EFEK TOKSIK LOGAM KELOMPOK I
TRI WAHYUDI WAHYUDI LESTARI LESTARI PARWATI MOHAMADI MEGAWATI SALEH KHALIMATUS SA’DIYAH HARISMA SANDA TIKU ABRIANUS ABRIA NUS RANGGAT RANGGATAU
TOKSIKOL TOKSIK OLOGI OGI Toksik Toksikologi ologi ialah ilm !"#!a#g s"#$a%a&s"#$a%a kimia $a#g '"(si)a! m"(sak 'agi ma#sia *a# h"%a#+ Ra,# -Baha# ."sak/ ialah 0a! ak!i) $a#g m"#$"'a'ka# k"(1a $a#g m"(sak+ A.a'ila .a*a s"1mlah2 !"(!ama o'a!2 *osislah $a#g m"#"#!ka# a.akah !im'l k"(1a $a#g '"(g#a a!a $a#g m"(sak2 maka *alam a(!i
TOKSIKOL TOKSIK OLOGI OGI Toksik Toksikologi ologi ialah ilm !"#!a#g s"#$a%a&s"#$a%a kimia $a#g '"(si)a! m"(sak 'agi ma#sia *a# h"%a#+ Ra,# -Baha# ."sak/ ialah 0a! ak!i) $a#g m"#$"'a'ka# k"(1a $a#g m"(sak+ A.a'ila .a*a s"1mlah2 !"(!ama o'a!2 *osislah $a#g m"#"#!ka# a.akah !im'l k"(1a $a#g '"(g#a a!a $a#g m"(sak2 maka *alam a(!i
LOGAM Dalam kimia kimia22 s"'ah logam a!a m"!al -'ahasa -'ahasa Y Y#a#i #a#i33 Metallon/ a*alah s"'ah #s( kimia kimia $a#g sia. m"m'"#!k io# io# -ka!io#/ *a# m"miliki ika!a# logam2 logam2 *a# ka*a#gkala *ika!aka# 'ah%a ia mi(i. *"#ga# ka!io# *i a%a# "l"k!(o#+
Logam m"(.aka# k"lom.ok !oksika# $a#g #ik+ Logam i#i *a.a! *i!"mka# *a# m"#"!a. *alam alam2 !"!a.i '"#!k kimia#$a *a.a! '"('ah aki'a! ."#ga(h 4sikokimia2 'iologis2 a!a aki'a! ak!i5i!as ma#sia+ Toksisi!as#$a Toksisi!as#$a *a.a! '"('ah *(as!is 'ila '"#!k kimia#$a '"('ah
SIFAT&SIFAT METAL6LOGAM •
Sifat-sifat Ekstraktif/kimia (Chemical Properties) M"li.!i ,i(i&,i(i *a(i kom.osisi kimia *a# ."#ga(h #s( !"(ha*a. m"!al -logam/+ B"'"(a.a ,o#!oh si)a! kimia a*alah s"g("gasi *a# k"!aha#a# ko(osi+ Logam s"."(!i 'a1a m"miliki #ilai k"!aha#a# !"(ha*a. ko(osi $a#g 'aik2 ka("#a m"miliki ka#*#ga# ka('o#+ Pa*a sh kama( logam '"(%1* .a*a! k",ali (aksa -'"(%1* ,ai(/+ Ti!ik l"l"h *a# !i!ik *i*ih+ Logam&logam ,"#*"(#g m"miliki !i!ik l"l"h *a# !i!ik *i*ih $a#g !i#ggi ka("#a k"ka!a# ika!a# logam+ K"ka!a# ika!a# '"('"*a a#!a(a logam $a#g sa! *"#ga# logam $a#g lai# !"(ga#!#g .a*a 1mlah "l"k!(o# $a#g !"(*"lokalisasi .a*a la!a# "l"k!(o#2 *a# .a*a ss#a# a!om&a!om#$a
Sifat –sifat mekanik (Mechanical Properties)
Ya#g *is"'! si)a! m"ka#ik ialah si)a! 'aha# 'ilama#a *i."#ga(hi ga$a *a(i la(2 $ai! 3 k"ka!a# !a(ik2 ka! '"#gkok2 k"k"(asa#2 ka! .kl2 ka! g"s"(2 *a# lai#& lai#+ S"(i#g .la *imaskka# si)a! !"k#ologi *a(i ma!"(ial ialah mam. m"si#2 mam. ,o( *a#
Sifat – sifat Fisik (Physical Properties) Si)a! 4sik a*alah si)a! 'aha# ka("#a m"#galami ."(is!i%a 4sika2 s"."(!i a*a#$a ."#ga(h .a#as *a# lis!(ik+ $ai! '"(a! 1"#is2 *a$a ha#!a( lis!(ik *a# .a#as2 si)a! mag#"! *a# s!(k!( mik(o logam
Sifat Tekhnologi Si)a! ."#g"(1aa# logam a*alah si)a! sa! 'aha# $a#g !im'l *alam .(os"s ."#golaha##$a+si)a! i! ha(s *ik"!ahi l"'ih *ahl s"'"lm ."#golaha# 'aha# *ilakka#+ P"#g1ia# $a#g *ilakka# a#!a(a lai# ."#g1iia# mam. las2 mam. m"si#2 mam. ,o(2 *a# mam. k"(as+ Logam m"(.aka# 'aha# $a#g 'aik #!k *ia.likasika# *alam !"k#ologi2 ka("#a logam m"miliki s!(k!( $a#g ka! *a# !i*ak m*ah .a!ah+
Fak!o( $a#g m"m."#ga(hi !oksisi!as Ti#gka! *a# lama#$a .a1a#a# B"#!k kimia Kom.l"ks .(o!"i#&logam Fak!o( ."1am I#*i,a!o( 'iologis
T"m.a! k"(1a logam *alam !'h Enzim K"(1a !ama logam a*alah m"#gham'a! "#0im+ E)"k i#i 'iasa#$a !im'l aki'a! i#!"(aksi a#!a(a logam *"#ga# ggs SH .a*a "#0im i!+ Sa! "#0im *a.a! 1ga *iham'a! ol"h logam !oksik m"lali ."#ggs(a# ko)ak!o( logam $a#g ."#!i#g *a(i "#0im+ 8o#!oh#$a2 !im'al" *a.a! m"#gga#!ika# 0i#k *alam "#0im $a#g *a.a! '"(ga#!#g .a*a a*a#$a 0i#k2 misal#$a asam ami#o #ol"5li#a! hi*(a!as" -ALAD/+
rganel s!"sel!ler Umm#$a ")"k !oksik logam m"(.aka# aki'a! *a(i ("aksi a#!a(a logam *a# kom.o#"# i#(as"l+ U#!k *a.a! m"#im'lka# ")"k !oksi#$a .a*a sa! s"l2 logam ha(s m"maski s"l+ P(os"s mask#$a m"li#!asi m"m'(a# aka# l"'ih m*ah kala logam i#i '"(si)a! li.o4lik2 misal#$a m"!al m"(k(i+ Bila logam i#i !"(ika! .a*a sa! .(o!"i#2 0a! i#i *is"(a. *"#ga# "#*osi!osis+ Di)s .asi) m"(.aka# ,a(a mask $a#g lai# 'agi logam2 misal#$a !im'al"
9"#is&1"#is logam #rsen (#s) A(s"# -As/ m"(.aka# #s( $a#g m"lim.ah s",a(a alami *"#ga# #omo( a!om ::2 '"(a! a!om ;<2=> g6mol2 m"miliki > '"#!k .a*a!a#2 $ai! k#i#g k"hi!ama# *a# a'&a'+ T"(mask *alam golo#ga# s"mi& logam2 *a# m*ah .a!ah
?+E)"k !oksik A(s"# -As/ 'isa *ig#aka# s"'agai 'aha# *a(i '"('agai ma,am o'a!2 !"!a.i 1ga m"m'"(ika# ")"k sam.i#g+ U#!k i!2 ."#gg#aa# o'a! '"('aha# 'ak As ha(s s",a(a ha!i&ha!i ka("#a As 1ga .o!"#sial '"(si)a! ka(si#og"#ik *a# koka(si#og"#ik
P"#gg#aa# (a,# As #!k ."m'#ha# *i ka("#aka# 3 a+ As !i*ak '"(asa2 !i*ak '"(%a(#a2 *a# !i*ak '"('a s"hi#gga m*ah *i,am.(ka# .a*a maka#a# a!a mi#ma# !a#.a *i,(igai ol"h ko('a#+ '+ G"1ala k"(a,#a# sa#ga! mm *a# !i*ak s."si4k s"."(!i m#!a'"( s"hi#gga ko('a# !i*ak aka# m"#g"#ali#$a+ ,+ As m*ah *i."(ol"h *alam '"('agai '"#!k2 s"."(!i ."s!isi*a2 (a,# !iks2 (a,# s"m!2 h"('isi*a2 *a# o'a!&o'a!a# hom"o.a!i+
$n%ikator "iologis toksisitas
oksisi!as As .a*a ma#sia m"#gg#aka# i#*ika!o( 'iologi2 a#!a(a lai# 3 Ka*a( As *alam (i# -*a.a! !"(*"!"ksi .a*a ko('a# $a#g 'a( !"(.a.a( As/ Ka*a( As *alam *a(ah -'isa !"(*"!"ksi .a*a ko('a# *"#ga# .a.a(a# ak!/ Ka*a( As *alam kli! 2(am'!2
&al!r Paparan Pa.a(a# As .a*a ma#sia 'isa !"(1a*i m"lali '"'"(a.a 1al( Pa.a(a# ."( o(al '"(asal *a(i maka#a# s"(!a mi#ma# $a#g !"(ko#!ami#asi As Pa.a(a# l"%a! ala! ."(#a.asa# '"(asal *a(i *"' *a(a a!a asa. ."m'aka(a# Ti#ggal li#gk#ga# $a#g !"(,"ma( As B"k"(1a *i li#gk#ga# $a#g m"#gg#aka# 'aha# 'ak As *a# m"m.(o*ksi As2 a#!a(a lai# i#*s!(i ."l"'(a# 8o2 ."l"'(a# P'2i#*s!(i ."#ga%"!a# ka$2s"(!a i#*s!(i ."s!isi*a
E)"k l"'ih la#1! *a(i As a*alah 3 Rasa ga!al .a*a !a#ga#2 k(am *a# kak .a*a o!o! T"(asa .a#as *a# i(i!asi .a*a !"#ggo(oka# *a# lam'#g2 #a)as '"('a 'a%a#g .!ih2 ml! '"(asa logam M#!ah&m#!ah P"#ga(h #"(ologis $ai! g"lisah2 saki! k".ala k(o#is2 .i#gsa#2 ."#i#g2 m"#giga2 som#ol"#si2 ko#5lsi *a# koma+
G"1ala !oksisi!as As ."( o(al a#!a(a lai# '"(.a 3
K"!i*ak&#o(mala# kli!2 a#!a(a lai# '"(.a s.o! g"la. 6 !"(a#g .a*a kli!2 k"(a!osis .a*a !"la.ak !a#ga#6kaki2 *a# akhi(#$a '"(k"m'a#g m"#1a*i ka#k"( kli!+ P"#i#gka!a# (isiko ka#k"( ha!i2"m."*2 gi#1al2 *a# .a(& .a(+ I(i!asi *a# saki! .a*a ala! ."#,"(#aa#2 #as"a2 5omi!s2 *a# *ia("+ M"m."(.a(ah ko#*isi mal#!(isi+ P"#(#a# .(o*ksi s"l *a(ah m"(ah *a# s"l *a(ah .!ih+ A'#o(mali!as )#gsi 1a#!#g+ K"(saka# ."m'lh *a(ah+ K"(saka# ha!i *a# gi#1al+ Ga#gga# )#gsi s$a(a)2 m"#im'lka# (asa .a#as2 (asa !"(!sk 1a(m .a*a kaki *a# !a#ga#+ M"m'aha$aka# )"!s s"lama masa k"hamila#+
Efek terha%ap alat repro%!ksi P"m'"(ia# As a#o(ga#ik k".a*a h"%a# 1i $a#g s"*a#g '#!i#g 'isa m"#$"'a'ka# '"('agai ma,am mal)o(masi "m'(io $a#g *i."#ga(hi ol"h ,a(a ."m'"(ia# *a# lama ."m'"(ia# a(s"# -As/+ Pa.a(a# As *osis !i#ggi l"%a! ala! ."(#a)asa# a!a ."( o(al .a*a h"%a# 1i $a#g '#!i#g 'isa m"#$"'a'ka# l"'ih ("#*ah#$a '"(a! 'a*a# a#ak $a#g *i lahi(ka#2 mal)o(masi2 'ahka# 'isa m"#gaki'a!ka# k"ma!ia# ka("#a As mam. m"l"%a!i .las"#!a+ As 1ga *i!"mka# .a*a ai( ss i#*k+
Faktor yang memengar!hi toksisitas Toksisi!as As *i ."#ga(hi ol"h 3 Ss#a#6'"#!k s"#$a%a As 9mlah6*osis6ko#s"#!(asi As B"#!k 4sik6kimia *a(i As As a#o(ga#ik l"'ih !oksik *i'a#*i#gka# As o(ga#ik As la(! ai( l"'ih !oksik Ma#sia l"'ih s"#si!i) *i'a#*i#gka# h"%a# Pa.a(a# As *alam %ak! lama .a*a a#ak&a#ak 'isa m"#$"'a'ka# ."#(#a# I@ I#!ak" As s",a(a o(al '"(si)a! l"'ih !oksik *i'a#*i#gka# l"%a! kli! a!a i#halasi+ A'so(.si As ol"h .a(&.a( !"(ga#!#g .a*a k(a# .a(!ik"l *a# '"#!k s"#$a%a *a(i As+
' Pencegahan %an penangg!langan toksisitas Pa*a !aha. a%al2 'ila *ik"!ahi ai( mi#m !"(ko#!ami#asi As2 ."(l *ilakka# !i#*aka# s"'agai '"(ik! 3 Ai( mi#m $a#g !"(ko#!ami#asi As ha(s '"(h"#!i *i ko#smsi+ A.a'ila !i*ak !"(*a.a! al!"(#a!i) lai# #!k m"#*a.a!ka# ai( mi#m2 maka ai( *i !am.#g *a# *i 'ia(ka# s"lama ?>&>< 1am+ K"m*ia# 'agia# ai( *i!a#gka# ."(laha#&laha# k" !"m.a! lai# *a# *isa(i#g <& kali m"#gg#aka# 4l!"(+ M"#go#smsi maka#a# '"(gi0i 2 khss#$a maka#a# $a#g ka$a 5i!ami# A2 B2 *a# 8+ Ko#smsi 'ah *a# sa$( s"ga( - s"(5i#g6*a$/ mam. m"#g(a#gi C (isiko !"(k"#a ka#k"( ka("#a .a.a(a# As+
Seleni!m (Se) S"l"#im a*alah 'aha# kimia s"milogam2 S" *i alam !i*ak *i!"mka# *alam k"a*aa# '"'as *a# m"miliki #omo( a!om :<+ S",a(a kimia%i2 S" '"(kai!a# *"#ga# sl)( -S/ *a# !"ll(im -T"/+ S" S",a(a alami '"(.a s"#$a%a a#o(ga#ik2 $ai! s"l"#i*a '"(sama !im'al -P'/2 ko'al! -8o/2 m"(k(i -Hg/2 *a# ."(ak -Ag/2 s"(!a s"l"#a! *a#
?+ E)"k !oksik S" *alam 1mlah k",il m"(.aka# #s( "s"#sial 'agi !'h2 !"!a.i *alam 1mlah '"sa( '"(si)a! !oksik+ Toksisi!as S" *i!"#!ka# ol"h '"#!k s"#$a%a S"2 k"la(!a# S"2 1all( .a.a(a#2 *a# 1"#is s"#$a%a S" Pa.a(a# l"%a! i#halasi m"#$"'a'ka# i(i!asi ma!a2 ga#gga# sal(a# ."#,"(#aa#2 *a# "*"ma .a(&.a(+ S"m"#!a(a i!2 .a.a(a# l"%a! ko#!ak kli! 1a(a#g !"(1a*i+ Biasa#$a i! !"(1a*i .a*a ."k"(1a $a#g la#gs#g m"#gg#aka# s"#$a%a S"+ Pa.a(a# l"%a! kli! 'isa m"#$"'a'ka# kli! !"('aka(2 '"(,ak m"(ah2 s"(!a ."m'"#gkaka#
Toksisitas ak!t Dosis !i#ggi S" s"'"sa( ? mg6ha(i 'isa m"#im'lka# !oksisi!as *"#ga# g"1ala m#!ah&m#!ah2 *ia("2 (am'! (o#!ok2 kk l".as2 *a# kli! lka+ Ko#smsi s.l"m"# S" *"#ga# *osis !i#ggi 'iasa#$a !"(1a*i .a*a ."#*"(i!a ka#k"( ma.# #!k ."#,"gaha#+ Pa.a(a# ak! S" .a*a ma#sia '"(.a sali5asi '"(l"'iha#2 '"('a 'a%a#g .!ih saa! '"(#a)as2 #a)as ."#*"k2 *ia("2 s"l"#osis *"#ga# g"1ala !akika(*ia2 #as"a22 m#!ah2 saki! ."(!2 ga#gga# )#gsi ha!i2 saki!6#$"(i o!o!2 ga#gga# i(i!a'ili!as2 m"#ggigil *a# !("mo(2 ko#g"s!i .a(&.a(2 h"mo(agi *a# "*"ma2 ."('aha# kimia *a(ah $a#g m"li.!i ."#i#gka!a# ka*a( H' *a# h"ma!ok(i!2 ko#g"s!i ha!i2 ko#g"s!i *a# h"mo(agi gi#1al2 ga#gga# sis!"m s$a(a) .sa!2 m"#ga#!k2 ko#5lsi2 "*"ma .a(&.a(2 'ahka# *a.a! m"#gaki'a!ka# k"ma!ia#+
Toksisitas kronis Toksisi!as k(o#is S" .a*a ma#sia !"(1a*i *i %ila$ah6*a"(ah *"#ga# ka*a( S" !i#ggi -s"l"#i)"(os/ s"hi#gga 'aha# .a#ga# 1ga m"#ga#*#g ka*a( S" !i#ggi+ Toksisi!as k(o#is .a*a ma#sia m"##1kka# g"1ala gigi .,a!2 (sak -'"(%a(#a2 "(osi2 g"s"(/2 *a# 'sk2 k"k"(i#ga# kli!2 ga#gga# gas!(oi#!"s!i#al2 k"l"laha#2 (am'! (o#!ok *a# kk l".as2 ak(o.aki -!"'al .a*a 1#g 1a(i/ 2 l"si .a*a kli! -k"m"(aha#2 ."m'"#gkaka#2 '"(#a#a#ah2 ls"(asi/2 ga#gga# sis!"m s$a(a) *i!a#*ai .oli#"(i!is -a#"s!"sia ."(i)"(2ak(o.a(a!"sia2 saki! .a*a a#ggo!a "ks!("mi!as2 ma!i (asa2 ko#5lsi2 .a(alisis2 ga#gga# mo!o(ik2h"mi.l"gia/2 m"#gaki'a!ka# k".,a!a# -.allo(/2 li*ah !"(asa !"'al2 ga#gga# ala! ."#,"(#aa# *a# ."(#a)asa#2 k"(saka# ha!i *a# "m."*2 a#"mia2 i(i!asi mkosa2 *a# saki! .i#gga#g+
Pencegahan %an penangg!langan toksisitas U#!k m"#g(a#gi !oksisi!as S" .a*a h"%a# m"(m.! *i .a*a#g g"m'alaa#2 *ilakka# '"'"(a.a ,a(a s"'agai '"(ik! 3 M"#gk( ka*a( S" *alam !a#ah g#a m"#g"!ahi a*a#$a k"m#gki#a# !a#ama# !"(ko#!ami#asi S" *alam ka*a( !i#ggi+ M"maga(i lokasi6laha# $a#g !"(,"ma( S" s"hi#gga h"%a# !i*ak m"(m.! *i lokasi $a#g !"(,"ma( S" *alam ka*a( !i#ggi+ M"m'a!asi g(a0i#g ."(io* .a*a laha# $a#g m"miliki ka*a( S" $a#g !i#ggi + M"#(#ka# .H !a#ah s"hi#gga 'isa m"#g(a#gi k"!"(s"*iaa# S" 'agi !a#ama#+ M"#i#gka!ka# #s( o(ga#ik !a#ah 'isa m"#(#ka# ka*a( S" .a*a !a#ama# ka("#a !"(1a*i ."#gika!a# S" ol"h #s( o(ga#ik !a#ah+ M"m'"(ika# ha$ al)a)a $a#g m"#ga#*#g asam ami#o sl)( -sis!i#2 m"!io#i#/ 'isa m"#g(a#gi ."#ga(h S"2 m"#g(a#gi a'so(.si S"2 *a# m"#i#gka!ka# "ksk("si S"+
T"m'aga -8/
K.(m a!a !"m'aga -8/ m"miliki sis!"m k(is!al k'ik2 $a#g s",a(a 4sik '"(%a(#a k#i#g *a# a.a'ila *iliha! m"#gg#aka# mik(osko. aka# '"(%a(#a .i#k k",okla!a# sam.ai k"a'a#+ 8 !"(mask golo#ga# logam2 '"(%a(#a m"(ah2 s"(!a m*ah '"('ah '"#!k+ Di alam2 8 'a#$ak *i!"mka# *alam '"#!k .$(i!"2 F"&Sl)a!2 *a# s"(i#g '"(,am.( *"#ga# A#!imo#i -S'/2 m"(k(i -Hg/2 !im'al -P'/2 *a# a(s"# sl)a!
?+ E)"k !oksik U#s( 8 'isa *i!"mka# .a*a '"('agai 1"#is maka#a#2 ai(2 *a# *a(a s"hi#gga ma#sia 'isa !"(.a.a( 8 m"lali 1al( maka#a#2 mi#ma#2 *a# saa! '"(#a)as+ 8 m"(.aka# #s( $a#g *i '!hka# ma#sia *alam 1mlah k",il+ A.a'ila 1mlah 8 !"lah m"lam.ai 'a!as ama#2 aka# m#,l !oksisi!as+ Ma#sia 'iasa#$a !"(.a.a( 8 m"lali !a#ah2 *"'2 maka#a#2 s"(!a mi#ma# $a#g !","ma( 8 $a#g '"(asal *a(i .i.a 'o,o( .a*a ."#am'a#ga# 8 a!a i#*s!(i $a#g m"#ghasilka# lim'ah 8+ Ki(a&ki(a ;&== !o!al i#!ak" 8 '"(asal *a(i maka#a# *a# mi#ma#+ S"!ia. ha(i2 ma#sia 'isa !"(.a.a( 8 $a#g a#!a(a lai# '"(asal *a(i ."(ala!a# *a.( a!a.# koi#
Toksisitas kronis Pa.a(a# 8 *alam %ak! lama 'isa m"#im'lka# g"1ala s"."(!i 3 I(i!asi .a*a hi*#g2 !"#ggo(oka#2 ml! *a# ma!a+ M"#$"'a'ka# saki! k".ala2 saki! lam'#g2 k"hila#ga# k"s"im'a#ga#2 #as"a2 m#!ah2 *a# *ia("+ Pa.a(a# 8 *osis '"sa( *a.a! m"#$"'a'ka# k"(saka# ha!i2 gi#1al2 'ahka# m"#$"'a'ka# k"ma!ia#+ B"lm a*a 'k!i ilmiah 'ah%a 8 '"(si)a! ka(si#og"#ik+ Hasil ."#"li!ia# m"##1kka# 'ah%a lama .a.a(a# *a# !i#ggi#$a *osis 8 'isa m"#(#ka# !i#gka! i#!"l"g"#sia a#ak&a#ak *alam masa ."(!m'ha#2 'a!k&'a!k2 *a# ."#*a(aha# hi*#g+ 8 1ga *a.a! m"#im'lka# al"(gi .a*a kli!+ Pa.a(a# 8 '"(la#g 'isa m"#$"'a'ka# ."#"'ala# .a*a kli! s"(!a m"#im'lka# %a(#a k"hi1aa# .a*a kli! *a# (am'! s"hi#gga m"#$"'a'ka# i(i!asi hi*#g+
Toksisitas ak!t G"1ala kli#is .a*a k"(a,#a# ak! 82 a#!a(a lai# kolik a'*om"#2 m#!ah2 gas!(o"#!"(i!is *iik!i *ia("2 )"s"s2 *a# m#!aha# $a#g '"(%a(#a hi1a&k"'i(a#+ G"1ala lai# a*alah sho,k '"(a!2 sh !'h !(# s",a(a *(as!is2 *a# *"#$! 1a#!#g $a#g m"#i#gka!+ P"#*"(i!a aka# m"#galami kola.s *a# k"ma!ia# s"!"lah >< 1am s"m"#1ak m#,l#$a g"1ala& g"1ala !"(s"'!+ K"(a,#a# ak! m"#gaki'a!ka# ka*a( 8 *a(ah m"#i#gka! '"'"(a.a 1am s"!"lah m"#,"(#a maka#a# $a#g m"#ga#*#g 8+ K"(a,#a# ak! ka("#a m"#,"(#a 8 *alam 1mlah '"sa( '"(asal *a(i ga(am 8 *a# $a#g .ali#g s"(i#g '"(.a 8&sl)a!2 'ahka# 'isa m"#gaki'a!ka# k"ma!ia#+ G"1ala k"(a,#a# ak! 8 a#!a(a lai# m#!aha# '"(%a(#a hi1a&k"'i(a#2 h"ma!"m"sis2 hi.o!"#si2 m"l"#a2 koma2 *a# ."#$aki! k#i#g+ Hasil a!o.si m"##1kka# 'ah%a k"(a,#a# ak! 8 m"#$"'a'ka# !"(1a*i#$a #"k(osis s"#!(ilo'la( h".a(+
>+ Pencegahan %an penangg!langan toksisitas
B"('agai ,a(a #!k m"#g(a#gi .a.a(a# 8 a*alah 3 M"#,,i !a#ga# *a# %a1ah s"'"lm maka# M"#!.i !a#ah $a#g !"(ko#!ami#asi 8 m"#gg#aka# !a#ah $a#g '"'as 8 a!a .a5i#g s!o#"s+ M"m'"(sihka# (mah *a# s"gala ."(a'o! s",a(a (!i# *a(i *"' *a# '"('agai 1"#is ko!o(a#+ M"#,,i *a# m"#g.as 'ah a!a.# sa$( $a#g h"#*ak *i ko#smsi+
Tim"al (P") Tim'al -P'/ .a*a a%al#$a a*alah logam '"(a! $a#g s",a(a alami !"(*a.a! *i *alam k"(ak 'mi+ Nam#2 !im'al 1ga 'isa '"(asala *a(i k"gia!a# ma#sia 'ahka# mam. m"#,a.ai 1mlah :CC kali l"'ih 'a#$ak *i'a#*i#gka# P' alami
?+ E)"k !oksik Tim'al -P'/ a*alah logam $a#g '"(si)a! !oksik !"(ha*a. ma#sia2 $a#g 'isa '"(asal *a(i !i#*aka# m"#go#smsi maka#a#2 mi#ma#2 a!a m"lali i#halasi *a(i *a(a2 *"' $a#g !"(,"ma( P'2 ko#!ak l"%a! kli!2 ko#!ak l"%a! ma!a2 *a# l"%a! ."("#!"(al+ Logam P' !i*ak *i'!hk#a ol"h !'h ma#sia s"hi#gga 'ila maka#a# *a# mi#ma# !"(,"ma( P' *iko#smsi2 maka !'h aka# m"#g"la(ka##$a+ O(a#g *"%asa m"#ga'so(.si P' s"'"sa( &? *a(i k"s"l(ha# P' $a#g *i,"(#a2 s"*a#gka# a#ak&a#ak m"#ga'so(.si P' l"'ih '"sa(2 $ai!
G"1ala *a# !a#*a&!a#*a kli#is aki'a! .a.a(a# P' s",a(a ak! 'isa m"#im'lka# '"'"(a.a g"1ala2 a#!a(a lai# 3 Ga#gga# gas!(oi#!"#s!i#al2 s"."(!i k(am ."(!2 kolik2 *a# 'iasa#$a *ia%ali *"#ga# s"m'"li!2 mal2 m#!ah&m#!ah2 *a# saki! ."(! $a#g h"'a!+ Ga#gga# #"(ologi '"(.a "#s")alo.a!i s"."(!i saki! k".ala2 'i#g#g a!a .iki(a# ka,a2 s"(i#g .i#gsa# *a# koma+ Ga#gga# )#gsi gi#1al2 olig(ia2 *a# gagal gi#1al $a#g ak! 'isa '"(k"m'a#g *"#ga# ,".a!+
>+ P"#a#ggla#ga# !oksisi!as B"('agai .a$a m"#,"gah *a# m"#ghi#*a(i ")"k !oksik P' a#!a(a lai# 3 M"lakka# !"s m"*is -P' *alam *a(ah/2 !"(!ama 'agi ."k"(1a $a#g '"(isiko !"(.a.a( P'+ M"#ghi#*a(i ."#gg#aa# ."(ala!a#&."(ala!a# *a.( a!a !"m.a! maka#a#6mi#ma# $a#g m"#ga#*#g P' -k"(amik '"(glas(2 %a*ah6kal"#g $a#g *i.a!(i a!a m"#ga#*#g ,a!/+ P"ma#!aa# ka*a( P' *i*a(a *a# ka*a( P' *alam maka#a#6mi#ma# s",a(a '"(k"si#am'#ga#+ M"#,"gah a#ak m"#"la#6m"#1ila! mai#a# '"(,a! a!a '"('aha# m"#ga#*#g ,a! Ti*ak maka#2 !i*ak mi#m2 !i*ak m"(okok *i ka%asa# $a#g !"(,"ma( P' M"#$"*iaka# )asili!as (a#g maka# $a#g !"(.isah *a(i lokasi ."#,"ma(a# P' T"m.a! ."#$im.a#a# maka#a# a!a mi#ma# !"(!!. s"hi#gga !i*ak ko#!ak *"#ga# *"' a!a asa. P' M"#g(a#gi "misi gas 'a#g $a#g m"#ga#*#g P'2 'aik *a(i k"#*a(aa# '"(mo!o( ma.# i#*s!(i
Ma#ga# -M#/ Ma#ga# -M#/ a*alah logam '"(%a(#a a'&a' k".!iha#2 m"miliki si)a! mi(i. *"#ga# '"si -F"/2 m"(.aka# logam k"(as2 m*ah ("!ak2 s"(!a m*ah !"(oksi*asi
?+ E)"k !oksik
M# *alam *osis !i#ggi '"(si)a! !oksik+ Pa.a(a# M# *alam *"' a!a asa. ma.# gas !i*ak 'ol"h m"l"'ihi mg6m: ka("#a *alam %ak! si#gka! hal i! aka# m"#im'lka# !oksisi!as+ Hasil 1i ,o'a m"##1kka# 'ah%a .a.a(a# M# l"%a! i#halasi .a*a h"%a# 1i !iks 'isa m"#gaki'a!ka# !oksisi!as .a*a sis!"m s$a(a) .sa!+ Pa.a(a# ."( o(al M# m"##1kka# !oksisi!as $a#g ("#*ah *i'a#*i#gka# mik(o#s( lai# s"hi#gga sa#ga! s"*iki! *ila.o(ka# kass !oksisi!as M# ."( o(al .a*a ma#sia+
Pa.a(a# *osis !i#ggi *alam %ak! si#gka! m"##1kka# g"1ala '"(.a k"g"mka#2 ."#ggm.ala# *a(ah2 ga#gga# kli!2 ga#gga# sk"l"!o#2 m"#(##$a ka*a( kol"s!"(ol2 m"#gaki'a!ka# ,a,a! lahi(2 ."('aha# %a(#a (am'!2 ga#gga# sis!"m s$a(a)2 ga#gga# 1a#!#g2 ha!i *a# ."m'lh 5askl"(2 m"#(##$a !"ka#a# *a(ah2 m"#gaki'a!ka# ,a,a! .a*a )"!s2 k"(saka# o!ak2 s"(!a i(i!asi ala! ."#,"(#aa#+ Pa.a(a# M# l"%a! kli! 'isa m"#gaki'a!ka# !("mo(2 k"gagala# koo(*i#asi2 *a# *a.a! m"#gaki'a!ka# m#,l#$a !mo(
>+ P"#a#ggla#ga# !oksisi!as
P"m'"(ia# L&*o.a k".a*a ."#*"(i!a !oksisi!as k(o#is M# *"#ga# g"1ala mi(i. .a(ki#so# l"'ih ")"k!i) *i 'a#*i#gka# ."m'"(ia# L&*o.a k".a*a ."#*"(i!a .a(ki#so#+ B"(*asa(ka# hasil ."#"li!ia#2 ."m'"(ia# L&*o.a .a*a h"%a# 1i $a#g *i '"(i M# s",a(a i#halasi ma.# i#!(a."(i!o#ial m"##1kka# hasil $a#g 'aik *a# *a.a! m"#g(a#gi g"1ala .a(ki#so#+ H"%a# 1i k"(a $a#g *i'"(i M# s",a(a i#!(a."(i!o#ial2 lal *i'"(i *o.ami# *a# s"(o!o#i# $a#g m"##1kka# g"1ala '"(k(a#g#$a !oksisi!as M#+
