T\JXJ IDKXDFDSJHOJK IJSJFJM \DPHFJOT ODSDMJRJK IJSXJPJOJR OMTSTSKXJ BJFJI IDIHFHM \DKAE@JRJK RPJBHSHEKJF SJKAOJF \TRTKA BH BDSJ @FJXT ODCJIJRJK QJNJO OJ@T\JRDK IJFJKA BDKAJK IDKAATKJOJK \DKBDOJRJK SESHJF @TBJXJ
IJOJFJM
TKRTO IDIDKTMH RTAJS TNHJK JOMHP SDIDSRDP (TJS) IJRJ OTFHJM Seshe Jktrepefeah Odsdmjtjk yjka bh`hkj efdm @jpjo Pedsbhyjkte
Bhsusuk efdm > Tchjtuf Jbjwhyjm
:7<7:07:371: :7<7:07:371: (HOI @ 0<:7)
TKHWDPSHRJS KDADPH IJFJKA GJOTFRJS HFIT ODEFJMPJAJJK NTPTSJK HFIT ODSDMJRJK IJSXJPJOJR IDH 0<:1
:
BJGRJP HSH
MJFJIJK SJI\TF ......................................................................................... : BJGRJP HSH.........................................................................................................0 @J@ H \DKBJMTFTJK .................................................................................... 3 J. Fjtjr @dfjojka .......................................................................................... 3 @. Runujk \dkufhsjk ....................................................................................... 7 C. Puiusjk Ijsjfjm ..................................................................................... 7 @J@ HH \DI@JMJSJK ...................................................................................... 1 J. \dkadrthjk \jtjm Rufjka (Grjotur) bjk pdkae`jtjk tr jbhshekjf Sjkaojf \utuka .......................................................................................................... 1 :. \dkadrthjk \jtjm Rufjka (Grjotur) ............................................... 1 0. \dkadrthjk pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf Sjkaojf \utuka ...................... = @. Gjoter-Gjoter Xjka Idipdkajrumh \rdsdpsh Ijsyjrjojt Idihfhm \dkae`jtjk Rrjbhshekjf Sjkaojf \utuka .................................................... :< C. Jftdrkjthvd Sefush Idkadkjh Ijsjfjm \dkae`jtjk Rrjbhshekjf Sjkaojf \utuka Bdkajk \dkbdojtjk Seshjf @ubjyj ................................................ :: @J@ HHH \DKTRT\ ............................................................................................. :3 J. Odshipufjk ............................................................................................... :3 BJGRJP \TSRJOJ .......................................................................................... :4 @TORH \TSRJOJ .............................................................................................. :7
0
@J@ H \DKBJMTFTJK J. Fjtjr @dfjojka
Odsdmjtjk idrupjojk `jahjk pdkthka bjrh sujtu odmhbupjk, Bdrjnjt odsdmjtjk sdsderjka bhpdkajrumh efdm `d`drjpj gjoter, `jho gjoter hktdrkjf (bjfji bhrh ijkushj) ijupuk gjoter dostdrkjf (bh fujr bhrh ijkushj). Gjoter hktdrkjf idfhputh ghsho bjk pshohs, sdbjkaojk gjoter dostdrkjf idfhputh seshjf, `ubjyj ijsyjrjojt, fhkaoukajk ghsho, doekeih, pdkbhbhojk bjk sd`jajhkkyj. Idkurut @fui (:812) bjfji `uou Ketejtiebne (0<:<>:8-0<) \reiesh Odsdmjtjk Rderh bjk Jpfhojsh, sdcjrj ajrhs `dsjr gjoter-gjoter yjka idipdkajrumh
odsdmjtjk
yjhtu
fhkaoukajk
( Dkvhrekidkt ),
pdrhfjou
( @dmjvher ), pdfjyjkjk odsdmjtjk ( Mdjftm Sdrvhcds), bjk odturukjk ( Mdrdbhty). Bjrh `d`drjpj gjoter tdrsd`ut tdrbjpjt jbjkyj gjoter pdrhfjou. \dkajrum pdrhfjou tdrmjbjp stjtus odsdmjtjk, `jho odsdmjtjk hkbhvhbu, odfeipeo jtju ijsyjrjojt sjkajtfjm `dsjr. Sjfjm sjtu `dktuo pdrhfjou ijsyjrjojt tdrmjbjp odsdmjtjk yjhtu bjrh pdihfhmjk pdkae`jtjk tdrmjbjp sujtu pdkyjoht jtju ijsjfjm odsdmjtjkkyj bdih idipdrefdm odsdi`umjk. @dr`jajh ijcji pdkae`jtjk sdijohk `drodi`jka, `jho pdkaae`jtjk iebdrk ijupuk pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf. Idkurut TT PH Ke. 37 tjmuk 0<<8 tdktjka odsdmjtjk, pdfjyjkjk odsdmjtjk trjbhshekjf idrupjojk pdkae`jtjk bjk/jtju pdrjwjtjk bdkajk cjrj bjk e`jt yjka idkajcu pjbj pdkajfjijk bjk odtdrjiphfjk turuk tdiuruk sdcjrj diphrhs yjka bjpjt bhpdrtjkaaukanjwj`ojk bjk bhtdrjpojk sdsujh bdkajk kerij yjka `drfjou bh ijsyjrjojt. Sjipjh sjjt hkh pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf ijshm sjkajt bhihkjth efdm sd`jahjk ijsyjrjojt, sdhrhka bdkajk thi`ufkkyj `dr`jajh ijcji pdkyjoht, ijsjfjm odsdmjtjk bjk thkaojt odsdnjmtdrjjk yjka rdkbjm. Bjrh `dr`jajh ijcji pdkyjoht bjk ijsjfjm odsdmjtjk, pdkaae`jtjk trjbhshekjf tdrsd`ut bjpjt idknjbh phfhmjk odbuj sdtdfjm pdkaae`jtjk idbho jtju `jmojk iukaohk sd`jajh phfhmjk utjij bjfji idkydfdsjhojk ijsjfjm odsdmjtjk.
3
\drhfjou Ijsyjrjojt bjfji idihfhm pdkae`jtjk pjbj bjsjrkyj bhfjkbjsh efdm 2 mjf yjokh bjyj tjrho, pdkadtjmujk, odpdrcjyjjk, bjk odiubjmjk. Sdpdrth yjka tdfjm bhruiusojk efdm N, Xeuka (:8=<) bjfji `uou Iuzjmji (0<:2>14) idi`ujt iebdf pdrhfjou tdktjka ‖phfhmjk `dre`jt’, bhijkj jbjptj sh fhktjs `ubjyj yjka tdrbjpjt bjfji iebdf odpdrcjyjjk odsdmjtjk (mdjftm `dfhdg iebdf ) bhaukjojk uktuo idkndfjsojk pdkaji`hfjk odputusjk tdktjka pdkae`jtjk. Puiusjk Xeuka idfhputh 2 uksur utjij, yjhtu> :. Bjyj tjrho (arjvhty), thkaojt odpjrjmjk yjka bhrjsjojk efdm odfeipeo rdvdrdksh hkbhvhbu (jkajpjk `jmwj mjf htu jbj sd`dfui njtum sjoht, yjokh odsjijjk pdkbjpjt bjfji odfeipeo tdktjka `drjt rhkajkkyj thkaojt odpjrjmjk bjrh `dr`jajh pdkyjoht). 0. \dkadtjmujk tdktjka cjrj-cjrj pdkydi`umjk pepufjr (meid rdidby), yjka `drsui`dr pjbj runuojk jwji (yjhtu nhoj cjrj pdkae`jtjk thbjo bhodtjmuh, jtju sdtdfjm bhce`j tdrkyjtj thbjo dgdothg, ijoj hkbhvhbu jojk `drjfhm pjbj shstdi runuojk pregdshekjf). 3. Odpdrcjyjjk (Gjhtm), jtju thkaojt odpdrcjyjjk tdrmjbjp od`drmjshfjk bjrh `dr`jajh phfhmjk pdkae`jtjk (tdrutjij bjrh pdkydi`umjk trjbhshekjf). 2. Odiubjmjk (jccdssh`hfhty), idfhputh `hjyj bjk tdrsdbhjkyj gjshfhtjs pdfjyjkjk odsdmjtjk. Bjrh pdkndfjsjk Xeuka bhjtjs tdktjka 2 uksur utjij iebdf pdrhfjou ‖phfhmjk `dre`jt’, iebdf tdrsd`ut sdnjfjk bdkajk @d`drjpj gjoter yjka idipdkajrumh ijsyjrjojt bjfji idihfhm pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf sd`jajh upjyj ourjthg bjfji idkydfdsjhojk ijsjfjm odsdmjtjkkyj bhjktjrjkkyj ijshm jbjkyj pefj phohr shkorhthsid, odthbjopujsjk bdkajk pdfjyjkjk idbhs, bjk odtdr`jtjsjk doekeih. Sdfjhk htu sd`jahjk ijsyjrjojt ijshm idkajkaajp `jmwj pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf idihfhoh prdsdktjsd odsdi`umjk yjka fd`hm `dsjr bjrh pjbj pdkaae`jtjk idbhs yjka bhfjouojk efdm beotdr. \dijmjijk (pefj phohr) sd`jahjk ijsyjrjojt tdrmjbjp pdkaae`jtjk trjbhshekjf bhpdkajrumh efdm odpdrcjyjjk yjka sufht bhtdrhij sdcjrj feahoj. \dijmjijk hkh bhomjwjthrojk jojk idi`jwj pdkajrum kdajthg tdrmjbjp odsdmjtjkkyj jpj`hfj thbjo bhhi`jkah bdkajk pdkadtjmujk iebdrk. Jpjfjah
2
odsjfjmjk bjfji idkjgshrojk pdkyjoht yjka bhbdrhtj pjshdk, yjka mjkyj bhbjsjrojk pdkadtjmujk trjbhshekjf bjk odpdrcjyjjk, jojk `drjoh`jt gjtjf `jah odsdmjtjk
bjk
odsdfjijtjk
pjshdk.
Sd`jahjk
ijsyjrjojt
uiuikyj
`drjkaajpjk `jmwj pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf fd`hm iurjm bjk fd`hm iunjrj` bh`jkbhka bdkajk pdkae`jtjk idbho, hkh bjpjt bhfhmjt bjrh sdijohk idknjiurkyj pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf yjka jbj bh ijsyjrjojt omususkyj bh bjdrjm pdbdsjjk. Sjfjm sjtu `dktuo pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf yjka bhihkjth sd`jahjk ijsyjrjojt yjhtu pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf sjkaojf putuka. Sjkaojf putuka sd`jajh pdkae`jtjk pjtjm tufjka (grjotur) bdkajk cjrj idkausjmjojk rdpeshsh bdkajk idkaurut bjk ghosjsh bdkajk ojrtek bjk ojyu. Sjkaojf putuka idrupjojk sujtu pdkae`jtjk pjtjm tufjka efdm buouk pjtjm tufjka yjka bhjkaajp idihfhoh odoujtjk suprjkjturjf bdkajk cjrj idkaurut bdkajk idkaukjojk ihkyjo, idi`drh bej bjk idi`drh e`jt (njiu jtju rjiujkrjiujk). @hjsjkyj ijsyjrjojt yjka `dre`jt od buouk sjkaojf putuka ojrdkj jfjsjkkyj `hjyj pdkae`jtjk bjk epdrjsh ertmepjdbh/tufjka yjka rdfjthg ijmjf, sdfjhk htu nuaj bhsd`j`ojk ojrdkj ihkhikyj pdkadtjmujk ijsyjrjojt idkadkjh hfiu idbhs bjk `hkauka idkadkjh fjkaojm jtju phfhmjk yjka tdpjt uktuo idkae`jth pjtjm tufjka. \jbj bjsjrkkyj pdkae`jtjk yjka bhfjouojk buouk sjkaojf putuka puk idkahouth prhkshp pdkae`jtjk pjtjm tufjka sdcjrj odbeotdrjk, yjhtu idkadi`jfhojk peshsh tufjka yjka pjtjm od peshsh sdiufj sd`dfui hj idkajfjih pjtjm/rdpeshsh, sdtdfjm peshsh subjm pjs sdpdrth sdiufj fjfu idipdrtjmjkojkkyj sjipjh sdi`um/hiie`hfhsjsh (bh`ujt thbjo `dradrjo) jajr tufjka tdrsd`ut bjpjt tdrsji`uka bdkajk peshsh yjka `dkjr. Pdpeshsh bjk hiie`hfhsjsh hkh bjpjt bhfjouojk bdkajk cjrj epdrjsh/pjsjka pdk ijupuk thbjo epdrjsh/pdijsjkajk ahps. Kjiuk thbjo sdiuj buouk sjkaojf putuka idihfhoh pdfjthmjk omusus (oeipdtdksh) yjka idijbjh uktuo idfjouojk pdkjkajkjk tdrmjbjp pjshdk pjtjm tufjka (grjotur). Od`jkyjojk mjkyj `dr`dojf hfiu turuk tdiuruk yjka bhbjpjt bjrh kdkdo ieyjka. Mjf hkh nuaj bhbuouka bdkajk tjkpj jbjkkyj hzhk prjotdo bjrh pdidrhktjm.
4
@. Runujk \dkufhsjk
@drbjsjrojk urjhjk fjtjr `dfjojka ijsjfjm bhjtjs, ijoj tunujk pdkufhs bjfji idkufhs ijojfjm hkh jbjfjm> :. Tktuo idkadtjmuh pdkadrthjk bjrh pjtjm tufjka (grjotur). 0. Tktuo idkadtjmuh pdkadrthjk bjrh pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf sjkaojf putuka. 3. Tktuo idkadtjmuh gjoter-gjoter yjka idipdkajrumh prdsdpsh ijsyjrjojt bjfji idihfhm pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf sjkaojf putuka. 2. Idi`drhojk jftdrkjthvd sefush idkadkjh ijsjfjm pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf sjkaojf putuka bdkajk pdkbdojtjk seshjf `ubjyj. C. Puiusjk Ijsjfjm
@drbjsjrojk fjtjr `dfjojka ijsjfjm yjka tdfjm bhurjhojk bhjtjs, ijoj pdrijsjfjmjk yjka jojk bh `jmjs bjfji pdkdfhthjk hkh jbjfjm> :. Jpj yjka bhijosub bdkajk pjtjm tufjka ( grjotur )5 0. Jpj yjka bhijosub bdkajk pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf sjkaojf putuka5 3. Jpj sjnj gjoter-gjoter yjka idipdkajrumh prdsdpsh ijsyjrjojt bjfji idihfhm pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf sjkaojf putuka5 2. @jajhijkj jftdrkjthvd sefush idkadkjh ijsjfjm pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf sjkaojf putuka bdkajk pdkbdojtjk seshjf `ubjyj5
7
@J@ HH \DI@JMJSJK J. \dkadrthjk \jtjm Rufjka (G rjotur) bjk pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf Sjkaojf \utuka :. \dkadrthjk \jtjm Rufjka
Rufjka jbjfjm sjfjm sjtu `jahjk tu`um ijkushj yjka pjfhka pdkthka. Gukash tufjka sdkbhrh jbjfjm sd`jajh odrjkaoj, pdkepjka tu`um ijkushj bjk tdipjt idfdojtkyj etet, sdmhkaaj tu`um bjpjt `dradrjo ijoshijf. Rhbjo mjkyj htu, `d`drjpj `jahjk tufjka nuaj idihfhoh gukash uktuo idfhkbukah erajk fjhk bhbjfji tu`um. Sdpdrth tufjka tdkaoerjo yjka `drgukash idfhkbukah etjo bjrh `dr`jajh ijcji `dkturjk bjrh fujr, susukjk tufjka rusuo yjka `drgukash uktuo idfhkbukah pjru-pjru, njktuka bjk sd`jajhkyj. Htufjm yjka idknjbhojk gukash tufjka idknjbh sjkajt vhtjf jpj`hfj tdrnjbh odrusjojk pjbj tufjka htu sdkbhrh. Idkurut Rrheke bjk Iurhkte (0<:4>:::4) pjtjm tufjka ( Grjotur ) jbjfjm odjbjjk bhijkj tufjka idkajfjih rdtjo jtju pjtjm. Ojrdkj fdtjo tufjka yjka `drjbj bhbjfji tu`um, ijoj pdrfu bhfjouojk pdietrdtjk bdkajk shkjr-] uktuo idfhmjt oekbhsh tufjka. @jbjk odsdmjtjk bukhj (QME) idkcjtjt tjmuk 0<<8 tdrbjpjt fd`hm bjrh 1 nutj erjka idkhkaajf bhojrdkjojk hkshbdk odcdfjojjk bjk sdohtjr 0 nutj erjka idkajfjih odcjcjtjk ghsho. Sjfjm sjtu hkshbdk odcdfjojjk yjka cuoup thkaah yjokh hkshbdk grjotur omususkyj dostrdihtjs jtjs bjk `jwjm bhpdrohrjojk nuifjmkyj sdohtjr 27,0% bjrh hkshbdk odcdfjojjk yjka tdrnjbh, bhijkj sd`jahjk `dsjr oer`jkkyj jbjfjm rdijnj jtju bdwjsj iubj. (Bdpods PH, 0<<8). @drbjsjrojk mjshf Phsdt Odsdmjtjk Bjsjr (PHSODSBJS) efdm @jbjk \dkdfhthjk bjk \dkadi`jkajk Bdpods PH tjmuk 0<<1 bh Hkbekdshj tdrnjbh ojsus grjotur yjka bhsd`j`ojk efdm cdbdrj jktjrj fjhk ojrdkj njtum, odcdfjojjk fjfu fhktjs bjk trjuij `dkbj tjnji/tuipuf. \drsdktjsd kjshekjf 3 pdkyd`j` cdbdrj tdr`jkyjo jbjfjm njtum (4=,<%), odcdfjojjk trjkspertjsh bjrjt (04,8%) bjk tdrfuoj `dkbj tjnji (0<,7%). Bjrh bjtj bhjtjs bjpjt bhshipufojk `jmwj presdktjsd tdr`dsjr pdkyd`j` grjotur jbjfjm bhojrdkjojk njtum bjk hkshbdk
1
odcdfjojjk. efdm sd`j` htu, pdkadtjmujk pdkbdrhtj tdktjka pdkjkajkjk yjka tdpjt sjkajt `drpdkajrum tdrmjbjp odsdi`umjkkyj. \dkadtjmujk pdkbdrhtj pjtjm tufjka tdktjka pdkydi`umjk tufjka bjk pdkjkajkjkkyj sjkajtfjm pdkthka jajr pdkydi`umjk yjka j`kerijf thbjo tdrnjbh. \dkbdrhtj mjrus idkadtjmuh idkadkjh prhkshp pdkae`jtjk pjtjm tufjka bdkajk `jho yjka tdktukyj sjkajt bhpdkajrumh efdm thkaojt pdkadtjmujk pdkbdrhtj. \rhkshp pdkae`jtjk pjtjm tufjka yjhtu idkadi`jfhojk peshsh tufjka pjtjm od peshsh sdiufj. \resds pdkydi`umjk pjtjm tufjka bhpdkajrumh efdm uiur, feojsh, oekghaurjsh pjtjm tufjka, pdradsdrjk yjka tdrnjbh pjbj tufjka, vjsufjrhsjsh pjbj tufjka yjka pjtjm, rdbuosh bjk hie`hfhsjsh, fjijkyj bhhie`hfhsjsh (bh`ujt thbjo `dradrjo), jbjkyj hkgdosh bjk adrjojk jothg jtju pjshg bjrh jkaaetj adrjo sdrtj pdkadtjmujk pdkbdrhtj yjka `jho bjfji pdkae`jtjkkyj. \jtjm tufjka `uojk mjkyj ijsjfjm tufjka yjka pjtjm, kjiuk odiukaohkjk tdrnjbh odrusjojk sjrjg, pdi`ufum bjrjm yjka pdcjm bjk tdrnjbh pdkbjrjmjk bh bjfji tu`um tdtjph thbjo tdrfhmjt. Efdm sd`j` htu, Jpj`hfj pjtjm tufjka thbjo bhtjkajkh bdkajk `jho, ijoj bhomjwjthrojk presds pdkydi`umjk tufjka jojk tdrsji`uka bdkajk odjbjjk ihrhka/`dkaoeo jtju `jmojk thbjo bjpjt idkyjtu sjij sdojfh, sdmhkaaj bjpjt `drjoh`jt gjtjf yjka idkhi`ufojk odcjcjtjk jtju `jmojk tdrnjbh presds hkgdosh `jotdrh yjka bjpjt idkyd`j`ojk kdoreshs
bjk
odijthjk.
\di`drhjk
pdkadtjmujk/pdkbhbhojk
odsdmjtjk
tdrmjbjp pdkbdrhtj pjtjm tufjka yjka `dre`jt od sjkaojf putuka sjkajt ididajka pdrjkjk yjka pdkthka. \dkadtjmujk idrupjojk sjfjm sjtu beijhk pdkthka yjka idkdktuojk tdr`dktuokyj thkbjojk sdsderjka (evdrt `dmjvher ).
0. \dkadrthjk \dkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf Sjkaojf \utuka
\dkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf bh Hkbekdshj subjm bhodkjf sdnjo bjmufu, `dr`jajh ijcji pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf idfhput, rjiujk mdr`jf, phnjt, `doji, bjk fjhk sd`jajhkkyj. Idkurut Keteshsweye boo (0<<:>:1) pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf yjhtu
cjrj-cjrj
pdkae`jtjk
yjka
idkajcu
pjbj
gjfsjgjm,
cjrj-cjrj
pdidfhmjrjjk, pdkaaukjjk pdrjfjtjk pdkae`jtjk yjka thbjo bhaukjojk efdm hfiu odbeotdrjk oekvdkshekjf ijupuk iebdrk bjk idrupjojk `jahjk bjrh od`ubjyjjk yjka uiuikyj bhturukojk sdcjrj fhsjk jtju tufhsjk. Sjfjm sjtu
=
`dktuo pdkae`jt trjbhshekjf yjka ijshm bhadijrh efdm ijsyjrjojt Hkbekdshj yjokh Sjkaojf putuka (pjtjm tufjka) bhijkj idrupjojk sujtu pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf yjka `drtunujk uktuo idkydi`umojk pjtjm tufjka yjka bhfjouojk efdm buouk pjtjm tufjka yjka bhjkaajp idihfhoh odoujtjk suprjkjturjf bdkajk cjrj idkaurut bdkajk ihkyjo, idi`drh bej bjk idi`drh e`jt (njiu jtju rjiujk-rjiujk). \jbj bjsjrkkyj pdkae`jtjk yjka bhfjouojk buouk sjkaojf putuka puk idkahouth prhkshp pdkae`jtjk pjtjm tufjka sdcjrj odbeotdrjk, yjhtu idkadi`jfhojk peshsh tufjka yjka pjtjm od peshsh sdiufj sd`dfui hj idkajfjih pjtjm/rdpeshsh, sdtdfjm peshsh subjm pjs sdpdrth sdiufj fjfu idipdrtjmjkojkkyj sjipjh sdi`um/hiie`hfhsjsh jajr tufjka tdrsd`ut bjpjt tdrsji`uka bdkajk peshsh yjka `dkjr. Pdpeshsh bjk hiie`hfhsjsh hkh bjpjt
bhfjouojk
bdkajk
cjrj
epdrjsh/pjsjka
pdk
ijupuk
thbjo
epdrjsh/pdijsjkajk ahps. Kjiuk thbjo sdiuj buouk sjkaojf putuka idihfhoh pdfjthmjk omusus (oeipdtdksh) yjka idijbjh uktuo idfjouojk pdkjkajkjk tdrmjbjp pjshdk pjtjm tufjka ( grjotur ). Od`jkyjojk mjkyj `dr`dojf hfiu turuk tdiuruk yjka bhbjpjt bjrh kdkdo ieyjka. Mjf hkh nuaj bhbuouka efdm sd`ujm pdkdfhthjk yjka bhfjouojk efdm Keteshsweye boo (0<<:>0:) yjka idkyjtjojk `jmwj mjiphr sdiuj pdkae`jtjk sjkaojf putuka yjka jbj bh `dr`jajh oetj bh Hkbekdshj prjotdo pdkaae`jtjk pjtjm tufjka efdm buouk pjtjm tufjka pjbj prhkshpkyj thbjo `jkyjo `dr`dbj idkcjoup pdi`drhjk suadsth/pdkaujtjk pshohs, rdpeshsh, rdfjosjsh, bjk ghosjsh. Suadsth bhfjouojk bdkajk cjrj idi`drh ihkui jhr puthm yjka subjm bh`drh be‘j -be‘j bjk idi`hfjs tdipjt yjka idkajfjih pjtjm tufjka bdkajk jhr be‘j tdrsd`ut, tdtjph jbjojfjkyj bh`drh `dkbj tdrtdktu yjka `drshgjt sphrhtujf. Sdtdfjm bhodtjmuh ndkhs pjtjm tufjkakyj, odiubhjk bhfjouojk rdpeshsh bdkajk cjrj tdojk bjk urut idkaaukjojk ihkyjo bjk idi`dtufojk peshsh tufjka yjka pjtjm jajr odi`jfh pjbj peshsh sdiufj. Sdtdfjm rdpeshsh bhfjouojk rdfjosjsh uktuo idkadkberojk etet-etet yjka tdajka, bdkajk cjrj idi`jsum bdkajk jhr mjkajt. Sdfjknutkkyj bhfjouojk ghosjsh/hiie`hfhsjsh (bh`ujt thbjo `dradrjo) yjka `drtunujk jajr tufjka yjka tdfjm bhrdpeshsh thbjo `dru`jm fjah peshshkyj bjk bjpjt tdrsji`uka bdkajk peshsh yjka `dkjr
8
@. Gjoter-Gjoter Xjka Idipdkajrumh \rdsdpsh Ijsyjrjojt Idihfhm \dkae`jtjk Rrjbhshekjf Sjkaojf \utuka
Sdpdrth yjka tdfjm bhndfjsojk sd`dfuikyj `jmwj @d`drjpj gjoter yjka idipdkajrumh ijsyjrjojt bjfji idihfhm pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf omususkyj sjkaojf putuka sd`jajh upjyj ourjthg bjfji idkydfdsjhojk ijsjfjm odsdmjtjkkyj bhjktjrjkkyj ijshm jbjkyj pefj phohr shkorhthsid, odthbjopujsjk bdkajk pdfjyjkjk idbhs, bjk odtdr`jtjsjk doekeih. Sdfjhk htu sd`jahjk ijsyjrjojt ijshm idkajkaajp `jmwj pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf idihfhoh prdsdktjsd odsdi`umjk yjka fd`hm `dsjr bjrh pjbj pdkaae`jtjk idbhs yjka bhfjouojk efdm beotdr. Sdbjkaojk idkurut Keteshsweye boo (0<<:>00) idkaukaojpojk jbj 7 (dkji) jfjsjk idkajpj pdkbdrhtj pjtjm tufjka idihfhm `dre`jt pjbj pdkae`jtjk sjkaojf putuka, jfjsjk-jfjsjk tdrsd`ut jbjfjm sd`jajh `drhout > :. Bh `jtrj/buouk pjtjm tufjka fd`hm cdpjt sdi`um bjrh pjbj bh ruijm sjoht 0. @hjyj fd`hm iurjm bh`jkbhkaojk bdkajk `hjyj bh ruijm sjoht 3. Odahjtjk pdkae`jtjkkyj thbjo idkjoutojk sdpdrth bhruijm sjoht 2. Jbjkkyj odpdrcjyjjk suprjkjturjf yjka bhihfhoh efdm `jtrj/buouk pjtjm tufjka 4. Jbjkyj pdkajfjijk yjka ourjka idkydkjkaojk bdkajk pdrjwjtjk bh ruijm sjoht 7. Njrjokyj bdojt tdipjt prjotdo `jtrj/buouk pjtjm tufjka. @dr`hcjrj tdktjka njrjo yjka bdojt kjipjokyj jajo oektrevdrshjf. Mjf hkh odrdkj pjshdk pjtjm tufjka tdrkyjtj `jkyjo yjka bjrh fjhk odcjijtjk `jmojk fjhk oj`upjtdk. \dijmjijk (pefj phohr) sd`jahjk ijsyjrjojt tdrmjbjp pdkaae`jtjk trjbhshekjf bhpdkajrumh efdm odpdrcjyjjk suprjkjturjf
yjka sufht bhtdrhij
sdcjrj feahoj. \dijmjijk hkh bhomjwjthrojk jojk idi`jwj pdkajrum kdajthg tdrmjbjp odsdmjtjkkyj jpj`hfj thbjo bhhi`jkah bdkajk pdkadtjmujk iebdrk. Jpjfjah jpj`hfj buouk idfjouojk odsjfjmjk bjfji idkjgshrojk pdkyjoht yjka bhbdrhtj pjshdk, yjka mjkyj bhbjsjrojk pdkadtjmujk trjbhshekjf bjk odpdrcjyjjk suprjkjturjfkyj, mjf hkh jojk `drjoh`jt gjtjf `jah odsdmjtjk bjk odsdfjijtjk pjshdk. Sd`jahjk ijsyjrjojt uiuikyj `drjkaajpjk `jmwj
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pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf fd`hm iurjm bjk fd`hm iunjrj` bh`jkbhka bdkajk pdkae`jtjk idbho, hkh bjpjt bhfhmjt bjrh sdijohk idknjiurkyj pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf yjka jbj bh ijsyjrjojt omususkyj bh bjdrjm pdbdsjjk. C. Jftdrkjthvd Sefush Idkadkjh Ijsjfjm \dkae`jtjk Rrjbhshekjf Sjkaojf \utuka Bdkajk \dkbdojtjk Seshjf @ubjyj
@jkyjo hktdrvdksh yjka bhbdsjhk uktuo idkau`jm pdrhfjou kdajthg erjka bhtuknuojk odpjbj hkbhvhbu. \dkbdojtjk yjka sdrhka bhaukjojk jbjfjm pdkbdojtjk ouftur, jrthkyj idkaaukjojk odfujraj sd`jajh cektem `jah hkbhvhbu yjka sdbjka sjoht. Sdcjrj sdbdrmjkj bjpjt bhojtjojk `jmwj odfujraj idipukyjh pdrjk pdkthka bjfji idkau`jm od`hjsjjk `uruo bjk idkbereka pdrhfjou sdmjt. Bjk uktuo ojfjkajk ijsyjrjojt, sjfjm sjtu pdkbdojtjk yjka geous pjbj njrhkajk seshjf bjk fhkaoukajk seshjf hkbhvhbu iukaohk fd`hm suosds bjfji ouftur oefdothg. Bjfji `jkyjo ouftur, buoukajk seshjf jtju odthjbjjk buoukajk seshjf fd`hm idkhi`ufojk oeksdoudksh yjka `jho jtju `uruo. \jrj pdkdfhth idkyjtjojk `jmwj buoukajk seshjf jbjfjm pdkthka uktuo idkau`jm od`hjsjjk sdmjt bhojfjkajk ijsyjrjojt (@dkhm, 0<:2>:4) . @drbjsjrojk pdi`jmjsjk ijsjfjm idkadkjh pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf sjkaojf putuka bhjtjs, sefush yjka bjpjt pdkufhs `drhojk bdkajk idkajcu pjbj gjoter-gjoter yjka idipdkajrumh prdsdpsh
Ijsyjrjojt Idihfhm
\dkae`jtjk Rrjbhshekjf Sjkaojf \utuka bdkajk pdkbdojtjk seshjf `ubjyj jbjfjm sd`jajh `drhout > Idfjouojk pdkbdojtjk odpjbj teoem ijsyjrjojt. j. \dkbdojtjk odpjbj teoem jajij ihsjfkyj bjfji jcjrj-jcjrj odjajijjk jajr pjrj teoem jajij bjpjt idi`drhojk kjsdmjt jtju jnjojk uktuo idkamhfjkaojk odpdrcjyjjk-odpdrcjyjjk yjka odfhru ihsjfkyj bjfji mjf pdkae`jtjk sjkaojf putuka yjka bhfjouojk efdm buouk yjka bhjkaajp idipukyjh odoujtjk sphrhtujf. `. \dkbdojtjk odpjbj teoem ijsyjrjojt (PR, PQ , Odpjfj Bdsj, Odpjfj Odcjijtjk, bjk nuaj idfjouojk odihtrjjk bdkajk pusodsijs sdtdipjt) bhmjrjpojk pjrj teij hkh bjpjt idi`drhojk cektem peshthg tdrmjbjp pdrhfjou odsdmjtjk bjk nuaj bjpjt idi`drhojk pdkadtjmujk jtju kjshmjt odpjbj ijsyjrjojt sdtdipjt.
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c. \dkbdojtjk odpjbj pdfjou/eokui buouk sjkaojf putuka, pdkbdojtjk hkh bhijosubojk uktuo idi`drhojk tji`jmjk pdkadtjmujkjtju pdi`hkjjk yjka `drojhtjk bdkajk myahkdsjkhtjsh, stdrhfhsjsh jfjt, tjtj cjrj pdkaukjjk jkth`hethc bjk pdkadtjmujk tdktjka ghosjsh/rdpeshsh tufjka yjka pjtjm. Nuaj bdkajk idihktj `jktujk odpjbj teij (pdidrhktjm bdsj,odcjijtjk tdrsd`ut) mjrjpjkkyj buouk tdrsd`ut bjpjt idijmjih ijosub bjk tunujk bjrh sefush yjka bh`drhojk tjkpj mjrus idkutup pjosj tdipjtj prjotho sjkaojf putuka tdrsd`ut. bjk idfjouojk preiesh odsdmjtjk bdkajk pdkbdojtjk sepjk sjktuk bdkajk thbjo idkamhfjkaojk odjrhgjk feojf bh bjdrjm tdrsd`ut b. \dkbdojtjk odpjbj ijsyjrjojt, omususkyj odpjbj pdkbdrhtj pjtjm tufjka bhijosubojk uktuo idi`drhojk tji`jmjk pdkadtjmujk odpjbj pdkbdrhtj pjtjm tufjka tdktjka pdkydi`umjk tufjka bjk pdkjkajkjkkyj mjf hkh pdkthka jajr pdkydi`umjk yjka j`kerijf thbjo tdrnjbh . \dkbdrhtj mjrus idkadtjmuh idkadkjh prhkshp pdkae`jtjk pjtjm tufjka bdkajk `jho, nuaj bjpjt idfurusojk pdijmjijk/pefj phohr yjka ijshm odfhru, bjk idfjouojk preiesh odsdmjtjk bdkajk pdkbdojtjk sepjk sjktuk bdkajk thbjo idkamhfjkaojk odjrhgjk feojf bh bjdrjm tdrsd`ut. Bjrh oddipjt pdkbdojtjk bhjtjs hipfdidktjsh kyjtjkyj bdkajk tdrnuk fjkasuka bjfji ijsyjrjojt `jho pjbj teoem jajij, teoem ijsyjrjojt, buouk sjkaojf putuka bjk nuaj odpjbj ijsyjrjojt omusukyj pdkbdrhtj pjtjm tufjka. Mjf hkh `hsj bhfjouojk bdkajk `drnjfjk ojoh `drodfhfhka bjdrjm tdrsd`ut. Idkyji`jkah tdipjt-tdipjt yjka `hjsjkyj bhnjbhojk tdipjt `drouipuf ihsjfkyj wjruka yjka `hjsjkyj bhnjbhojk tdipjt `drouipuf jkjo-jkjo iubj bh bjdrjm tdrsd`ut, pjbj jcjrj-jcjrj odjajijjk (pdkajnhjk, bff), pdkbdojtjk bdkajk cjrj hkh fd`hm dgdothg ohtj fjouojk, njbh ohtj `hsj idkbdkajr fjkasuka bjrh ijsyjrjojt idkadkjh od`utumjk bjfji mjf odsdmjtjk idrdoj.
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@J@ HHH \DKTRT\
J. Odshipufjk
Bjrh mjshf pdi`jmjksjk bhjtjs bjpjt bhji`hf `d`drjpj odshipufjk sd`jajh `drhout > :. \jtjm tufjka ( grjotur ) jbjfjm odjbjjk bhijkj tufjka idkajfjih rdtjo jtju pjtjm yjka bhsd`j`ojk efdm njtum, odcdfjojjk fjfu fhktjs bjk trjuij `dkbj tjnji/tuipuf. 0. \dkae`jtjk
trjbhshekjf
sjkaojf
putuka
idrupjojk
sujtu
pdkae`jtjk
trjbhshekjf yjka `drtunujk uktuo idkydi`umojk pjtjm tufjka yjka bhfjouojk efdm buouk pjtjm tufjka yjka bhjkaajp idihfhoh odoujtjk suprjkjturjf bdkajk cjrj idkaurut bdkajk ihkyjo, idi`drh bej bjk idi`drh e`jt (njiu jtju rjiujk-rjiujk). 3. Gjoter-gjoter yjka idipdkajrumh ijsyjrjojt bjfji idihfhm pdkae`jtjk bdkajk pdfjyjkjk idbhs, odtdr`jtjsjk doekeih, sdrtj sd`jahjk ijsyjrjojt ijshm idkajkaajp `jmwj pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf idihfhoh prdsdktjsd odsdi`umjk yjka fd`hm `dsjr bjrh pjbj pdkaae`jtjk idbhs yjka bhfjouojk efdm beotdr. 2. Sefush yjka bjpjt pdkufhs `drhojk bdkajk idkajcu pjbj gjoter-gjoter yjka idipdkajrumh prdsdpsh ijsyjrjojt bjfji idihfhm pdkae`jtjk trjbhshekjf sjkaojf putuka bdkajk pdkbdojtjk seshjf `ubjyj jbjfjm sd`jajh `drhout > j) \dkbdojtjk odpjbj teoem jajij `) \dkbdojtjk odpjbj teoem ijsyjrjojt (PR, PQ , Odpjfj Bdsj, Odpjfj Odcjijtjk, bjk nuaj idfjouojk odihtrjjk bdkajk pusodsijs sdtdipjt. c) \dkbdojtjk odpjbj pdfjou/eokui buouk sjkaojf putuka. Idfjfuh pdkbdojtjk sepjk sjktuk tjkpj idkamhfjkaojk khfjh bjrh odjrhgjk feojf sdtdipjt. b) \dkbdojtjk odpjbj ijsyjrjojt, omususkyj odpjbj pdkbdrhtj pjtjm tufjka bhijosubojk uktuo idi`drhojk tji`jmjk pdkadtjmujk odpjbj pdkbdrhtj pjtjm tufjka tdktjka pdkydi`umjk tufjka bjk pdkjkajkjkkyj.
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Bjrh oddipjt pdkbdojtjk bhjtjs hipfdidktjsh kyjtjkyj bdkajk tdrnuk fjkasuka bjfji ijsyjrjojt `jho pjbj teoem jajij, teoem ijsyjrjojt, buouk sjkaojf putuka bjk nuaj odpjbj ijsyjrjojt omusukyj pdkbdrhtj pjtjm tufjka. Mjf hkh `hsj bhfjouojk bdkajk `drnjfjk ojoh `drodfhfhka bjdrjm tdrsd`ut. Idkyji`jkah tdipjt-tdipjt yjka `hjsjkyj bhnjbhojk tdipjt `drouipuf ihsjfkyj wjruka yjka `hjsjkyj bhnjbhojk tdipjt `drouipuf jkjo-jkjo iubj bh bjdrjm tdrsd`ut, pjbj jcjrj-jcjrj odjajijjk (pdkajnhjk, h`jbjm ihkaau pjah bff).
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BJGRJP \TSRJOJ
@dkhm, Jbd. 0<:2. Seshefeah Odsdmjtjk. Xeayjojrtj> Kumj Idbhoj. Iuzjmji, Gjuzh. 0<:2. Idipdrodkjfojk Tkhvdrshtjs Hkbekdshj (TH-\rdss).
Seshefeah
Odsdmjtjk. Njojrtj>
Ketejtiebne, Sedohbne. 0<:<. \reiesh Odsdmjtjk Rderh bjk Jpfhojsh. Njojrtj> Phkdoj Chptj. Keteshsweye, Iufyeke, boo. 0<<:. Pdvhdw \dkdfhthjk \dkae`jtjk Rrjbhshekjf \jtjm Rufjka . Idbhj Fht`jka Odsdmjtjk, Wef. ]H Ke.2 Phsdt Odsdmjtjk Bjsjr (PHSODSBJS) efdm @jbjk \dkdfhthjk bjk \dkadi`jkajk Rrheke, \unh bjk Iurhkte. 0<:4. Jpfhojsh \dkaefjmjk Chtrj Tktuo Idkbdtdosh Grjotur Rufjka Bdkajk Idtebd Bdtdosh Rdph Cjkky. Nurkjf Hkgerijthoj Wef. 8 Ke. 0 TT PH Ke. 37 tjmuk 0<<8 tdktjka odsdmjtjk
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@TORH \TSRJOJ
:. Ketejtiebne, Sedohbne. 0<:<. \reiesh Odsdmjtjk Rderh bjk Jpfhojsh. Njojrtj > Phkdoj Chptj
0. Iuzjmji, Gjuzh. 0<:2. Idipdrodkjfojk Seshefeah Odsdmjtjk. Njojrtj> Tkhvdrshtjs Hkbekdshj (TH-\rdss).
3. @dkhm, Jbd. 0<:2. Seshefeah Odsdmjtjk. Xeayjojrtj> Kumj Idbhoj
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2. Keteshsweye, Iufyeke, boo. 0<<:. Pdvhdw \dkdfhthjk \dkae`jtjk Rrjbhshekjf \jtjm Rufjka. Idbhj Fht`jka Odsdmjtjk, Wef. ]H Ke.2
4. Phsdt Odsdmjtjk Bjsjr (PHSODSBJS) efdm @jbjk \dkdfhthjk bjk \dkadi`jkajk
7. Rrheke, \unh bjk Iurhkte. 0<:4. Jpfhojsh \dkaefjmjk Chtrj Tktuo Idkbdtdosh Grjotur Rufjka Bdkajk Idtebd Bdtdosh Rdph Cjkky. Nurkjf Hkgerijthoj Wef. 8 Ke. 0
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