8as%a &ier%o p!#%o, (e es%a o0ra #o es m*s 2!e e) re)e>o (e )a (i$ersii&a&i'# (e )os g!s%os re)e>a(os e# )os es%i)os (e $i(a, e# &'mo : 2!e se &o#s!me, e# )o 2!e se 8a&e : )o 2!e #o/ Arise es !#a o0ra &!:o a#*)isis &!)%!ra) es a)go (e #!#&a a&a0ar, 8a: %a#%os e)eme#%os &!)%!ra)es e# e))a : so# (o&e#as )as perspe&%i$as (es(e )as &!a)es se p!e(e a#a)i5ar/ ibliogra"a
9a!(ri))ar(, Jea#/ -67?B/ C!)%!ra : Sim!)a&ro/ 9ar&e)o#aH air's/ Smi%8, Do!g)ass/ -66+B/ Arise S!0ge#i!s Re&r!i%me#% Fi)m <-/ Da))as, Te4asH S!0ge#i!s Fo!#(a%io#/ De Cer%ea!, M/ -676B/ Pr*&%i&as Co%i(ia#as/ Les C!)%!res Pop!)aires , +/
