Drept International Public

'5(378/,17(51$,21$/38%/,&

'UHSW 'UHSWXO XO LQWHU LQWHUQD QDLRQD LRQDOO SXEO SXEOLF LF ILJX ILJXUH UHD] D] vQ SURJUDPD DQDOLWLF D )DFXOWLLGHGUHS LLGH GUHSWFD WFDRPDWHULH RPDWHULH GHVWXGLXREOLJD GHVWXGLXREOLJDWRUL WRULHSHSDUFXU HSHSDUFXUVXOXQXL VXOXQXL

an universitar (2 semestre), în cadrul a 24 prelegeri (48 ore de curs). CursulVHSUHGODDQXO,,,]LúLODDQXO,9IUHFYHQUHGXV 7LWX 7LWXOD ODUX UXOO FXUV FXUVXO XOXL XL OD )DFX )DFXOWOWDW DWHD HD GH GUHS GUHSW W D 8QLY 8QLYHU HUVL VLWWLL 6S 6SLU LUX XHaret” –%XFXUHúWLHVWHSURIXQLYGU9DVLOH&UH X &XUV &XUVXO XO GH GUHS GUHSW W LQWH LQWHUQ UQD DLRQD LRQDOO SXEO SXEOLF LF vQWR vQWRFP FPLWLW úL SUHG SUHGDW DW GH FWUH profesorul tituODUDDSUXWOD(GLWXUD)XQGDLHL5RPkQLDGH0kLQH´vQWU RSULPHGLLHvQLDUDGRXDHGL LHUHY]XWúLDGXJLWDSDUHvQ cursul anului 2002. 6WUXFWXUDFXUVXOXLHVWHXUP WRDUHD

Capitolul I –1RLXQHDúLWU VWXULOHFDUDFWHULVWLFHDOHGUHStului LQWHUQDLRQDOSXEOLF Capitolul II –*HQH]DúLHYROX LDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF Capitolul III –,]YRDUHOHúLFRGLILFDUHDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF Capitolul IV –6XELHFWHOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOpublic Capitolul V –3RSXODLDvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOSXEOLF Capitolul VI –3URWHFLDLQWHUQDLRQDODGUHSWXULORURPXOXL Capitolul VII –7HULWRULXOvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF Capitolul VIII –'UHSWXOGLSORPDWLFúLFRQVXODU

Capitolul IX –7UDWDWXOLQWHUQDLRQDO Capitolul X –0LMORDFHOHGHVROX LRQDUHSDúQLF DGLIHUHQGHORU LQWHUQDLRQDOH Capitolul XI -)RORVLUHDOHJDODIRU HLSRWULYLWGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO public Capitolul XII -5VSXQGHUHDLQWHUQD LRQDO Capitolul XIII -'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOXPDQLWDU Capitolul XIV -'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSHQDO În continuare sunt prezentate principalele probleme tratate în FDGUXOILHFUHLWHPH Capitolul I –1RLXQHDúLWU VWXULOHFDUDFWHULVWLFHDOHGUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDOSXEOLF

1. 2ELHFWXOGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDOGU 2ELHFWXOGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD HSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF LRQDOSXEOLF

6SUHGHRVHELUHGHGUHSWXOLQWHUQFDUHUHJOHPHQWHD] UDSRUWXULOH

sociale în cadrul st DWHORU DWHORU UHVSHFWL UHVSHFWLYH YH RELHFWXO RELHFWXO GUHSWXOX GUHSWXOXLL LQWHUQD LQWHUQDLRQDO LRQDO vO IRUPHD] UHODLLOH LLOH LQWHUQ LQWHUQD DLRQD LRQDOH OH  vQ FDGU FDGUXO XO FURUD URUD UHOD UHODLLOH LLOH GLQWUH GLQWUH VWDWH VWDWH UHSUH]LQWGRPHQLXOFHOPDLFXSULQ] WRU 5HODLLOH LLOH LQWH LQWHUQ UQD DLRQDOH QX IRU IRUPHD] vQV vQ WRWDOLWDWHD ORU obiectul de reglemenWDUHDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOUHOD LLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH fiind deosebit de variate: politice, economice, juridice, culturale etc. 'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDODUHGUHSWRELHFWGHUHJOHPHQWDUHQXPDLDFHOH UHODLL MXULGL MXULGLFH FH LQWHU LQWHUQD QDLRQD LRQDOH OH vQ FDUH FDUH VWDW VWDWXO XO DFLRQHD]FDSXUWWRU WRU GH suveranitate. LRQDOSXEOLF 2. )XQGDPHQWXOMXULGLFDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

)XQGDPHQWXOMXULGLFDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLFvOFRQVWLWXLH DFRUGXO GH YRLQ DO VWDWHORU VXYHUDQH FDUH FRPSXQ VRFLHWDWHD LQWHUQDLRQDO 2

Capitolul IX –7UDWDWXOLQWHUQDLRQDO Capitolul X –0LMORDFHOHGHVROX LRQDUHSDúQLF DGLIHUHQGHORU LQWHUQDLRQDOH Capitolul XI -)RORVLUHDOHJDODIRU HLSRWULYLWGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO public Capitolul XII -5VSXQGHUHDLQWHUQD LRQDO Capitolul XIII -'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOXPDQLWDU Capitolul XIV -'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSHQDO În continuare sunt prezentate principalele probleme tratate în FDGUXOILHFUHLWHPH Capitolul I –1RLXQHDúLWU VWXULOHFDUDFWHULVWLFHDOHGUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDOSXEOLF

1. 2ELHFWXOGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDOGU 2ELHFWXOGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD HSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF LRQDOSXEOLF

6SUHGHRVHELUHGHGUHSWXOLQWHUQFDUHUHJOHPHQWHD] UDSRUWXULOH

sociale în cadrul st DWHORU DWHORU UHVSHFWL UHVSHFWLYH YH RELHFWXO RELHFWXO GUHSWXOX GUHSWXOXLL LQWHUQD LQWHUQDLRQDO LRQDO vO IRUPHD] UHODLLOH LLOH LQWHUQ LQWHUQD DLRQD LRQDOH OH  vQ FDGU FDGUXO XO FURUD URUD UHOD UHODLLOH LLOH GLQWUH GLQWUH VWDWH VWDWH UHSUH]LQWGRPHQLXOFHOPDLFXSULQ] WRU 5HODLLOH LLOH LQWH LQWHUQ UQD DLRQDOH QX IRU IRUPHD] vQV vQ WRWDOLWDWHD ORU obiectul de reglemenWDUHDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOUHOD LLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH fiind deosebit de variate: politice, economice, juridice, culturale etc. 'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDODUHGUHSWRELHFWGHUHJOHPHQWDUHQXPDLDFHOH UHODLL MXULGL MXULGLFH FH LQWHU LQWHUQD QDLRQD LRQDOH OH vQ FDUH FDUH VWDW VWDWXO XO DFLRQHD]FDSXUWWRU WRU GH suveranitate. LRQDOSXEOLF 2. )XQGDPHQWXOMXULGLFDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

)XQGDPHQWXOMXULGLFDOGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLFvOFRQVWLWXLH DFRUGXO GH YRLQ DO VWDWHORU VXYHUDQH FDUH FRPSXQ VRFLHWDWHD LQWHUQDLRQDO 2

ÌQOLSVDXQRUDXWRULWLSXEOLFHFXDWULEXLLOHJLVODWLYHDGPLQLVWUDWLYH VDX MXGHF MXGHFWRUHúW WRUHúWLL VXSUDV VXSUDVWDW WDWDOH DOH  SULQ SULQ LQWHU LQWHUPH PHGLX GLXOO FURUD URUD V VH DGRS DGRSWH WH QRU QRUPH MXU MXULGL LGLFH úL V VH LPSXQ UHV UHVSHFWD HFWDUUHD ORU IRU IRU D REOL REOLJD JDWR WRUL ULH H D

ntre GUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOVHvQWHPHLD]SHDFRUGXOFHVHUHDOL]HD] v ntre state. 6WDWHOHVXYHUDQHvQFRQGLLLGHGHSOLQHJDOLWDWHvQGUHSWXULúLSH ED]DOLEHUXOXLORUFRQVLP PkQWvQFDGUXOXQXLSURFHVGHFRRUGRQDUHGH SXQHUH GH DFRUG D YRLQHL ORU FUHD] QRUPH MXULGLFH FDUH GXF OD IRUPDUHDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO

CDUDFWHUXOFRRUGRQDWRUDOYRLQHLVWDWHORUVWODED]DREOLJDWLYLW LL GUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDODDSOLF ULLúLUHVSHFW ULLQRUPHORUVDOH 1RUPHOHMXULGLFHREOLJDWRULLvQUHOD LLOHGLQWUHVWDWHFRQVWLWXLHDVWIHO HPDQDLD SURSU SURSULHL LHL ORU YRLQ YRLQH OLEHU OLEHU H[SULP H[SULPDW DWDúDFXPDFHDVWDUH]XOW  GLQFRQYHQLLLQWHUQDLRQDOHVDXFXWXPHDFFHSWDWHFDH[SULPkQGUHJXOL de drept. LRQDOúLPRUDOD 3. 'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOúLPRUDOD

ÌQWUHPRUDO ÌQWUHPRUDOúLGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOH[LVWOHJWXULGHLQIOXHQDUHúL LQWHUFRQGLLRQDUHUHFLSURF 

O mare parte aSULQFLSLLORUúLQRUPHORUGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDOvúLDX RULJLQHDvQQRUPHOHPRUDOH RULJLQHDvQQRUPHOHPRUDOHGUHSWXOLQWHUQ GUHSWXOLQWHUQD DLRQDOILLQGvQHVHQDVDED]DW pe regulile moralei. 'UHSWXO 'UHSWXO LQWHUQD LQWHUQDLRQD LRQDOO OD UkQG UkQGXO XO VX LQIOX LQIOXHQ HQHD] UHJXO UHJXOLOH LOH PRUD PRUDOH OH ale raporturilor interstatale, contribuind la dezvoltarea acestora în raport GHFHULQHOHYLHLLLQWHUQDLRQDOHED]DW SHGUHSW LRQDOúLSROLWLFDH[WHUQDVWDWHORU 4. 'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOúLSROLWLFDH[WHUQ

'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOFRQVWLWXLHXQP LRQDOFRQVWLWXLHXQPLMORFGHRU LMORFGHRULHQWDUHúL LHQWDUHúLGH GH LQIOXHQDUHDSROLWLFLLH[WHUQHDVWDWHORUvQGLUHFLDXQRURELHFWLYHúLYDORUL VWDE VWDELOLOLWLWH H GH DFHV DFHVWH WHD D SULQ SULQ SULQ SULQFL FLSL SLLOLOH H úL QRUP QRUPHO HOH H GH GUHS GUHSW W LQWH LQWHUQ UQD DLRQDO 3

3ROLWLFDH[WHUQDVWDWHORUWUHEXLHVILHIRUPXODW úLUHDOL]DW vQGHSOLQ FRQFRUGDQFXSULQFLSLLOHúLQRUPHOHGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDOGH care nu SRDW SRDWH H IDFH IDFH DEVW DEVWUD UDFFLH vQ ILHF ILHFDU DUH H SR]L SR]LLH SH FDUH R DGRSW ID GH R SUREOHPDYLHLLLQWHUQDLRQDOH 3ROLWLFDH[WHUQDVWDWHORUODUkQGXOHLFRQWULEXLHODGH]YROWDUHD GUHSWX GUHSWXOX OXLL LQWHU LQWHUQD QDLRQD LRQDOO OD PRGL PRGLILILFD FDUH UHD D VDX VDX FRPS FRPSOH OHWD WDUH UHD D DFHV DFHVWX WXLD LD  vQ

raport GHQHYRLOHUHDOHDOHUDS GHQHYRLOHUHDOHDOHUDSRUWXULORULQ RUWXULORULQWHUVWDWDOHDOH WHUVWDWDOHDOHHYROX HYROXLHLVRFLHWLL umane. 5. 'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLFúLGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLFúLGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSULYDW LRQDOSULYDW

'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSULYDWUHJOHPHQWHD] UDSRUWXULMXULGLFHGH GUHSWLQWHUQGHQDWXU FLYLOFRPHUFLDOGHPXQFGHSURFHGXU FLYLO úLDOWHUDSRUWXULGHGUHSWSULYDWFXXQHOHPHQWVWU LQ3ULQQRUPHOHVDOHHO UH]ROYvQ  vQJHQ JHQHUDO HUDO FRQI FRQIOLFW OLFWHOHGH HOHGHUHJO UHJOHPH HPHQWDU QWDUH HGLQW GLQWUHOHJLOHLQWHUQ UHOHJLOHLQWHUQH HDOH DOH GLIHULWHORUVWDWHFXSULYLUHODRDQXPLW LQVWLWXLHMXULGLF 

Elementul de e[WUDQHLWDWH DO QRUPHORU VDOH QX G GUHS GUHSWX WXOX OXLL LQWHUQDLRQDOSXEOLFXQFDUDFWHUGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDOvQRELHFWXOVXGH SUHRFXSDUHQHLQWUkQGUHOD LLOHLQWHUVWDWDOH 6. 'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOúLGUHSWXOLQWHUQ LRQDOúLGUHSWXOLQWHUQ

'UHSWXOLQWHUQDOVWDWHOR 'UHSWXOLQWHUQDOVWDWHORUúLGUHSWX UúLGUHSWXOLQWHUQD OLQWHUQDLRQDOVXQWGRXVLVWHPH GH GUHS GUHSW W GLIH GLIHUL ULWH WH  FDUH FDUH VH vQWU vQWUHS HSWUXQG WUXQG vQV SULQ SULQ LQWHU LQWHUPH PHGLX GLXOO VWDWHO VWDWHORU RU  FDUHOHFUHD] SHDPkQGRX 'UHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOFRQVWLWXLHvQWU -RLPSRUWDQWPVXU SURLHFLD vQSODQXOUHOD vQSODQXOUHODLLORULQWHUQDLRQDOHDQRUPHORUGHGUHSWGLQOHJLVOD LDLQWHUQ DVWDWHORUGUHSWXOLQWHUQvPSUXPXWkQGGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOFRQFHSWHOH VDOH MXULGLFH MXULGLFH IXQGDPHQ IXQGDPHQWDOH WDOH úLWHKQ úL WHKQLFLO LFLOH HVDOH VDOH MXULGLFH MXULGLFH LDUXQHOHQRUPH LDUXQHOHQRUPH GH GUHSWLQWHUQSRWIL GUHSWLQWHUQSRWILDFF DFFHSWD HSWDWHGH WHGHVWDW VWDWHFD HFDVXUV VXUVHDOH HDOHUHJO UHJOHPHQ HPHQWWULLMXULGLFH LQWHUQDLRQDOH

4

'UHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOODUkQGXOV XH[HUFLW RSXWHUQLFLQIOXHQ DVXSUDOHJLVODLHLLQWHUQHDVWDWHORUvPERJLQG-o prin normele sale care VXQWvQFRUSRUDWHvQOHJLVODLDLQWHUQúLWUHEXLHUHVSHFWDWHFDúLQRUPHOH LQWHUQHÌQDFHODúLWLPSGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOLQIOXHQHD]GUHSWXOLQWHUQ DOVWDWHORUvQVHQVXOXQLILF ULLXQRUFRQFHSWHúLUHJOHPHQWULH[LVWHQWHvQ GLIHULWH ULSHQWUXFDDFHVWHDV  ILHvQ FRQVHQV FX QRUPHOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDOH[LVWkQGvQDFHVWVHQVXQSURFHVGHLQWHUQDLRQDOL]DUH a

dreptului intern. 7. 'HILQL  LDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLFHVWHWRWDOLWDWHDQRUPHORUMXULGLFHFUHDWH GHVWDWHúLGHFHOHODOWHVXELHFWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOSHED]DDFRUGXOXL GHYRLQ OLEHUH[SULPDWGHDFHVWHDSULQWUDWDWHúLDOWHL]YRDUHGHGUHSW vQ YHGHUHD UHJOHPHQWULL UDSRUWXULORUGLQWUH HOHQRUPHDFURUDSOLFDUH HVWHDVLJXUDW SULQUHVSHFWDUHDORUGHEXQ YRLHLDUvQFD]GHQHFHVLWDWH SULQPVXULGHFRQWUkQJHUHDSOLFDWHGHFWUHVWDWHvQPRGLQGLYLGXDOVDX

colectiv.

Capitolul II – *HQH]DúLHYROX LDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

ÌQFHSXWXULOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOVHVLWXHD] vQDQWLFKLWDWH SULPHOH UHJXOL UHIHULWRDUH OD UHODLLOH GLQWUH VWDWH DSUkQG vQ 2ULHQWXO $QWLFDSRLvQ*UHFLDúL5RPD$QWLF

DrepWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO V-a constituit mai întâi ca un drept al U ]ERLXOXLúLDELDXOWHULRUFDXQGUHSWDOSFLLúLFRRSHU ULLGLQWUHVWDWH $QWLFKLWDWHD FRQVHPQHD] vQF GH WLPSXULX OD GLIHULWH SRSRDUH H[LVWHQD XQRU UHJXOL SULYLQG SRUQLUHD U ]ERLXOXL úL GXFHrea acestuia, LQFOXVLYOLPLWDUHDXQRUPLMORDFHGHOXSW úLSURWHFLDDQXPLWRUFDWHJRULL GHSHUVRDQHúLEXQXULQHXWUDOLWDWHD 5

ÌQDFHDVWSHULRDGDXDSUXWvQVúLSULPHOHUHJXOLSULYLQGDOWH LQVWLWXLLGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDOúLDQXPHWUDWDWHOHGHDOLDQúLGHSDFH WUDWDWLYHOHúLDOWHPLMORDFHGHUH]ROYDUHSDúQLFDGLIHUHQGHORUFXPVXQW PHGLDLXQHD úL DUELWUDMXO LQWHUQDLRQDO SURWHFLD VWU LQLORU PLVLXQLOH

diplomatice (soliile), jus gentium din dreptul roman prefigurând dreptul LQWHUQDLRQDOGHPDL târziu. )UkPLDUHD IHXGDO D GXV OD RDUHFDUH VWDJQDUH úL vQ GRPHQLXO UHJXOLORU GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO GDU RGDW FX FHQWUDOL]DUHD VWDWDO începând cu secolul al XV-lea, s-D SURGXV R DPSOLILFDUH D UHODLLORU interstatale, care a impulsionat dezvoltareaGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO 6H FRQWXUHD]SHQWUXSULPDRDU SULQFLSLXOVXYHUDQLWLLúLWHRULD HFKLOLEUXOXL GH IRU H vQWUH VWDWH PLMORDFHOH GH UH]ROYDUH SDúQLF D GLIHUHQGHORUvQFHSDVHXWLOL]DWRWPDLIUHFYHQWLDUGUHSWXOU ]ERLXOXLVH vPERJHúWHFXLQVWLWXLLQRLFXPDUILUHWRUVLXQHDUHSUHVDOLLOHúLEORFDGD SDúQLFSUHFXPúLFXQRLSULQFLSLLvQPRGXOGHGXFHUHDU ]ERLXOXL $SDUSULPHOHvQFHUFULGHFRGLILFDUHDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOGDUúL LPSRUWDQWHOXFU ULúLWUDWDWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDODOHXQRUSHUVRQDOLWL ca Nicollo Machiavelli (1469-1527), Alberico Gentilis (1552-1608) sau Hugo Grotins (1583-1645). +XJR*URWLQVHVWHFRQVLGHUDWSULQWHOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOSULQ IXQGDPHQWHOH WHRUHWLFH SH FDUH OH SXQH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO FD XQ GUHSWED]DWSHUDLXQHDXPDQúLQXSHYRLQDGLYLQFDRH[SUHVLHD YRLQHLúLLQWHUHVHORUVWDWHORUSUHFXPúLSULQLPSRUWDQWHOXFU ULFXPVXQW 'HVSUH GUHSWXO U ]ERLXOXL úL DO SFLL´ 0DUH OLEHUXP´ úL DOWHOH FDUH UHYROXLRQHD] UDPXUL LPSRUWDQWH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO FXP VXQW GUHSWXOU ]ERLXOXLGUHSWXOGLSORPDWLFGUHSWXOP ULLúLGUHSWXOWUDWDWHORU ÌQHSRFDPRGHUQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOFXQRDúWHúLHORSXWHUQLF DILUPDUH RGDW FX SURJUHVHOH GH DPSORDUH UHDOL]DWH SH SODQ SROLWLF úL juridiFvQDFRUGFXGH]YROWDUHDJHQHUDO DVRFLHWLLXPDQH

6

5HYROXLD IUDQFH] vQGHRVHEL SULQ 'HFODUDLD DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL JLQLORU &RQJUHVXO GH OD 9LHQD GLQ  úL &RQJUHVXO GH OD 3DULV GLQ

1856 constituie momente importante în afirmarea sau dezvoltarea unor SULQFLSLLúLUHJXOLGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDO 8QUROGHRVHELWvQGH]YROWDUHDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOO-au avut cele GRXFRQIHULQHGHSDFHGHOD+DJDGLQúLvQGHRVHELSULQ codificarea pe care au realizat-o în domeniul dreptului conflictelor DUPDWH úL vQ FHO DO PLMORDFHORU GH UH]ROYDUH SDúQLF D GLIHUHQGHORU LQWHUQDLRQDOH UHJXOLOH FRGLILFDWH DWXQFL ILLQG vQ PDUH SDUWH YDODELOH úL DVW]L /D VIkUúLWXO VHFROXOXL DO;,;-OHDúLvQFHSXWXOVHFROXOXL;;DSDU SULPHOHRUJDQL]DLLLQWHUQDLRQDOHúLVHvQFKHLHSULPHOHFRQYHQLLSHQWUX VDQFLRQDUHDXQRULQIUDFLXQLLQWHUQDLRQDOHGRPHQLLFDUHYRUFXQRDúWH XOWHULRURSXWHUQLF DILUPDUH &UHDUHD GXS SULPXO U ]ERL PRQGLDO D 6RFLHWLL 1DLXQLORU FD RUJDQL]DLH FX FDUDFWHU XQLYHUVDO SHQWUX DVLJXUDUHD VHFXULWLL LQWHUQDLRQDOH úL GH]YROWDUHD FRODERU ULL GLQWUH VWDWH D LPSXOVLRQDW GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO &UHDUHD XQXL VLVWHP GH VHFXULWDWH ED]DW SH HJDOLWDWHD VXYHUDQ D VWDWHORU úL SH UHVSHFWXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO vQILLQDUHD vQ  D &XU LL 3HUPDQHQWH GH -XVWLLH ,QWHUQDLRQDO SURFHGXUDOL]DUHD U ]ERLXOXL SULQ 3DFWXO 6RFLHWLL 1DLXQLORU DSRL interzicerea lui ca mijloc al politicii statelor prin Pactul Briand – Kellog GLQXWLOL]DUHDSHVFDU ODUJDPLMORDFHORUGHUH]ROYDUHSDúQLF  D diferHQGHORULQWHUQDLRQDOHVXQWGRDUFkWHYDGLQGLUHFLLOHGHGH]YROWDUH DGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOvQSHULRDGDGLQWUHFHOHGRX U ]ERDLHPRQGLDOH 'XSDOGRLOHDU ]ERLPRQGLDOGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLFFXQRDúWH R SXWHUQLF GH]YROWDUH XQ LPSRUWDQW VDOW Falitativ. În sfera de UHJOHPHQWDUHLQWHUQDLRQDODXLQWUDWQXPHURDVHGRPHQLLFDUHDQWHULRU QX I FXVHU  RELHFW GH SUHRFXSDUH SHQWUX GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO LDU GUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOFODVLFDVXIHULWLPSRUWDQWHPRGLILF ULúLFRPSOHWULvQ 7

cadrul unui proces YDVW GH GH]YROWDUH SURJUHVLY D GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO LQLLDW úL LPSXOVLRQDW GH 2UJDQL]DLD 1DLXQLORU 8QLWH vQILLQDWvQ &DSLWROXO,,,,]YRDUHOHSULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHúLFRGLILFDUHD GUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQal

1. ,]YRDUHOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO

1RUPHOHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOVXQWFRQVDFUDWHSULQDQXPLWHIRUPH

specifice recunoscute de comunitatea statelor ca fiind izvoare de drept. 3ULQ L]YRDUHOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO VH vQHOHJ DFHOH PLMORDFH juridice de H[SULPDUHDQRUPHORUGHFRQGXLW UH]XOWDWHGLQDFRUGXOGH YRLQ D GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VWDWH RUL DOWH VXELHFWH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO 2HQXPHUDUHRILFLDO DL]YRDUHORUGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOV-DI FXW SHQWUX SULPD RDU  vQ 6WDWXWXO &XU LL 3HUPDQHQWH GH -XVWLLH ,QWHUQDLRQDO GLQ  ILLQG DSRL SUHOXDW GH 6WDWXWXO &XU LL ,QWHUQDLRQDOHGH-XVWLLH Art.38DO6WDWXWXOXL&XU LL,QWHUQDLRQDOHGH-XVWLLHSUHYHGHFvQ VROXLRQDUHDFRQIRUP GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDODGLIHUHQGHORUFDUHvLVXQW supuse Curtea va aplica: a) FRQYHQLLOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH ILH JHQHUDWH ILH VSHFLDOH FDUH stabilesc reguli recunoscute în mod expres de statele aflate în litigiu; b) FXWXPD LQWHUQDLRQDO FD GRYDG D XQHL SUDFWLFL JHQHUDOH DFFHSWDWFDUHSUH]HQWkQGGUHSWXO c) principiile generDOHGHGUHSWUHFXQRVFXWHGHQD LXQLOHFLYLOL]DWH d) KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHúWL úL GRFWULQD VSHFLDOLúWLORU FHORU PDL FDOLILFDL vQ GUHSWXO SXEOLF DO GLIHULWHORU QDLXQL FD PLMORDFH auxiliare de determinare a regulilor de drept. 8

/DDFHVWHDVHDGDXJ úLHFKLWDWHa (ex aequa et bono). 5H]XOW F WUDWDWHOH FXWXPD úL SULQFLSLLOH JHQHUDOH GH GUHSW FRQVWLWXLHL]YRDUHSULQFLSDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOLDUMXULVSUXGHQD GRFWULQDúLHFKLWDWHDVXQWL]YRDUHDX[LOLDUH 8OWHULRUGRFWULQDúLSUDFWLFDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDODXUHFXQRVFXW úLDOWHL]YRDUHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOFXPVXQWXQHOHDFWHDGRSWDWH GHRUJDQL]DLLOHLQWHUQDLRQDOHDFWHOHXQLODWHUDOHDOHVWDWHORUFDUHVXQW VXVFHSWLELOHVSURGXFXQHOHHIHFWHMXULGLFHvQUDSRUWXULOHFXDOWHVWDWH

precum úLOHJHDLQWHUQDVWDWHORU D7UDWDWXOLQWHUQD  LRQDO . Tratatul este cel mai important izvor de GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO GDWRULW FODULWLL H[SULPULL QRUPHL MXULGLFH WHKQLFLL VRILVWLFDWHGHUHGDFWDUHúLIUHFYHQHLXWLOL]ULLVDOH 7UDWDWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOHVWHGHILQLWFDIRUPDH[SUHVGHPDQLIHVWDUH DDFRUGXOXLGHYRLQGLQWUHGRXVDXPDLPXOWHVWDWHRULDOWHVXELHFWH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO vQFKHLDW vQ IRUPVFULV úL JXYHUQDW GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDOFXVFRSXOGHDFUHDDPRGLILFDVDXDDEURJDQRUPHGH GUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDO E&XWXPD LQWHUQD LRQDO . Cutuma constituie un izvor nescris al GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO FHO PDL YHFKL vQ RUGLQHD LVWRULF úL FHO PDL IUHFYHQWvQSHULRDGDGHvQFHSXWDIRUPULLGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOSXEOLF Ulterior, în mare parte cutumele au fost încorporate în tratate, dar ele MRDFXQUROLPSRUWDQWúLvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOFRQWHPSRUDQ &XWXPDLQWHUQDLRQDOHVWHGHILQLWFDRSUDFWLF JHQHUDOUHODWLY vQGHOXQJDW úL XQLIRUP FRQVLGHUDW G H  FWUH VWDWH FD H[SULPkQG R UHJXOGHFRQGXLWFXIRU MXULGLFREOLJDWRULH 2ULGHFkWHRULVHLQYRFRFXWXPH[LVWHQDúLFRQLQXWXODFHVWHLD WUHEXLH V ILH SUREDWH SULQ LQYRFDUHD GRFXPHQWHORU úL D SUDFWLFLORU UHOHYDQWHúLFRQYLQJWRDUH c)Principiile generale de drept sunt acele principii de drept care VXQWLGHQWLFHVDXQXGLIHU VXEVWDQLDOvQOHJLVODLDLQWHUQDGLIHULWHORU 9

VWDWH HOH ILLQG FRPXQH PDULORU VLVWHPH GH GUHSW úL LPSXQkQGX-se ca SULQFLSLL IXQGDPHQWDOH vQ OHJLVODLD PDMRULWLL VWDWHORU FD QRLXQL

intrinseci ideii de drept. 3ULQFLSLLOH JHQHUDOH GH GUHSW QX WUHEXLH V ILH FRQIXQGDWH FX SULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOHOHI FkQGSDUWHGLQ dreptul intern al statelor. G-XULVSUXGHQ  DLQWHUQD LRQDO UHSUH]LQWSUDFWLFDLQVWDQHORUGH MXGHFDWDúDFXPDFHDVWDUH]XOWGLQKRWUkULOHGDWHGHDFHVWHDFDUH DX UHOHYDQ SHQWUX H[LVWHQD XQHL QRUPH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO 2 GHRVHELWLPSRUWDQSUH]LQWSHQWUXGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOKRWUkULOHGDWH GH &XUWHD ,QWHUQDLRQDO GH -XVWLLH GDU úL GH DOWH LQVWDQH judiciare LQWHUQDLRQDOHLDUXQHRULúLGHWULEXQDOHOHLQWHUQHDOHVWDWHORU H'RFWULQD GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO UHSUH]LQW RSLQLLOH IRUPXODWH GH VSHFLDOLúWLL FHL PDL FDOLILFDL vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH GDU úL GH IRUXULOH úWLLQLILFHLQWHUQDLRQDOHFXPDUIL,QVWLWXWXOGH'UHSW,QWHUQD LRQDOFDUH VH LPSXQ SULQ DQDOL] úWLLQLILF SURIXQG D RUGLQLL QRUPDWLYH LQWHUQDLRQDOHvQOXPLQDSULQFLSLLORUGHGUHSWúLDILQDOLW LLGUHSWXOXL I3ULQFLSLLOH HFKLW  LL SRW IL LQYRFDWH vQ VROXLRQDUHD XQRU probleme internaLRQDOH vQ OLSVD XQRU L]YRDUH GH GUHSW FODVLFH VDX vQ VLWXDLD FkQG DSOLFDUHD XQRU SULQFLSLL GH GUHSW DU GXFH OD VROXLL inechitabile. 2. 3ULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO

3ULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOVXQWQRUPH GHPD[LPJHQHUDOLWDWHFXDSOLFDELOLWDWHXQLYHUVDO DFURUUHVSHFWDUH HVWH REOLJDWRULH SHQWUX WRDWH VWDWHOH úL FDUH JKLGHD] FRQGXLWD WXWXURU HQWLWLORULQWHUQDLRQDOHvQUDSRUWXULOHORUUHFLSURFH 'LQ FXSULQVXO &DUWHL 218 DUW SUHFXP úL GLQ 'HFODUDLD UHIHULWRDUHODSULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSULYLQGUHODLLOHSULHWHQHúWL úLFRRSHUDUHDGLQWUHVWDWH´DGRSWDWGH$GXQDUHD*HQHUDOD218vQ 10

 UH]XOW F GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO VH ED]HD] SH XUPWRDUHOH

principii fundamentale: - PrinFLSLXOHJDOLWLLVXYHUDQHDVWDWHORU - 3ULQFLSLXOHJDOLWLLvQGUHSWXULDSRSRDUHORUúLDGUHSWXOXLORUGH a decide de ele însele; - Principiul neamestecului în treburile interne ale altor state; - 3ULQFLSLXO QHUHFXUJHULL OD IRU  úL OD DPHQLQDUHD FX IRORVLU ea IRU HL - 3ULQFLSLXO VROXLRQULL SH FDOH SDúQLF D GLIHUHQGHORU LQWHUQDLRQDOH - 3ULQFLSLXO vQGHSOLQLULL FX EXQ FUHGLQ D REOLJDLLORU LQWHUQDLRQDOH - 3ULQFLSLXOFRRSHU ULLLQWHUQDLRQDOH 3. &RGLILFDUHDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO

&RGLILFDUHD HVWH R RSHU  GH sistematizare a normelor de drept LQWHUQDLRQDO(DDVLJXU SUHFL]LDDFHVWRUQRUPHFRH]LXQHDúLXQLWDWHD ORU HOHPHQW GHRVHELW GH LPSRUWDQW SHQWUX UHVSHFWDUHD úL DSOLFDUHD FRUHFWGHFWUHWRDWHVWDWHOH 6XEHJLGD218GUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDODFXQRVFXWX n vast proces GHFRGLILFDUHFHFRQWLQX úLDVW]L &DSLWROXO,96XELHFWHOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

6XELHFWHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOVXQWDFHOHHQWLWLFDSDELOHV SDUWLFLSH OD UDSRUWXUL JXYHUQDWH GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO úL vQ FDGUXO

acestoUUDSRUWXULVILHWLWXODUHGHGUHSWXULúLREOLJDLL 'RFWULQDúLSUDFWLFDGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOFRQWHPSRUDQUHFXQRVF GUHSW VXELHFWH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO XUPWRDUHOH VWDWHOH

11

RUJDQL]DLLOHLQWHUQDLRQDOHLQWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDOHúLPLúFULOHGHHOLEHrare QDLRQDO 1. Statele D6WDWHOHFDVXELHFWGHGUHSWLQWHUQD  LRQDO

6WDWHOHFRQVWLWXLHSULQFLSDOHOHVXELHFWHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO vQED]DVXYHUDQLWLLORU

Statele sunt subiecte tipice, fundamentale, ale dreptului LQWHUQDLRQDO FRQVWLWXLQG HQWLWLOH SROLWLFR-juridice care au dreptul QHOLPLWDWGHDSDUWLFLSDODHODERUDUHDQRUPHORUGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDO (OHVXQWvQDFHODúLWLPSVXELHFWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDOXQLYHUVDOH singurele care au capacitatea de a-úL DVXPD WRWDOLWDWHD GUHSWXULORU úL REOLJDLLORUFXFDUDFWHULQWHUQDLRQDO 3HQWUX D IL VXELHFWH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO VWDWHOH WUHEXLH V vQWUXQHDVFXUPWRDUHOHHOHPHQWH - RSRSXODLHSHUPDQHQW - un teritoriu determinat; - RDXWRULWDWHJXYHUQDPHQWDO  - FDSDFLWDWHD GH D LQWUD vQ UHODLL FX DOte state, implicând suveranitatea. 'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDORUJDQL] ULLORUVWDWHOHSRWXQLWDUHVDX compuse. ([LVWPDLPXOWHWLSXULGHVWDWHFRPSXVHXQLXQHDSHUVRQDO  XQLXQHDUHDOFRQIHGHUDLDIHGHUDLDúLDVRFLDLLOHGHVWDWH Dreptul intHUQDLRQDO D FXQRVFXW úL XQHOH IRUPH GH VWDWH GHSHQGHQWHWLSLFHILLQGYDVDOLWDWHDúLSURWHFWRUDWXO b) Neutralitatea statelor

'UHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO UHFXQRDúWH GUHSWXO VWDWHORU FD vQ DQXPLWH VLWXDLLV-úLGHFODUHQHXWUDOLWDWHD

12

Neutralitatea statelor eVWHGHGRXIHOXULQHXWUDOLWDWHDFODVLF úL QHXWUDOLWDWHDSHUPDQHQW  1HXWUDOLWDWHDFODVLF HVWHVLWXDLDMXULGLFVSHFLDOvQFDUHVHDIO XQ VWDW FDUH vQ WLPSXO XQXL FRQIOLFW DUPDW LQWHUQDLRQDO QX LD SDUWH OD RVWLOLWL FRQWLQXkQG V vQWUHLQ UHODLi normale cu celelalte state, inclusiv cu cele beligerante. 6WDWXO QHXWUX DUH REOLJDLD GH D QX VSULMLQL YUHXQ VWDW DIODW vQ FRQIOLFW DWLWXGLQHD VD WUHEXLQG V VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H SULQ RELQHUH úL LPSDU LDOLWDWH LDU FHOHODOWH VWDWH WUHEXLH V-L UHFXQRDVF statutul de neutralitate. 1HXWUDOLWDWHD SHUPDQHQW  HVWH VLWXDLD vQ FDUH XQ VWDW VH DQJDMHD] V U PkQ QHXWUX ID GH RULFH FRQIOLFWH DUPDWH FDUH DU LQWHUYHQLúLV GXFRSROLWLFJHQHUDOvQDFHVWVHQV ,QVWLWXLUHD QHXWUDOLWLL SHUPDQHQWH VH IDFH SULn acte interne ale VWDWXOXLFDUHvúLDVXPDFHVWVWDWXWXUPDWHGHDFWHGHUHFXQRDúWHUHúL JDUDQWDUH GLQ SDUWHD DOWRU VWDWH vQ VSHFLDO D PDULORU SXWHUL úL LPSOLF REOLJDLL DWkW GLQ SDUWHD VWDWXOXL SHUPDQHQW QHXWUX FkW úL GLQ SDUWHD celorlalte state. ExHPSOXOFODVLFGHVWDWSHUPDQHQWQHXWUXvOFRQVWLWXLH(OYH LD F5HFXQRDúWHUHDVWDWHORU

5HFXQRDúWHUHD VWDWHORU HVWH XQ DFW XQLODWHUDO SULQ FDUH VWDWHOH DGPLW F HOH FRQVLGHU  R QRX HQWLWDWH SROLWLFR- MXULGLF GUHSW VWDW

recunoscându-i personalitatea juriGLFvQSODQXOUHODLLORULQWHUQDLRQDOH 5HFXQRDúWHUHDHVWHXQDFWSROLWLFJHQHUDWRUGHHIHFWHMXULGLFH ÌQ SULQFLSLX UHFXQRDúWHUHD DUH XQ FDUDFWHU GHFODUDWLY úL QX FRQVWLWXWLY GH GUHSWXUL VWDWXO H[LVWkQG úL vQ OLSVD UHFXQRDúWHULL GDU neputând avea rHODLLFXVWDWHOHFDUHQXvOUHFXQRVF d)Succesiunea statelor

Modificarea teritoriului de stat prin reunirea mai multor state întrXQXO VLQJXU SH FDOHD IX]LXQLL VDX D DEVRUELHL SULQ GH]PHPEUDUH úL 13

constituirea mai multor state din unul singur, prin separarea sau secesiunea unui stat sau prin transferul unor teritorii de la un stat la DOWXO SXQH SUREOHPD VXFFHVLXQLLQRLORU VWDWH VDX D VWDWHORU FDUH úL-au PULWWHULWRULLOHODXQHOHGUHSWXULúLREOLJDLLDOHVWDWHORUDQWHULRDUH În principiu statul succesor nu este continuatorul statului SUHGHFHVRUvQSODQMXULGLFúLQXHVWHREOLJDWVSUHLDDXWRPDWúLLQWHJUDO GUHSWXULOH úL REOLJDLLOH VWDWXOXL SUHGHFHVRU GDU GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO D VWDELOLWDQXPLWHUHJXOLúLPRGDOLWLMXULGLFHFDUHWUHEXLHVILHUHVpectate în cadrul procesului de succesiune. 3UREOHPH GH VXFFHVLXQH VH ULGLF vQ VSHFLDO vQ OHJWXU  FX WUDWDWHOHvQFKHLDWHFXEXQXULOHúLFUHDQ HOHVWDWXOXLDQWHULRUFXDUKLYHOH DFHVWXLDLDUXQHRULúLFXFHWHQLDSHUVRDQHORU 2. 2UJDQL]DLLOHLQWHUQDLRnale interguvernamentale 2UJDQL]DLLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHDXFDOLWDWHDGHVXELHFWGHULYDWDO GUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDODSDULLDORUILLQGvQWRWGHDXQDUH]XOWDWXODFRUGXOXL GHYRLQDOXQRUVWDWHFDUHKRW U VFDVXSUDvQILLQULLSUHFXPúLDVXSUD scopurilRU IXQFLLORU PHFDQLVPHORU LQVWLWXLRQDOHúLDSULQFLSLLORUORUGH IXQFLRQDUH 3ULQ DFWXO ORU GH vQILLQDUH RUJDQL]DLLOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH GREkQGHVF SHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLFGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDOFDUHOHSHUPLWHV-úLDVXPH DQXPLWH GUHSWXUL úL REOLJDLL cu caracter limitat, potrivit principiului VSHFLDOLWLL DGLF vQ OLPLWHOH VFRSXULORU úL IXQFLLORU FH OH-au fost conferite. 3. 0LúFULOHGHHOLEHUDUHQD LRQDO 0LúFULOHGHHOLEHUDUHQDLRQDODXSHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLFúL calitatea de subiect al dr HSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOQXPDLvQPVXUDvQFDUH VXQWUHFXQRVFXWHGHF WUHVWDWHSHQWUXDFHDVWDILLQGQHFHVDUFDHOHV  vQGHSOLQHDVF DQXPLWH FRQGLLL V DLE XQ RUJDQ UHSUH]HQWDWLY V 14

DFLRQH]HvQQXPHOHXQHLQD LXQLúLVPDQLIHVWHSHXQWHULWRULXSURSUL u,

eliberat. 'UHSWXULOHORUVXQWPDLOLPLWDWHvQDFRUGFXVFRSXOSURSXVúLDXXQ FDUDFWHU WUDQ]LWRULX SkQ OD GREkQGLUHD LQGHSHQGHQHL SRSRDUHORU vQ FDX] &DSLWROXO93RSXOD LDvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSXEOLF

3RSXODLDUHSUH]LQWWRWDOLWDWHDSHUVoanelor fizice care locuiesc pe WHULWRULXO

XQXL VWDW úL VXQW VXSXVH MXULVGLFLHL DFHVWXLD ÌQWU -R DOW

DFFHSLXQH SULQ SRSXODLH VH vQHOHJH WRWDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH OHJDWHGHXQDQXPLWVWDWSULQFHW HQLH 6WDWXO VWDELOHúWH UHJXOL REOLJDWRULL SHQtru toate persoanele care ORFXLHVFSHWHULWRULXOVXLQGLIHUHQWGDFDFHVWHDVXQWVDXQXFHW HQLDL VLúLDUHXQGUHSWGHSURWHFLH –SURWHFLDGLSORPDWLF –vQFHSULYHúWH SHSURSULLFHW HQLDIODLvQDIDUDULL

Statutul juridic al persoanelor se s WDELOHúWHSRWULYLWOHJLORULQWHUQH DOHVWDWHORULQkQGX-VHVHDPDúLGHQRUPHOHGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDOúLGH QHYRLOHFRRSHU ULLLQWHUQD LRQDOHvQGHRVHELvQGRPHQLLFXPVXQWGXEOD FHWHQLHELSDWULGLDOLSVDFHWHQLHLDSDWULGLDVWDWXWXOUHIXJLDLORUúL DO SHUVRDQHORU VWU PXWDWH UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO VWU LQLORU GUHSWXO GH D]LO H[WU GDUHDSURWHF LDGLSORPDWLFúLGUHSWXULOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHRPXOXL &HWHQLD

(VWH OHJWXUD SROLWLF úL MXULGLF SHUPDQHQW úL HIHFWLY vQWUH R SHUVRDQ IL]LF úL XQ DQXPLW VWDW FDUH JHQHUHD] GUHSWXUL úL REOLJDLL SHQWUXFHWHDQúLSHQWUXVWDWXOUHVSHFWLY 'HUHJXOQXPDLFHWHQLLXQXLVWDWVHEXFXU GHGUHSWXULSROLWLFH úLSRWDYHDDFFHVODIXQFLLSXEOLFHFLYLOHVDXPLOLWDUH &HWHQLDVHSRDWHGREkQGLSULQQDúWHUHVDXSULQQDWXUDOL]DUH 15

'REkQGLUHDSULQQDúWHUHVHIDFHSRWULYLWSULQFLSLXOXLMXVVDQJYLPXV GXS FHWHQLD SULQLORU VDX DO SULQFLSLXOXL MXV VROH GXS ORFXO QDúWHULL 3ULQQDWXUDOL]DUHGREkQGLUHDFHWHQLHLVHSRDWHIDFHvQPDLPXOWH PRGDOLWL SULQ FVWRULH SULQ DGRSLH vQILHUH SULQ UHGREkQGLUH UHLQWHJUDUHFDHIHFWDOúHGHULLSUHOXQJLWHUH]LGHQHLVDXSULQRSLXQH &HWHQLD VH SRDWH SLHUGH SULQ UHQXQDUH VDX SULQ UHWUDJHUH &HWHQLDRELQXWSULQQDúWHUHQXSRDWHILUHWUDV Du EOD FHW  HQLH ELSDWULGLD HVWH VLWXDLD MXULGLF vQ FDUH R

SHUVRDQ GHLQHFRPFRPLWHQWFHWHQLDDGRXVWDWHFDHIHFWDOXQXL FRQIOLFW SR]LWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ GLIHULWH UL UHIHULWRU OD GREkQGLUHD FHWHQLHL /LSVDFHW  HQLHLDSDWULGLD HVWHVLWXDLDLQYHUVELSDWULGLHLFkQG

GDWRULWXQXLFRQIOLFWQHJDWLYGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDQXPLWHSHUVRDQHQXDX QLFLRFHWHQLHVDXvúLSLHUGFHW HQLDI U DGHYHQLFHWHQLDLDOWXLVWDW $SDWULGLD ILLQG R VLWXDLH FDUH OLSVHúWH SHUVRDQD XPDQ GH SURWHFLH úL GH LPSRUWDQWH GUHSWXUL SH SODQ LQWHUQDLRQDO V-au adoptat UHJOHPHQWULFDUHYL]HD]SHGHRSDUWHO UJLUHDGUHSWXULORUDSDWUL]LORU LDUSHGHDOWSDUWHDGRSWDUHDGHPVXULPHQLWHDHOLPLQDFD]XULOHGH

apatridie. 5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOVWU LQLORU

6WU LQXO HVWH R SHUVRDQ FHWHDQ DO DOWXL VWDW FDUH VH DIO SHUPDQHQWVDXWHPSRUDUSHWHULWRULXOXQXLVWDWI U DDYHDúLFHW HQLD

acestuia. 5HJLPXO MXULGLF DO VWU LQLORU VH VWDELOHúWH GH FWUH ILHFDUH VWDW LQkQG VHDPD úL GH UHJXOLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO SUHFXP úL GH SUHYHGHULOHFRQYHQLLORUELODWHUDOHFDUHVHvQFKHLHvQWUHVWDWH 3RWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO VWU LQLL QX VH SRW EXFXUD GH GUHSWXULOH SROLWLFH QX SRW IL QXPLL vQ IXQFLL SROLWLFH VDX PLOLWDUH QX 16

HIHFWXHD] VWDJLXO PLOLWDU REOLJDWRULX GDU VH EXFXU  GH WRDWH FHOHODOWH

drepturi fundamentale ale omului. ,QWUDUHDúLúHGHUHDVWU LQLORUSHWHULWRULXOXQXLVWDWSRDWHILVXSXV XQRU UHVWULFLL 6WU LQXO SRDWH vQ FRQGLLLOH OHJLL V ILH H[SXO]DW VDX H[WU GDW Dreptul de azil este dreptul pe care îl are un stat de a aproba LQWUDUHDúLVWDELOLUHDSHWHULWRULXOV XDXQRUVWU LQLVXSXúLSHUVHFXLLORU VDX XUPULL vQ DUD ORU SHQWUX FRQFHSLLOH VDX DFWLYLWDWHD ORU SROLWLF ([LVWGRXIHOXULGHD]LOD]LOXOWHULWRULDOSROLWLFúLD]LOXOGLSORPDWLc. ([SXO]DUHD VWU LQLORU HVWH R PVXU  GH VLJXUDQ FX FDUDFWHU DGPLQLVWUDWLYSULQFDUHXQVWDWFRQVWUkQJHSHXQXOVDXPDLPXO LVWU LQL VSU VHDVFWHULWRULXOVXvQFHOPDLVFXUWWLPS0 VXUDVHLDvQVFRSXO ocrotirii ordinii juridice a statului, pe QWUX UDLXQL GH VHFXULWDWH SROLWLFH HFRQRPLFHVDXGHDOW QDWXU  ([WU GDUHD VWU LQLORU HVWH DFWXO SULQ FDUH XQ VWDW SUHG OD FHUHUHD DOWXL VWDW R SHUVRDQ DIODW SH WHULWRULXO VX vQ YHGHUHD FHUFHWULLVDXMXGHFULLDFHVWHLDSHQWUXVYkUúLUHDXQHLI apte penale ori vQ YHGHUHD H[HFXWULL SHGHSVHL GDF DQWHULRU D IRVW FRQGDPQDW GH FWUHRLQVWDQGHMXGHFDW 5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOUHIXJLD LORU

5HIXJLDWXO HVWH XQ VWU LQ VDX R SHUVRDQ I U  FHWHQLH FDUH SHQWUX YDULDWH PRWLYH GH SHUVHFXLH QX SRDWH VDX QX GRUHúWH V VH vQWRDUFvQDUDGHRULJLQHILLQGDVWIHOOLSVLWGHSURWHFLDDFHVWHLD 6WDWXWXO GH UHIXJLDW VH DFRUG vQWRWGHDXQD vQ PRG LQGLYLGXDO úL QXPDL GDF VH FRQVWDW F PRWLYHOH GH SHUVHFXLH LQYRFDWH VXQW

întemeiate. 3URWHFLDSULYHúWHDFRUGDUHDGHFWUHVWDWXOSULPLWRUDGUHSWXOXLGH úHGHUHGXSXQUHJLPVLPLODUVWU LQLORUSUHFXPúLXQHOHGUHSWXULFDUH VSHUPLWLQWHJUDUHDORU 17

$VLVWHQD VH UHIHU  OD PVXUL GH DMXWRUDUH LPSOLFkQG VSULMLQ PDWHULDOILQDQFLDUDVLVWHQVRFLDOORFXLQHHWFFDUHVIDFSRVLELO úLFRQYHQDELOúHGHUHDORUSHWHULWRULXOVWDWXOXLSULPLWRU Capitolul VI –3URWHFLDLQWHUQD LRQDODGUHSWXULORURPXOXL 3URWHF  LDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLvQVRFLHWDWHDFRQWHPSRUDQ 

&RPXQLWDWHD LQWHUQDLRQDO HVWH DVW]L mai mult ca oricând SUHRFXSDWGHSURPRYDUHDODUJDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLGHFUHDUHDXQXL FDGUX OHJDO FkW PDL GLYHUVLILFDW GH FRODERUDUH LQWHUQDLRQDO vQ DFHVW VFRSGHUHDOL]DUHDXQXLVLVWHPFkWPDLFRPSOHWGHDS UDUHSHGLIHULWH FLOHJDOHDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLúLGHDVLJXUDUHDWUDQVSXQHULLvQSUDFWLFD

acestora. &DUWD 2UJDQL]DLHL 1DLXQLORU 8QLWH D VWDELOLW GUHSW VFRS DO RUJDQL]DLHL vQWUH DOWHOH úL UHDOL]DUHD FRRSHU ULL LQWHUQDLRQDOH SHQWUX GH]YROWDUHDúLvQFXUDMDUHDUHVSHFWULLGUHSWXULORURPXOXLúLDOLEHUWLORU IXQGDPHQWDOHSHQWUXWRLI U GHRVHELUHGHUDVVH[OLPE VDXUHOLJLH´ (art.1, paragraful 3). Sub egida O.N.U.au fost adoptate documentele fundamentale SULYLQG SURWHFLD JHQHUDO D GUHSWXULORU RPXOXL FDUH VXQW 'HFODUDLD universalDGUHSWXULORURPXOXLGLQ3DFWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOFXSULYLUH ODGUHSWXULOHFLYLOHúLSROLWLFHúL3DFWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOFXSULYLUHODGUHSWXULOH HFRQRPLFHVRFLDOHúLFXOWXUDOHDPEHOHGLQ $OWXULGHDFHVWHDDXIRVWDGRSWDWHQXPHURDVHDOWHGRFXPente LQWHUQDLRQDOHSULYLQGGUHSWXULOHúLSURWHFLDMXULGLFDXQRUFDWHJRULLGH SHUVRDQH VDX vQ DQXPLWH GRPHQLL vQWUH FDUH &RQYHQLD SULYLWRDUH OD GUHSWXULOH SROLWLFH DOH IHPHLORU  'HFODUDLD GUHSWXULORU FRSLOXOXL 'HFODUD LDFXSULYLUHODHOLPLQDUHDRULFURUIRUPHGHGLVFULPLQDUH UDVLDO'HFODUDLDSULYLQGSURWHFLDWXWXURUSHUVRDQHORUvPSRWULYD

18

WRUWXULLúLDOWRUWUDWDPHQWHVDXSHGHSVHFUXGHLQXPDQHVDXGHJUDGDQWH

(1975). 'HFODUD  LDXQLYHUVDO DGUHSWXULORURPXOXL

'HFODUDLDHVWHSULPXOGRFXPHQWLQWHUQDLRQDOPRGHUQSULQFDUHVH SURFODP vQ PRG VROHPQ GUHSWXULOH úL OLEHUWLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH RPXOXLFXVFRSXOGHFODUDWGHDVHUYLFDLGHDOFRPXQFWUHFDUHWUHEXLH VWLQGSRSRDUHOHúLWRDWHQDLXQLOH«´3UHDPEXOXO

DeclarDLDDILUPFWRDWHILLQHOHXPDQHVHQDVFOLEHUHúLHJDOHvQ GHPQLWDWHúLvQGUHSWXULúLWUHEXLHVVHFRPSRUWHXQHOHIDGHDOWHOHvQ VSLULWXOIUDWHUQLW LLILHFDUHRPDYkQGGUHSWXOGHDVHSUHYDODGHWRDWH GUHSWXULOHúLOLEHUWLOHI U QLFLRGHRVHELUHGHUDV GHFXORDUHGHVH[ GH OLPE GH UHOLJH GH RSLQLH SROLWLF VDX GH DOW QDWXU  GH RULJLQH QDLRQDO VDX VRFLDO GH DYHUH GH QDúWHUH VDX GHFXUJkQG GLQ RULFH DOWVLWXDLHúLI U DVHIDFHYUHRGHRVHELUHED]DWSHVWDWXWXOSROLWLF juridic VDXLQWHUQDLRQDODOULLVDOH 7RL RDPHQLL VXQW HJDOL vQ IDD OHJLL úL DX GUHSWXO OD R SURWHFLH HJDODOHJLLI U QLFLRGLVFULPLQDUH(LDXGUHSWXOGHDOLVHUHFXQRDúWH SHUVRQDOLWDWHDORUMXULGLF RULXQGHV-ar afla. &DUWD HQXPHU FXPHQLXQHDF Dcestea trebuie respectate de VWDWH úL JDUDQWDWH SULQ OHJLVODLD ORU WRDWH GUHSWXULOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH RPXOXLFDUHXOWHULRUDXIRVWSUHOXDWHvQFHOHGRX SDFWHPHQLRQDWH 3ULQHQXQDUHDDFHVWRUGUHSWXUL'HFODUDLDFRQVWLWXLHXQGRFXPHQW GHUHIHULQvQDILUPDUHDFRQGLLHLXPDQHúLDSURWHFLHLLQWHUQDLRQDOHD persoanelor într-RVRFLHWDWHGHPRFUDWLFPRGHUQúLDUHXQUROGHRVHELW GHLPSRUWDQWvQOXSWDGHHPDQFLSDUHDSRSRDUHORUúLvQOXSWDGXVGH SWXULOH VRFLDOH GHIDYRUL]DWH SHQWUX FXFHULUHD GUHSWXULORU ORU VRFLDOH úL economice.

19

3DFWHOHLQWHUQD  LRQDOHFXSULYLUHODGUHSWXULOHRPXOXL

&HOH GRX SDFWH VXQW GRFXPHQWH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO FDUH vQFRUSRUHD] DQJDMDPHQWXOVWDWHORUSU LGHDDILUPDúLUHVSHFWD

drepturile fundamentale în domeniilHODFDUHVHUHIHU  3DFWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO FX SULYLUH OD GUHSWXULOH FLYLOH úL SROLWLFH FRQVDFU  GUHSWXUL FXP VXQW GUHSWXO OD YLD GUHSWXO OD OLEHUWDWH úL OD VHFXULWDWH SHUVRQDO GUHSWXO OD OLEHU  FLUFXODLH HJDOLWDWHD vQ IDD MXVWLLHLSURWHFLDYLHLi intime sub multiple aspecte, libertatea gândirii, a FRQúWLLQHLúLDUHOLJLHLOLEHUWDWHDGHRSLQLHúLGHH[SULPDUHGUHSWXOOD DVRFLHUHúLODvQWUXQLUHSDúQLF GUHSWXOGHSDUWLFLSDUHODYLDDSXEOLF GUHSWXULOHPLQRULW LORUHWQLFHUHOLJLRDVHVDXOLQgvistice. 3DFWXO LQWHUQDLRQDOFXSULYLUHOD GUHSWXULOH HFRQRPLFH VRFLDOHúL FXOWXUDOHSUHYHGHGUHSWXOODPXQFvPSUHXQFXWRDWHFHOHODOWHGUHSWXUL DIHUHQWH VDODULX HJDO UHPXQHUDLH HFKLWDELORGLKQFRQFHGLLSOWLWH DVRFLHUHVLQGLFDOJUHYVHFXULWDWHVRFLDOHWFGUHSWXOODHGXFD LHúL ODYLDFXOWXUDO ,PSRUWDQWH FRQYHQLL LQWHUQDLRQDOH FX SULYLUH OD SURWHFLD GUHSWXULORU IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH RPXOXL DX IRVW DGRSWDWH úL vQ FDGUX regional. 'H PHQLRQDW úL vPSUHMXUDUHD F DSURDSH vQ WRWDOLWDWHD lor FRQYHQLLOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH GLQ DFHVWGRPHQLXFXSULQGúL PHFDQLVPH GH WUDQVSXQHUH vQ SUDFWLF GH JDUDQWDUH úL VDQFLRQDUH vQ FD] GH QHUHVSHFWDUHDORUGHF WUHVWDWH Capitolul VII. Teritoriul vQGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOSXEOLF 1) Teritoriul de stat

TeritRULXOGHVWDWUHSUH]LQWVSDLXOJHRJUDILFvQOLPLWHOHFUXLDXQ VWDWvúLH[HUFLWVXYHUDQLWDWHD ([SUHVLDSROLWLF úLMXULGLFDOLPLWHORUWHULWRULDOHDOHVWDWHORUR 20

FRQVWLWXLHIURQWLHUDGHVWDWFDUHHVWHLQYLRODELO

Frontierele statelor sunt naturalHFkQGXUPHD]IRUPHOHGHUHOLHI úLFRQYHQLRQDOHFkQGVHWUDVHD] SULQOLQLLFDUHQXLQFRQWGHIRUPHOH de relief, ci de meridianele sau paralelele geografice. Frontierele pot fi terestre, fluviale sau maritime. )URQWLHUD GH VWDW VH VWDELOHúWH SULQ lege, în conformitate cu WUDWDWHOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH vQ FDGUXO D GRX RSHUDLXQL GHOLPLWDUHD úL demarcarea. 7HULWRULXO XQXL VWDW FXSULQGH VSDLXO WHUHVWUX VSDLXO DFYDWLF úL VSDLXODHULDQ 6SDLXOWHUHVWUXHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWGH]RQDGHXVFDWVSD LXODFYDtic HVWHFRPSXVGLQUkXULOHODFXULOHúLPULOHLQWHULRDUHGLQDSHOHPDULWLPH LQWHULRDUH úL PDUHD WHULWRULDOLDUVSDLXO DHULDQ UHSUH]LQWFRORDQDGH DHUGHGHDVXSUDFHORUODOWHGRX FRPSRQHQWH 2) 0DUHDWHULWRULDO 

0DUHDWHULWRULDO HVWHSRU LXQHDGHPDU e care se întinde de-a OXQJXOVSDLXOXLWHUHVWUXDOXQXLVWDW (DDUHGUHSWOLPLWLQWHULRDU OLQLDGHED]FDUHSRDWHILQRUPDO ODOLWRUDOXOI U VLQXR]LWLLGHQWLILFkQGX-se cu linia refluxului de-a lungul UPXOXL VDX GUHDSWFkQGXQHúWHSXQFWHOHH[WUHPHDOHIRUPDLXQLORU

de stânci sau insule strâns legate de uscat cu punctele cele mai DYDQVDWH DOH XQXL OLWRUDO VLQXRV LQFOX]kQG úL LQVWDODLLOH SRUWXDUH permanente. /LPLWDH[WHULRDU DPULLWHULWRULDOHRFRQVWLWXLHROLQLHSDUDOHOFX linia dHED]VLWXDWODPLOHPDULQHvQODUJ 6SHFLILF PULL WHULWRULDOH ID GH FHOHODOWH FRPSRQHQWH DOH WHULWRULXOXL GH VWDW HVWH F vQ DFHDVW ]RQ QDYHOH FRPHUFLDOH DOH VWDWHORUVWU LQHDXXQGUHSWGHWUHFHUHLQRIHQVLY $FHDVWDSUHVXSXQHF  navele reVSHFWLYHSRWQDYLJDOLEHUSULQPDUHDWHULWRULDODDOWXLVWDWFX 21

UHVSHFWDUHDOHJLORUúLUHJXODPHQWHORUVWDWXOXLUHVSHFWLYúLI U DVWDLRQD vQ]RQDELQkQGX-VHGHODRULFHDFWLYLW LFDUHDUIDFHFDWUHFHUHDV QX PDLILHLQRIHQVLY 3) Zonele maritime a VXSUD F URUD VWDWHOH H[HUFLW  XQHOH drepturi suverane

1HYRLOHGHVHFXULWDWHVDXGHDS UDUHDLQWHUHVHORUHFRQRPLFHDOH VWDWHORUULYHUDQHPULORUúLRFHDQHORUDXLPSXVvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDO UHFXQRDúWHUHD vQ IDYRDUHD DFHVWRU VWDWH D XQRU GUHSWXUL VXYHUDQe în

anumite zone situate dincolo de limitele frontierei lor maritime, în FRQWLQXDUHDPULLWHULWRULDOH $FHVWH ]RQH VXQW ]RQD FRQWLJX SODWRXO FRQWLQHQWDO úL ]RQD HFRQRPLFH[FOXVLY D=RQDFRQWLJX 

(VWHSRU LXQHDGHPDUHFDUHVHvQWLQGHSkQ ODRGLVWDQGH PLOHPDULQHGHODOLPLWDGHED]VSUHODUJvQFDUHVWDWXOULYHUDQH[HUFLW FRQWUROXO SHQWUX SUHYHQLUHD vQFOFULLOHJLORUúLUHJXODPHQWHORUVDOHGLQ GRPHQLLOHYDPDOILVFDOVDQLWDUúLDOUHJLPXOXLGHIURQWLHU  b) Platoul continental

EstH VROXO úL VXEVROXO VSDLLORU PDULWLPH FDUH VH vQWLQGH SkQOD OLPLWD H[WHULRDU DWDOX]XOXLFRQWLQHQWDOVDXSkQODRGLVWDQGH PLOH PDULQH DWXQFL FkQG WDOX]XO FRQWLQHQWDO QX DMXQJH OD DFHDVW GLVWDQ ÌQ DFHDVW ]RQ VWDWXO ULYHUDQ H[HUFLW GUHSWuri suverane de H[SORUDUHúLH[SORDWDUHDUHVXUVHORUVDOHQDWXUDOHGDUFXFRQGL LDFDSULQ DFHDVWD V QX VWkQMHQHDVF QDYLJDLD OLEHU  ú L V QX DGXF DWLQJHUL JUDYHUHVXUVHORUELRORJLFHDOHP ULL

22

F=RQDHFRQRPLF H[FOXVLY 

(VWHRSRU LXQHDPULLOLEHUHDGLDFHQW PULLWHULWRULDOHDXQXLVWDW FDUHVHvQWLQGHSHRGLVWDQ GHPLOHPDULQHGHODOLQLDGHED] D UPXOXL

ÌQDFHDVW]RQVWDWXOULYHUDQDUHGUHSWXULVXYHUDQHvQFHSULYHúWH H[SORUDUHD úL H[SORDWDUHD FRQVHUYDUHD úL JHVWLRQDUHD UHVXU selor QDWXUDOHELRORJLFHúLQHELRORJLFHDOHDSHORUP ULORUúLRFHDQHORU 4) 0DUHDOLEHU 

0DUHDOLEHU HVWHDFHDSDUWHDPULORUúLRFHDQHORUFDUHQX DSDU LQH PULL WHULWRULDOH VDX DSHORU LQWHULRDUH DOH XQXL VWDW úL DVXSUD FUHLDQXVHH[HUFLWVXYHUDQLWDWHDYUHXQXLVWDWILLQGGHVFKLVWXWXURU QDLXQLORU 5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOPULLOLEHUHHVWHJXYHUQDWGHSULQFLSLXOOLEHUWLL PULORU ÌQ PDUHD OLEHU  WRDWH VWDWHOH OXPLL LQGLIHUHQW GDFDXVDXQX LHúLUHODPDUHSRWV-úLH[HUFLWHXUPWRDUHOHOLEHUWLGHQDYLJDLHGH VXUYRO GH SHVFXLW GH D DúH]D FDEOXUL úL FRQGXFWH VXEPDULQH GH D FRQVWUXLLQVXOHDUWLILFLDOHúLDOWHLQVWDODLLGHDHIHFWXDFHUFHW ULúWLLQLILFH 6WDWHOHDXREOLJDLDGHDFRRSHUDvQDFHDVW]RQGHDRXWLOL]DvQ VFRSXUL H[FOXVLY SDúQLFH GH D SUHYHQL úL VDQFLRQD LQIUDFLXQLOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH úL GH D OXD PVXUL SHQWUX VHFXULWDWHD QDYLJDLHL úL DMXWRUDUHDQDYHORUúLHFKLSDMHORUDIODWHvQSHULFRO 5) =RQDLQWHUQD LRQDO DWHULWRULLORUVXEPDULQH

$FHDVW]RQFXSULQGHVROXOúLVXEVROXOIXQGXOXLPULORUúL RFHDQHORUGHDVXSUDF URUDVHDIOPDUHDOLEHU  =RQDDIRVWGHFODUDWSDWULPRQLXFRPXQDOXPDQLW LL5HVXUVHOH ]RQHL VXQW LQDOLHQDELOH GUHSWXULOH DVXSUD DFHVWRUD DSDU LQkQG vQWUHJLL RPHQLUL LDU H[SORUDUHD úL H[SORDWDUHD ORU WUHEXLH V VH IDF FX SDUWLFLSDUHDúLvQEHQHILFLXOWXWXURUVWDWHORUúLSRSRDUHORU1LFLXQVWDWQX 23

SRDWHVUHYHQGLFHVDXV H[HUFLWHVXYHUDQLWDWHDVDRULDQXPLWHGUHSWXUL VXYHUDQHDVXSUDYUHXQHLSU LD]RQHLVDXDVXSUDUHVXUVHORUVDOH 3ULQ &RQYHQLD DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL PULL GLQ  D IRVW FUHDW XQ PHFDQLVP LQWHUQDLRQDO SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD SUREOHPHORU SULYLQG DFHDVW ]RQFDUHFXSULQGHXUPWRDUHOHFRPSRQHQWH$XWRULWDWHD,QWHUQD LRQDO D WHULWRULLORU VXEPDULQH ,QWUHSULQGHUHD úL &DPHUD SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD

diferendelor. 6) 6WUkPWRULOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

6WUkPWRULOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHVXQWvQWLQGHULGHDSVLWXDWHvQWUH SRU LXQLGHXVFDWFDUHIRUPHD] WUHFHULvQJXVWHSHQWUXQDYLJD LH 'UHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOUHFXQRDúWHWXWXURUVWDWHORUXQGUHSWGHWUDQ]LW

prin strâPWRUL VLPLODU GUHSWXOXL GH WUHFHUH LQRIHQVLY SULQ PDUHD WHULWRULDOFXUHVSHFWDUHDVXYHUDQLW LLVWDWHORUSHWHULWRULXOF URUDVHDIO DFHVWH VWUkPWRUL 6WUkPWRULOH 0ULL 1HJUH VXQW FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH VWUkPWRULLQWHUQD LRQDOH 7) Canalele maritime intern D LRQDOH

&DQDOHOHVXQWF LGHQDYLJDLHDUWLILFLDOHFRQVWUXLWHSHQWUXDOHJD GRXPULVDXRFHDQHvQVFRSXOVFXUWULLUXWHORUGHQDYLJD LH ,PSRUWDQDSHFDUHFDQDOHOHPDULWLPHFRQVWUXLWHSHWHULWRULXOXQRU VWDWHRSUH]LQW SHQWUXQDYLJDLDLQWHUQDLRQDODI FXWFDXQHOHGLQWUH DFHVWHDVGREkQGHDVFXQVWDWXWLQWHUQDLRQDO ÌQHVHQVWDWXWXOMXULGLFDODFHVWRUFDQDOHFRQVDFU OLEHUWDWHDGH

trecere pentru toate categoriile de nave ale tuturor statelor atât în timp GHSDFHFkWúLvQWLPSGHU ]ERLSUHFXPúLGUHSWXOVWDWHORUULYHUDQHFD vQ DQXPLWH FRQGLLLV LPSXQ XQHOH UHVWULFLL SHQWUX DSUDUHD SURSULHL VHFXULWL 3ULQFLSDOHOHFDQDOHPDULWLPHLQWHUQDLRQDOHVXQW6XH]3DQDPDúL Kiel. 24

)OXYLLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH

)OXYLLOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH VXQW DSH FXUJWRDUH FDUH WUDYHUVHD]VDX VHSDU WHULWRULLOHDGRXVDXPDLPXOWHVWDWHúLVXQWQDYLJDELOHSkQOD YUVDUHDORUvQPDUH 5HJLPXO LQWHUQDLRQDO DO DFHVWRU IOXYLL VH UHIHU  vQ JHQHUDO OD QDYLJDLHvQSULYLQDFUHLDVHDSOLFSULQFLSLXOOLEHUW LLGHQDYLJDLH 3HIOXYLLOHLQWHUQDLRQDOHQDYHOHFRPHUFLDOHDOHWXWXURUVWDWHORUSRW QDYLJD OLEHU ILLQG LQWHU]LV FLUFXODLD QDYHORU GH U ]ERL DOH VWDWHORU

neriverane. 5HJLPXOMXULGLFDOQDYLJDLHLSH'XQUHHVWHvQSUH]HQWVWDELOLWSULQ &RQYHQLDGHODBelgrad din 1948. 9) Zonele cu regim juridic special

'UHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDODFRQVDFUDWH[LVWHQDSHJOREDXQRU]RQHFX

un regim juridic special. Acestea sunt, pe de o parte, zonele polare, $UFWLFDúL $QWDUFWLFDLDU SH GH DOWSDUWH]RQHOHGHPLOLWDUL]Dte, zonele QHXWUDOL]DWHúL]RQHOHGHQXFOHDUL]DWH 6SD  LXODHULDQ

)LHFDUHVWDWDUHVXYHUDQLWDWHGHSOLQ úLH[FOXVLYDVXSUDVSDLXOXL DWPRVIHULFVLWXDWGHDVXSUDWHULWRULXOXLV XFDUHFRQVWLWXLHVSDLXDHULDQ QDLRQDOÌQDFHVWVSD LXVHUHFXQRDúWHvQVOLEHUWDWHDWUDILFXOXLDHULDQ FDUHLPSOLFXQGUHSWGHWUHFHUHLQRIHQVLYDDHURQDYHORUFLYLOHDOHDOWRU VWDWH FDUH VH H[HUFLW vQV vQ FRQGLLL VWDELOLWH GH ILHFDUH VWDW FX UHVSHFWDUHDFRQYHQLLORULQWHUQDLRQDOHvQPDWHULH

Suveranitatea statulXL DVXSUD VSDLXOXL VX DHULDQ VH PDWHULDOL]HD]vQSULPXOUkQGSULQGUHSWXOV XGHDVWDELOLUHJLPXOMXULGLF GHVXUYRODVXSUDWHULWRULXOXLSURSULXDWkWSHQWUXDURQDYHOHQDLRQDOHFkW úLSHQWUXFHOHVWU LQH 25

6SDLXO DHULDQ VLWXDW GLQFRORGH OLPLWHOHMXULVGLFLHLQDLRQDOHHVWH GHVFKLVQDYLJDLHLDHULHQHDWXWXURUVWDWHORUHOFRQVWLWXLQGVSDLXODHULDQ LQWHUQDLRQDO &RODERUDUHD LQWHUQDLRQDO vQ GRPHQLXO QDYLJDLHL DHULHQH úL vQ VSHFLDODDYLDLHLFLYLOHHVWHGHRVHELWGHGH]YROWDWPDWHULDOL]kQGX -se în FRQYHQLL PXOWLODWHUDOH úL QXPHURDVH FRQYHQLL ELODWHUDOH FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW ILLQG &RQYHQLD UHIHULWRDUH OD QDYLJDLD FLYLO vQFKHLDW OD

Chicago în 1944. 3RWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO SHQWUX UHJOHPHQWDUHD ]ERUXULORU DHULHQHLQWHUQDLRQDOHDXIRVWVWDELOLWHOLEHUWLDOHDHUXOXLvQWUHFDUH SULYHVFOLEHUWLOHGHWUDILFOLEHUWDWHDGHVXUYROI U HVFDOúLOLEHUWDWHD GHHVFDOWHKQLFLDUFHOHODOWHVXQWOLEHUW LFRPHUFLDOHUHIHULWRDUHOD vPEDUFDUHDúLGHEDUFDUHDGHSDVDJHULPUIXULúLFRUHVSRQGHQ  ([HUFLWDUHDDFHVWRUOLEHUWLGHFWUHGLIHULWHFDWHJRULLGHDHURQDYH VH IDFH vQ ED]D XQRU FRQYHQLL ELODWHUDOH vQFKHLDWH vQWUH VWDWHOH interesate. 3HQWUX FRRUGRQDUHD UHJOHPHQWULORU úL D PVXULORU DGRSWDWH vQ acest domeniu tot la Chicago, vQ DFHODúL DQ V-D vQILLQDW 2UJDQL]DLD $YLDLHL&LYLOH,QWHUQD LRQDOH2$&, 6SD  LXOFRVPLFH[WUDDWPRVIHULF

,QWUDUHDvQVIHUDGHLQWHUHVDVWDWHORUDVSD LXOXLFRVPLFRGDWFX ODQVDUHDvQDSULPXOXLVDWHOLWDUWLILFLDODOS PkQWXOXLDGHWHU minat o YDVWDFLXQHGHUHJOHPHQWDUHDVWDWXWXOXLMXULGLFDODFHVWXLD 7UDWDWXOSULYLQGSULQFLSLLOHFDUHJXYHUQHD] DFWLYLWDWHDVWDWHORUvQ H[SORUDUHD úL XWLOL]DUHD VSDLXOXL DWPRVIHULF LQFOXVLY /XQD úL FHOHODOWH FRUSXUL FHUHúWL´ vQFKHLDW vQSUHFXP úLQXPHURDVH DOWH FRQYHQLL LQWHUQDLRQDOHXOWHULRDUHDXVWDELOLWSULQFLSLLOHúLUHJXOLOHFDUHJXYHUQHD]  DFWLYLWDWHDVWDWHORUvQVSDLXOFRVPLF

26

6SDLXO FRVPLF D IRVW GHFODUDW SDWULPRQLX FRPXQ DO vQWUHJLL XPDQLWL QLFL XQ VWDW QHILLQG vQGUHSWLWV-úL SURFODPH VXYHUDQLWDWHD DVXSUDDFHVWXLDV-ORFXSHVDXV -OIRORVHDVFvQPRGH[FOXVLY 6WDWHOH WUHEXLH V FRRSHUH]H vQ WRDWH SUREOHPHOH UHIHULWRDUH OD VSDLXO FRVPLF vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX SULQFLSLLOHGUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDOV IRORVHDVF DFHVW VSDLX vQ FRQGLLL GH HJDOLWDWH úL vQ VFRSXUL H[FOXVLY SDúQLFHvQEHQHILFLXOWXWXURU ULORUI U GLVFULPLQUL Capitolul VIII – 'UHSWXOGLSORPDWLFúLFRQVXODU

'UHSWXO GLSORPDWLF úL FRQVXODU FRQVWLWXLH XQ DQVDPEOX GH UHJOHPHQWUL SULYLQG GLIHULWH DVSHFWH DOH DFWLYLWLORU GLSORPDWLFH úL FRQVXODUH GHVI úXUDWH GH FWUH VWDWH SULQ RUJDQHOH ORU LQWHUQH úL H[WHULRDUHvQVFRSXOUHDOL] ULLSROLWLFLL ORUH[WHUQHúLDFRODERU ULLFXDOWH VWDWH vQ PRG LQGLYLGXDO VDX vQ FDGUXO XQRU FRQJUHVH úL FRQIHULQH LQWHUQDLRQDOHSUHFXPúLDORUJDQL]D LLORULQWHUQDLRQDOH 1RUPHOHGUHSWXOXLGLSORPDWLFúLFRQVXODUVXQWDVW]LFRGLILFDWHvQ FHDPDLPDUHSDUWHvQFDGUXODGRXFRQYHQLLLQWHUQDLRQDOHVHPQDWHOD

Viena – &RQYHQLD SULYLQG UHODLLOH GLSORPDWLFH  úL &RQYHQLa cu SULYLUHODUHOD LLOHFRQVXODUH 6WUXFWXULOH LQVWLWXLRQDOH FDUH UHSUH]LQW LQWHUHVHOH VWDWHORU vQ UHODLLOHLQWHUQDLRQDOHúLGHVI úRDU RDFWLYLWDWHGLSORPDWLFVXQWSRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO XUPWRDUHOH úHIXO VWDWXOXL JXYHUQXO SU imul PLQLVWUX 0LQLVWHUXO $IDFHULORU ([WHUQH úL vQ DQXPLWH OLPLWH FHOHODOWH ministere. $FWLYLWDWHD GLSORPDWLF vQ H[WHULRUXO ULL VH UHDOL]HD] G H FWUH misiunile diplomatice. 0LVLXQHDGLSORPDWLF 

Misiunile diplomatice pot fi permanente sau temporare. 27

Trimiterea sau primirea unei misiuni diplomatice permanente se IDFHvQED]DGUHSWXOXLGHOHJD LHDPEDVDGFDUHHVWHDFWLYWULPLWHUHD sau pasiv (primirea). 6WDWHOH KRWU VF GH FRPXQ DFRUG V VWDELOHDVF UHODLL GLSORPDWLFHVWDELOLQGWRWRGDW úLUDQJXOPLVLXQLLGLSORPDWLFH 5DQJXULOH PLVLXQLL GLSORPDWLFH VXQW DPEDVDG VDX OHJDLH GDU PLVLXQLOH GLSORPDWLFH SRW SXUWD úL DOWH GHQXPLUL QXQFLDWXU  RILFLX UHSUH]HQWDQHWF 5DQJXOúHIXOXLXQHLPLVLXQLGLSORPDWLFHHVWHvQUDSRUWGHUDQJXO misLXQLL DFHOD GH DPEDVDGRU WULPLV H[WUDRUGLQDU úL PLQLVWUX SOHQLSRWHQLDUvQVUFLQDWFXDIDFHUL $PEDVDGRULLúLWULPLúLLH[WUDRUGLQDULVHDFUHGLWHD]SHOkQJúHIXO VWDWXOXLLDUvQVUFLQDLLFXDIDFHULSHOkQJPLQLVWHUHOHDIDFHULORUH[WHUQH Misiunea GLSORPDWLF vQGHSOLQHúWH IXQFLL GH UHSUH]HQWDUH GH QHJRFLHUL GH SURWHMDUH D LQWHUHVHORU VWDWXOXL úL D FHWHQLORU VL GH REVHUYDUHúLLQIRUPDUHGHSURPRYDUHDUHOD LLORUFRQVXODU  Personalul misiunii diplomatice se împarte în 3 categorii: diplomatiFúLFRQVXODUWHKQLFúLDGPLQLVWUDWLYGHVHUYLFLX %XQDGHVI úXUDUHDDFWLYLWLLXQHLPLVLXQLGLSORPDWLFHDLPSXVFD PLVLXQHDvQVúLúLSHUVRQDOXOVX VEHQHILFLH]HGHXQHOHLPXQLWLúL privilegii. ,PXQLWDWHD GLSORPDWLF VH PDQLIHVW VXE GRX PDUL Dspecte: LQYLRODELOLWDWHDúLLPXQLWDWHDGHMXULVGLF LH ,QYLRODELOLWDWHDHVWHRPVXU GHRFURWLUHIDGHRULFHSUHVLXQLúL LQJHULQH GLQ SDUWHD DXWRULWLORU VWDWXOXL GH HD EHQHILFLLQG VHGLXO PLVLXQLLDUKLYHOHGLSORPDWLFHFRUHVSRQGHQ DGLSORPDWLFúL personalul diplomatic. ,PXQLWDWHDGHMXULVGLF LHSULYHúWHSHUVRQDOXOGLSORPDWLFúLvPEUDF  IRUPHFRQVDFUDWHSHQDO DGPLQLVWUDWLY FLYLOúLGHH[HFXWDUH

28

3ULYLOHJLLOHGLSORPDWLFHUHSUH]LQWDQXPLWHDYDQWDMHSHFDUHVWDWXO DFUHGLWDU OH DFRUG PLVLXQLL GLSORPDWLFH DFUHGLWDWH úL SHUVRQDOXOXL

acesteia. 0LVLXQHDGLSORPDWLFEHQHILFLD]GHGUHSWXOGHDDUERUDGUDSHOXO VWDWXOXLVXSHORFDOXODPEDVDGHLúLSHPLMORDFHOHGHWUDQVSRUWGHVFXWLUL GH LPSR]LWH úL WD[H SHQWUX WRDWH EXQXULOH úL DFWHOH RILFLDOH SH care le vQWRFPHúWH 3HUVRQDOXOGLSORPDWLFEHQHILFLD] GHVFXWLUHGHWD[HúLLPSR]LWH SHUVRQDOHúLSHQWUXEXQXULOHFH -LDSDU LQ 0LVLXQHDFRQVXODU 

$FWLYLWDWHD FRQVXODU HVWHvQGHSOLQLWGHFWUHFRQVXOLGHFDULHU  VDXGHFWUHFRQVXOLRQRULILFL 0LVLXQHDFRQVXODU SRDWHDYHDXQDGLQXUPWRDUHOHFODVHGXS

rangul consulului care o conduce: consulat general, consulat, YLFHFRQVXODWVDXDJHQ LHFRQVXODU  )XQFLLOH XQHL PLVLXQL FRQVXODUH VXQW XUPWRDUHOH SURWHMDUHD LQWHUHVHORU VWDWXOXL úL D FHWHnilor proprii, informarea, favorizarea UHODLLORU HOLEHUDUHD GH SDúDSRDUWH úL DFRUGDUHD GH YL]H GLSORPDWLFH DFWLYLWL GH QRWDU úL GH RILHU GH VWDUH FLYLO VDX GH UHSUH]HQWDUH vQ MXVWLLHLQVSHFWDUHDúLDMXWRUDUHDHFKLSDMHORUQDYHORUúLDHURQDYHORUHWF . 3ULYLOHJLLOH úL LPXQLWLOH FRQVXOLORU GDF QX VXQW WRWRGDW úL membri ai misiunii diplomatice, sunt relativ restrânse în raport cu cele DOHGLSORPDLORU &DSLWROXO,;7UDWDWXOLQWHUQD LRQDO

7UDWDWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO FRQVWLWXLH XQXO GLQ LQVWUXPHQWHOe principale DOH UHODLLORU LQWHUQDLRQDOH úL WRWRGDW SULQFLSDOXO L]YRU DO GUHSWXULORU úL REOLJDLLORUVWDWHORUvQFDGUXODFHVWRUUHODLL 29

&HOPDLLPSRUWDQWWUDWDWLQWHUQD LRQDOHVWH&DUWD218 7UDWDWHOHLQWHUQDLRQDOHSRDUWGLYHUVHGHQXPLULWUDWDWFRQYHQ LH DFRUG SDFW FDUW VWDWXW SURWRFRO DUDQMDPHQW HWF VWDWHOH SXWkQG UHFXUJH OD DFHD GHQXPLUH FDUH UHIOHFW PDL ELQH VHPQLILFDLD

documentului pe care îl încheie. 'H UHJXO XQ WUDWDW LQWHUQDLRQDO FXSULQGH XUPWRDUHOH  SU L preambulul, cupULQVXO GLVSR]LWLYXO SDUWHD ILQDO VHPQWXULOH úL anexele. 7UDWDWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOWUHEXLHVFXSULQGXQHOHHOHPHQWHGHIRQGvQ UDSRUW GH FDUH VH DSUHFLD] YDOLGLWDWHD VD MXULGLF HOHPHQWH FDUH FRQVWLWXLHFRQGL LLOHGHYDOLGLWDWHDWUDWDWXOXL ElementHOH GH IRQG VXQW HOHPHQWH HVHQLDOH úL HOHPHQWH accesorii. (OHPHQWHOHHVHQLDOHDOHXQXLWUDWDWVXQW a) 3U LOHODWUDWDWWUHEXLHVDLEFDSDFLWDWHDMXULGLFGHDvQFKHLD WUDWDWHGHFLVILHVXELHFWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDO b) 9RLQD SU LORU WUHEXLH V ILH OLEHU H[SULPDW 2ULFH DOWHUDUH D YRLQHL SU LORU OD vQFKHLHUHD WUDWDWXOXL FRQVWLWXLH YLFLX GH FRQVLPPkQW9LFLLOHGHFRQVLPPkQWVXQWGROXOFRUXSHUHD reprezentantului unui stat, constrângerea împotriva UHSUH]HQWDQWXOXL VWDWXOXL úL FRQVWUkQJHUHD vPSotriva statului vQVXúL&RQVWDWDUHD XQXLYLFLXGHFRQVLPPkQWSRDWHGXFHOD QXOLWDWHDWUDWDWHORU1XOLWDWHDHVWHUHODWLYvQFHSULYHúWHSULPHOH WUHLYLFLLGHFRQVLP PkQWúLDEVROXWvQFD]XOFHORUODOWHGRX c) 2ELHFWXO WUDWDWXOXL WUHEXLH V ILH OLFLW GHFi în conformitate cu SULQFLSLLOHúLQRUPHOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO d) 7UDWDWXOWUHEXLHVSURGXFHIHFWHMXULGLFHVILHJHQHUDWRUGH GUHSWXULúLREOLJDLLSHQWUXSU L

30

e) 7UDWDWXOV ILH JXYHUQDWGH QRUPHOHGUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDOV IDF SDUWH GLQ RUGLQHD MXULGLF LQWHUQDLRQDO úL QX GLQ FHD LQWHUQDVWDWHORU (OHPHQWHOHDFFHVRULLDOHWUDWDWXOXLVXQWWHUPHQXOúLFRQGL LDGH care depind intrarea în vigoare, respectarea unor clauze sau încetarea tratatului. ÌQFKHLHUHD XQXL WUDWDW LQWHUQDLRQDO FXSULQGH 3 faze: negocierea, VHPQDUHDúLH[SULPDUHDFRQVLP PkQWXOXLVWDWXOXLGHDILSDUWHODWUDWDW Negocierea tratatului este un proces laborios în care persoanele vPSXWHUQLFLWHVHSXQGHDFRUGDVXSUDWXWXURUSUREOHPHORUGHQHJRFLDWúL stabilesc textul tratatu OXL3URFHVXOGHQHJRFLHUHVHGHVI úRDU vQGRX HWDSHDFWHOHFXFDUDFWHUSUHOLPLQDUúLQHJRFLHUHDSURSULX]LV  6HPQDUHD WUDWDWXOXL VH IDFH GH FWUH RUJDQHOH vPSXWHUQLFLWH úL SRDWHDYHDXQDGLQVHPQLILFDLLYRLQDSU LORUGHDDFFHSWDFRQLQXWXO trataWXOXL úL D VH REOLJD V-l respecte, tratatul intrând în vigoare prin VHPQDUHD VD RUL QXPDL DXWHQWLILFDUHD WH[WXOXL WUDWDWXOXL GDF DFHVWD WUHEXLHVLQWUHvQYLJRDUHSULQWU -RSURFHGXU XOWHULRDU GHH[SULPDUHD FRQVLPPkQWXOXLVWDWXOXLGHDGHYHQLSDUWH la tratat. ([SULPDUHD FRQVLPPkQWXOXLVWDWXOXLGHDGHYHQLSDUWHODWUDWDW VH IDFH SULQ UHFXUJHUHD OD XQXO GLQ XUPWRDUHOH PLMORDFH MXULGLFH ratificarea, aderarea, acceptarea sau aprobarea tratatului. Statele care devin parte la un tratat multilateral RSRWIDFHSXUúL simplu, acceptându-OvQvQWUHJLPHRULSRWIRUPXODUH]HUYHVDXGHFODUD LL vQ OHJWXU  FX XQHOH SUHYHGHUL DOH DFHVWXLD 5H]HUYD DUH XQ FDUDFWHU MXULGLFH[FOX]kQGSUHYHGHUHDUHVSHFWLYGLQDQJDMDPHQWXOVWDWXOXLFDUH R IRUPXOHD] LDU GHFODUDLD H[SULP GRDU R DWLWXGLQH SROLWLF SUHYHGHUHDvQFDX] DQJDMkQGVWDWXOFHIRUPXOHD] GHFODUDLD 7UDWDWHOHELODWHUDOHGHUHJXO vQOLPELOHRILFLDOHDOHVWDWHORUS U LLDU cele multilaterale într-XQDVDXPDLPXOWHOLPELGHFLUFXOD LHXQLYHUVDO

31

TUDWDWHOH YDODELO vQFKHLDWH SURGXF HIHFWH vQWUH SU LOH OD WUDWDW $FHVWHHIHFWHVHH[SULPvQWUHLSULQFLSLLUHVSHFWDUHDFXEXQ FUHGLQD WUDWDWHORU QHUHWURDFWLYLWDWHD WUDWDWHORU úL HIHFWXO UHODWLY DO WUDWDWHORU QXPDL vQWUH SU LOH OD WUDWDW LDU ID GH WHU L GRDU FX FDUDFWHU GH H[FHSLHSHQWUXDQXPLWHFDWHJRULLGHWUDWDWH 3ULQ YRLQD SU LORU WUDWDWHOH SRW IL PRGLILFDWH GXS SURFHGXUL similare celor folosite la încheierea lor. ÌQFHWDUHD HIHFWHORU WUDWDWHORU DUH ORF GH UHJXO OD H[SLUDUHD termenXOXLSHQWUXFDUHDXIRVWvQFKHLDWH7UDWDWHOHSRWvQFHWDúLvQDLQWH GHH[SLUDUHDWHUPHQXOXLVDXvQOLSVDXQXLDVHPHQHDWHUPHQSULQYRLQD FRPXQDSU LORUGHQXQDUHDXQLODWHUDOYLRODUHDGLVSR]LLLORUWUDWDWXOXL GHFWUHXQDGLQSU LVXUYHQLUHDXQRU fapte sau evenimente ulterioare úLGDWRULWLPSRVLELOLWLLH[HFXWULLFODX]HORUWUDWDWXOXLvQFRQGLLLVWDELOLWH GHGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDO ,QWHUSUHWDUHD WUDWDWXOXL DGLF D IHOXOXL vQ FDUH WUHEXLH V ILH vQHOHVH FODX]HOH DFHVWXLD VH IDFH SH SDUFXUVXO DSOLFULL DWXQFL FkQG DSDU GLYHUJHQH GH RSLQLL vQWUH SU LOH FRQWUDFWDQWH ,QWHUSUHWDUHD DXWHQWLF D WUDWDWXOXL HVWH FHD DVXSUD FUHLD FRQYLQ SU LOH GDU SUHYHGHULOHXQRUWUDWDWHSRWILLQWHUSUHWDWHúLGHFWUHLQVWDQHOHMXGLFLDUH VDXGHFWUHSHUVRDQHFDOLILFDWHvQFDGUXOLQWHUSUHWULLGRFWULQDUH ,QWHUSUHWDUHDVHIDFHGXSUHJXOLPHWRGHúLSUHYHGHULFRQVDFUDWH GHGUHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDO &DSLWROXO;0LMORDFHOHGHVROX LRQDUHSDúQLF DGLIHUHQGHORU LQWHUQDLRQDOH

Diferendul inWHUQDLRQDO HVWH XQ GH]DFRUG DVXSUD XQHL SUREOHPH GHGUHSWVDXGHIDSWRRSR]LLHGHWH]HMXGLFLDUHVDXGHLQWHUHVHvQWUH state.

32

ÌQ UHODLLOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH PLMORDFHOH GH VROXLRQDUH D GLIHUHQGHORU DX IRVW ILH FHOH ED]DWH SH IRU  SH SUHVLXQL úL U ]ERDLH, fie cele cu FDUDFWHUSDúQLF 8QHOH PLMORDFH SDúQLFH DX DSUXW vQF GLQ DQWLFKLWDWH GDU IL]LRQRPLDORUMXULGLF PRGHUQDIRVWVWDELOLW SULQFRQYHQLLOHvQFKHLDWH OD&RQIHULQDGHSDFHGLQGHOD+DJD 0LMORDFHOHSDúQLFHGHVROXLRQDUHDXFXQRVFXWRODUJGH]YROWDUH úL DSOLFDUH VXE HJLGD 6RFLHWLL 1DLXQLORU GDU vQGHRVHEL GXS FRQVWLWXLUHD218úLFRQVDFUDUHDFDSULQFLSLXIXQGDPHQWDODOGUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDODOSULQFLSLXOXLQHUHFXUJHULLODIRU  &DUWD 218 SUHYHGH vQ DUW F WRL PHPEULL RUJDQL]DLHL YRU UH]ROYD GLIHUHQGHOH ORU LQWHUQDLRQDOH SULQ PLORDFH SDúQLFH vQ DúD IHO vQFkW SDFHD úL VHFXULWDWHD LQWHUQDLRQDO SUHFXP úL MXVWLLD VQXILH

puse în primejdie”. 5HFXUJHUHDODPLMORDFHOHSDúQLFHHVWHIDFXOWDWLY LDUVWDWHOHVXQW libere V DOHDJ SHQWUX VROXLRQDUHD GLIHUHQGHORU ORU RULFDUH GLQWUH PHWRGHvQUDSRUWGH FDUDFWHUXOGLIHUHQGXOXLúLGHID]DvQFDUHDFHVWHD VHDIO 0LMORDFHOH GH VROXLRQDUH SDúQLF D GLIHUHQGHORU SUHY]XWH GH &DUWVXQW a) mijloacele politico – GLSORPDWLFH I U  FDUDFWHU MXULVGLFLRQDO WUDWDWLYHOHQHJRFLHULOH EXQHOHRILFLLPHGLDLXQHDDQFKHWDúL concilierea; b) PLMORDFH FX FDUDFWHU MXULVGLFLRQDO DUELWUDMXO LQWHUQDLRQDO úL MXVWLLDLQWHUQDLRQDO c) PLMORDFH úL SURFHGXUL GH VROXLRQDUH vQ FDGUXO RUJDQL]DLLlor LQWHUQDLRQDOHFXYRFDLHXQLYHUVDOVDXUHJLRQDO 1)Mijloacele politico- GLSORPDWLFHI U FDUDFWHUMXULVGLF L RQDO

33

a) Tratativele (negocierile)

7UDWDWLYHOHFRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSDOD PHWRGGHVROXLRQDUHDRULFURU

diferende sau litigii dintre state prin tratative prevenindu-se ori rezolvându-VHFHOHPDLPXOWHGLIHUHQGHLQWHUQD LRQDOH 7UDWDWLYHOHFRQVWLWXLHPHWRGDFHDPDLSXLQvQFRUVHWDW GHGHWDOLL procedurale, caracterizându-VH SULQ VXSOHH RSHUDWLYLWDWH úL R PDUH HILFDFLWDWH vQ FXWDUHDGHVROXLLSULQWU -XQJUDGUHGXVGHIRUPDOLVPúL FDSDFLWDWHGHDGDSWDUHODGLYHUVLWDWHDVLWXDLLORUFRQIOLFWXDOHFDUHDSDUvQ SODQXOUHODLLORULQWHUQDLRQDOH ÌQ DFHODúL WLPS WUDWDWLYHOH FRQVWLWXLH VLQJXUD PHWRG FDUH VH GHVI úRDU vQvQWUHJLPHvQWUHSU LOHLPSOLFDWHSULQFRQIUXQWDUHDGLUHFW  DSR]LLHLSU LORUFDUHSRWDGRSWDRDWLWXGLQHPDLIOH[LELOúLSRWSVWUD VHFUHWXO GLVFXLLORU vQOWXUkQGX-VH PDL XúRU H[DJHU ULOH úL IDOVHOH VXVFHSWLELOLW LúLHYLGHQLLQGX-se mai pregnant punctele de acord între pU L b) Bunele oficii

0HWRGD FRQVW vQ DFLXQHD XQXL VWDW WHU  D XQHL RUJDQL]DLL LQWHUQDLRQDOH VDX D XQHL SHUVRQDOLWL LQIOXHQWH GH D FRQYLQJH VWDWHOH DIODWHvQGLIHUHQGVUH]ROYHQHvQHOHJHULOHGLQWUHHOHSHFDOHSDúQLF úL

de a pune în contact sau a restabili contactele între respectivele state. ÌQ FDGUXO PLVLXQLL VDOH GH EXQH RILFLL WHU XO ELQHYRLWRU DUH R FRQWULEXLH GLVFUHW HO QHSDUWLFLSkQG OD UH]ROYDUHD SURSULX ]LV D GLIHUHQGXOXL FL SURSXQkQG GRDU XQ WHUHQ GH vQHOHJHUH vQWUH VWDWHOH aflaWHvQGH]DFRUGSHQWUXDOHSXQHvQVLWXDLDVWUDWH]HGLUHFW ÌQ DFHVW VFRS WHU XO ELQHYRLWRU HIHFWXHD] XQHOH DFWLYLWL FXP VXQWDVLJXUDUHDFRQGLLLORUSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDGHFRPXQLFDLLúLFRQWDFWH H[SORUDUHD XQRU SRVLELOLWL úL GRPHQLL GH DFRUG LQIRUPDUHD XQHL SU L DVXSUD SXQFWHORU GH YHGHUH úL D FHULQHORU FHOHLODOWH WUDQVPLWHUHD GH PHVDMHSXQHUHDODGLVSR]L LHDXQRUIDFLOLWLGHRUGLQORJLVWLFHWF

34

F0HGLD  LXQHD

0HGLDLXQHDHVWHGHILQLW FDDFLXQHDXQXLVWDWDXQHLRUJDQL]DLL

internaLRQDOHVDXDXQHLSHUVRDQHRILFLDOHFDUHVHEXFXU GHUHSXWDLH úLGHSUHVWLJLXO LPSDU LDOLWLLGHDSDUWLFLSDvQPRGGLUHFWODWUDWDWLYHOH GLQWUHSU LúLGHDODFRQGXFHVSUHXQDFRUGSHED]DVROX LLORUSHFDUHOH SURSXQHHOvQVXúL 'HúL VH DVHDPQ FX EXQHOH RILFLL HVHQLDO SHQWUX PHGLDLXQH HVWH F WHU XO ELQHYRLWRU FRQWULEXLH HIHFWLY OD UH]ROYDUHD GLIHUHQGXOXL OXkQGSDUWHvQPRGSXEOLFúLRILFLDOODWUDWDWLYHOHGLQWUHS U LSHFDUHOH FRQGXFH SURSXQkQG SU LORU SURSULD VD FRQFHSLH úL VROXLL FRncrete asupra modului de rezolvare a diferendului. d) Ancheta

$QFKHWDHVWHPHWRGDGHVROXLRQDUHFDUHFRQVWvQFODULILFDUHDGH FWUHRFRPLVLHGHDQFKHWGHVHPQDWGHSU LOHDIODWHvQGLIHUHQGVDX GHRRUJDQL]DLHLQWHUQDLRQDODXQRUVLWXDLLGHIDSW controversate ce IRUPHD]RELHFWXOGLIHUHQGXOXL (VWH R PHWRG DX[LOLDU  FHORUODOWH FRQVWLWXLQG GH UHJXO R RSHUDLXQH SUHOLPLQDU  VROXLRQULL SULQ DOWH PHWRGH D IRQGXOXL SUREOHPHORUDVXSUDF URUDH[LVWXQGLIHUHQG e) Concilierea

Concilierea este metoda prin care un diferend este examinat de o FRPLVLHFRPSXVGLQSHUVRDQHSDUWLFXODUHQXPLWHVDXDJUHDWHGHSU L FDUHSURSXQHVROX LLGHvPSFDUH &RPLVLDGHFRQFLOLHUHFXSULQGHXQQXP ULPSDUGHPHPEULúLHVWH LQGHSHQGHQW IDGHSU LFXFDUH LQHvQVROHJWXU SHUPDQHQW (DSRDWHILSUHH[LVWHQW GLIHUHQGXOXLVDXFRQVWLWXLWDGKRF &RQFLOLHUHD VH UHDOL]HD] vQ GRX ID]H FHUFHWDUHD IDSWHORU úL IRUPXODUHDGHSURSXQHULGHFRQFLOLHUHDS U LORU

35

0LMORDFHOHFXFDUDFWHUMXULVGLFLRQDO

CarDFWHULVWLF DFHVWRU PLMORDFH HVWH F VH IRORVHVF QXPDL SHQWUX VROXLRQDUHD GLIHUHQGHORU FDUH SUHVXSXQ DSOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL QX úL D GLIHUHQGHORU FX FDUDFWHU SUHSRQGHUHQW SROLWLF LDU KRWUkULOH GDWH VXQW REOLJDWRULLSHQWUXS U LOHODGLIHUHQG a)Arbitrajul LQWHUQD LRQDO

$UELWUDMXO HVWHRPHWRGGHVROXLRQDUHvQFDGUXOFUHLDXQQXPU GH DUELWUL LPSDU LDOL DQDOL]HD] GLIHUHQGXO vQ FDGUXO XQHL SURFHGXUL FRQWHQFLRDVHSHED]DDSOLFULLUHJXOLORUFRQYHQLWHDQWHULRUGHSU LúLD GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO vQ DQVDPEOXO VX úL G R KRWUkUH FDUH HVWH REOLJDWRULHvQWHPHLXOFRQVLPPkQWXOXLSUHDODELODOS U LORU $FRUGXOSU LORUGHDDSHODODDUELWUDMVHPDWHULDOL]HD] vQWU -un act

numit compromis, în care se stabilesc obiectul concret al diferendului, FRPSRQHQDúLvQWLQGHUHDFRPSHWHQHL RUJDQXOXL DUELWUDO SULQFLSLLOHúL QRUPHOHGHGUHSWDSOLFDELOHúLSURFHGXUDGHOXFUX Tribunalul arbitral se compune dintr-XQ QXPU LPSDU GH PHPEUL GHVHPQDL VDX DJUHDL GH SU L úL HVWH FRQGXV GH XQ VXSUDDUELWUDU neutru. ArbitraUHDVHIDFHvQGRXID]HGLVWLQFWHVFULVúLRUDO +RWUkUHDWULEXQDOXOXLDUELWUDOHVWHGHILQLWLYúLH[HFXWRULH 3ULQFLSDOXORUJDQDUELWUDOLQWHUQDLRQDOHVWH&XUWHD3HUPDQHQWGH $UELWUDMGHOD+DJDvQILLQDWvQ E-XVWL L DLQWHUQD LRQDO 

JuVWLLD LQWHUQDLRQDO HVWH IRUPD MXGLFLDU  LQVWLWXLRQDOL]DW vQ FDGUXO FUHLD XQ FRUS GH MXGHFWRUL QXPLL DQWHULRU SH R SHULRDG GHWHUPLQDWDQDOL]HD]GLIHUHQGXOSRWULYLWXQHLSURFHGXULSUHVWDELOLWHSULQ VWDWXWXOWULEXQDOXOXLúLGRKRWUkUHFDUHHVWHREOLJDWRULHSHQWUXSU LOH aflate în diferend.

36

3ULPD LQVWDQ GH MXGHFDW LQWHUQDLRQDO GH SUHVWLJLX D IRVW &XUWHD 3HUPDQHQWGH-XVWLLH ,QWHUQDLRQDOFDUHDH[LVWDWvQWUHDQLL

1920-1945. ÌQ SUH]HQW SULQFLSDOD LQVWDQ LQWHUQDLRQDO HVWH &XUWHD InteUQDLRQDOGH-XVWLLHvQILLQDWRGDWFX218FDSULQFLSDORUJDQ judiciar al acesteia. 3) 3URFHGXULGHVROX LRQDUHSDúQLF DGLIHUHQGHORU LQWHUQDLRQDOHvQFDGUXO218úLDORUJDQL]D LLORU

regionale.

2UJDQL]DLLOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH vQ VSHFLDO FHOH FX IXQFLL SROLWLFH úL DWULEXLLvQPHQLQHUHDSFLLúLVHFXULWLLLQWHUQDLRQDOHDXSUHY]XWHvQ VWDWXWHOHORUGHIXQF LRQDUHúLXQHOHSURFHGXULSHQWUXUH]ROYDUHDSHFDOH SDúQLFDGLIHUHQGHORULQWHUQD LRQDOH $FLXQHDDFHVWRURUJDQL]DLLHVWHFRPSOHPHQWDU VDXVXEVLGLDU  VWDWHOH WUHEXLQG V DSHOH]H PDL vQWkL HOH vQVHOH OD PLMORDFHOH GH VROXLRQDUHSDúQLFSUHY]XWHGHGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDO ÌQ FDGUXO 218 DWULEXLLOH SULQFLSDOH vQ UH]ROYDUHD SUREOHPHORU FRQWURYHUVDWH vQWUH VWDWH úL DSODQDUHD FRQIOLFWHORU UHYLQ $GXQULL *HQHUDOH&RQVLOLXOXLGH6HFXULWDWHúL6HFUHWDUXOXLJHQHUDO 2UJDQL]DLLOH UHJLRQDOH SRW VROXLRQD GLIHUHQGHOH GLQ ]RQD ORU GH UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH I U  D DGXFH vQV DWLQJHUH UROXOXL úL DWULEXLLORU

organismelor O.N.U.în meQLQHUHDSFLLúLVHFXULWLLLQWHUQDLRQDOH &DSLWROXO;,)RORVLUHDOHJDO DIRU HLSRWULYLWGUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO

'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOFRQWHPSRUDQSHUPLWHFDvQP VXUDvQFDUH QXVHvQFDOFSULQFLSLXOQHUHFXUJHULLODIRU VWDWHOHLQGLYLGXDOGDUPDL DOHV FROHFWLY vQ FDGUXO 218úL DO FHORUODOWH RUJDQL]DLL GH VHFXULWDWH 37

LQWHUQDLRQDOVUHFXUJODDQXPLWHPLMORDFHGHFRQWUkQJHUHFRQVWkQG vQ SUHVLXQL VDX FKLDU vQ IRORVLUHD IRU HL DUPDWH SHQWUX VDQFLRQDUHD

stDWHORUFDUHvQFDOFRUGLQHDSROLWLF úLMXULGLFLQWHUQDLRQDO 0LMORDFHOHGHFRQWUkQJHUHvQUHODLLOHLQWHUQDLRQDOHVXQWJUXSDWHvQ GRXFDWHJRULL a) )U  IRORVLUHD IRU HL DUPDWH UHWRUVLXQHD UHSUHVDOLLOH HPEDUJRXOERLFRWXOUXSHUHDUHOD LLORUGLSORPDWLFHúLH[FOXGHUHD GH OD FRQIHULQHOH úL FRQJUHVHOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH VDX GLQ RUJDQL]DLLOHLQWHUQD LRQDOH b) &X IRORVLUHD IRU HL DUPDWH UHSUHVDOLLOH DUPDWH EORFDGD PDULWLPSDúQLFGHPRQVWUDLLOHFXIRU HOHDUPDWHúLRFXSDUHD PLOLWDU DWHULWRULXOXL DreptuOLQWHUQDLRQDOSHUPLWHGHDVHPHQHDFDIRU DDUPDWVILH IRORVLW FD XQ PLMORF GH XOWLP UHFXUV SHQWUX FRQWUDFDUDUHD VDX VDQFLRQDUHDDFWHORUGHDJUHVLXQH 6WDWHOHVXQWvQGUHSWLWHV-úLXWLOL]H]HIRU HOHORUDUPDWHvPSRWULYD DOWRUVWDWHFDUHvQFDOFJUDYOHJDOLWDWHDLQWHUQDLRQDOSHQWUXD-úLDSUD SURSULDLQWHJULWDWHWHULWRULDOLQGHSHQGHQDúLVXYHUDQLWDWHDDWXQFLFkQG VXQWYLFWLPHDOHXQRUDJUHVLXQLDUPDWHvQFDUHVHQVVXQWvQGUHSWLWHV DGRSWHvQSURSULXOWHULWRULXPVXULDGHFYDWHGHDSUDUHvQFGLQWLPSGH SDFH $FLXQHD vQ DFHVW VHQV D VWDWHORU VH ED]HD] SH GUHSWXO ORU OD DXWRDSUDUH LQGLYLGXDO VDX FROHFWLY SUHY]XW GH DUW DO &DUWHL O.N.U. &DUWD 218 SUHYHGH F XQD GLQ IXQFLLOH SULQFLSDOH DOH RUJDQL]DLHLXQLYHUVDOHHVWHPHQLQHUHDSFLLúLVHFXULWLLLQWHUQDLRQDOH ÌQYHGHUHDUHDOL]ULLDFHVWHLIXQFLL&DUWDFXSULQGHXQVLVWHPFRPSOH[GH SULQFLSLLúLPHFDQLVPHGHVDQF LRQDUHDDJUHVRUXOXLvQFROHFWLYGHF WUH VWDWHOH PHPEUH PHQLW D DVLJXUD UHVWDELOLUHD OHJDOLWLL LQWHUQDLRQale, vQOWXUDUHDDFWHORUGHDJUHVLXQHúLDXUPULORU DFHVWRUD UHSXQHUHD vQ GUHSWXULDFHOXLOH]DWúLSUHYHQLUHDXQRUQRLvQF OFUL 38

6LVWHPH VLPLODUH GH DVLJXUDUH D VHFXULWLL LQWHUQDLRQDOH IXQFLRQHD]úLvQSODQ]RQDOvQFDGUXORUJDQL]DLLORUUHJLRQD le. 5HFXQRDúWHUHDGUHSWXOXLODDXWRGHWHUPLQDUHDOSRSRDUHORUDGXVvQ SODQXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO OD OHJLWLPDUHD OXSWHL DUPDWH GXV GH SRSRDUHOH GHSHQGHQWH vPSRWULYD DVXSULWRULORU UHFXUJHUHD OD IRU D DUPHORUGHFWUHDFHVWHSRSRDUHvQFDGUkQGX -se în siWXDLLOHOHJLWLPHGH IRORVLUHDIRU HLDUPDWH &DSLWROXO;,,5VSXQGHUHDLQWHUQD LRQDO

5VSXQGHUHD LQWHUQDLRQDO HVWH LQVWLWXLD MXULGLF vQ YLUWXWHD FUHLDXQVWDWVDXXQDOWVXELHFWGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDOFDUHDFRPLVXQ DFW LOLFLW GXS GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO GDWRUHD] UHSDUDLL FHOXL OH]DW SULQ

acel act. 5VSXQGHUHDLQWHUQDLRQDOLDQDúWHUHGLQVYkUúLUHDXQXLDFWLOLFLW DGLFGLQYLRODUHDXQHLUHJXOLGHFRQGXLW LQWHUQDLRQDOVWDELOLWSULQWU un tratat ori în baza unei cutume, care atrage în mod necesar o VDQFLXQH 5VSXQGHUHD LQWHUQDLRQDO FODVLF HUD FRQFHSXW QXPDL vQ UDSRUWXULOH ELODWHUDOH GLQWUH VWDWH úL HUD WUDWDW vQ JHQHUDO FD R U VSXQGHUHGHGUHSWFLYLOED]DW SHFXOS ÌQGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOFRQWHPSRUDQU VSXQGQXQXPDLVWDWHOe, ci úLFHOHODOWHVXELHFWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDOUHFXQRVFXWH Într-R OXPH D LQWHUGHSHQGHQHORU FXP HVWH FHD GH DVW]L U VSXQGHUHDLQWHUQDLRQDOVHDQJDMHD]vQPXOWPDLPXOWHGRPHQLLDOH UHODLLORU LQWHUQDLRQDOH FDUH DX GREkQGLW GLPHQVLXQL XQLYHUVDOH, între FDUHFHODOGUHSWXULORURPXOXLDOGUHSWXOXLP ULLDOGUHSWXOXLDHULDQVDXDO GUHSWXOXL FRVPLF VDX vQ OHJWXU  FX DFWLYLWL FH GHSúHVF JUDQLHOH VWDWHORUúLVXQW VXVFHSWLELOH DSUH]HQWDULVFXUL PDULúLXQSHULFROVSRULW

39

pentru alte state sau penWUX PHGLXO vQFRQMXU WRU HQHUJLD QXFOHDU  industriile poluante, transportul anumitor produse etc.) ÌQ GUHSWXO FODVLF QX H[LVWD R U VSXQGHUH LQWHUQDLRQDO SHQWUX DFWHOHGHDJUHVLXQHLDUQXPUXOIDSWHORUSHQDOHFXFRQVHFLQHGHRVHELW de grave, care fac aVW]L RELHFWXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO SHQDO HUD redus. ÌQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO FRQWHPSRUDQ U VSXQGHUHD QX HVWH DQJDMDWQXPDLSHQWUXIDSWHOHSURGXFWRDUHGHSUHMXGLFLLLPHGLDWFLvQ SULPXO UkQGSHQWUX vQFOFDUHD QRUPHORU úL SULQFLSLLORU FRODERU ULLGLntre VWDWHSHQWUXOH]DUHDLQWHUHVHORUJHQHUDOHDOHFRPXQLW LLLQWHUQDLRQDOH 3HQWUXDVHDQJDMDU VSXQGHUHDLQWHUQD LRQDOHVWHVXILFLHQWVVH UHLQ vQ VDUFLQD XQXL VWDW VDX DOW VXELHFW GH GUHSW XQ DFW FRQWUDU GUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOFDUHSRDWHILRDFLXQHVDXRRPLVLXQHI U VVH IDFvQPRGREOLJDWRULXDSHOODFXOSvQWUXFkWDFWXOLOLFLWDDYXWORFúLQX SRDWHU PkQHI U FRQVHFLQHODQLYHOXOFRPXQLW LLLQWHUQDLRQDOH 6WDWXOU VSXQGHSHQWUXWRDWHDFWHOHVYkUúLWHvQFDGUXRILFLDOGH FWUHRUJDQHOH VDOHOHJLVODWLYHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVDXMXGHFWRUHúWLDFWHOH DFHVWRUDILLQGFRQVLGHUDWHFDDFWHDOHVWDWXOXLvQVXúL 'UHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO FRQWHPSRUDQ DGPLWH úL U VSXQGHUHD RELHFWLY ED]DW SH ULVF FKLDU GDF SUHMXGLFLXO SURGXV QX FRQVWLWXLH urmarea unui act ilicit, caz în care producerea prejudiciului este VXILFLHQW SHQWUX DQJDMDUHD U VSXQGHULL $FHDVW U VSXQGHUH HVWH FRQVDFUDWvQFkWHYDGRPHQLLSHQWUXSUHMXGLFLLOHFDX]DWHXQXLVWU LQGH FWUHIXQFLRQDULLFDUHDXDFLRQDWSULQGHS úLUHDFRPSHWHQHLORUSHQWUX GDXQHOH FDX]DWH SULQ ULVFXO QRUPDO GH YHFLQWDWH SHQWUX GDXQHOH SURGXVH SULQ XWLOL]DUHD SDúQLF D HQHUJLHL QXFOHDUH VDX SULQ SROXDUHD PULORU 5VSXQGHUHDLQWHUQDLRQDOSRDWHILvQOWXUDWGDFLQWHUYLQHXQD GLQXUPWRDUHOHFDX]HFRQVLPPkQWXOXQXLVWDWOXDUHDXQRUPVXULGH

40

FRQVWUkQJHUHDXWRUL]DWHGHGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOIRU DPDMRU VWDUHDGH QHFHVLWDWHOHJLWLPDDSUDUH )RUPHOHU VSXQGHULLLQWHUQDLRQDOHVXQWSROLWLFPRUDOPDWHULDO úLSHQDO Capitolul XIII. Dreptul LQWHUQD LRQDOXPDQLWDU

'UHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO XPDQLWDU HVWH DQVDPEOXO GH QRUPH MXULGLFH DSOLFDELOHvQSHULRDGDGHFRQIOLFWDUPDWFXFDUDFWHULQWHUQD LRQDOVDXI U  FDUDFWHULQWHUQDLRQDO 'UHSWXO XPDQLWDU PDL HVWH FXQRVFXW úL FD GUHSWXO FRQIOLFWHORU

armDWHLDUvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOFODVLFVHLQWLWXODOHJLOHúLRELFHLXULOH U ]ERLXOXL´ ÌQGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOXPDQLWDUVHGLVWLQJGRXPDULFDWHJRULLGH UHJOHPHQWUL - FHOH SULYLQG GUHSWXULOH úL REOLJDLLOH SU LORU EHOLJHUDQWH vQ GHVI úXUDUHD RSHUDLLORU PLOLWDUH SUHFXP úL FHOH SULQ FDUH VH VWDELOHVFOLPLWHOHvQFDUHVHSRWXWLOL]DPLMORDFHOHúLPHWRGHOHGH GXFHUHDU ]ERLXOXLGHQXPLWHúLGUHSWXOGHOD+DJD´ - FHOH SULYLQG SURWHFLD DQXPLWRU SHUVRDQH úL EXQXUL ID GH efectele distructive ale ducerLLDFLXQLORUGHOXSWGHQXPLWHúL ,,dreptul de la Geneva”. 3ULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHSUHFXPúLSULQFLSDOHOHUHJXOLDOHGUHSWXOXL SR]LWLYvQPDWHULHVXQWFXSULQVHvQ&RQYHQLDD,9-a de la Haga din 1907 UHIHULWRDUHODOHJLOHúLRELFHLXULOHU ]ERLXOXLWHUHVWUXvQFHOHFRQYHQ LL GH OD *HQHYD GLQ  SULYLQG SURWHFLD YLFWLPHORU U ]ERLXOXL FDUH VH UHIHU ODvPEXQWLUHDVRDUWHLU QLLORUúLEROQDYLORUGLQIRU HOHDUPDWHvQ FDPSDQLH,ODvPEXQWLUHDVRDUWHLU QLLORUEROQDYLORUúLQDXIUDJLD LORU fRU HORUDUPDWHPDULWLPH,,ODWUDWDPHQWXOSUL]RQLHULORUGHU ]ERL,,,úL ODSURWHFLDSHUVRDQHORUFLYLOHvQWLPSGHU ]ERL,9 41

7RDWHDFHVWHUHJOHPHQWULDXIRVWUHDILUPDWHOD*HQHYDvQ SULQ GRX SURWRFRDOH DGLLRQDOH FDUH VH UHIHU  OD SURWHFia victimelor FRQIOLFWHORU DUPDWH LQWHUQDLRQDOH , UHVSHFWLY DOH FRQIOLFWHORU DUPDWH I U FDUDFWHULQWHUQDLRQDO,, $OWH LQVWUXPHQWH MXULGLFH FRQYHQLRQDOH UHJOHPHQWHD] DVSHFWH

particulare ale dreptului conflictelor armate, în special în domeniul LQWHU]LFHULLVDXOLPLWULLIRORVLULLDQXPLWRUFDWHJRULLGHDUPHVDXPHWRGH GHOXSW 3UHYHGHULOHUHIHULWRDUHODVWDUHDGHU ]ERLVHUHIHU ODvQFHSHUHDúL FRQVHFLQHOH GHFODU ULL U ]ERLXOXL WHDWUXO GH U ]ERL RFXSDLD PLOLWDU  FDSWXUDGHU ]ERLvQFHWDUHDRVWLOLWLORUPLOLWDUHúLDU ]ERLXOXLODVWDWXWXO MXULGLFDOFRPEDWDQLORUDOVSLRQLORUúLDOPHUFHQDULORU 1XPHURDVHSUHYHGHULDOHFRQYHQLLORUGHGUHSWXPDQLWDUWUDWHD] SUREOHPHOHSULYLQGSURWHFLDSUL]RQLHULORUGHU ]ERLDU QLLORUEROQDYLlor úLQDXIUDJLDLORUDSRSXODLHL FLYLOH úLDSHUVRDQHORU FLYLOHSUHFXP úLD EXQXULORUFXFDUDFWHUFLYLOúLDEXQXULORUFXOWXUDOH ÌQED]DGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOXPDQLWDUHVWHOLPLWDW VDXLQWHU]LV XWLOL]DUHDXUPWRDUHORUPLMORDFHúLPHWRGHGHOXSW DUPHOHúLPHWRGHOH GHU ]ERL QHGLVFULPLQDWRULL DUPHOHúLPHWRGHOH GH U ]ERLFDUHSURGXF VXIHULQHLQXWLOHVXSHUIOXHPLMORDFHOHúLPHWRGHOHGHU ]ERLHFRORJLF 3ULQ FRQYHQLL VSHFLDOH DQXPLWH FDWHJRULL GH DUPH úL PHWRGH GH OXSWFDUHFRQWUDYLQSULQFLSiilor dreptului umanitar au fost interzise sau li s-a limitat folosirea. $VHPHQHDDUPHVXQWSURLHFWLOHOHGHPLFFDOLEUXJORDQHOHGXPGXP´ JD]HOH DVIL[LDQWH úL WR[LFH DUPHOH FKLPLFH DUPHOH ELRORJLFH EDFWHULRORJLFHRWU YXULOHúLDUPHOHRWU YLWHPLQHOHúLWRUSLOHOHLQFOXVLY FHOH DQWLSHUVRQDO FDSFDQHOH úL DOWH DVHPHQHD GLVSR]LWLYH DUPHOH FX laser, armele incendiare, proiectilele cu schije nelocalizabile, tehnicile de modificare a mediului în scopuri militare.

42

ÌQ FH SULYHúWH PHWRGHOH GH OXSW sunt interzise: perfidia, refuzul FUXULLúLWHURUL]DUHDSRSXODLHLFLYLOH &DSLWROXO;,9'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSHQDO 'UHSWXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSHQDOúLLQIUDF  LXQHDLQWHUQD LRQDO  'UHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SHQDO poate

fi definit ca un ansamblu de norme jXULGLFHFRQYHQLRQDOHVDXFXWXPLDUHVWDELOLWHVDXDFFHSWDWHGH VWDWHvQED]DFURUDHVWHRUJDQL]DWLQFULPLQDUHDúLUHSULPDUHDIDSWHORU antisociale prin care se aduce atingere unor interese fundamentale ale FRPXQLWLLLQWHUQDLRQDOH &RQYHQLLOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH GLQ DFHVW GRPHQLX FXSULQG GH UHJXO IDSWHOH FDUH VH LQFULPLQHD] DQJDMDPHQWXO VWDWHORU SU L GH D OH FRQVLGHUDFDLQIUDFLXQLJUDYHSULQOHJLVODLDORULQWHUQúLYDULDWHIRUPH GH FRRSHUDUH vQWUH VWDWH SHQWUX SULQGHUHD úL VDQFLRQDUHD SHQDO D iQIUDFWRULORU LQWHUQDLRQDOL (OH QX FXSULQG úL VDQFLXQLOH SHQDOH FRUHVSXQ]WRDUHI FkQGWULPLWHUHODOHJLVOD LDLQWHUQDVWDWHORUSU L FDUHWUHEXLHV VWDELOHDVFúLSHGHSVHOHDSOLFDELOHGHUHJXO FHOHFDUH sunt rezervate faptelor criminale. Infrac  LXQHDLQWHUQD LRQDO HVWHRIDSWFRQVWkQGGLQWU -RDFLXQH VDXRRPLVLXQHV YkUúLWFXYLQRYLHGHFWUHRSHUVRDQvQFDOLWDWHGH DJHQW DO VWDWXOXL VDX vQ QXPH úL LQWHUHV SURSULX SULQ FDUH VH vQFDOF GUHSWXULOH úL LQWHUHVHOH RFURWLWH GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO úL FDUH HVWH VDQFLRQDWSULQLQFULPLQDUHDVDGHF WUHGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDO Faptele penale care fac obiectul de reglementare al dreptului LQWHUQDLRQDOVXQWDWkWFHOHSULQFDUHVHDGXFDWLQJHULUHODLLORUSDúQLFH GLQWUH VWDWH SUHFXP úL GUHSWXU ilor fundamentale ale omului, cum sunt FULPHOH FRQWUD SFLL FULPHOH vPSRWULYD XPDQLWLLúLFULPHOHGHU ]ERL FkWúLFHOHSULQFDUHVXQWDIHFWDWHVDXWXOEXUDWHDOWHYDORULIXQGDPHQWDOH

43

SHQWUX VRFLHWDWHD XPDQ VDX DFWLYLWL LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX FRODERUDUHD LQWHUQDLRQDO /DED]DUHJOHPHQWULORUGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDOSHQDOVWDXFkWHYD

importante principii: - 5HSUHVLXQHDXQLYHUVDO - /HJDOLWDWHDLQFULPLQ ULL - 5VSXQGHUHDSHQDOLQGLYLGXDO - ,PSUHVFULSWLELOLWDWHD FULPHORU vPSRWULYD XPDQLWLL úL D FULPHORU de r]ERL - ,UHOHYDQDMXULGLFDVFX]HLvQGHSOLQLULLXQXLDFWGHVWDW - 2UGLQXOVXSHULRUXOXLQXvQO WXU U VSXQGHUHDSHQDO &ULPHOHFRQWUDSFLL

6DQFLRQDUHDFULPHORUFRQWUDSFLLDGHYHQLWQHFHVDU úLSRVLELO RGDWFXLQWHU]LFHUHDU ]ERLXOXLFDPLMORFGHVROXLRQDUHDGLIHUHQGHORU LQWHUQDLRQDOHúLFDLQVWUXPHQWDOSROLWLFLLQDLRQDOHDVWDWHORU &ULPHOH FRQWUD SFLL FRQVWLWXLH FHOH PDL JUDYH FULPH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO $FHVWHD VXQW DJUHVLXQHD DUPDW úL SURSDJDQGD vQ IDYRDUHDU ]ERLXOXL a) Agresiune DDUPDW 

Statutul Tribunalului de la Nürenberg considera drept crime contra SFLLFRQGXFHUHDSUHJWLUHDGHFODQúDUHDVDXSXUWDUHDXQXLU ]ERLGH DJUHVLXQH VDX D XQXL U ]ERL FX YLRODUHD WUDWDWHORU D JDUDQLLORU RUL D DFRUGXULORULQWHUQDLRQDOHFDúLSDUWiciparea la un plan concertat sau la XQFRPSORWSHQWUXV YkUúLUHDRULFUXLDGLQDFWHOHPHQ LRQDWH Printr-RUH]ROXLHD$GXQULL*HQHUDOHD218GLQV-a dat o GHILQLLHDDJUHVLXQLLSRWULYLWFUHLDIRORVLUHDIRU HLDUPDWHSULQYLRODUHD Cartei O.N.8GHFWUHXQVWDWFDUHDDFLRQDWSULPXOFRQVWLWXLHGRYDGD VXILFLHQWSULPDIDFLHDXQXLDFWGHDJUHVLXQH

44

)DSWXOGHDILDFLRQDWSULPXOSULQIRORVLUHDIRU HLDUPDWHFRQWUDU SULQFLSLLORU úL QRUPHORU FXSULQVH vQ &DUWD 218 HVWH R GRYDG D VYkUúLULL DJUHVLXQLL GH FWUH XQ VWDW GDU &RQVLOLXO GH 6HFXULWDWH DO 218SRDWH VVWDELOHDVFH[LVWHQDXQHLDJUHVLXQLúLvQOXPLQDDOWRU vPSUHMXU ULUHOHYDQWH ÌQ FXSULQVXOGHILQLLHLDJUHVLXQLL VXQW HQXPHUDWH SULQFLSDOHOH DFWH

de agresiune: - invadarea sau atacarHD WHULWRULXOXL XQXL VWDW GH FWUH IRU HOH DUPDWH DOH DOWXL VWDW VDX RULFH RFXSDLH PLOLWDU  FKLDU WHPSRUDU  UH]XOWkQG GLQWU -o asemenea invazie sau dintr-un DVHPHQHD DWDFSUHFXPúLRULFHDQH[DUH SULQIRORVLUHDIRU HLD WHULWRULXOXLVDXDXQHLSU LDWeritoriului altui stat; - ERPEDUGDUHDGHFWUHIRU HOHDUPDWHDOHXQXLVWDWDWHULWRULXOXL DOWXLVWDWVDXIRORVLUHDRULF URUDUPHGHFWUHXQVWDWvPSRWULYD teritoriului altui stat; - EORFDGD SRUWXULORU VDX D FRDVWHORU XQXL VWDW GH FWUH IRU HOH armate ale altui stat; - DWDFXOHIHFWXDWGHFWUHIRU HOHDUPDWHDOHXQXLVWDWvPSRWULYD IRU HORUDUPDWHDDOWXLVWDW - IRORVLUHD IRU HORU DUPDWH DOH XQXL VWDW FDUH VXQW VLWXDWH SH WHULWRULXODOWXLVWDWFXDFRUGXOVWDWXOXLJD]G FRQWUDUFRQGLLLORU stabilite prin acord VDXH[WLQGHUHDSUH]HQHLORUGXSH[SLUDUHD acordului; - IDSWD XQXL VWDW GH D DGPLWH FD WHULWRULXO VX V ILH XWLOL]DW GH FWUHDOWVWDWSHQWUXFRPLWHUHDXQXLDFWGHDJUHVLXQHvPSRWULYD XQXLVWDWWHU  - WULPLWHUHD GH FWUH XQ VWDW GH EDQGH RUL JUXSXUL vQDUPDWe, de IRU HQHUHJXODWHVDXGHPHUFHQDULFDUHVHGHGDXODDFWHJUDYH GHIRU DUPDWvPSRWULYDDOWXLVWDW 5H]ROXLDSULYLQGGHILQLUHDDJUHVLXQLLSUHYHGHF U ]ERLXOGH 45

DJUHVLXQHHVWHRFULP vPSRWULYDSFLLFDUHGQDúWHUHODU VSXQGHUH LQWHUQDLRQDO E3URSDJDQGDvQIDYRDUHDU ]ERLXOXL

1XPHURDVH GRFXPHQWH LQWHUQDLRQDOH VWDWXHD] F SURSDJDQGD SULQFDUHVHIDFHDSRORJLDU ]ERLXOXLVDXVHvQGHDPQ ODUHFXUJHUHDOD U ]ERLFRQVWLWXLHRFULPFRQWUDSFLL &ULPHOHvPSRWULYDXPDQLW  LL

CrimeOH vPSRWULYD XPDQLWLL VXQW GHILQLWH FD IDSWH JUDYH GH YLROHQFRPLVHSHVFDU ODUJGHFWUHLQGLYL]LILHFDFHúWLDVXQWVDX QXDJHQLDLVWDWXOXLvPSRWULYDDOWRULQGLYL]LvQWU -XQVFRSHVHQLDOPHQWH SROLWLFLGHRORJLFUDVLDOQDLRQDOHWQLFVDXUHligios. &DUDFWHULVWLFH SHQWUX FULPHOHvPSRWULYDXPDQLWLLVXQWJUDYLWDWHD GHRVHELWFDUDFWHUXOGHPDVúLPRELOXOVSHFLDODOV YkUúLULLFRQVWkQG într-RSROLWLFGHOLEHUDWvQED]DXQRUFULWHULL )DFSDUWHGLQFDWHJRULDFULPHORUvPSRWULYDXPDQLWLLXUPWRDUHOH IDSWH GDF DFHVWHD vQWUXQHVF FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH PHQLRQDWH DVDVLQDWXO H[WHUPLQDUHD DGXFHUHD vQ VFODYLH VDX REOLJDUHD OD PXQF IRU DW GH]HUWDUHD LQFOXVLY HSXUDUHD HWQLF H[SXO]ULOH IRU DWH RULFH DFWH LQXPDQH vPSRWULYD RULFUHL SRSXODLL FLYLOH SHUVHFXLLOH SHQWUX PRWLYH SROLWLFHUDVLDOHVDXUHOLJLRDVHSUDFWLFDVLVWHPDWLFDGLVSDULLLORUIRU DWH IRORVLUHD DUPHORU QXFOHDUH úL D DOWRU WLSXUL GH DUPH GH GLVWUXJHUH vQ PDVJHQRFLGXODSDUWKHLGXO &ULPHOHGHU ]ERL

&ULPHOHGHU ]ERLVXQWIDSWHSHQDOHJUDYHV YkUúLWHSHWLPSXOXQXL FRQIOLFWDUPDWSULQvQFOFDUHDUHJXOLORUGHGXFHUHDU ]ERLXOXLSUHY]XWH GHGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOXPDQLWDU 6XQWFULPHGHU ]ERLXUPWRDUHOHIDSWH

46

a) &ULPHOH vPSRWULYD SHUVRDQHORU úL EXQXULORU SURWHMDWH :

oPRUXULOH WRUWXUD úL UHOHOH WUDWDPHQWH DSOLFDWH SHUVRDQHORU HIHFWXDUHD GH H[SHULHQH ELRORJLFH úL PHGLFDOH DVXSUD SHUVRDQHORU OXDUHD GH RVWDWLFL GHSRUWDUHD SRSXODLHL FLYLOH GHLQHUHD LOHJDO D SHUVRDQHORU FLYLOH vQURODUHD IRU DW D persoanelor aflate în puterea inamicului; refuzul unui proces HFKLWDELO vQWkU]LHUHD QHMXVWLILFDW D UHSDWULHULL SUL]RQLHULORU GH U ]ERLúLDFLYLOLORUDSDUWKHLGXOúLDOWHSUDFWLFLLQXPDQHUDVLVWH aplicarea unor pedepse colective; jefuirea bunurilor publice sau private; producerea de distrugeri inutile; atingerile aduse bunurilor culturale; b) &ULPHOHVYkUúLWHSULQYLRODUHDUHJXOLORUGHvQWUHEXLQ  DUHD XQRUPLMORDFHúLPHWRGHGHOXSW :

atacurile dirijate împotriva FLYLOLORUDWDFXULOHI U GLVFULPLQDUHDWDFXULOHvPSRWULYDOXFU ULORU FDUHFRQLQIRU HSHULFXORDVHGLJXULEDUDMHFHQWUDOHQXFOHDUH DWDFXULOH vPSRWULYD ORFDOLWLORU QHDSUDWH VDX D ]RQHORU GHPLOLWDUL]DWH DWDFDUHD XQHL SHUVRDQH VFRDV GLQ OXSW XWLOL]DUHD SHUILG D VHPQHORU SURWHFWRDUH XWLOL]DUHD WHKQLFLORU de modificare a mediului; utilizarea anumitor tipuri de arme LQWH]LVHSULQFRQYHQ LLLQWHUQDLRQDOHVSHFLDOH  ,QIUDF  LXQL LQWHUQD LRQDOH FRPLVH GH F WUH SHUVRDQH

particulare

ÌQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH LQIUDFLXQL LQWHUQDLRQDOH LQWU  IDSWHOH

penale caUHGHUHJXOVXQWVYkUúLWHGHSHUVRDQHFDUHQXDXFDOLWDWHD GH DJHQLDLVWDWXOXLúLQXDFLRQHD]GLQvQVUFLQDUHD VDX vQ QXPHOH XQRUJXYHUQHFLvQQXPHúLLQWHUHVSURSULX )DSWHOH SHQDOH GH DFHDVW QDWXU  VXQW WHURULVPXO LQWHUQDLRQDO pirateria mariWLP GLVWUXJHUHD FDEOXULORU VXEPDULQH WUDILFXO LOLFLW GH

47

Drept International Public

Recommend Documents