INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL. ESCUELA NACIONAL DE CICNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS. DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERIA BIOQUÍMICA. ACADEMIA DE ALIMENTOS.
LABORATORIO DE EVALUACIÓN Y NORMALIZACIÓN DE ALIMENTOS. PRÀCTICA. 6 “EFECTO DE LOS ADITIVOS SOBRE EL OSCURECIMIENTO EN ALIMENTOS”. INTEGRANTES INTEGRANTES DEL EQUIPO: SECCIÓN: I. • • • •
GRUPO:6IM GRUPO:6IM
NO. EQUIPO:
A!"#$%& O&'(!% M#!"($ )*!($. A%+ Z('#*% ,%&(* A-#!%#$. (&*/*0(1 L(2* A$%#0( P%'#%. S%*045%$ G%% A&($# N4(#.
PROFESORES: I*!. C%&&('4 S4+% A$(7%*0&4. M.(* C. (&*/*0(1 U*12* %80(( Y. I*!. R40&9!"(1 S/*3(1 L4&(*%. I*!. R4++4 V($%&0( V#&!#*#%. • • • •
CONTENIDO Y PUNTUACIÓN PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DEL INFORME. ASPECTO I*'&40"33#2* O-7('#54+ F"*0%(*'4+ T&%-%74 T&%-%74 #*0#5#0"%$ R(+"$'%04+ D#+3"+#2* C4*3$"+#4*(+ R(@(&(*3#%+ -#-$#4!&/3%+ T4'%$ T4'%$
CALIFICACIÓN MIN;M)< =.=;=.> =.=;=.> =.=;.= =.=;.> =.=;?.= =.=;?.= =.=;?.= =.=;=.> =.=;=.=
CALIFICACIÓN
FECA DE ENTREGA: 6;F(-&(&4;?=> FIRMA DEL PROFESOR:
Introducción L4+ %0#'#54+ 3"$(* 5%%+ @"*3#4*(+ '#$(+ (* $4+ %$#(*'4+ "( % (*"04 0%4+ 4& +(*'%04. L4+ %$#(*'4+ (+'/* +4('#04+ % "3%+ 34*0#3#4*(+ (0#4%-#(*'%$(+ "( "(0(* 40#3%& +" 344+#3#2* 4!#*%$ 344 $4+ 3%-#4+ 0( '((&%'"&% $% 4#0%3#2* 8 $% (4+#3#2* % #3&4-#4+ . L4+ %0#'#54+ %$#(*'%+ '#(*(* "* %($ @"*0%(*'%$ % $% 4&% 0( %*'(*(& $%+ 3"%$#0%0(+ 8 3%&%3'(&9+'#3%+ 0( $4+ %$#(*'4+ "( (#!(* $4+ 34*+"#04&(+ 8 %3(* "( $4+ %$#(*'4+ 34*'#*(* +#(*04 +(!"&4+ *"''#54+ 8 %('(3#-$(+ (* +" &43(+4 0(+0( ($ 3%4 % $% (+%. L% "'#$#1%3#2* 0( %0#'#54+ (+'/ (+''%(*'( &(!"$%0% 8 $4+ 3'(+ "( +( '#(*(* (* 3"(*'% %&% +" "+4 (+ "( '(*!%* "*% "'#$#0%0 0(4+'&%0% +(%* +(!"&4+ 8 *4 #*0"13%* % (&&4& %$ 34*+"#04&. E$ %&0(%#(*'4 (*1#/'#34 (+ "*% &(%33#2* 0( 4#0%3#2* (* $% "( #*'(&5#(*( 344 +"-+'&%'4 ($ 49!(*4 4$(3"$%& 3%'%$#1%0% 4& "* '#4 0( (*1#%+ "( +( "(0( (*34*'&%& (* &/3'#3%(*'( '404+ $4+ +(&(+ 5#54+ 0(+0( $%+ -%3'(%+ %$ 4-&(. E* ($ 4-&( (+ $% &(+4*+%-$( 0( $% @4&%3#2* 0( #!(*'4+ 0($ ($4 8 0( $% #($. E* $4+ 3(@%$2404+ &40"3( ($ #!(*'4 0( $% '#*'% 8 (* $4+ %&'&2404+ %&'#3#% (* ($ (*0"&(3##(*'4 0( $%+ 3"'93"$%+ 0($ 3%%&%12* %$ @4&%& "#*4*%+ "( &(%33#4*%* 34* $%+ &4'(9*%+ #*+4$"-#$#1/*04$%+. E* $4+ 5(!('%$(+ *4 +( 34*43( 34* &(3#+#2* 3"%$ (+ +" %($ +#4$2!#34. E$ (*1#% &(+4*+%-$( 0($ %&0(%#(*'4 (*1#/'#34 &(3#-( ($ *4-&( 0( 4$#@(*4$4#0%+% @(*4$%+% 4 '#&4+#*%+% (* (+'( $'#4 3%+4 (+(3#%$(*'( 3"%*04 +( %3( &(@(&(*3#% % %*#%$(+ 8% "( (* ($$4+ $% '#&4+#*% (+ ($ *3#%$ +"-+'&%'4. T%-#H* +( % "'#$#1%04 ($ 'H&#*4 3&(+4$%+% %$#3%04 % $% (*1#% 0( 5(!('%$(+. S( 0(+3"- (&4 (* $4+ 3%#4*(+ (* $4+ "( ($ (@(3'4 0( %&0(%#(*'4 '&%+ "* 0%4 (3/*#34 344 ($ 34&'( (+ "8 (5#0(*'(. E* ($ 3%4 0( $4+ %$#(*'4+ ($ %&0(%#(*'4 (*1#/'#34 "(0( +(& "* &4-$(% "8 +( (* @&"'%+ 3%#4*(+ %'%'%+ 8 4'&4+ 5(!('%$(+ 8 '%-#H* (* %$!"*4+ 3&"+'/3(4+ ( #*3$"+4 (* $% #*0"+'% 0($ 5#*4 %$ &40"3#& %$'(&%3#4*(+ (* ($ 34$4& "( &(0"3(* ($ 5%$4& 34(&3#%$ 0( $4+ &40"3'4+ 4 #*3$"+4 $4+ %3(* #*%3('%-$(+ %&% ($ 34*+"#04&. E+'%+ H&0#0%+ +4* "8 #4&'%*'(+ (* ($ 3%+4 0( $%+ @&"'%+ '&4#3%$(+ 8 0( $4+ 3%%&4*(+ &40"3'4+ '&%+3(*0(*'%$(+ %&% $% (34*49% 0( "34+ %9+(+ 434 0(+%&&4$$%04+. A (+%& 0($ *4-&( !(*H" 0( “%&0(%#(*'4” J“-&4K*#*!” (* #*!$H+ $4+ 34$4&(+ @4&%04+ +4* "8 5%%-$(+ %&&4*(+ &47#14+ 4 *(!&4+ 0((*0#(*04 0($ %$#(*'4 8 0( $%+ 34*0#3#4*(+ 0($ &43(+4. E* %$!* 3%+4 344 (* $%+ %+%+ 4'&%+ @&"'%+ +(3%+ $% +#0&% ($ 'H 4 ($ 3%3%4 ($ %&0(%#(*'4 (*1#/'#34 34*'-"8( %$ 0(+%&&4$$4 0( $4+ 34$4&(+ 3%&%3'(&9+'#34+ 0( (+'4+ &40"3'4+ %"*"( 344 +( %
#*0#3%04 (* 4'&4+ "34+ 34*+'#'"8( "* &4-$(% !&%5(. A0(/+ 0( $% %$'(&%3#2* 0($ 34$4& $4+ &40"3'4+ @4&%04+ "(0(* &(%33#4*%& 34* $%+ &4'(9*%+ #*+4$"-#$#1/*04$%+. P4& 4'&% %&'( "(0( &40"3#&+( '%-#H* "*% H&0#0% *"'#4*%$ 8% "( %"*"( $% 4$#@(*4$4#0%+% *4 4#0% 0#&(3'%(*'( %$ /3#04 %+32&-#34 (+'% 5#'%#*% "(0( 0(+'&"#&+( %$ &(%33#4*%& 34* #*'(&(0#4+ 0( $% &(%33#2*. L% 4$#@(*4$4#0%+% EC ... '#(*( 04+ %3'#5#0%0(+ (*1#/'#3%+ "*% #0&4#$%*04 4*4@(*4$(+ J“3&(+4$%+%” 8 4'&% 4#0%*04 0#@(*4$(+ % "#*4*%+ J“3%'(34$%+%”. D((*0#(*04 0( $% @"(*'( $% %3'#5#0%0 “3&(+4$%+%” (+ %84& 4 (*4& #*3$"+4 #*(#+'(*'( (* %$!"*4+ 3%+4+. E* 3%-#4 '40%+ $%+ (*1#%+ '#(*(* %3'#5#0%0 “3%'(34$%+%”. L% 3%&%3'(&9+'#3% (+'&"3'"&%$ /+ #4&'%*'( 0( (+'%+ (*1#%+ (+ $% &(+(*3#% (* +" 3(*'&4 %3'#54 0( 04+ /'44+ 0( 34-&( "*#04+ 3%0% "*4 0( ($$4+ % '&(+ #+'#0#*%+ "( +( %* 34*+(&5%04 % $4 $%&!4 0( $% (54$"3#2* (* '40%+ $%+ (*1#%+ 0( (+'( '#4 0(+0( $%+ -%3'(%+ %$ 4-&(. E* +" (*'4&*4 +( +#'%* "*% +(( 0( %#*4/3#04+ #0&4@2-#34+ 34* %*#$$4+ %&4/'#34+ "( '%-#H* +4* #4&'%*'(+ (* +" %3'#5#0%0 %&% $% "*#2* 0( $4+ +"+'&%'4+. L% @4&% 0( %3'"%3#2* 0($ (*1#% 34* 04+ %3'#5#0%0(+ 0#+'#*'%+ % +#04 "* #+'( %3$%&%04 (* %&'( %3( &($%'#5%(*'( 434+ %4+. E$ (*1#% 3%'%$#1% 04+ &(%33#4*(+ 4&"( (* ($ (+'%04 *%'#54 +( (*3"(*'&% (* 04+ @4&%+ 0#+'#*'%+ $% $$%%0% (';'#&4+#*%+% "( (+ %3'#5% +4$%(*'( +4-&( 4*4@(*4$(+ 8 $% 4#;'#&4+#*%+%. E+'%+ @4&%+ +( #*'(&34*5#(&'(* (*'&( ($$%+ 0( @4&% %34$%0% %$ 0(+%&&4$$4 0( $% &(%33#4*(+ "( 3%'%$#1%*. E* $4+ 3&"+'/3(4+ J8 (* $4+ #*+(3'4+ $% 4$#@(*4$4#0%+% +( (*3"(*'&% (* @4&% 0( &4(*1#% #*%3'#5% "( (+ %3'#5%0% 4& &4'(4$#+#+ 4& "*% &4'(%+% (*02!(*%. D#5(&+%+ +"+'%*3#%+ &40"3#0%+ 4& #3&4&!%*#+4+ %3'#5%* $% &4'(4$#+#+ 0($ &4(*1#% 8 $% @4&%3#2* 0( (*1#% %3'#54.
La reacción de pardeamiento enzimático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
4$9(&4+ '#(*(* &4#(0%0(+ %*'##3&4-#%*%+ 8 &40&9%* +(& "* (3%*#+4 0( 0(@(*+% 0( $4+ 5(!('%$(+ 34*'&% #*@(33#4*(+.
Substratos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
Control de la reacción de pardeamiento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
Otras enzimas relacionadas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
Objetivos •
•
•
•
E5%$"%& "( %0#'#54 (+ ($ /+ %0(3"%04 4 (3#(*'( %&% (5#'%& ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 (* *"(+'&4 &40"3'4. O-+(&5%& ($ (@(3'4 +4-&( ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 *4 (*1#/'#34 (* $% $(3( (5%4&%0% 34* !$"34+%. M(*3#4*%&% $% #4&'%*3#% 0( $4+ %0#'#54+ "( &('%&0%* ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4. A*%$#1%& $% #4&'%*3#% 0($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 *4 (*1#/'#34.
Fundamentos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
4+3"&4+ 4& 4$#(%3#2* 4 &(%33#4*%* 34* $%+ %*'43#%*#*%+. E$ %&0(%#(*'4 *4 (*1#/'#34 (+ &40"3'4 0( &(%33#4*(+ 34$(7%+ "( 43"&&(* 0"&%*'( ($ %$%3(*%#(*'4 8 ($ &43(+%#(*'4 0( @&"'%+ J34*0(*+%3#2* 0( M%#$$%&0 3%&%($#1%3#2* 0( %13%&(+ &(%33#2* 4#0%'#5% 0( /3#04 %+32&-#34. E$ 34$4& "(0( '%-#H* +(& %@(3'%04 4& $% 34*5(&+#2* 0( 3$4&4$%+ % @(4'#*%+ 4& %3#0#3%3#2* 84 4& $% 40#3%3#2* 0( $%+ %*'43#%*#*%+ 4& 4#0%3#2* J3%'%$#1%0% 4& $% $#4#!(*%+% 8 $% %3#0#3%3#2* 0($ (0#4. A0(/+ $%+ 3$4&4$%+ $%+ %*'43#%*#*%+ 8 $4+ 3%&4'(*4#0(+ "(0(* (&0(&+( 4& 0#@"+#2* %$ (0#4 &(+"$'%*04 (* "*% 0#+#*"3#2* 0( $% #*'(*+#0%0 0( 34$4&. L%+ &4#(0%0(+ (3/*#3%+ 0( $%+ @&"'%+ 3%-#%* %$#%(*'( *4 +2$4 0"&%*'( $% %0"&%3#2* 8 %$%3(*%#(*'4 +#*4 '%-#H* 0"&%*'( ($ &43(+%#(*'4 % 3%"+% 0( $%+ %$'(&%3#4*(+ 0( +"+ 344*(*'(+ (+'&"3'"&%$(+ J4& (7($4 $% %&(0 3($"$%& $% $%#*#$$% (0#% $4+ $%+40(+4+ 8 $%+ (-&%*%+ JV#0%$(+ et al. A$1%4&% et al. ?==?-. E$ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 (*1#/'#34 (* $4+ %$#(*'4+ +( "(0( 34*'&4$%& 4 &(0"3#& ($(%*04 %$!"*%+ 0( $%+ 'H3*#3%+ % 34*'#*"%3#2* 0(+3'%+:
T&%'%#(*'4 'H" 4 (+3%$0%04 %&% #*%3'#5%& $%+ (*1#%+
A$#3%3#2* 0( 34"(+'4+ %1"@&%04+ 344 SO? !%+(4+4 4 +4$"3#4*(+ 0( +"$'4+ -#+"$'4+ 4 metasulftos %&% #*%3'#5%& $%+ (*1#%+.
R(43#2* 0($ 49!(*4 4& (7($4 (%3%*04 %$ 5%394 4 (* %'4+@(&%+ #*(&'(+ N? 4 &4'(!#(*04 %$ &40"3'4 0($ 49!(*4 0($ %#&( 0"&%*'( ($ &43(+%#(*'4 344 ($(%*04 #*(&+#2* (* %!"% 4 %$#3%*04 5%394 %$ &40"3'4 %&% $"(!4 +"+'#'"#& $4+ (+%3#4+ (5%3"%04+ 0( %#&( 34* +4$"3#2* 0( %$9-%& 4 +%$"(&% (+'( '#4 0( '&%'%#(*'4+ &(0"3( $% +4$"-#$#0%0 0($ 49!(*4 (* ($ '(7#04 8 &('&%+% $% 0#@"+#2* 0( (+'( &('%&0%*04 4& 34*+#!"#(*'( ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4.
I*(&+#2* (* ($ &43(+%#(*'4 (* +4$"3#4*(+ 0( +%$. E+'( H'404 +( ($(% %&% &4'(!(& %$ &40"3'4 0"&%*'( +" &43(+%#(*'4. Y (+ %$#%(*'( "'#$#1%04 (* $% #*0"+'% 0( $%+ %%+ @'%+.
A$#3%3#2* 0( /3#04+ 8 &(0"33#2* 0($ ($ 2'#4 0( $%+ @(*4$%+%+ 3"-&( "* &%*!4 (*'&( 6 8 . R(0"3#(*04 ($ $% %3'#5#0%0 +( &(0"3( *4'%-$((*'( %-#(*04 (*34*'&%04 "( 4& 0(-%74 0( $% %3'#5#0%0 (+ &/3'#3%(*'( *"$%. E*'&( $4+ /3#04+ /+ "'#$#1%04+ (* $% #*0"+'% %&% (+'( * (+'/* ($ /3#04 39'" /$#34 @"%" @4+@2" 8 %+32&-#34.
R(0"33#2* 0( $% '((&%'"&%. C44 (+ 34*43#04 $% %3'#5#0%0 (*1#/'#3% +( &(0"3( (&4 *4 +( 0('#(*( 4& 34*+#!"#(*'( $%+ -%7%+ '((&%'"&%+ +4* 3%%3(+ 0( &('%&0%& ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 (*1#/'#34.
U+4 0( %0#'#54+ 344 -4&%'4+ 8 /3#04 -2". E$ "+4 0( (+'4+ %0#'#54+ (+'/ &4#-#04 (* "34+ %9+(+. E+'"0#4+ &(%$#1%04+ %* 0(4+'&%04 "( +4$"3#4*(+ %$ .> 0( '('&%-4&%'4 0( +40#4 +4* 3%%3(+ 0( #*#-#& ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 (*1#/'#34 (+(3#%$(*'( +# +( "'#$#1%* 34* 4'&4+ 34"(+'4+ 344 ($ /3#04 %+32&-#34 8 34"(+'4+ 0( %1"@&(.
O#0%3#2* 0($ /3#04 %+32&-#34.
L% 4#0%3#2* 0($ /3#04 %+32&-#34 7"(!% "* %($ "8 #4&'%*'( (* ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 0( %$!"*4+ &40"3'4+ (* (+(3#%$ 7"!4+ "$%+ 8 34*3(*'&%04+ 0( @&"'%. L% &(%33#2* #$#3% $% 0(+344+#3#2* 0($ /3#04 %+32&-#34 34* $% @4&%3#2* 0( @"&@"&%$ 8 ($ 0(+&(*0##(*'4 0( CO?. E$ /3#04 $;%+32&-#34 +( 34*5#(&'( (* /3#04 0(#0&4%+34&-#34 /3#04 0#3('4!"$4*#34 8 *%$(*'( @"&@"&%$ 8 0#2#04 0( 3%&-2*. S( % (*34*'&%04 "( (* $4+ 7"!4+ 0( @&"'%+ 8 $4+ 34*3(*'&%04+ $% &(%33#2* (+ @%54&(3#0% 4& -%74+ 4& (7($4 (*'&( ? 8 .>. E$ (+"(% !(*(&%$ 0( $% &(%33#2* (+ ($ +#!"#(*'(:
L% (3$"+#2* 0($ 49!(*4 0( $4+ (*5%+(+ 4 ($ (*5%+%04 (* %'4+@(&%+ #*(&'(+ +( % 0(4+'&%04 "( "(0(* +(& '#$(+ (* $% &(5(*3#2* 0( $%+ &(%33#4*(+ 0( 4+3"&(3##(*'4.
R(%33#4*(+ 0( M%#$$%&0.
L% &(%33#2* 0( M%#$$%&0 "*4 0( $4+ (3%*#+4+ 0( %&0(%#(*'4 *4 (*1#/'#34 0( $4+ %$#(*'4+ !(*(&% "34+ 0( $4+ 34$4&(+ +%-4&(+ 8 %&4%+ (#+'(*'(+ (* $4+ %$#(*'4+ E* $% &(%33#2* 0( M%#$$%&0 %8 3"%'&4 @%+(+ +"3(+#5%+ "( +( (*"(&%* % 34*'#*"%3#2*: . N4 %8 &40"33#2* 0( 34$4&. E* (+'% @%+( +( &40"3( $% "*#2* (*'&( $4+ %13%&(+ 8 $4+ %#*4/3#04+. P4+'(&(*'( +"3(0( "*% @%+( #*'(&(0#% (*'&( %13%&(+ 8 &4'(9*%+ $$%%0% '&%*+4+#3#2* 0( A%04> "*'4 0( %&'#0% 0( $%+ 4+'(&(+ &(%33#4*(+ 0( 04&%04 4 '4+'%04. ?. %8 @4&%3#2* #*#3#%$ 0( 34$4&(+ %%$$4+ "8 $#!(&4+ %+9 344 $% &40"33#2* 0( 4$4&(+ %$!4 0(+%!&%0%-$(+. E* (+'% @%+( +( &40"3( $% 0(+#0&%'%3#2* 0( %13%&(+ @4&/*04+( $%+ &(0"3'4*%+ 4 0(#0&4&&(0"3'4*%+ 8 '&%+ (+'4 +( +4-&(5#(*( $% @&%!(*'%3#2*. E* ($ %+4 4+'(& 34*43#04 344 0(!&%0%3#2* 0( S'&(3(& +( !(*(&%* 34"(+'4+ &(0"3'4&(+ "( @%3#$#'%* $% @4&%3#2* 0( $4+ #!(*'4+. . A"9 +( &40"3( $% @4&%3#2* 0( $4+ 34*43#04+ #!(*'4+ 4+3"&4+ "( +( 0(*4#*%* ($%*4#0#*%+ ($ (3%*#+4 *4 (+ 34$('%(*'( 34*43#04 (&4 (+ +(!"&4 "( #$#3% $% 4$#(%3#2* 0( "34+ 0( $4+ 34"(+'4+ @4&%04+ (* $% +(!"*0% @%+(. . E+'% $'#% @%+( (+ $% 0(!&%0%3#2* 0( S'&(3(&. E* ($$% +( @4&%* $4+ 0(*4#*%04+ %$0(904+ 0( S'&(3(& "( +4* 34"(+'4+ 34* -%74 (+4 4$(3"$%& @/3#$(*'( 0('(3'%-$(+ 4& ($ 4$@%'4 A"*"( $%+ '&%*+@4&%3#4*(+ 0( $% &(%33#2* 0( M%#$$%&0 "(0(* '(*(& $"!%& (* 5%%0%+ 34*0#3#4*(+ $4+ +#!"#(*'(+ @%3'4&(+ $% #*W"8(*: •
•
L% &(%33#2* +( %3($(&% (* 34*0#3#4*(+ 0( %$3%$#*#0%0 8 %$3%*1% "* /#4 0( 5($43#0%0 % =. L%+ '((&%'"&%+ ($(5%0%+ '%-#H* $% %3($(&%* (&4 +" (*(&!9% 0( %3'#5%3#2* (+ -%7% 4& $4 "( '%-#H* +( 4-+(&5% % -%7%+ '((&%'"&%+ %* (* 34*0#3#4*(+ 0( &(@!(&%3#2*.
•
•
•
•
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
E@(3'4+ *(!%'#54+ (* %$#(*'4+ •
•
•
D#+#*"3#2* 0($ 5%$4& *"''#54 8 %$'(&%3#2* 0( $%+ 3%&%3'(&9+'#3%+ 4&!%*4$H'#3%+ %$ 5(&+( #$#3%04+ %#*4/3#04+ (+(*3#%$(+ 8 5#'%#*%+ '%$(+ 344 $% , 8 C. D#+#*"3#2* 0( $% +4$"-#$#0%0 8 0#!(+'#-#$#0%0 0( $%+ &4'(9*%+. A$!"*4+ &40"3'4+ &(+"$'%*'(+ 0( $% &(%33#2* +4* 4'(*3#%$(*'( '2#34+ 344 $%+ ($%*4#0#*%+ 8 #&%1#*%+ "( 4+((* 3%%3#0%0 "'%!H*#3% (* 3#(&'%+ 34*0#3#4*(+ 0( '((&%'"&% %$ 34*'-"#& % $% &40"33#2* 0( 4'&%+ +"+'%*3#%+ '2#3%+ 3%*3(&9!(*%+ 344 $%+ *#'&4+%#*%+.
L% #*!(+'% 0( "* &40"3'4 &(5#%(*'( !$#34+#$%04 J$4 3"%$ +"3(0( 3"%*04 $4+ %$#(*'4+ +4* +4('#04+ % ($(5%0%+ '((&%'"&%+ 4 % &%0#%3#4*(+ #4*#1%*'(+ (* $4+ &43(+4+ 0( (+'($#1%3#2* $4 "( %3($(&% $% !$#34+#$%3#2* *4 (*1#/'#3% 0( $%+ &4'(9*%+ (0#%*'( $% &(%33#2* 0( M%#$$%&0 %3( "( (+'( +( 344&'( 344 "*% !$"34'4#*% @%54&(3#(*04 ($ 0(+%&&4$$4 0( 0#%-('(+ ($$#'"+ '#4 II.
Resultados E@(3'4 0( #*#-#04&(+ 0($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 (*1#%'#34
Frasco ! " # $
%Acido ascórbico
Frasco
=.==>: =.==: =.=>: =.=>=:
6 = T M"(+'&% T?
L L L L
% etabisulft o =.==>: M =.==: L =.=>: L =.=>=: L =.==: L A!"%: M A#&(: E
E@(3'4 0( $% 34*3(*'&%3#2* 0( /3#04+ 4&!/*#34+ (* ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 (*1#/'#34
&'ecto de la concentración de ácidos or(ánicos en el oscurecimiento enzimático de la pera )ubo *+ % Final de ácido Resultados = ; )esti(o ,cido ascórbico =.= < ! =.=> < " =.?> < # =.> < $ ,cido c-trico =.= M ! =.=> M " =.?> < # =.> < $ ,cido málico =.= M ! =.=> L " =.?> L # =.> L $
E@(3'4 0( $% '((&%'"&% 8
)iempo /min0
!3 ! "3 " #3
)I& .O /I*0 !3 ! "3 " #3
E@(3'4 0( $4+ +"$'4+ Concentración de sulfto +4-&( ($ de sodio 4+3"&(3##(*'4 *4 =.= =. T(+'#! (*1#/'#34 4 T T? T T+C T? T p2 )&.&RA)1RA < < < < L L < < L L L L L < L M =M L ? M M
.= ?? .= .= L M M L M M
E@(3'4 0($ '#4 0( 3%&-4#0&%'4 +4-&( ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 *4 (*1#/'#34
)iempo !3 ! "3 " #3 5ISC1SIO*&S
)ipo de 4idrato de carbono S%3%&4+% G$"34+% <#$4+% M L L M L N M L N M M E N N E N N E
E* $% 0('(&#*%3#2* 0( %33#2* 0( $4+ %0#'#54+ /3#04 %+32&-#34 8 ('%-#+"$'4 0( +40#4 4-+(&5%4+ "( %&% ($ 3%+4 0( $% -(&(*7(*% ($ %0#'#54 "( &('%&0% ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 (*1#/'#34 (+ ($ /3#04 %+32&-#34 8% "( ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 %$ '&%*+3"&& ($ '#(4 @"( $#!(&4 % $%+ 0#@(&(*'(+ 34*3(*'&%3#4*(+ (* 3%-#4 (* 34* ($ ('%-#+"$'4 % "*% 34*3(*'&%3#2* -%7% +# +( *4'% ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 8 % %84&(+ 34*3(*'&%3#4*(+ ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 (+ $#!(&4 (* (+'( 3%+4 '%-#H* 4-+(&5%4+ "( ($ %!"% @"*3#4*% 344 &('%&0%04& 0($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 (*1#/'#34 8% "( %$ (+'%& (* 34*'%3'4 $% -(&(*7(*% 34* ($ %!"% *4 (&#'( ($ %+4 0($ 49!(*4 &('%&0%*04 %+9 $% 4#0%3#2* 8 ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 8 (* $% "(+'&% "( +( 0(72 (* 34*'%3'4 34* ($ %#&( '"54 "* 4+3"&(3##(*'4 (3(+#54 8% "( $%+ &(%33#4*(+ (*1#/'#3%+ +4* @%54&(3#0%+ %$ (+'%& (* 34*'%3'4 34* ($ 49!(*4. P%&% $% 0('(&#*%3#2* 0($ (@(3'4 0( $% 34*3(*'&%3#2* 0( /3#04+ 4&!/*#34+ +( %!&(!%&4* 0#@(&(*'(+ 34*3(*'&%3#4*(+ 0( /3#04+ 4&!/*#34+ 344 /3#04 39'" /$#34 8 %+32&-#34 % '&(+ +((+ 0( 3"%'&4 '"-4+ 0( (*+%8( % 3%0% "*% 0( $%+ 3"%$(+ +( %!&(!2 "*% +4$"3#2* &(%&%0% 34* $% "(+'&% %*%$#1%& J$/'%*4 +#(*04 ($ '(+'#!4 %!"% 8 +4$"3#2* 0( @&"'%. L4+ &(+"$'%04+ "(+'&%* "( %&% (+'% (+(3#( 0( @&"'% *4 +( &(+(*'2 4+3"&(3##(*'4 %&% /3#04 %+32&-#34 % %&'#& 0(+0( $% 34*3(*'&%3#2* 0( =.> "( +( $( %0#3#4*4 8% "( (* *#*!"*% 0( $%+ +((+ &(%&%0%+ 34* %3. A+32&-#34 *4 +( *4'% "* 3%-#4 34*+#0(&%-$( 0( 34$4& ($ 34$4& (+ %&(74 +(&9% (5%$"%& ($ (@(3'4 34* &(+(3'4 %$ '#(4 %&% &(3'#3%& ($ (34 0( ($(!#& "*% 34*3(*'&%3#2* 0(+(%-$( %&% (5#'%& ($ 4+3"&(3##(*'4 4& 4'&4 $%04 +# "-4 "* 4+3"&(3##(*'4 *4'%-$( (* $% +(( 0( '"-4+ 34* /3#04 /$#34 8 39'" 4& $4 "( $% 34*3(*'&%3#2* (+ "8 43% %&% (5#'%& (+'( '#4 0( &(%33#4*(+ *4 (*1#/'#3%+. P%&% (+'4 +( +"!#(&( "*% 0('(&#*%3#2* 34* #*'(&5%$4+ (*4&(+ 0( 34*3(*'&%3#2* 0( 3%0% %3#04 J%+32&-#34 8 39'" %&% 0('(&#*%& $% 9*#% 34*3(*'&%3#2* &("(% %&% 4-'(*(& $4+ &(+"$'%04+ 0(+(%04+. D(+"H+ 0( %3(& (+'4 %&% ($(33#2* 0($ #*#-#04& /+ %0(3"%04 '4%& (* 3"(*'% "( ($ /3#04 39'" (+ "* %*'#4#0%*'( "8 (3%1 4& +" 3%%3#0%0 %&% #*%3'#5%& '&%1%+ ('/$#3%+. E$ /3#04 39'" % +#04 ($(%04 %&% %$%&!%& ($ '#(4 0( 34*+(&5%3#2* 0( &40"3'4+ 0(%04+ 0( (+3%04+ @&"'%+ 8 5(&0"&%+ 8 +" '4#3#0%0 +( &($%3#4*% 344 #&'%*'( %&% $4+ 474+ 8 ($ '&%3'4 &(+#&%'4. P&4-%-$((*'( *4 3%&3#*2!(*4 *4 (+ '(&%'2!(*4 *4 '#(*( (@(3'4+ (-'2#34+ "'/!(*#34+ 8 &4-%-$((*'( *4 '#(*( '4#3#0%0 &(&40"3'#5%. E* 34%&%3#2* 34* ($ /3#04 %+32&-#34 *4 +"($(* +(& "8 &($(5%*'(+ +"+ 0%'4+ 0(
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