UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA LICENCIATURA EN URBANISMO
SISTEMAS URBANOS
ENSAYO LA CIUDAD NO ES UN ÁRBOL
Profesor: Ing Ces!r "ern#n$e% A&!'e% A&!'e%
A&()n!: Cr*s+*n! M!r+,n $e& C!)-o N./e%
C*($!$ Un*'ers*+!r*!0 D F ! 12 $e se-+*e)3re $e 1456
LA CIUDAD NO ES UN 7RBOL Es+e ens!8o 3(s9! 9o)o -r*)er -(n+o -rof(n$*%!r e& e9o $e &! 9*($!$ 9o)o s*s+e)! 9o)-&e;o !$e)#s $e e<-&or!r&! 9o)o s*s+e)! $*n#)*9o 8 'er &!s !fe9+!9*ones $e& +*e)-o $e (n! )!ner! )#s -(n+(!&0 9o)o seg(n$o -(n+o +r!+!r $e e<-&*9!r =(e s(9e$e 9on e& e9o $e -&!ne!r 9*($!$es 8 &!s +en$en9*!s s*)-&*f*9!$or!s $e& ser ()!no 8 9o)o +er9er -(n+o 8 +!& 'e% e& =(e $es$e )* -ers-e9+*'! +*ene )!8or -eso es e& $e& ser ()!no 9o)o es+r(9+(r!$or $e& es-!9*o Cr*s+o-er A&e8o+ >8o+o o 8 M!n M!n!+ !++! +!n0 n0 &!s &!s 9*($ 9*($!$ !$es es !r+* !r+*f*f*9* 9*!& !&es es f(er f(eron on -re' -re'*! *! 8 $e&*3er!$!)en+e 9re!$!s -or $*se/!$ores 8 -&!n*f*9!$ores e;e)-&*f*9!$o 9on Le'*++o?n 8 C!n$*g!r-@ es+!s .&+*)!s 9!r!9+er*%!$!s -or (n! 9!ren9*! $e esen esen9* 9*! ! 8 '*$!0 *$!0 res( res()* )*$! $! en +r) +r)*n *nos os $e A&e< &e
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sistema 8 s* e& 9on;(n+o $e e&e)en+os $e ese s*s+e)! -osee 9*er+o +*-o $e f(er%!s *n+ern!s =(e &os (ne en !&go 9oeren+e 8 9oo-er!+*'o !$e)#s $e
unidad d de la ciudad ciudad;; 8 !(n=(e -oseer -oseer (n! -!r+e -!r+e f,s*9! f,s*9! se 9on9*3e 9on9*3e 9o)o unida e<*s+en *nf*n*$!$ $e s(3gr(-os $en+ro $e &! 9*($!$ =(e$! 9o)o $e9*s*n *n$*'*$(!& e&eg*r (nos 9(!n+os =(e se 9ons*$eren )#s re-resen+!+*'os 8 =(e !& re&!9*on!r&os -ose!n (n! es+r(9+(r! $ef*n*$!
Des$e es+!s $ef*n*9*ones e)-*e%! (n -ro9eso $e s*)-&*f*9!9*n0 -(es e& !gr(-!r 8 en9!s*&&!r0 $*s9r*)*n!r 8 ;er!r=(*%!r (n!s so3re o+r!s 8 !$e)#s '!&or*%!r 8 $*feren9*!r son !99*ones =(e &os seres ()!nos &&e'!)os ! 9!3o -or (n !f#n $e res+!r 9o)-&e;*$!$ ! &! re!&*$!$ -!r! (n s(-(es+o )e;or en+en$*)*en+o 8 !n#&*s*s0 en es+e 9!so0 $e &! es+r(9+(r! A -!r+e $e =(e es+e -ro9eso $e e&e99*n $e e&e)en+os 8 9on;(n+os res(&+! ser )(8 s(3;e+*'o 8 $e-en$er# $e &! +r*!&e9+*$! $e& es-!9*o =(e So;! 1444 )en9*on!0 -(es es &! 9o)3*n!9*n $e& es-!9*o -er9*3*$o 9on e& *$e!&*%!$o =(e se +r!$(9e en &! for)! en =(e 9!$! =(*en 'e0 -er9*3e 8 '*'e &! 9*($!$ seg.n s(s re&!9*ones 8 e<-er*en9*!s -!s!$!s en+re o+ros )(9os f!9+ores A9&!r!$os es+os 9on9e-+os0 -o$e)os -!s!r ! &!s $ef*n*9*ones $e &!s es+r(9+(r!s =(e son n(es+ro +e)! $e *n+ers:
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A$e)#s $e &! 9*($!$ 9o)o s*s+e)! 9o)-&e;o0 $on$e e<*s+en '!r*os e&e)en+os *n+er9one9+!$os o en+re&!%!$os 9(8os ',n9(&os 9re!n e&e)en+os n(e'os !$*9*on!&es *n'*s*3&es -!r! e& o3ser'!$or0 o3ser'!$or0 )e g(s+!r,! !3or$!r&! 9o)o (n s*s+e)! $*n#)*9o =(e !$e)#s $e -oseer $*9! 9o)-os*9*n0 es+# s(;e+! ! (n! (n! e'o& e'o&(9 (9* *n n 9ons 9ons+! +!n+ n+e e ! +r!' +r!'s s $e& $e& +*e) +*e)-o -o00 e'*$ e'*$en en9* 9*! ! $e e&&o e&&oss es &! +r!nsfor)! +r!nsfor)!9*n 9*n00 9re!9*n 9re!9*n 8 -ere9*)*e -ere9*)*en+o n+o $e !&g(n!s !&g(n!s 9*($!$es 9*($!$es00 $on$e $on$e &os )o$o )o$oss $e 9o)9o)-or or+! +!)* )*en en+o +o 8 e& es-! es-!9* 9*o o +o)! +o)!n n (n -!-e -!-e&& -ro+ -ro+!g !gn n*9 *9o o In$*s9r*)*n!$!)en+e $e es+!s es+r(9+(r!s es-e9,f*9!s0 se 9on9*3e ! &! 9*($!$ 9o)o &! re&!9*n en+re &os $*s+*n+os 9on;(n+os ;er!r=(*%!$os =(e se en+*en$en 9o)o (n*$!$es =(e f(n9*on!n -or s, )*s)!s 8 =(e $e (n! ( o+r! for)!0 $e )!8or ! )enor gr!$o0 se re&!9*on!n 9on e& res+o En &! !9+(!&*$!$ &! )!8or,! $e &!s 9*($!$es0 s* no es =(e +o$!s res(&+!n ser (n G9o&& G9o&&!ge !geH H $e 9os!s 9os!s !n+*g( !n+*g(!s !s 8 n(e'! n(e'!ss $!$o $!$o =(e =(e 9!$! 9!$! gener! gener!9* 9*n n *n9re)en *n9re)en+!0 +!0 ren(e'! ren(e'! 8 !$!-+! !$!-+! e&e)en+os e&e)en+os $e !9(er$o !9(er$o ! s(s ne9es*$!$es ne9es*$!$es A&g(n!s o9!s*ones en es+e -ro9eso $e !$!-+!r &! 9*($!$ -!r! &! n(e'! gener!9*n se 3(s9! re-e+*r !n+*g(os )o$e&os =(e 9on+e<+(!&*%!$os en s( or*gen res(&+!3!n !9er+!$os en 9(!n+o ! s!+*sf!9er ne9es*$!$es e *n+ereses0 s*)-&*f*9!r 8 f!9*&*+!r &! '*$!0 en &! -o9! !9+(!& res(&+!n o3so&e+os E;e)-&os $e e&&o son: @ ciudades jardín $e S*r E3ene%er "o?!r$ 541 9on 3!ses en &! '*$! s!&($!3&e 8 $e +r!3!;o0 er!n %on*f*9!$!s 8 s()!)en+e 9on+ro&!$!s 8 &*)* &*)*+! +!$! $!ss en 9(!n 9(!n+o +o ! 9re9 9re9*) *)*e *en+ n+o o ; ciudad ciudades es indust industria riales les $e& $e& s*g& s*g&o o XIX 9!r!9+er*%!$! -or (n! n(e'! $*s+r*3(9*n $e& es-!9*o g(*!$! -or &os n(e'os )e$*os +e9no&g*9os $e -ro$(99*n 8 (n! ne9es*$!$ $e n(e'!s 9on$*9*ones $e !99es*3*&*$!$ =(e se +r!$(;eron en (n! se-!r!9*n $e &! '*$! &!3or!& 8 $e &! '*$! 9o+*$*!n!@ &!s ciudades archipiéla! =(e s(rgen en &! $9!$! $e &os 4s $on$e $on$e &! $es!r+*9( $es!r+*9(&!9* &!9*n n 8 segreg!9 segreg!9*n *n er!n or*g*n!$ or*g*n!$os os -or (n! es+r(9+( es+r(9+(r! r! $*so9*!$! 8 no *n+egr!& $on$e &!s $es*g(!&$!$es so9*!&es se !9,!n e'*$en+es@ ciudade ciudadess satélite satélite 3!s!$!s en &! +eor,! $e& &(g!r 9en+r!& 8 gener!$!s -or &! segreg!9*n segreg!9*n -or es+r!+os so9*!&es -ero =(e $e-en$e $e (n! 9*($!$ -r*n9*-!& To$os $os es+o es+oss )o' )o'*)*e *)*en+ n+os os !& *g( *g(!& =(e =(e &os &os )o$e )o$e&o &oss 3!s! 3!s!$o $oss en (n! (n! org!n org!n*%! *%!9* 9*n n %on*f %on*f*9! *9!$! $! 9o)o 9o)o son son e& $e B(rges B(rges5 52 2 =(e =(e -os+( -os+(&! &! (n 9re9*)*en+o !9*! e& e<+er*or $es$e !n*&&os 9on9en+r*9os0 "o8+ 52 sos+*ene =(e &os (sos $e s(e&o or*g*n!$os en e& 9en+ro se -er-e+.!n -er-e+.!n !9*! e& e<+er*or !
&o &!rgo &!rgo $e ',!s ',!s 8 "!rr* "!rr*ss 8 U&&)!n U&&)!n 56 56 =(e =(e es+!3& es+!3&e9 e9en en '!r*o '!r*oss n.9&e n.9&eos os se-!r!$os en+re s, =(e !&re$e$or $*s-onen $e $*feren+es (sos $e s(e&o0 +*en +*enen en 9!r! 9!r!9+ 9+er er,s ,s+*+*9! 9!ss es+r es+r(9 (9+( +(r! r!&e &ess $e #r3o #r3o&& En s( )o) )o)en+o es!s 9on9e-9*ones f(eron )(8 (+*&*%!$!s 8 es+o no f(e 9!+!s+rf*9o0 en &o -erson!& 9reo =(e r!$*9! en &! 9o)-&e;*$!$ 9o)-&e;*$!$ $e &!s 9o)(n*$!$es 9o)(n*$!$es 8 &! so9*e$!$ -(es er! )#s 9err!$! 8 es+#+*9! ! $*feren9*! $e &o 9!)3*!n+e 8 $*'ers! =(e es en &! !9+(!&*$!$ An+es0 f#9*&)en+e se -o$,! -&!n*f*9!r ! )e$*!no 8 !s+! &!rgo -&!%o $e3*$o ! &os -ro9esos $e 9re9*)*en+o 9re9*)*en+o &&eg!3!n ! ser -re$e9*3&es -re$e9*3&es -ero o8 $,! &! so9*e$!$ +*ene (n -ro9eso $e e'o&(9*n )#s r#-*$o =(e e& $e &! 9*($!$ !9*en$o )(8 9o)-&*9!$o =(e &o =(e o8 es '#&*$o )!/!n! &o s*g! s*en$o A$e)#s 9on &! &&eg!$! $e &! g&o3!&*%!9*n g&o3!&* %!9*n se !n e9o )#s 9o)-&e;os 9o) -&e;os !&g(nos -ro9esos 8 $*n#)*9!s $e &! 9*($!$0 !or! no so&o +ene)os =(e -ens!r $e )!ner! &o9!&0 s* no =(e $e3e)os -ens!r en 9o)-e+*+*'*$!$ ! es9!&! g&o3!& Co)o e;e)-&o !9+(!& $e (n! 9*($!$ !r+*f*9*!& =(e -osee es+r(9+(r! $e !r3o& +ene)os ! Br!s*&*!0 9*($!$ $*se/!$! -or e& (r3!n*s+! L(9*o Cos+!0 &! '*s* '*s*n n er! er! (n! (n! n(e' n(e'! ! 9!-* 9!-*+! +!&& 9on 9on (n! (n! (3*9 (3*9!9 !9* *n n 9os+ 9os+er er! ! 9on 9on e& f*n f*n $e& $e& -o3&!)*en+o $e es! %on! en es-e9,f*9o En 9(!n+o ! s( es+r(9+(r! -o$e)os no+!r (n! %on*f*9!9*n %on*f*9!9*n e<9es*'! e<9es*'! =(e 9!(s! (n! segreg!9*n0 $e-en$en9*! $e& 9o9 9o9e0 e0 !(se !(sen9 n9*! *! $e& $e& +r!n +r!nss-or or+e +e -.3&* .3&*9o 9o00 $egr $egr!$ !$!) !)*e *en+ n+o o $e& -e!+ -e!+n n00 *nf&e<*3*&*$!$ $e &(g!res0 e+90 -or so&o $e9*r !&g(n!s 9!r!9+er,s+*9!s -ro-*!s $e &! 9*($!$ o9!s*on!$! -or (n e<9es*'o -&!ne!)*en+o en (n!s #re!s 8 &! f!&+! $e es+e en o+r!s O 3*en0 (n e;e)-&o )#s 9er9!no es e& =(e se $! en C*($!$ Ne%!0 $on$e se -(e$e o3ser'!r &! -&!ne!9*n $e 3!rr*os +o+!&)en+e *n$e-en$*en+es (nos $e o+ros0 9on (n! +r!%! )on+on! 8 segreg!$or! =(e o3'*!)en+e -osee (n! es+r(9+(r! #r3o& Prof( rof(n n$*% $*%!n$o )#s en 9(es+* es+*on ones es $e 9o)-&e )-&e;;*$! *$!$0 =(e en &! -ers-e9+*'! -ers-e9+*'! &()!nn*!n! no es '*s+! 9o)o (n o3s+#9(&o n* (n! $*f*9(&+!$ -!r! &! 9ons+r 9ons+r(99 (99*n *n $e (n s*s+e s*s+e)!0 )!0 -(es -(es (n s*s+e) s*s+e)! ! s(rge s(rge en (n -ro9es -ro9eso o $e re$(99*n $e 9o)-&e;*$!$ -ero s*n o&'*$!r =(e en 9o)-!r!+*'! !8 s*s+e)!s )#s 9o)-&e;os =( o+ros 9o)o es e& 9!so $e &! se)*+r!)! 8 e& #r3o&
En 9(es+*ones &g*9!s se -(e$e re!&*%!r (n! !n!&og,!: &! es+r(9+(r! #r3o& es (n #r3o& $e Porf*r*o =(e $*'*$e &! s(s+!n9*! $e& )(n$o en -!re;!s o-(es+!s =(e n(n9! -(e$en ser )#s $e &o =(e son0 &*)*+!n$o &!s f(n9*ones $e& es-!9*o !9*n$o&!s e<9&(s*'!s -!r! (n (so o !9+*'*$!$ *nf&e<*3&es 8 =(*+#n$o&e &! -os*3*&*$!$ $e )(&+*-&*9*$!$ res()*$o en (n es=(e)! (n,'o9o@ !n+e-on*n$ose ! es+o +ene)os !& se)*re+,9(&o e<-res!$o 9o)o (n r*%o)! $on$e seg.n De&e(%e 8 (!++!r* 51 no e<*s+e &! s(3or$*n!9*n ;er#r=(*9! s*no s*no =(e =(e 9(!& 9(!&=( =(*e *err e&e) e&e)en en+o +o -(e$ -(e$e e !fe9 !fe9+! +!rr o *n9* *n9*$* $*rr en 9(!& 9(!&=( =(*e *err o+ro o+ro00 +r!$(9*$o en (n! s(-er-os*9*n s(-er-os*9*n $e !9+*'*$!$es !9+*'*$!$es en es-!9*os es-!9*os re&!9*on!$os re&!9*on!$os 9on o+ros =(e no se en9(en+r!n &*)*+!$os 8 -(e$en +en$er ! ser )(&+*f!9+*9os 8 f&e<*3&es L! 9o)-&e;*$!$0 ! s( 'e% '*ene $e &! )!no 9on &! s*n+!<*s o &g*9! $e& es-!9*o $on$e se 9on;(n+!n +eor,!s 8 +9n*9!s =(e 3*en nos -o$r,!n ser'*r -!r! e& !n#&*s*s 8 -&!ne!9*n $e (n! 9*($!$ es+r(9+(r!$! 9o)o se)*re+,9(&! -(es se 3!s! en e& e9o $e =(e en (n en+orno (r3!no +o$os &os es-!9*os es+#n *n+er9one9+!$os *n+er9one9+!$os 8 +o$!s &!s -!r+es es+#n (n*$!s ! &!s $e)#s 8 =(e es+o no se &*)*+! ! &! )orfo&og,! (r3!n! s*no =(e '! )#s ! &!s 9(es+*ones so9*!&es 8 -re$*99*ones $e& 9o)-or+!)*en+o ()!no ()!no en &o es-!9*!& es-!9*!& S*n e)3!rgo0 -!r! e& !n#&*s*s n(e'!)en+e se 9!e en s*)-&*f*9!9*ones -(es &os 9o)-onen+es se $esg $esg&o &os! s!n n en for) for)!s !s 8 f(n9 f(n9*o *one ness -!r! -!r! ser ser !n!& !n!&*% *%!$ !$os os 9o)o 9o)o re$e re$ess =(e =(e $es9r*3en re&!9*ones 9one9+*'!s e *n+egr!$or!s A &o &!rgo $e& +e<+o e 9*+!$o 8 re+o)!$o -ens!)*en+os $e so9*&ogos0 gegr!fos0 )!+e)#+*9os0 e+9 e'*$en9*!n$o =(e e& es+($*o $e &!s 9*($!$es se ! +r!+!$o $e !3or$!r $es$e $*s+*n+!s -ers-e9+*'!s $e $*'ers!s 9*en9*!s o $*s9*-&*n!s0 8 =(e e& es+($*o $e &!s 9*($!$es no es e<9&(s*'o $e !&g(n! $e e&&!s0 es !, es 9(!n$o nos $!)os $!)os 9(en+! $e es+o =(e s(rge s(rge &! ne9es*$!$ $e !9&!r!r +r)*nos 9o)o )(&+*$*s9*-&*n!0 *n+er$*s9*-&*n! 8 +r!ns$*s9*-&*n! 9&!'es en es+($*o $e &!s 9*($!$es 8 $e &! 9o)-&e;*$!$ -(es se +*ene =(e &&eg!r ! (n! so&(9*n en 9o).n $e +o$!s &!s 9*en9*!s -!r+*9*-es $e& es+($*o Por (n! -!r+e0 &! )(+*$*s9*-& )(+*$*s9*-&*n! *n! 9ons*s+e 9ons*s+e en =(e '!r*!s $*s9*-&*n $*s9*-&*n!s !s -ro8e9+en -ro8e9+en (n! '*s*n 8 -ers-e9+*'! es-e9,f*9! so3re (n 9!)-o $e+er)*n!$o -!r! =(e +o$!s es+!s !-or+!9*ones 9onf&(8!n en (n! reso&(9*n0 en +!n+o =(e &! *n+er$*s9*-&*n! 8 &! )(&+ )(&+*$ *$*s *s9* 9*-& -&*n *n! ! 9ons 9ons*s *s+e +en n en (n -ro9 -ro9es esos os $e 9ons 9ons+r +r(9 (99* 9*n n 3!s! 3!s!$o $o en
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