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specifice recunoscute de comunitatea statelor ca fiind izvoare de drept. 3ULQ L]YRDUHOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO VH vQHOHJ DFHOH PLMORDFH juridice de H[SULPDUHDQRUPHORUGHFRQGXLW UH]XOWDWHGLQDFRUGXOGH YRLQ D GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VWDWH RUL DOWH VXELHFWH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO 2HQXPHUDUHRILFLDO DL]YRDUHORUGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOV-DI FXW SHQWUX SULPD RDU vQ 6WDWXWXO &XU LL 3HUPDQHQWH GH -XVWLLH ,QWHUQDLRQDO GLQ ILLQG DSRL SUHOXDW GH 6WDWXWXO &XU LL ,QWHUQDLRQDOHGH-XVWLLH Art.38DO6WDWXWXOXL&XU LL,QWHUQDLRQDOHGH-XVWLLHSUHYHGHFvQ VROXLRQDUHDFRQIRUP GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDODGLIHUHQGHORUFDUHvLVXQW supuse Curtea va aplica: a) FRQYHQLLOH LQWHUQDLRQDOH ILH JHQHUDWH ILH VSHFLDOH FDUH stabilesc reguli recunoscute în mod expres de statele aflate în litigiu; b) FXWXPD LQWHUQDLRQDO FD GRYDG D XQHL SUDFWLFL JHQHUDOH DFFHSWDWFDUHSUH]HQWkQGGUHSWXO c) principiile generDOHGHGUHSWUHFXQRVFXWHGHQD LXQLOHFLYLOL]DWH d) KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHúWL úL GRFWULQD VSHFLDOLúWLORU FHORU PDL FDOLILFDL vQ GUHSWXO SXEOLF DO GLIHULWHORU QDLXQL FD PLMORDFH auxiliare de determinare a regulilor de drept. 8
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precum úLOHJHDLQWHUQDVWDWHORU D7UDWDWXOLQWHUQD LRQDO . Tratatul este cel mai important izvor de GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO GDWRULW FODULWLL H[SULPULL QRUPHL MXULGLFH WHKQLFLL VRILVWLFDWHGHUHGDFWDUHúLIUHFYHQHLXWLOL]ULLVDOH 7UDWDWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOHVWHGHILQLWFDIRUPDH[SUHVGHPDQLIHVWDUH DDFRUGXOXLGHYRLQGLQWUHGRXVDXPDLPXOWHVWDWHRULDOWHVXELHFWH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO vQFKHLDW vQ IRUPVFULV úL JXYHUQDW GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDOFXVFRSXOGHDFUHDDPRGLILFDVDXDDEURJDQRUPHGH GUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDO E&XWXPD LQWHUQD LRQDO . Cutuma constituie un izvor nescris al GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO FHO PDL YHFKL vQ RUGLQHD LVWRULF úL FHO PDL IUHFYHQWvQSHULRDGDGHvQFHSXWDIRUPULLGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQDLRQDOSXEOLF Ulterior, în mare parte cutumele au fost încorporate în tratate, dar ele MRDFXQUROLPSRUWDQWúLvQGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOFRQWHPSRUDQ &XWXPDLQWHUQDLRQDOHVWHGHILQLWFDRSUDFWLF JHQHUDOUHODWLY vQGHOXQJDW úL XQLIRUP FRQVLGHUDW G H FWUH VWDWH FD H[SULPkQG R UHJXOGHFRQGXLWFXIRU MXULGLFREOLJDWRULH 2ULGHFkWHRULVHLQYRFRFXWXPH[LVWHQDúLFRQLQXWXODFHVWHLD WUHEXLH V ILH SUREDWH SULQ LQYRFDUHD GRFXPHQWHORU úL D SUDFWLFLORU UHOHYDQWHúLFRQYLQJWRDUH c)Principiile generale de drept sunt acele principii de drept care VXQWLGHQWLFHVDXQXGLIHU VXEVWDQLDOvQOHJLVODLDLQWHUQDGLIHULWHORU 9
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intrinseci ideii de drept. 3ULQFLSLLOH JHQHUDOH GH GUHSW QX WUHEXLH V ILH FRQIXQGDWH FX SULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDOHOHI FkQGSDUWHGLQ dreptul intern al statelor. G-XULVSUXGHQ DLQWHUQD LRQDO UHSUH]LQWSUDFWLFDLQVWDQHORUGH MXGHFDWDúDFXPDFHDVWDUH]XOWGLQKRWUkULOHGDWHGHDFHVWHDFDUH DX UHOHYDQ SHQWUX H[LVWHQD XQHL QRUPH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO 2 GHRVHELWLPSRUWDQSUH]LQWSHQWUXGUHSWXOLQWHUQDLRQDOKRWUkULOHGDWH GH &XUWHD ,QWHUQDLRQDO GH -XVWLLH GDU úL GH DOWH LQVWDQH judiciare LQWHUQDLRQDOHLDUXQHRULúLGHWULEXQDOHOHLQWHUQHDOHVWDWHORU H'RFWULQD GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO UHSUH]LQW RSLQLLOH IRUPXODWH GH VSHFLDOLúWLL FHL PDL FDOLILFDL vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH GDU úL GH IRUXULOH úWLLQLILFHLQWHUQDLRQDOHFXPDUIL,QVWLWXWXOGH'UHSW,QWHUQD LRQDOFDUH VH LPSXQ SULQ DQDOL] úWLLQLILF SURIXQG D RUGLQLL QRUPDWLYH LQWHUQDLRQDOHvQOXPLQDSULQFLSLLORUGHGUHSWúLDILQDOLW LLGUHSWXOXL I3ULQFLSLLOH HFKLW LL SRW IL LQYRFDWH vQ VROXLRQDUHD XQRU probleme internaLRQDOH vQ OLSVD XQRU L]YRDUH GH GUHSW FODVLFH VDX vQ VLWXDLD FkQG DSOLFDUHD XQRU SULQFLSLL GH GUHSW DU GXFH OD VROXLL inechitabile. 2. 3ULQFLSLLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHGUHSWXOXLLQWHUQD LRQDO
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RUJDQL]DLLOHLQWHUQDLRQDOHLQWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDOHúLPLúFULOHGHHOLEHrare QDLRQDO 1. Statele D6WDWHOHFDVXELHFWGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDO
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Statele sunt subiecte tipice, fundamentale, ale dreptului LQWHUQDLRQDO FRQVWLWXLQG HQWLWLOH SROLWLFR-juridice care au dreptul QHOLPLWDWGHDSDUWLFLSDODHODERUDUHDQRUPHORUGHGUHSWLQWHUQD LRQDO (OHVXQWvQDFHODúLWLPSVXELHFWHGHGUHSWLQWHUQDLRQDOXQLYHUVDOH singurele care au capacitatea de a-úL DVXPD WRWDOLWDWHD GUHSWXULORU úL REOLJDLLORUFXFDUDFWHULQWHUQDLRQDO 3HQWUX D IL VXELHFWH GH GUHSW LQWHUQDLRQDO VWDWHOH WUHEXLH V vQWUXQHDVFXUPWRDUHOHHOHPHQWH - RSRSXODLHSHUPDQHQW - un teritoriu determinat; - RDXWRULWDWHJXYHUQDPHQWDO - FDSDFLWDWHD GH D LQWUD vQ UHODLL FX DOte state, implicând suveranitatea. 'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDORUJDQL] ULLORUVWDWHOHSRWXQLWDUHVDX compuse. ([LVWPDLPXOWHWLSXULGHVWDWHFRPSXVHXQLXQHDSHUVRQDO XQLXQHDUHDOFRQIHGHUDLDIHGHUDLDúLDVRFLDLLOHGHVWDWH Dreptul intHUQDLRQDO D FXQRVFXW úL XQHOH IRUPH GH VWDWH GHSHQGHQWHWLSLFHILLQGYDVDOLWDWHDúLSURWHFWRUDWXO b) Neutralitatea statelor
'UHSWXO LQWHUQDLRQDO UHFXQRDúWH GUHSWXO VWDWHORU FD vQ DQXPLWH VLWXDLLV-úLGHFODUHQHXWUDOLWDWHD
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Neutralitatea statelor eVWHGHGRXIHOXULQHXWUDOLWDWHDFODVLF úL QHXWUDOLWDWHDSHUPDQHQW 1HXWUDOLWDWHDFODVLF HVWHVLWXDLDMXULGLFVSHFLDOvQFDUHVHDIO XQ VWDW FDUH vQ WLPSXO XQXL FRQIOLFW DUPDW LQWHUQDLRQDO QX LD SDUWH OD RVWLOLWL FRQWLQXkQG V vQWUHLQ UHODLi normale cu celelalte state, inclusiv cu cele beligerante. 6WDWXO QHXWUX DUH REOLJDLD GH D QX VSULMLQL YUHXQ VWDW DIODW vQ FRQIOLFW DWLWXGLQHD VD WUHEXLQG V VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H SULQ RELQHUH úL LPSDU LDOLWDWH LDU FHOHODOWH VWDWH WUHEXLH V-L UHFXQRDVF statutul de neutralitate. 1HXWUDOLWDWHD SHUPDQHQW HVWH VLWXDLD vQ FDUH XQ VWDW VH DQJDMHD] V U PkQ QHXWUX ID GH RULFH FRQIOLFWH DUPDWH FDUH DU LQWHUYHQLúLV GXFRSROLWLFJHQHUDOvQDFHVWVHQV ,QVWLWXLUHD QHXWUDOLWLL SHUPDQHQWH VH IDFH SULn acte interne ale VWDWXOXLFDUHvúLDVXPDFHVWVWDWXWXUPDWHGHDFWHGHUHFXQRDúWHUHúL JDUDQWDUH GLQ SDUWHD DOWRU VWDWH vQ VSHFLDO D PDULORU SXWHUL úL LPSOLF REOLJDLL DWkW GLQ SDUWHD VWDWXOXL SHUPDQHQW QHXWUX FkW úL GLQ SDUWHD celorlalte state. ExHPSOXOFODVLFGHVWDWSHUPDQHQWQHXWUXvOFRQVWLWXLH(OYH LD F5HFXQRDúWHUHDVWDWHORU
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Modificarea teritoriului de stat prin reunirea mai multor state întrXQXO VLQJXU SH FDOHD IX]LXQLL VDX D DEVRUELHL SULQ GH]PHPEUDUH úL 13
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de stânci sau insule strâns legate de uscat cu punctele cele mai DYDQVDWH DOH XQXL OLWRUDO VLQXRV LQFOX]kQG úL LQVWDODLLOH SRUWXDUH permanente. /LPLWDH[WHULRDU DPULLWHULWRULDOHRFRQVWLWXLHROLQLHSDUDOHOFX linia dHED]VLWXDWODPLOHPDULQHvQODUJ 6SHFLILF PULL WHULWRULDOH ID GH FHOHODOWH FRPSRQHQWH DOH WHULWRULXOXL GH VWDW HVWH F vQ DFHDVW ]RQ QDYHOH FRPHUFLDOH DOH VWDWHORUVWU LQHDXXQGUHSWGHWUHFHUHLQRIHQVLY $FHDVWDSUHVXSXQHF navele reVSHFWLYHSRWQDYLJDOLEHUSULQPDUHDWHULWRULDODDOWXLVWDWFX 21
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trecere pentru toate categoriile de nave ale tuturor statelor atât în timp GHSDFHFkWúLvQWLPSGHU ]ERLSUHFXPúLGUHSWXOVWDWHORUULYHUDQHFD vQ DQXPLWH FRQGLLLV LPSXQ XQHOH UHVWULFLL SHQWUX DSUDUHD SURSULHL VHFXULWL 3ULQFLSDOHOHFDQDOHPDULWLPHLQWHUQDLRQDOHVXQW6XH]3DQDPDúL Kiel. 24
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un regim juridic special. Acestea sunt, pe de o parte, zonele polare, $UFWLFDúL $QWDUFWLFDLDU SH GH DOWSDUWH]RQHOHGHPLOLWDUL]Dte, zonele QHXWUDOL]DWHúL]RQHOHGHQXFOHDUL]DWH 6SD LXODHULDQ
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Suveranitatea statulXL DVXSUD VSDLXOXL VX DHULDQ VH PDWHULDOL]HD]vQSULPXOUkQGSULQGUHSWXOV XGHDVWDELOLUHJLPXOMXULGLF GHVXUYRODVXSUDWHULWRULXOXLSURSULXDWkWSHQWUXDURQDYHOHQDLRQDOHFkW úLSHQWUXFHOHVWU LQH 25
6SDLXO DHULDQ VLWXDW GLQFRORGH OLPLWHOHMXULVGLFLHLQDLRQDOHHVWH GHVFKLVQDYLJDLHLDHULHQHDWXWXURUVWDWHORUHOFRQVWLWXLQGVSDLXODHULDQ LQWHUQDLRQDO &RODERUDUHD LQWHUQDLRQDO vQ GRPHQLXO QDYLJDLHL DHULHQH úL vQ VSHFLDODDYLDLHLFLYLOHHVWHGHRVHELWGHGH]YROWDWPDWHULDOL]kQGX -se în FRQYHQLL PXOWLODWHUDOH úL QXPHURDVH FRQYHQLL ELODWHUDOH FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW ILLQG &RQYHQLD UHIHULWRDUH OD QDYLJDLD FLYLO vQFKHLDW OD
Chicago în 1944. 3RWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQDLRQDO SHQWUX UHJOHPHQWDUHD ]ERUXULORU DHULHQHLQWHUQDLRQDOHDXIRVWVWDELOLWHOLEHUWLDOHDHUXOXLvQWUHFDUH SULYHVFOLEHUWLOHGHWUDILFOLEHUWDWHDGHVXUYROI U HVFDOúLOLEHUWDWHD GHHVFDOWHKQLFLDUFHOHODOWHVXQWOLEHUW LFRPHUFLDOHUHIHULWRDUHOD vPEDUFDUHDúLGHEDUFDUHDGHSDVDJHULPUIXULúLFRUHVSRQGHQ ([HUFLWDUHDDFHVWRUOLEHUWLGHFWUHGLIHULWHFDWHJRULLGHDHURQDYH VH IDFH vQ ED]D XQRU FRQYHQLL ELODWHUDOH vQFKHLDWH vQWUH VWDWHOH interesate. 3HQWUX FRRUGRQDUHD UHJOHPHQWULORU úL D PVXULORU DGRSWDWH vQ acest domeniu tot la Chicago, vQ DFHODúL DQ V-D vQILLQDW 2UJDQL]DLD $YLDLHL&LYLOH,QWHUQD LRQDOH2$&, 6SD LXOFRVPLFH[WUDDWPRVIHULF
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26
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Misiunile diplomatice pot fi permanente sau temporare. 27
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CrimeOH vPSRWULYD XPDQLWLL VXQW GHILQLWH FD IDSWH JUDYH GH YLROHQFRPLVHSHVFDU ODUJGHFWUHLQGLYL]LILHFDFHúWLDVXQWVDX QXDJHQLDLVWDWXOXLvPSRWULYDDOWRULQGLYL]LvQWU -XQVFRSHVHQLDOPHQWH SROLWLFLGHRORJLFUDVLDOQDLRQDOHWQLFVDXUHligios. &DUDFWHULVWLFH SHQWUX FULPHOHvPSRWULYDXPDQLWLLVXQWJUDYLWDWHD GHRVHELWFDUDFWHUXOGHPDVúLPRELOXOVSHFLDODOV YkUúLULLFRQVWkQG într-RSROLWLFGHOLEHUDWvQED]DXQRUFULWHULL )DFSDUWHGLQFDWHJRULDFULPHORUvPSRWULYDXPDQLWLLXUPWRDUHOH IDSWH GDF DFHVWHD vQWUXQHVF FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH PHQLRQDWH DVDVLQDWXO H[WHUPLQDUHD DGXFHUHD vQ VFODYLH VDX REOLJDUHD OD PXQF IRU DW GH]HUWDUHD LQFOXVLY HSXUDUHD HWQLF H[SXO]ULOH IRU DWH RULFH DFWH LQXPDQH vPSRWULYD RULFUHL SRSXODLL FLYLOH SHUVHFXLLOH SHQWUX PRWLYH SROLWLFHUDVLDOHVDXUHOLJLRDVHSUDFWLFDVLVWHPDWLFDGLVSDULLLORUIRU DWH IRORVLUHD DUPHORU QXFOHDUH úL D DOWRU WLSXUL GH DUPH GH GLVWUXJHUH vQ PDVJHQRFLGXODSDUWKHLGXO &ULPHOHGHU ]ERL
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a) &ULPHOH vPSRWULYD SHUVRDQHORU úL EXQXULORU SURWHMDWH :
oPRUXULOH WRUWXUD úL UHOHOH WUDWDPHQWH DSOLFDWH SHUVRDQHORU HIHFWXDUHD GH H[SHULHQH ELRORJLFH úL PHGLFDOH DVXSUD SHUVRDQHORU OXDUHD GH RVWDWLFL GHSRUWDUHD SRSXODLHL FLYLOH GHLQHUHD LOHJDO D SHUVRDQHORU FLYLOH vQURODUHD IRU DW D persoanelor aflate în puterea inamicului; refuzul unui proces HFKLWDELO vQWkU]LHUHD QHMXVWLILFDW D UHSDWULHULL SUL]RQLHULORU GH U ]ERLúLDFLYLOLORUDSDUWKHLGXOúLDOWHSUDFWLFLLQXPDQHUDVLVWH aplicarea unor pedepse colective; jefuirea bunurilor publice sau private; producerea de distrugeri inutile; atingerile aduse bunurilor culturale; b) &ULPHOHVYkUúLWHSULQYLRODUHDUHJXOLORUGHvQWUHEXLQ DUHD XQRUPLMORDFHúLPHWRGHGHOXSW :
atacurile dirijate împotriva FLYLOLORUDWDFXULOHI U GLVFULPLQDUHDWDFXULOHvPSRWULYDOXFU ULORU FDUHFRQLQIRU HSHULFXORDVHGLJXULEDUDMHFHQWUDOHQXFOHDUH DWDFXULOH vPSRWULYD ORFDOLWLORU QHDSUDWH VDX D ]RQHORU GHPLOLWDUL]DWH DWDFDUHD XQHL SHUVRDQH VFRDV GLQ OXSW XWLOL]DUHD SHUILG D VHPQHORU SURWHFWRDUH XWLOL]DUHD WHKQLFLORU de modificare a mediului; utilizarea anumitor tipuri de arme LQWH]LVHSULQFRQYHQ LLLQWHUQDLRQDOHVSHFLDOH ,QIUDF LXQL LQWHUQD LRQDOH FRPLVH GH F WUH SHUVRDQH
particulare
ÌQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH LQIUDFLXQL LQWHUQDLRQDOH LQWU IDSWHOH
penale caUHGHUHJXOVXQWVYkUúLWHGHSHUVRDQHFDUHQXDXFDOLWDWHD GH DJHQLDLVWDWXOXLúLQXDFLRQHD]GLQvQVUFLQDUHD VDX vQ QXPHOH XQRUJXYHUQHFLvQQXPHúLLQWHUHVSURSULX )DSWHOH SHQDOH GH DFHDVW QDWXU VXQW WHURULVPXO LQWHUQDLRQDO pirateria mariWLP GLVWUXJHUHD FDEOXULORU VXEPDULQH WUDILFXO LOLFLW GH
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