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MODUL 1 PEMBELAJARAN GEOGRAFI KONSEP, PENDEKATAN, PRINSIP DAN ASPEK GEOGRAFI Sekolah Mata Pelajatan Kelas Jurusan Semester Tahun Pelajaran I.
Stan Stand dar Komp Kompet eten ensi si 1.
: SMA Negeri Kebakkramat : Geografi :X : 1 (satu) : 2010 - 2011
Memahami konsep, pendekatan, prinsip dan aspek geografi
II. Kompetensi Dasar: 1. 2. 3. 4. III. Tuju Tujuan an Pembelaja Pembelajaran ran 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Menjelaskan konsep geografi Menjelaskan pendekatan geografi Menjelaskan prinsip geografi Mendeskripsikan aspek geografi
Siswa dapat menganalisa konsep dasar geografi Siswa dapat menjelaskan perbedaan pendekatan geografi Siswa dapat menjelaskan prinsip-prinsip geografi Siswa mampu menjelaskan aspek-aspek geografi Siswa mampu menganalisis ruang lingkup geografi Siswa mampu menjelaskan perbedaan objek formal dan material Siswa mampu menganalisis struktur geografi
IV. Materi Materi Pembelajar Pembelajaran an A. KONSE KONSEP-K P-KONS ONSEP EP GEO GEOGRA GRAFI FI 1. Gambaran Tentang Geografi (Bumi) Perkataan geografi berasal dari bahasa Yunani, geo berarti bumi dan graphein berarti lukisan/tulisan. Jadi secara harfiahnya geografi mempunyai arti tulisan/lukisan tentang bumi/ilmu bumi. Bumi kita secara fisik terdiri dari kenampakan besar yaitu 2/3 berupa lautan/ perairan dan 1/3 berupa daratan (benua-benua besar dan pulau-pulau). Umumnya para ilmuwan sependapat, bahwa 200 juta tahun lalu benua-benua itu tergabung tergabung dalam satu daratan daratan raksasa. Selama Selama jutaan jutaan tahun, akibat dari adanya aktivitas-aktivitas magma, benua-benua tadi mengalami mengalami pergeseran pergeseran dan hingga kini masih bergeser kurang lebih 2,5 cm per tahun. Benua dan lautan terbentang di atas beberapa lempeng batuan setebal kurang lebih 100 km. Lempeng mengapung di atas lelehan batuan panas di lapisan bawah mantel bumi. Jika lempeng-lempeng itu berta bertabr braka akan n akib akibat at dari dari pana panass inti inti bumi bumi,, dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya pegunungan, lembah, palung, gunung api, gempa bumi dan sebagainya.
Modul Pembelajaran Geografi kelas X Semester 1 2008/2009 SMA NEGERI KEBAKKRAMAT
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Gambaran tentang terbentuknya benua a. Pa b. Pemisaha ngea n Semu Semuaa benu benuaa Sekitar 135 juta thun terjadinya lalu lalu pan panges ges sudah tergabung tebagi atas dua bagian dala alam suatu atu yakni yakni Gondwana Gondwanaland land ben benua ua besa besar r dan laurasia yang yang diseb isebut ut pangea
c. Dunia kini Amer Amerik ikaa Utar Utaraa dan dan Selata Selatan n terpis terpisah ah dari dari benua-benua lain, lalu kedua benua itu men menyatu yatu kembali. ali. Sedangkan India menyatu dengan Asia. Kutub Selatan dengan Australia sudah terpisah.
Gambar Gambar Gerak Gerak Benua Benua
Pada Pada dasa dasarn rnya ya seca secara ra lang langsu sung ng maup maupun un tida tidak k lang langsu sung ng,, sebe sebena narn rnya ya pen penge geta tahu huan an geog geogra rafi fi suda sudah h dike dikena nall dan dan dite ditera rapk pkan an seja sejak k manu manusi siaa itu itu ada. Realitasnya ditunjukkan dengan hubungan manusia terhadap lingkungannya, baik deng dengan an faktor faktor abiot abiotik ik (tana (tanah, h, air, air, udara udara)) maupun maupun dengan dengan faktor faktor biotik biotik (manus (manusia, ia, tumbuhan dan hewan). Contoh : Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dan kelangsungan hidupnya: - Manusia berinteraksi dengan manusia lain (makhluk sosial). - Bercocok tanam (ladang berpindah maupun menetap) - Nelayan, berburu dan sebagainya. Perk Perkem emban banga gan n ilmu ilmu penge pengeta tahu huan an geog geogra rafi fi teru teruss beru beruba bah h seir seirin ing g dengan dengan
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2.
Konsep-konsep Geografi Claudius Ptolomeus mengemukakan geografi adalah suatu penyajian dengan peta peta dari sebagian permukaan bumi yang menunjukkan menunjukkan kenampakan kenampakan secara umum. umum. Beliau sangat sangat berjasa berjasa bagi perkembang perkembangan an geog geogra rafi fi teru teruta tama ma dala dalam m hal hal pembuatan peta, yang kemudian petanya disebut dengan ATLAS PTOLOMEUS. Perkemb Perkembanga angan n geogra geografi fi terus terus terjadi terjadi sehing sehingga ga banyak banyak definis definisii geografi geografi bermunculan, antara lain: Hantington, Hantington, menyatakan bahwa iklim adalah sebagai penentu kehidupan. a. Ferdinan Ferdinan Von Ricthoff Ricthoffen, en, mengemu mengemukakan kakan geograf geografii adalah adalah studi studi tentang tentang b. gejala dan sifat-sifat permukaan bumi serta penduduknya penduduknya yang disusun berdasarkan letaknya dan interaksi antara gejala dan sifat-sifat itu. c. Johri. W. Alex lexand ander dan Lay James Gibson mendefinisik isikaan geografi adalah suatu studi tentang variasi keruangan di permukaan bumi. Dald Daldju jun ni, meny menyat atak akan an geog geogra rafi fi adal adalah ah ilmu ilmu peng penget etah ahua uan n yang yang d. mempelajari kegiatan-kegiatan manusia dalam suatu ruang / space. R. Bintar Bintarto, to, berpen berpendap dapat at bahwa bahwa geogra geografi fi adala adalah h penget pengetahu ahuan an yang yang e. mencitrakan, menerangkan sifat-sifat bumi, menganalisis gejala-gejala alam dan penduduk serta mempelajari corak khas mengenai kehidupan dan mencari mencari fungsi dari unsur-unsur bumi dalam ruang dan waktu. Lokakarya Peningkatan Kualitas Pengajaran Geografi di IKIP Semarang f. yang yang dituan dituangka gkan n dalam dalam GBPP, GBPP, geogra geografi fi adalah adalah ilmu ilmu yan yang mem mempela pelaja jarri persanlaan dan perbedaan fenomena geosfer dengan sudut pandang kelingkungan, kewilayahan dalam konteks keruangan. Tim Pengembang Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi 2001, geografi adalah g. ilmu yang mempelajari gejala alam di muka bumi serta interaksi antara manusia dan dan ling lingku kung ngan anny nyaa dalam dalam kaita kaitann nnya ya den dengan gan hub hubunga ungan n keru keruan anga gan n dan dan kewilayahan. B. METOD METODE E PENDE PENDEKAT KATAN AN GEOG GEOGRA RAFI FI Sebaga Sebagaii ilmu ilmu kebumi kebumian an geogra geografi fi selalu selalu meliha melihatt hubun hubungan gan timbal timbal balik balik antara antara fenomena fenomena dan permasalah permasalahannya annya dengan dengan pendekatan pendekatan keruangan keruangan,, ekologi, ekologi, dan regional regional kompleks. 1. Pend Pendek ekat atan an Ke Keru ruan anga gan n Pendekatan keruangan merupakan ciri khas dari ilmu geografi. Pendekatan ini meliputi pendekatan topik, pendekatan aktivitas manusia dan pendekatan regi onal. a. Pen Pendeka dekata tan n to topik pik Untuk Untuk mempel mempelaja ajari ri geogra geografi fi dapat dapat dimula dimulaii dari dari topik topik yang yang menjad menjadii perh perhati atian an utama, utama, misaln misalnya ya banjir banjir.. Banjir Banjir apat apat diungk diungkapk apkan an dari dari sebab sebab,, persebaran, intensitas dan interelasinya dengan gejalagejala lain di sekitarnya sehingga sehingga akan diperoleh deskripsi deskripsi geografi geografi mengenai mengenai banjir. Selama melakukan melakukan pen pende deka kata tan n topik topik tidak tidak boleh boleh melepaskan hubungannya dengan ruang yang menjad menjadii tempat tempat gejal gejala. a. Misal Misalny nya, a, fakto faktorr manu manusi siaa denga dengan n kead keadaan aan fisik fisik alamny a tidak boleh diabaikan. diabaikan. Berdasarkan Berdasarkan landasan keruangan keruangan tersebut tersebut akan dapat dib andingkan karakteristik gejala di suatu daerah dengan di daer daerah ah lain. lain. b. b. Pend Pendek ekata atan n aktivi aktivita tass manus manusia ia Pendekatan ini dapat digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan berbagai kegiatan manusia manusia atau kegiatan kegiatan penduduk penduduk suatu daerah. daerah. Pengungk Pengungkap apan an akti aktivi vita tass penduduk dapat ditinjau dari persebaran, interelasi, dan deskripsinya dengan gejala lain yang berkaitan berkaitan deng aktivitas aktivitas sia. Misal aktivitas aktivitas sia di
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Region dapat didefinisikan didefinisikan sebagai suatu wilayah di permukaan permukaan bumi yang memilik memilikii karakt karakteri eristi stik k terten tertentu tu yang yang khas khas sehing sehingga ga dapat dapat dibedakan dengan region-re region-region gion yang lain. Pendekatan Pendekatan regional berarti mengkaji suatu gejala atau masalah dari region menurut gejala gejala atau atau masalah masalah itu terseb tersebar. ar. Pendek Pendekata atan n ini menekankan pada region sebagai ruang tempat terjadinya suatu gejala atau fenomena. Unsur-unsur yang berkaitan dengan ruang adalah jarak, pola, site dan situasi, aksesibilitas, dan keterkaitan.
2. Pendekatan Ekologi Pendek Pendekata atan n ekolog ekologii diguna digunakan kan untuk untuk mengeta mengetahui hui intere interelas lasii manusi manusiaa dan lingkungannya yang membentuk sistem ekologi atau ekosistem. 3. Pendek Pendekata atan n Kompl Kompleks eks Wilaya Wilayah h Pendekatan Pendekatan ini mencoba mencoba menelaah menelaah suatu suatu gejala pada suatu wilayah dengan dengan meng mengko komb mbin inas asik ikan an anta antara ra anal analis isis is keru keruan anga gan n dan dan anal analis isis is ekolog ekologi. i. Di dalam dalam pendekatan ini, suatu wilayah dikaji dengan pengertian areal differentiation, yaitu suatu suatu anggap anggapan an bahwa bahwa intera interaksi ksi antar antar wilaya wilayah h akan akan berkem berkemban bang g karena karena adanya adanya per perbe beda daan an antar antar wilay wilayah ah itu sehingga terjadi proses permintaan dan penawaran. Selain itu diperhatik diperhatikan an pula mengenai mengenai perseba persebaran ran fenome fenomena na tertent tertentu u (analisi (analisiss keruangan) serta interaksi antar variabel manusia dan lingkungannnya untuk kemudian dipelajari interaksinya (analisis ekologi). C. PRINSI PRINSIP-P P-PRIN RINSI SIP P GEOGRAF GEOGRAFII Dalam menelaah gejala geografi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, sehari-hari, ada 4 prinsip yang dapat digunakan. Prinsip persebaran, yaitu suatu gejala yang tersebar di permukaan bumi 1. tidakl tidaklah ah sama sama sert sertaa juga juga tidak tidak merat merata, a, baik baik bent bentang ang fisik fisik maupu maupun n kena kenamp mpak akan an biotiknya. Contoh: persebaran flora dan fauna, kepadatan penduduk, bentang alam. 2. Prinsip Prinsip interelasi, interelasi, yaitu hubungan yang saling saling terkait terkait antara antara gejala satu dengan gejala yang lain dalam suatu ruang. Contoh: Letak lintang akan mempengaruhi iklim, iklim, penghija penghijauan uan dapat dapat mencega mencegah h banjir, banjir, kepadatan kepadatan pendudu penduduk k yang tidak tidak sama mempengaruhi mempengaruhi pembangunan di segala bidang. 3. Prinsip Prinsip deskrip deskripsi, si, yaitu yaitu penjelas penjelasan an lebih lebih jauh tentang gejala-g gejala-gejal ejalaa di muka muka bumi yang diamati. Contoh Contoh : Hujan. Hujan. Apakah Apakah hujan itu? Bagaiman Bagaimanaa hujan hujan bisa terjadi terjadi?? Apa manfaat manfaat hujan? hujan? dan sebagai sebagainya nya.. Dalam Dalam memberi memberikan kan penjelas penjelasan an dapat dapat disajikan dengan dengan tulisan, diagram, grafik, tabel, gambar a taupun peta. Prinsip Korologi, yaitu gejala, fakta maupun permasalahan yang ada di 4. suatu suatu tempat tempat yang yang ditinj ditinjau au dari dari perseb persebara arann nnya, ya, interr interrela elasin sinya, ya, interak interaksin sinya, ya, dan integrasinya dalam ruang tertentu. Contoh: Hujan. Bagaimana persebaran hujan di Indonesia Indonesia?? Mengapa Mengapa hujan di kawasan kawasan Indo Indone nesi siaa bagi bagian an bar barat lebi lebih h bany banyak ak dibanding kawasan timur? Apa hubungan antara curah hujan dengan jenis tanaman? Apa manfaat hujan bagi kehidupan manusia?
D. ASPEK-ASPEK GEOGRAFI Secara garis besar objek kajian geografi geografi dibedakan menjadi dua aspek utama yaitu: astronomis dan sebagainya. a. Aspek fisik, meliputi aspek kimiawai, biologis, astronomis b. Aspek sosial, meliputi aspek antropologis, politis, ekonomis dan sebagainya. Bila dilihat dari teori lingkungan hidup, permukaan bumi dibedakan menjadi 3
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c. Lingku Lingkunga ngan n sosial sosial (socia (sociall environ environmen ment), t), yaitu yaitu segal segalaa aktivi aktivitas tas manusi manusiaa yang yang berkaitan dengan alam maupun manusia. Ruang lingkup geografi meliputi 3 hal pokok yaitu: a. Mempelajar Mempelajarii penyeba penyebaran ran dan dan keterk keterkaitan aitan manusia manusia di bumi. bumi. b. Mempelajari Mempelajari hubungan hubungan antara manusia manusia dengan dengan lingkungan lingkungan alam/fisik. alam/fisik. c. Menganali Menganalisa sa adanya adanya perbedaan perbedaan wilayah wilayah secara secara spesifik. spesifik. Dalam menelaah ruang lingkup geografi diatas selain ditinjau dari aspek alamiah alamiah dan insani insaniah ah juga juga mencaku mencakup p analis analisaa geogra geografi fi yang yang terdir terdirii dari dari penyebaran penyebarannya, nya, interelasinya dan interaksinya, sehingga dapat menjawab What?, Where?, Why?, Who?, When?, How? dan sebaga inya. Contoh : masal masalah ah banj banjir ir.. Pert Pertam amaa akan akan ditanyakan ditanyakan apa yang terjadi? terjadi? Banjir, Banjir, selanjut selanjutnya nya di mana mana?? M e ng ng ap a p a b i sa sa t er e r j ad ad i ? K a re re na n a b an a n y ak ak l ah a h a n y a ng ng g u nd nd ul u l . S i ap ap a y an an g bertanggungjawa b? b? K ej eja di dian a l am i a h atau ma nu nusi a? a? Bagairnana c a ra penan penanggu ggulang langann annya? ya? Rebois Reboisasi asi dan perighi perighijaua jauan n dan seteru seterusny snya. a. Ruang lingkup lingkup geografi geografi sangat luas, oleh karena itu banyak disiplin ilmu yang merupakan merupakan cabangcabangcabang dan geografi. Geol Geolog ogii : mempe mempelaj lajari ari bumi bumi secara secara keselu keseluruh ruhan an baik baik mengena mengenaii k e j ad ad i a n, n, s t r u k tu tu r k o mp mp os os i k s e j ar ar a h d a n p r o s e s perkembangannya. Geofi Geofisik sikaa : mengkaji mengkaji sfat bumi bagian bagian dalam dalam dengan dengan teknik teknik fisika fisika,, misalnya mengukur gemp a bumi, gravitasi, dan sebag sebagainy ainya. a. P aleontologi : me mempelajari fosil-fosil bentuk-bentuk kehidupan di masa purba yang terdapat di bawah lapisan bumi. Antr Antrop opog ogeo eogr graf afii : memp mempel elaj ajar arii peny penyeb ebar aran an bangs bangsaa-ba bang ngsa sa di muka bum bumi dil diliha ihat dari sudut geogratis. Geog rafi Ma tema tik : berkaitan dengan bentuk , ukuran, ukuran, serta serta gerakan gerakan bumi. G oe gr a f i Hi st or i k : m e m p e l a j ar ar i b u m i d i l i h a t d a r i s u d u t s e j ar ar a h da n perkembangannya Geograf Geografii Region Regional al : memp mempel elaja ajari ri kawas kawasan an tert terten entu tu secar secaraa khus khusus us.. Geog Geogrrafi afi Poli Politi tik k : men mengkaj gkajii kond ondisi isi geogr eograf afii diti ditin njau jau dan dan sudut udut pol politik itik dan dan kepentingan bangsa. Geografi Geografi Manu Manusia sia : meng mengka kaji ji aspek aspek sosi sosial al,, eko ekono nomi mi,, dan dan buday budayaa pe penduduk. Objek Studi Geografi Objek studi geografi meliputi: 1. Permukaan Permukaan bumi bumi dan segen segenap ap proses proses yang yang berlangs berlangsung ung di atasny atasnya. a. 2. Pengor Pengorgan ganisa isasia sian n wilaya wilayah h dan ruan ruang g di bumi, bumi, baik baik di darata daratan, n, perair perairan an maupun di udara. 3. Tafsiran Tafsiran tentang alam dan bentang bentang sosial, sosial, termasuk termasuk budaya, budaya, perkotaan perkotaan dan pedesaan. 4. Hubun Hubungan gan manusi manusiaa deng dengan an lingku lingkung ngan an yang yang berbe berbedada-bed beda, a, baik baik yang yang merupakan hasil budaya maupun teknologi. 5. Intera Interaksi ksi manusi manusiaa dengan dengan proase proases-p s-pros roses es yang yang ada di muka muka bumi, bumi, yang yang pada prinsipnya merupakan pendekatan ekologi. Menurut Birrtarto, objek studi geografi mencakup dua hal yaitu: O b j e k ma te te r i a l, l, ad a l a h m a t er i i lm lm u b id id an an g s tu tu di di y an an g 1. bersang bersangkutan kutan yang yang rnel rnelipu iputi ti lith lithos osfe fer, r, hido hidosf sfer er,, atmo atmosf sfer er,, bios biosfe ferr maup maupun un antroposfer. Objek Objek fo al, adalah adalah dan dan dek ilmu-i ilmu-ilmu lmu 2.
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Struktur Geografi Berdasa Berdasarkan rkan pengkaj pengkajian ian dan analisis analisis para para ahli geograf geografii membeda membedakan kan studi studi geogr geografi afi rnen rnenjad jadii dua dua yaitu yaitu gengra gengrafi fi sistem sistematik atik (geogr (geografi afi ortodo ortodoks) ks) dan geogra geografi fi terpadu (geografi terintergrasi) 1. Ge Geog ogra rafi fi Or Orto todo doks ks Geografi ortodoks adalah geografi yang bidang kajiannya suatu wilayah (reg (regio ion) n) dan dan anal analisi isiss terh terhad adap ap sifat sifat sist sistem emat atikn iknya. ya. Dalam Dalam geog geogra rafi fi orto ortodo doks ks terdapat errrpat sistem pengkajian yaitu: a. Geografi Geografi fisik mempelaja mempelajari ri tentang tentang gejala gejala fisik dari permukaan permukaan bumi yang nueliputi nueliputi tanah, air, dan udara, dengan segala prosesnya. Kerang Kerangka ka kerja kerja qeografi qeografi fisik ditunjang ditunjang oleh geologi, geologi, geomorfolog geomorfologi, i, pedolo pedologi, gi, rneteor rneteorolo ologi, gi, hlirnatologi, dan oseanografi. Geografii manusi manusiaa mempela mempelajari jari tentang tentang kepend kependudu udukan, kan, aktivit aktivitas as man usi a, b. Geograf ekonomi, politik, sosial, dan budaya. Kerangka kerja geograf geografii manu anusia sia ditunjan ditunjang g oleh geografi geografi ekonomi, ekonomi, geografi geografi penduduk penduduk,, geografi pedesaan, dan geografi perkotaan. Geografi regional menitikberatkan menitikberatkan pada perwilayahan, perwilayahan, misalnya misalnya geografi geografi c. Geografi daerah daerah tropik, tropik, geograf geografii daerah daerah arid, dan geograf geografii daerah daerah kutub. Adapun geoagrafi regional yang menitikberatkan pada kultur, misalnya geografi Asia Tenggara, geografi Amerika Latin, dan geografi Eropa Barat. d. Geog Geogra rafi fi tekn teknik ik terd terdiri iri atas atas kart kartog ogra rafi, fi, peng pengin inde dera raan an jauh jauh,, dan dan meto metode de kuantitatif. 2. Ge Geog ogra rafi fi Ter Terin inte tegr gras asii Geog Geogra rafi fi teri terint nteg egra rasi si meru merupak pakan an kajia kajian n geog geogra rafi fi yang yang meng menggu guna naka kan/ n/ pendekat pendekatan an terpadu terpadu melalui melalui integrasi integrasi elemen-elem elemen-elemen en geografi geografi sistematik, sistematik, kerdiri kerdiri dari geografi fisik dan geografi manusia, serta geografi regional yang tordiri dari geografi regi region onal al zona zona dan dan geog geogra rafi fi regi region onal al kult kultur ur.. Dala Dalam m kajia kajian n geog geogra rafi fi teri terint nteg egra rasi si menggunakan tiga analisis, yaitu analisa keruangan, ekologi dan kompeks kompeks wilayah.
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V, RANGKUMAN
1. Bintarto dan Surastopo Surastopo mencatat mencatat empat tahap perkembangan perkembangan ilmu geografi geografi , yaitu geografi geografi klasik, klasik, geografi geografi abad pertengahan pertengahan dan renaisanc renaisance, e, geografi geografi modern, modern, dan geografi mutakhir. 2. Prins Prinsip ip geogr geografi afi terd terdiri iri dari dari int intere erelas lasii dan intera interaksi ksi,, penyeb penyebara aran, n, deskri deskrisi, si, korologi, dan ciri kewilayahan. 3. Ruan Ruang g ling lingku kup p ilmu ilmu geog geogra rafi fi meli melipu puti ti peng pengun ungk gkap apan an gejal gejalaa inte intere rela lasi si,, persamaan dan perbedaan fenomena, dan pemecahan masalah. 4. Obyek geografi terdiri terdiri dari obyek material dan obyek formal. formal. 5, Bagian dari ilmu geografi adalah geografi fisik dan geografi manusia, geografi regional dan geografi teknik
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VI.. LATIHAN Mata Pelajaran : Geografi Kelas :X Pokok Bahasan : Hakikat Geografi Petunjuk pengerjaan : 1. Bentuklah kelompok diskusi dengan anggota 4 orang 2. Diskusikan pe permasalahan ya yang di diajuk jukan 3. Tuli Tulisslah lah has hasil disku iskussi pad padaa se selem lembar kert kertas as Permasalahan diskusi: 1. Baga Bagaim iman anaa hubu hubung ngan an timb timbal al bali balik k anta antara ra ling lingku kung ngan an fisi fisika kal, l, biol biolog ogis is,, dan dan lingkungan sosial? 2. Apa Apa man manfa faat at ilmu ilmu pen penunja unjan ng geo geogr graf afii dal dalam am pemb pemban angu guna nan? n? 3. Beri Berila lah h cont contoh oh gejal gejalaa geog geogra rafi fi.. Kemu Kemudi dian an anal analis isis isla lah h geja gejala la geog geogra rafi fi terse tersebu butt dengan menggunakan prinsip-prinsip geografi! VII. UJI KOMPETENSI I A. Pilihan Ganda Pilihlah salah satu jawaban yang paling tepat! geosfer. Oleh karena 1. Geografi merupakan studi tentang persamaan dan perbedaan geosfer. itu geosfer merupakan ... a. obye obyek k fun fungs gsio iona nall geo geogr graf afii b. b. obye obyek k regi region onal al geo geogr graf afii c. obye obyek k mate materi rial al geog geogra rafi fi d. obye obyek k form formal al geog geogra rafi fi e. obye obyek k lin lingk gkun unga gan n geo geogr grafi afi 2. Pada kenyataannya studi geografi tentang geosfer tidak terlepas dari unsur wilayah atau region. Karena itu region merupakan .... a. obye obyek k fun fungs gsio iona nall geo geogr graf afii b. b. obye obyek k regi region onal al geo geogr graf afii c. obye obyek k mate materi rial al geog geogra rafi fi d. obye obyek k form formal al geog geogra rafi fi e. obye obyek k lin lingk gkun unga gan n geo geogr grafi afi 3. Berdasark Berdasarkan an istilahnya istilahnya,, geografi geografi berasal berasal dari dari bahasa bahasa Yunani Yunani artinya artinya .... a. luki lukisa san n ben benta tang ng bumi bumi b. b. ilmu ilmu yang yang mempel mempelajar ajarii bumi bumi dan anta antarik riksa sa c. ilmu ilmu yang yang mempel mempelajar ajarii gejalagejala-gej gejala ala atmo atmosfe sfer r d. gambar gambaran an kehid kehidup upan an di bumi bumi e. ilmu yang mempelajar mempelajarii bumi bumi dengan dengan segen segenap ap prosesn prosesnya ya 4. Seorang Seorang ahli geogr geografi afi yang berjas berjasaa dalam perkem perkembanga bangan n pembuatan pembuatan peta peta adalah .
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6. a. b. c. d. e.
Ruang Ruang lingku lingkup p geograf geografii diantar diantarany anyaa adalah adalah .... .... penyeba penyebaran ran dan keterka keterkaitan itan manusia manusia di bumi bumi hubungan hubungan antara antara manusia manusia denga dengan n lingkun lingkungan gan sosial sosialnya nya mengan menganalis alisaa perbe perbedaan daan wilayah wilayah secara secara umum umum permukaa permukaan n bumi bumi dengan dengan segal segalaa proses proses di atasny atasnyaa obye obyek k mate materi rial al geog geogra rafi fi Dalam mengan menganalis alisaa gejala gejala-ge -gejala jala alam alam dapat dapat digun digunaka akan n analis analisaa geogra geografi fi yang yang 7. Dalam mencakup .... a. distribusi b. int intervensi c. interaksi d. interelasi e. distri distribus busi, i, inter interaks aksi, i, intere interelas lasii 8. Obyek kajian geografi geografi yang yang dilihat dilihat dari dari aspek fisik misalnya misalnya .... .... a. aspe aspek k antr antrop opol olog ogii b. b. aspek spek polit olitik ik c. aspek ek ekonomi omi d. biologis e. sosiologis 9. Tanah, Tanah, air, air, udara udara merup merupaka akan n lingku lingkunga ngan n .... .... a. biologis b. sosial c. fisik d. alam e. budaya 10. Ilmu yang mempelajari mempelajari bumi secara keseluruhan keseluruhan baik mengenai mengenai kejadian, kejadian, struktur, struktur, komposisi, sejarah dan proses perkembangannya adalah ..... a. geologi b. geo.fisika c. pale aleont ontolog ologii d. geog geogra rafi fi poli politi tik k e. geog geogrrafi afi man manu usia sia menkaji keanekar keanekaragaman agaman tumbuhan tumbuhan di muka bumi berdasark berdasarkan an zone zone 11. Jika kita menkaji iklim, maka kita harus mengkajinya dengan pendekatan .... a. regional b. spatial c. environment d ekologi
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e. inte intera raks ksii manus manusia ia deng dengan an manus manusia ia 14. 14. Materi Materi ilmu ilmu bidang bidang studi studi yang yang berkai berkaitan tan dengan dengan lithos lithosfer fer,, hidros hidrosfer fer,, atmosf atmosfer, er, biosfer, maupun antroposfer merupakan .... a. obyek material b. obyek formal c. obyek geografi d. obyek informal e. obyek formal perkembangannya adalah .... 15. Ilmu yang mempelajari bumi dilihat dari sejarah dan perkembangannya a. geologi b. geofisika c. paleontologi d. geografi politik e. geografi historik 16. Persebaran flora,fauna dikaji dengan menggunakan prinsip .... a. pemerataan b. persebaran c. interelasi d. deskripsi e. korologi Menganali alisis sis gejal gejala, a, fakta fakta dalam suatu suatu ruan ruang g yang yang diliha dilihatt dari dari perse persebara baran, n, 17. Mengan interelasi, interaksi dan integrasinya. Prinsip yang di gunakan adalah..... a. prinsip deskripsi b. prinsip interelasi c. prinsip korologi d. prinsip interaksi e. prinsip distribusi Interaksii antara geografi dengan biologi melahirkan ilmu .... 18. Interaks a. geografi matematik b. antropogeografi c. biogeografi d. geomorfologi e. geofisika Tradisi, adat, kelompo kelompok k masyarakat merupakan merupakan lingku lingkunga ngan n geogra geografi fi yang dilihat 19. Tradisi, dari aspek .... a. fisik topologi b. c biotik
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Segala sesuat sesuatu u di sekitar sekitar manusi manusiaa yang yang berupa berupa makhlu makhluk k hidup hidup dikelompo dikelompokkan kkan 22. Segala dalam lingkungan .... a. fisikal biologis b. c. sosial d. geografi e. alam memiliki 23. Permukaan bumi dibagi dalam beberapa wilayah dimana setiap wilayah memiliki kar karakte akteri rist stik ik yang yang berb berbed eda. a. Hal Hal ters terseb ebut ut dipe dipela laja jari ri dala dalam m geog geogra rafi fi mela melalu luii pendekatan .... a. geografi social b. geografi fisik c. geografi modern d. geografi manusia e. geografi regional 24. Obyek formal dalam geografi diartikan sebagai .... a. kajia kajian n geog geogra rafi fi yang yang meli melipu puti ti atmo atmosf sfer er,, lit litos osfe ferr dan dan pedo pedosf sfer er b. b. kajia kajian n geo geogr graf afii yan yang g mel melipu iputi ti atmo atmosf sfer er,, hid hidro rosf sfer er dan dan atm atmos osfe fer r c. kaji kajian an geog geogra rafi fi yan yang g mel melip iput utii atmo atmosf sfer er,, pedo pedosf sfer er,, bio biosf sfer er d. meto metode de pend pendek ekat atan an yang yang digu diguna naka kan n dal dalam am meng mengka kaji ji masa masala lah h e. metode pendekatan formal Geografi berusah berusahaa menjelas menjelaskan kan lebih lebih jauh tentang tentang gejala-g gejala-gejala ejala yang diarnati diarnati 25. Geografi melalui melalui tulisan, tulisan, gambar, grafik, tabel dan peta. Dalam mempelajari mempelajari ini, prinsip yang digunakan adalah .... a. korologi b. deskripsi c. interelasi d. korelasi e. distribusi Perubahan an iklim yang dapat mempeng mempengaruh aruhii cara dan bentuk bentuk penyesuaian atau 26. Perubah kegiatan kegiatan ekonomi ekonomi penduduk penduduk,, merupakan merupakan salah satu contoh contoh gejala gejala geograf geografii yang yang bersifat .... a. sosiologis dan ekonomis b. oseanografis c. klimatologis d fi i fi
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e. biosfer geografi yang mempelajari benda-benda benda-benda angkasa adalah .... 29. Ilmu penunjang geografi a. geologi b. geomorfologi c. klimatologi d. astronomi e. geofisika 30. Dalam menganalisis objek-objek formal untuk menjawab pertanyaan where, maka analisis yang digunakan adalah .... a. analisis ke kewilayahan b. analisis keruangan c. analisis waktu d. analisis geografi e. analisis pe penelitian
B. Uraian Jawablah pertanyaan di bawah ini dengan benar! 1. Jelask Jelaskan an penger pengertian tian geogr geografi afi menuru menurutt Bintart Bintarto! o! 2. Sebutk Sebutkan an 5 ilmu ilmu penun penunjan jang g geogr geografi! afi! 3. Bedakan Bedakan objek objek forma formall dan materia materiall geogra geografi! fi! 4. Jelaskan Jelaskan tentang tentang prinsip prinsip deskripsi deskripsi dalam analisis analisis geograf geografi! i! 5. Sebutkan Sebutkan pendek pendekatan atan yang yang digunakan digunakan dalam dalam mempelaja mempelajari ri geografi! geografi! Kunci ujikompetensi 1 Pilihan ganda No : 1 C No : 6 A No : 11. D No : 16. B No. 21 D No. 26. C 2 D 7. E 12. C 17. C 22. B 27. D 3 A 8. D 13. E 18. C 23. E 28. C 4 D 9. B 14. A 19. D 24. B 29. D
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2. Geografi Geografi merupakan merupakan suatu penyajian penyajian dengan peta dari sebagian sebagian permukaan permukaan bumi.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Kalimat tersebut merupakan pendapat .... a. Huntington Claudius Ptolmeus b. c. Karl Richter d. Erasthotenes e. Alferd Wegener Pada awalnya awalnya geogra geografi fi hanya hanya bersifa bersifatt cerita cerita tentang tentang kesankesan-kes kesan an perjala perjalanan nan dari dari ber berba baga gaii penj penjur uru u bumi bumi,, tanp tanpaa memp memper erha hatik tikan an kete keteta tapa pan n leta letak k muka muka bumi bumi dan dan karakteristiknya. Tulisan ini dikenal dengan nama .... a. kronologi b. choroghrafi c. corologi d. logografi e. biografi Fenomena Fenomena atmosfer atmosfer,, hidrosfer, hidrosfer, litosfer litosfer dan dan biosfer biosfer dipelajar dipelajarii dalam .... .... a. geografi social geografi umum b. c. geografi regional geografi manusia d. e. geografi fisis Berdasarkan struktur pengkajian dan sistem analisanya, geografi terbagi menjadi .... a. cyeografi sistematik dan tradision ional b. b. geog geogra rafi fi terpa erpadu du dan dan geo geogr graf afii te terin rintegr tegras asii c. geografi ortodoks dan sistematik d. geografi or ortodoks da dan te terpadu e. geografi manusia dan wilayah Istila Istilah h geogra geographik phikaa diperke diperkenal nalkan kan oleh oleh .... .... a Claudius Ptolomeus
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b. social c. biologis d. ekonomi e. politik lintang akan mempe mempenga ngaruh ruhii iklim. iklim. Prinsip Prinsip yang digunakan digunakan untuk untuk menganalisa menganalisa 10. Letak lintang gejala ini adalah .... a. prinsip deskripsi b. prinsip interelasi c. prinsip deskripsi d. prinsip korologi e. prinsip interaksi berhubungan dengan penc pencat atat atan, an, survei serta pemetaan laut, dana danau, u, 11. Ilmu yang berhubungan sungai dan sebagainya adalah .... a. geologi b. meteorology c. astronomi d. hidrologi e. oseanografi Cabang geografi geografi y ang mengkaji mengkaji tentang bentuk dan struktur struktur permukaan permukaan bumi yang 12. Cabang mencakup aspek geomorfologi dan hidrologi adalah .... a. geografi fisik b. geografi politik c. geografi historik d. geomorgologi e. geografi regional 13. Unsur-unsur Unsur-unsur alam yang yang menyangkut menyangkut proses proses antara lain ..... a. revolusi bumi b. rotasi bumi c. gravitasi
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17. Unsur-un Unsur-unsur sur ruang menurut menurut Daldjuni meliputi meliputi .... a. lingkungan, ekologi, milleau b. lingkungan fi fisik, bi biologi, so sosial c. milleau, spatial, ekologi d. spatial, milleau, dan region e. posisi, milleau, region 18. Cabang geografi yang mempelajari kawasan tertentu secara khusus adalah .... a. geografi historis b. geografi matematik c. geografi politik d. geografi manusia e. geografi regional Jumlah dan perseb persebaran aran serta serta bentukbentuk-ben bentuk tuk hubung hubungan an timbal timbal balik balik antara manusia manusia 19. Jumlah dengan lingkungannya merupakan kajian dari .... a. litosfer b. hidrosfer c. biosfer d. atmosfer e. antroposfer Dalam kehidupan kehidupan sehari-h sehari-hari ari dapat dapat ditemuk ditemukan an berbagai berbagai permasala permasalahan han masyarakat 20. Dalam misa misaln lnya ya peny penyak akit it flu flu buru burung ng,, dema demam m berd berdar arah ah,, unju unjuk k rasa rasa,, peng pengan angg ggur uran an,, penggusuran penggusuran dan sebagainya. Kenyataan tersebut merupakan contoh dari .... a. gejala atmosfer b. gejala hi hidrosfer c. gejala fisis d. gejala sosial e. gejala litosfer B. Uraian Jawablah pertanyaan di bawah ini dengan benar!
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aktivitas ekonomi masyarakat. Misalkan adanya banjir dapat merugikan perekonomian masyarakat dan sebagainya. 5. Mempelajari penyebaran dan keterkaitan manusia di bumi, mempelajari hubungan manusia dengan lingkungan alam/fisik dan menganalisa perbedaan wilayah secara spasial.
Glosarium Akifer : suatu lapisan kulit bumi yang menahan air Continental Continen tal drif: Teori gerak lempeng kontinen, yang dikemukan oleh Alfred Wegener. Disebutkan bahwa seluruh kontinen yang ada sekarang dulunya bersatu disebut benua Pangea. Dome : relief permukaan bumi yang berbentuk kubah. Erosi : Sala Salah h satu satu gaya gaya ekso eksoge gen, n, yang yang bers bersif ifat at me meru rusa sak k batu batu-b -bat atua uan n dipermukaan bumi. Yang dikikis batuan yang telah lapuk dilakukan oleh air yang yang mengalir, air laut/ombak, laut/ombak, angin, es, air tanah, dan grafitasi. Erupsi : Letusan gunung api yang mengeluarkan bahan-bahan padat, cair dan gas. Geografi: Ilmu pengetahuan yang menggambarkan segala sesuatu yangada di permukaan bumi dilihat dari sudut pandang keruangan dan dalam konsep kewilayahan. Geografi fisik: Cabang ilmu geografi yang mempelajari tentang bentuk dan struktur permukaan bumi, yang mencakup geomorfologi dan hidrologi. Geografi manusia: Cabanng ilmu geografi yang mempelajari tentang aspek sosial, ekonomi dan budaya penduduk.
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kekanan berbentuk setengah lingkaran. Pedologi : ilmi yang mempelajari mempelajari tentang tanah. Perkolasi : Peresapan air ke dalam lapisan tanah berpori yang tidak kedap. .
Daftar Pustaka Ahrens, C Donald, 1993, Essential of Meteorologi New York West Publising Co Dyah Kirana Krisnawati, 2004, Pemetaan di Indonesia, Makalah, UNS. Keith Lye, 2000, Panduan Geografi Mengukur dan Membuat Peta, Semaramg PT. Mandira Jaya Abadi. K. Wardiyatmoko, 2004, Geografi SMA Kelas X, Jakarta, Erlangga Saidihardjo, 1994,Geografi 1 untuk SMU, Solo, Tiga Serangkai. Sumadi Sutrijat, 1999, Geografi 1, Jakarta Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan --------,1992, Kursus Pendalaman Materi Guru Inti Geografi, Yogyakarta, Universitas
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MODUL 2 PEMBELAJARAN GEOGRAFI SEJARAH PEMBENTUKAN MUKA BUMI DAN PERKEMBANGANNYA Sekolah Mata Pelajatan Kelas Jurusan Semester Tahun Pelajaran
I.
Kompe ompete ten nsi Dasar asar : 1.
: SMA Negeri Kebakkramat : Geografi :X : 1 (satu) : 2010 - 2011
Menjelaskan sejarah pembentukan bumi
II. Tujuan Pembelajaran : 1. Siswa Siswa dapat dapat mendesk mendeskrips ripsika ikan n proses proses terjadi terjadinya nya bumi bumi 2. Siswa dapat dapat mengan menganalisis alisis sejarah sejarah perkem perkembang bangan an muka bumi bumi (pangea, (pangea, gondwan gondwana) a) 3. Siswa Siswa mampu mende mendeskr skripsi ipsikan kan karakte karakteris ristik tik perlapis perlapisan an bumi 4. Siswa mampu menganalisis teori lempeng tektonik dan kaitannya dengan persebaran gunung
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Butir-butir tetesan yang besar menarik butir-butir yang kecil dan akhirnya membentuk gumpalangumpalan planet yang sekarang. Teori ini dikemukakan oleh James Jeans dan Herald Jeffries yang kemudian teorinya dikenal dengan Hipotesis Tidal James Jeffries. 4. Hipote Hipotesis sis Peled Peledaka akan nB Bin intan tang g Teori ini dikemukakan oleh Fred Hoyle. la menyatakan bahwa kemungkirian matahari memiliki kawan sebuah bintang dan mulanya berevolusi satu sama lain. Ada yang memadat dan terjerat ke dalam orbit matahari. Banyak Banyak bintang bintang yang meledak dan bebas di ruang angkasa.
5. Hipotesis Kuiper Gerard P. Kuiper menyatakan bahwa semesta terdiri dari formasi bintang bintan bintang. g. Dua pusat yang memadat memadat berkemban berkembang g dalam suatu awan antar bintang dari gas hidrogen. hidrogen. Pusat yang satu lebih lebih besar dari pusat yang lain dan kemudian menjadi bintang tunggal yaitu matahari . P eristiw a beriku berikutny tnyaa kabut kabut meny menyeli elimu muti ti pus pusat at yang yang lebih lebih kecil kecil , hal ini menye menyebab babkan kan awan terpecah-pecah menadi lebih kecil yang disebut proto planet. Dalam Dalam waktu yang lama proto planet planet tersebut tersebut menjadi planet-planet ya ng sekarang. Bumi kita telah terbentuk 4,6 milliar tahun yang lalu. Permukaan bumi galami galami ubah ubah ebut disebabk disebabk oleh adan
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B.
KARAKTERISTIK KARAKTERISTIK PERLAPISAN BUMI Struktur lapisan bumi dibagi menjadi 3 lapisan utama yaitu kerak (crush), selimut (mantle), dan inti (core). Kerak Kerak bumi bumi meru merupak pakan an lapis lapisan an kulit kulit 1. bum bumii bagian bagian luar. luar. Tebal Tebal lapisan lapisan kerak kerak bumi mencapai mencapai 70 km dan merupakan merupakan lapisan batuan yang terdiri dari batu-batuan basa dan masam. Lapisan ini menjadi tempat tinggal semua makhluk makhluk hidup. Suhu di bagian bawah kerak bumi mencapai mencapai 1.100 °C. Lapisan kerak bumi dan lapisan di bawahnya sampai kedalaman 100 km ini disebut dengan litosfer. Lapisan kerak bumi ini terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu: a. Kerak Kerak bumi bumi yang yang tebal tebalnya nya sekit sekitar ar 40 40 km b. Kerak Kerak dasar dasar samud samudera era yang yang tebalnya tebalnya sekitar sekitar 10 km. 2. Selimut atau selubung bumi merupakan lapisan yang letaknya di bawah lapisa lapisan n kerak bumi. bumi. Tebal Tebal selimut selimut bumi mencap mencapai ai 2.900 2.900 km dan merupaka merupakan n lapisa lapisan n batuan batuan padat. padat. Suhu Suhu di d bagian bagian bawah bawah selimu selimutt mencapai 3000°C. Inti bumi merupakan lapisan paling datam 3. dari struktur bumi. Lapisan ini dibedakan menjadi lapisan inti luar dan inti dalam. Inti luar luar tebalnya tebalnya sekitar sekitar 2000 km, dan terdiri atas besi cair yang suhunya mencapai
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posisi yang sekarang. Teori ini diperkuat dengan fenomena berikut: Adanya persamaan yang mencolok antara garis kontur pantai timur Benua a. Amerik Amerikaa utara utara dan Selata Selatan n dengan dengan garis garis kontur kontur pantai pantai barat barat Erop Eropaa dan dan Afrika Afrika.. Kedu Keduaa garis garis yang yang sama sama sebe sebena narn rnya ya dahu dahulu lu adala adalah h dara darata tan n yang yang berh berhimp impita itan. n. Keadaa Keadaan n ini ini dibukt dibuktika ikan n keben kebenara arann nnya, ya, yaitu yaitu adanya formasi geologi di sepanjang pantai Afrika Barat dari Sierra Leone sampai Tanjung Tanjung Afrika Selatan sama dengan apa yang ada di pantai Timur Amerika, dari Peru sampai Bahia Blanca. Daerah Greenland saat ini mengalami pergerakan yang semakin menjauhi b. daratan Eropa dengan kecepatan kurang lebih 36 m/th. Di Kepulauan Madagaskar bergerak menjauhi Afrika S elatan dengan kecepatan 9 m/th. Bukti-bukti adanya pergerakan benua Pangea: 1) Bentangan-bentangan Bentangan-bentangan samudera dan benua-benua mengapung sendirisendirisendiri. 2) Samuder Samuderaa Atlant Atlantik ik menjadi menjadi semakin semakin luas luas karena karena Benua Benua Amerika Amerika masih terus bergerak ke arah barat, sehingga terjadi lipatan-lipatan lipatan-lipatan kulit kulit bum bumii yang yang menj menjad adii jajar jajaran an pegu pegunu nung ngan an utar utaraa-se sela latan tan yang yang terdap terdapat at di sepanjang pantai Amerika Utara bagian selatan. Adanya kegiat kegiatan an seismi seismik k yang yang luar biasa biasa di sepanj sepanjang ang pantai pantai barat barat 3) Adanya
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Selatan dan Afrika. Afrika. Dari segi ilmu pengetahuan alam, magnet dan geologi makin lama terdapat bukti-bukti yang menguatkan teori apungan benua.
5. Teori Konveksi Teori Konveksi mengemukakan bahwa terjadi aliran konveksi ke arah vertikal di dalam lapisan lapisan astenosfer astenosfer yang agak kental. Aliran tersebut berpengaruh berpengaruh sampai sampai kerak bumi yang ada di atasnya. Aliran konveksi yang merambat ke permukaan bumi menye menyebab babkan kan batuan batuan kerak kerak bumi bumi menjad menjadii lunak. lunak. Gerak Gerak aliran aliran dari dari dalam dalam bumi bumi menga mengakib kibatk atkan an permuk permukaan aan bumi bumi tidak tidak rata. rata. Fenome Fenomena na yang yang menduk mendukung ung teori teori ini adalah adanya lava yang mengalir di puncak mid oceanic ridge. Lava ini mengalir terus
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2) merupakan merupakan daerah daerah hiposent hiposentra ra gempa gempa dangk dangkal al dan dalam 3) lempeng lempeng dasar dasar samude samudera ra menunjam menunjam ke bawah bawah lempeng lempeng benua benua 4) terben terbentuk tuk palun palung g laut di di tempat tempat tumbu tumbukan kan itu itu pemben engk gkak akan an tepi tepi iemp iempen eng g benu benuaa yang yang meru merupa paka kan n dere dereta tan n 5) pemb pegunungan 6) pengha penghancu ncuran ran lempeng lempeng akibat akibat pergesek pergesekan an lempen lempeng g - timbun timbunan an sedim sedimen en campuran / bancuh/melange Dua lempeng saling berpapasan c. Fenomena-fenomenanya: 1) dapat dapat aktivit aktivit lkanis lkanis g lemah. lemah.
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G a m b aPr l a t eD u n i a
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Gambar lempeng utama di dunia Batas lempeng tektonik ditandai oleh adanya bentukan-bentukan alam akibat aktivitas lempeng itu sendiri. Ba tas lempeng tektonik dibedakan menjadi 3 jenis jenis yaitu yaitu:: batas konvergen, batas divergen, dan batas sesar mendatar.
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a. Busur Busur Arak Arakan an Yoma, Yoma, berp berpusa usatt di Shan Shan (Myan (Myanmar mar)) b. b. Busur Busur Andam Andaman an Nikoba Nikobar, r, berpu berpusat sat di di Mergui. Mergui. c. Busur Sumatera - Jawa, berpusat Anambas. d. Busur Busur Kepula Kepulauan uan Nusa Nusa Tengg Tenggara, ara, berpu berpusat sat di di Flores. Flores. e. Busur Busur Banda, Banda, berpus berpusat at di di Band Banda. a. Sistem Sunda terbagi atas dua busur yakni busur dalam yang vulkanis, busur luar yang tidak vulkanis (di bawah permukaan laut). 2. Sist Sistem em Bus Busur ur Tep Tepii Asi Asia a Sistem ini dimulai dari Kamsyatka melalui Jepang, Filipina, Kalimantan,
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Edisi ke 1
b. c. d. e.
17.
oksigen karbondioksida proton, elektron hidrogen
Benda langit yang sering disebut bintang berekor adalah .... a. galaksi b. matahari c. bintang d. planet e. komet Jarak rata-rata planet Mars ke Matahari adalah .... 18. a. 228 juta km 149.500.000 km b. c. 159.000 km d. 149.000 km e. 145.000.000 km Pencetus anggapan bahwa bumi adalah pusat alam semesta adalah .... 19. Claudius Ptolomeus a. b. Nocolas Copernicus c. Johanes Keppler d. Phytagoras e. Anaximander Angg Anggap apan an yang yang menya menyatak takan an bahwa bahwa pusat pusat jagad jagad raya raya adalah adalah 20. mat ahari ah ari . Pencetus Pencetus pandangan pandangan ini ini adalah ...... ...... Socrates a. Plato b. c. Nicolas Copernicus d. Anaximander e. Issac Newton Planet Planet yang yang lintasa lintasanny nnyaa lebih lebih besar besar dari dari jari-ja jari-jari ri lintas lintasan an bumi bumi 21. mengelilingi matahari disebut .... planet dalam a. b. planet luar c. planetair d. interplanet e. tata surya Pernyataan di bawah ini yang merupakan salah satu ciri fisik planet 22. Yupiter adalah .... a. planet, me mempunyai cahaya sendiri b. planet berkedap-kedip c. terd terdap apat at cinc cincin in yan yang meng mengeelili lilin ngi plan planet et ters terseb ebut ut d. plan planet et ber bered edar ar men menge geli lili ling ngii mata mataha hari ri den denga gan n arah arah yan yang g berl berlaw awan anan an e. planet tidak memiliki satelit Teori reaksi inti dikemukakan oleh .... 23. a. I ma n u e l K a n t
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Edisi ke 1
24. a.
b. c. d. e.
25. a. b. c. d. e.
26. a. b. c. d. e.
27. a. b. c. d. e.
28. a. b. c. d.
e.
Kobaran gas dari tepi matahari dinamakan .... fotosfer flare prominance spot korona Planet mars juga disebut planet .... Merah Respati Luna Zuh al Pembuat Ulah Waktu rotasi yang diperlukan oleh plante Pluto adalah .... 10,8 jam 15 jam 24 jam 6, 4 h a r i 10 hari Berikut ini merupakan contoh satelit buatan, kecuali kecuali .... Cosmos S oyuz M ol n i y a Nova P hobos Berikut Beriku t ini adalah akibat revolusi, kecuali .... Ada ny a 4 musi m Terjadinya iklim Adnya berbagai zodiak Terjadinya siang dan malam Pada tanggal 21 maret-21 Juni terjadi musim bunga di belahan bumi
utara
29.
Rota Rotasi si bumi bumi dapat dapat dibuk dibukti tikan kan deng dengan an percob percobaa aann-pe perc rcob obaan aan di bawah ini kecuali .... a. adanya musim b. P e p a t a n b u mi c. F oto uda ra d. Percobaan Foucalt e. Terjadinya pe pembelokan ar ara h a ngin Salah Sala h satu bagian dari komet adalah ekor komet. komet. Ekor debu dari komet 30. bentuknya .... a. lurus melengkung b. c. elips d. tegak lurus e. lingkaran B. Uraian Jawablah dengan benar!
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Edisi ke 1
5. Apa akibat akibat dari dari adan adanya ya revo revolus lusi? i? 6. Mengapa Mengapa ekor ekor komet komet selal selalu u menjauh menjauh dari matahari? matahari? 7. Sebutka Sebutkan n 3 sifat sifat fisik fisik dari dari matah matahri! ri! 8. Apa fungs fungsii sate satelit lit domest domestik? ik? 9. Bed Bed cont contoh oh 3 sat satel elit it bua buata tan! n! 10. Sebutkan Sebutkan nama-nama nama-nama satelit dari planet planet Mars! Kunci Uji Kompetensi VI Pilihan ganda: No. 1. E 6. E 11. E 16. C 21. 2. D 7. A 12. A 17. E 22. 3. C 8. C 13. E 18. A 23. 4. B 9. B 14. D 19. A 24 5. D 10. A 15. C 20. C 25.
B C E C A
26. D 27. E 28. D 29. A 30. B
Kunci Esay: 1.Rotasi adalah perputaran bumi pada porosnya dengan arah negatif dengan • sekali putaran 360 dalam waktu 24 jam. 2. Akibat rotasi timbul gaya cariolis, timbul gaya sentrifugal, terjadi siang dan • malam, terjadinya pasang naik dan surut, terjadinya angin pasat, timbulnya peredaran semu benda-benda langit. 3. Fotosfer, kromosfer, noda matahari, prominance, dan flare. • 4. Peredaran planet bumi mengelilingi matahari selama 12 bulan dengan arah • rektograd. 5 Terjadinya musim dan zodiak. • 6 Ekor komet menjahui matahari karena adanya angin matahari (solar wind) dan • radiasi matahari(solar radiation). 7. Sifat fisik matsaahari antara lain jarak bumi dengan matahari 11.700 x • diameter bumi, diameter matahari 109 X diameter bumi, massa matahari 330.000 X massa bumi dan sebagainya. 8. Sebagai media komunikasi, media eksplorasi, sebagai senjata jarak jauh, • sebagai kendaraan ruang ankasa dan sebagai senjata pamungkas. 9. Cosmos, Colombia, Chalengger, Nova, Himawari, dan sebagainya. • 10. Phobos dan Demos. LATIHAN SEMESTER 1 Pilihan Ganda • Pilihlah salah satu jawaban yang paling tepat! 1. Ikjlim ad adalah se sebagi sa salah sa satu pe penentu ke kehidupan. Pe Pendapat te tersebut dikemukakan oleh ..... Daldjuni a. b. H a n ti ng to n c. Bi nta r to d. Richtoff en e. J oh n A l e xs a n d e r Ruang lingkup geografi meliputi ..... 2. a. p er ermuka an an bu bumi de denga n segala pr prosesnya b. pen penyeba yebara ran n dan dan kete keterk rkaaitan itan manus anusia ia di bu bumi c. pen pengorganisa isasian ian wi wiiaya iayah h dan dan ruarag di di bu bumi
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Edisi ke 1
a. b.
lingkungan fisik lingkungan social c. lingkungan biologi d. aspek fisis e. a sp ek sosi a l 4. Cabang geo geograti yan yang mem memepelajari bum bumi dil dilihat dar dari sud sudut sej sejarah dan dan perkembangannya adalah ..... a. g e og r a f i m a t e ma t i k b. g e og r a f i hi s t o ri k c. geografi regional d. geogra fi po li ti k e. g e og r a f i m a nu s i a 5. Objek Objek stud studii geograf geografii yang yang menyang menyangkut kut materi materi ilmu bidang bidang studi studi antara lain ..... a. A t mo sf e r b. P e mu ki ma n c. B ent a ng a l a m d. B ent a ng sos i a l e. B ent u k mu ka b um i Segala sesuatu di sekitar manusia yang berwujud tindakan atau aktivitas 6. manusia baik dalam hubunganya dengan lingkungan alam maupun hubungan antar manusia disebut ..... a. lingkungan fisikal b. lingkungan biologis c. lingkungan sosial d. lingkungan alam e. lingkungan biotik Tafsiran bentang alam dan bentang sosial termasuk budaya perkotaan 7. merupakan salah satu ..... a. ruang lingkup geografi b. obtek geografi c. prinsip geografi d. cabang ilmu geografi e. batasan geografi
8.
Suatu Suatu gejala gejala alam alam yang yang terseb tersebar ar tidak tidak merata merata di permuk permukaan aan bumi, bumi, misal isaln nya pers perseb ebar aran an pend pendud uduk uk.. Untu Untuk k meng mengan anal alis isis is per perseba sebara ran n ters terseb ebut ut meng menggun gunaka akan n pri nsip ... .. a. Persebaran b. Interelasi c. Deskripsi d. Korologi e. geografi Letak, Letak, luas, luas, bentuk bentuk dan batas suatu suatu wilayah wilayah yang yang berpen berpengar garuh uh 9. terhada p unsur biotik merupakan merupakan unsur...... unsur...... a. biologi b. biotic c. ekonomi d top ologi
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Edisi ke 1
c.
geograf grafii ortod todok dan geo geogfafi fafi sist istema emalik lik geografi ekonomi dan geograh geograh sosial sosial d. e. geografi bu budaya da dan ge geografi ma manusia Tenaga yang membentuk permukaan bumi yang berasal dari luar 11. bumi adalah ... a. tenaga tektogenese b. tenaga di diatropisnie c. tenaga seisme d. tenaga endogen e. tenaga eksogen Lapisan bumi yang terdiri nikel dan besi terdapat pada .... 12. litosfer a. kerak bumi b. c. inti bumi selimut selimut bumi bum i d. e. astenosfer Laut yang memisahkan antara Benua Lamasia dan Gondwana adalah 13. .... a. Lautan Hindia Lautan Teduh b. c. Lautan Atelantik d. Laut Tetuhs e. Laut Pasifik Fenomen Fenomenaa berikut merupakan bukti adanya pergeseran benua..... 14. a. terjadinya pe pengkerutan bu bumi b. b. adan adanya ya pers persam amaa aan n gar garis is kork korkur ur pant pantai ai tim timur ur Benu Benuaa Arn Arner erik ikaa Utar Utaraa dan dan Selatan dengan garis kontur pantai barat Eropa dan Afrika c. pers persam amaa aan n geo geolo logi gi di Amer Amerik ikaa Sela Selata tan, n, Indi India; a; Aust Austra rali liaa d. ditemukannya fo fosil Labyrintodont e. adanya anya alira iran ko konveksi ke ke ar arah ve vertikal Lemp eng Eurasia Eurasia meliputi meliputi wilayah .... 15. a. Eropa, Asia, Indonesia b. Eropa, Amerika, Afrika c. India, Australia d. Asia, eropa, Amerika e. Eropa, Antartika
16.
Batas Batas divergen terjadi akibat lempeng yang bergerak saling menjauh. menjauh. Batas inijuga disebut .... a. batas konvergen b. batas subduksi c. batas konstruktif d. batas sesar e. ba ta s le mp eng 17. Apabil Apabilaa ada perg perges eser eran an dua lempen lempeng g berlawa berlawanan nan,, maka maka akan akan terbentuk batas ....
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Edisi ke 1
18.
Gunung api di Indo nesia terbentuk terbentuk akibat peristiwa berikut .... a. salin aling g men menja jauh uhn nya lem lempe peng ng Indi Indiaa-Au Aust stra rali liaa den dengan gan Asia Asia b. b. terj terjad adii tabr tabrak akan an lem lempe peng ng ant antar araa Idia Idia-A -Aus ustr tral alia ia den denga gan n Eura Eurasi siaa c. terj terjad adii simp simpan anga gan n anta antara ra lemp lempen eng g Eura Eurasi siaa deng dengan an Afri Afrika ka d. terj terjad adii per perge gese sera ran n lemp lempen eng g Eur Euras asia ia deng dengan an lemp lempen eng g Pas Pasif ifik ik e. terj terjad adii tubr tubruk ukan an lemp lempen eng g Eura Eurasi siaa deng dengan an Afri Afrika ka Berikut ini yang termasuk barisan gunung api di Indonesia adalah .... 19. a. sirkum mediteran b. sirkum pasisfik c. Bukit Barisan di Sumatra d. Bari Barissan pegu pegun nunga ungan n kapu apur selat elatan an di jawa jawa e. bari barisa san n gunu gunung ng api api Halm Halmah aher eraa dan dan pula pulauu-pu pula lau u seki sekita tarn rnya ya 20. Busur luar dari sistem pegunungan Sunda gunung apinya bersifat .... a. Vulkanis b. non vulkanis c. aktif d. st a b i l e. la bi l Cabang ketiga dari Sistem Busur tepi Asia adalah .... .... 21. a. Luzon-Palawan-Kalimantan Utara b. Luzon-Samar- Mindanau c. Samar-Mindanau-Sangihe-Sulawei d. Banda e. Nusa Tenggara 22. Bencana gempa yang terjadi terjadi di Aceh, Yogyakarta Yogyakarta dan beberapa daerah daerah lainnya di Indonesia termasuk gempa .... a. vulkanik tektonik b. c. terban d. se i e m e e. diatropisme Sebagian besa besarr pusat gempa bumi di Indonesia Indonesia terdapat di bawah 23. permukaan laut. Pusat gempa yang terdapat di permukaan bumi ini disebut .... isosentrum a. b. hiposentru c. episentrum d. homoseiste e. isoseiste Keber adaa n galaksi dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan menggunakan alat .... 24.
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Edisi ke 1
a. b. c. d. e.
p l a n e t da l a m planet luar p la net da la m ta ta sury a inter planet antar planet 27. Pers Persam amaa aan n geol geolog ogii yang yang terd terdap apat at di Amer Amerik ikaa Sela Selata tan, n, Indi India, a, Australia dan Antartika disebabkan oleh bersatunya daratan-daratan tersebut pada zaman dulu. Pernyataan tersebut dikemukakan oleh .... a. Wegener b. Desa rt es c. Edward Suess d. peneliti Amerika e. Kuiper Anggapan yang menyatakan bahwa pusat jagat raya adalah matahari. 28. Anggapan ini didukung oleh .... a. Aristoteles Pluto b. c. P y t a g or a s d. Johanes Kepler e. Anaximander Teori-teori gerakan benua beranggapan bahwa 200 juta tahun yang 29. lalu hanya ada satu benua besar besar yaitu ..... a. Gondwana Laurasia b. c. Eurasia d. Pangea e. Autronesia 30. 30. Jagat Jagat raya raya awaln awalnya ya merupakan merupakan gumpala gumpalan n kabut kabut yang yang berput berputar ar perlahanlahan kemudian gumpalan gas tersebut menjadi berupa matahari, planet dan satelit. Pernyataan tersebut merupakan hipotesis .... planetisimal a. b. kabut c. pasang surut d. ledakan bintang e. Kuiper Benua Asia terdiri dari 3 lempeng benua besar yaitu .... 31. a. Eurasia, au australia, Pa Pasifik b. Eurasia, Pa Pasifik, In India c. India, Pasifik, Afrika d Eurasia, In India, At Atlantik
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Edisi ke 1
e.
E
34.
Sinklin yang bergelombang disebut ... a. Antiklin b. antikinorium c. sinklinorium d. lipatan e. retakan Pusat gempa yang berada di dalam bumi disebut .... 35. a. Episentrum b. hiposentrum c. homoseiste d. pkistoseiste e. isoseiste Jepan Jepang, g, Philip Philipina ina,, Chili Chili dan dan Amer Amerika ika Teng Tengah ah meru merupa paka kan n daer daerah ah 36. rangkaian gempa .... Mediterania a. Samudra Pasifik b. c. Tektonik d. Vulkanik e. Runtuhan 37. BendaBenda-be bend ndaa antar antariks iksaa dan huku hukum m alam alam yang yang berla berlaku ku padan padanya ya dipelajari oleh ilmu .... a. geografi astronomi b. c. fisika d. kosmologi e. astrologi 38. Pandangan Pandangan heliosen heliosentris tris rnenga rnengang nggap gap pusat pusat dari dari tata tata surya surya adalah adalah matahari. Pencetusan pandangan ini adalah ..... a. Claudius Ptolomeus b. Phytagoras c. Johannes Kepler d. Aristoteles e. Niccias Copernicus 39. Perhatikan gambar berikut ini!
Berdasarkan hukum Kepler II, posisi perihelium matahari ditunjukkan pada gambar .... a. A
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Edisi ke 1
mutlak bintang Altair e. Magnitudo mutlak Sirius le l ebil7 lemah dari magnitudo semu bintang Altair 41. Bila bi bintang X me mempunyai pa panjang ge gelombang ma maksimum 36 360.000 A, A, maka tennperatur dari bintang X adalah .... a. -273° K b. 10° K c. 18,6 ° K d. 81,6 ° K e. 29,4° K 42. Gugusan bintang akan bergeser dari tempat semula pada setiap malamnya. Gugusan bintang A akan bergeser atau mengalami kelambatan muncul dari tempat semula setiap malam selama .... a. 4 menit b. 40 menit c. 24 jam d. satu minggu e. satu bulan Bila Anda mengamati langit di senja hari bulan Nopember ini, maka 43. gugusan gugusan bintang yang akan tampak di langit adalah .... a. Pisces, An Andromeda, Ca Ca ss ssiop ea ea, Ph Phoenix b. C et u s , P h oe ni x, A r i e s , T a u r u s c. Sco Scorpio, io, Sag Sagita itarius, us, Aquil quila, a, Hercules les d. Centau taurus, Cr Crux, Lib Librra, Co Corona ona Bo Borealis alis e. Leo, Ca Ca nce r, Ur Ursa Ma Ma yor, Ge Gemi ni Tata Tata surya surya berasal berasal dari kabut asal atau nebula yang terdiri terdiri dari 44. unsur unsu r H elium dan Hidrogen. Pernyataan Pernyataan ini dikemukakan oleh .... a. Phytagoras dan Aristoteles b. Copernicus da dan ga galileo Ga Galilei c. Jeans dan Jefreys d. Imma nu nuel Kant dan Pi er erre de Laplace e. Chamberlin dan Moulton Pernyataan Pernyataan di bawah ini ya ng benar adalah .... 45. Bintik Bintik-bi -binti ntik k mataha matahari ri dapat dapat menyeb menyebabk abkan an terjadi terjadinya nya ganggu gangguan an a. magnetis bumi yang mempengaruhi keadaan atmosfir b. b. Bint Bintik ik-b -bin inti tik k mat matah ahar arii mun muncu cull set setel elah ah ter terja jadi diny nyaa ger gerha hana na c. Bint Bintik ik-b -bin inti tik k mat matah ahar arii mer merup upak akan an gas gas yan yang g san sanga gatt ren rengg ggan ang g d. Bint Bintik ik-b -bin inti tik k mata mataha hari ri mer merup upak akan an kob kobar aran an gas gas dar darii tepi tepi mat matah ahar arii BintikBintik-bin bintik tik matahar mataharii merupak merupakan an peristi peristiwa wa kilatan kilatan cahaya cahaya yang yang e.
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Edisi ke 1
b. c. d. e.
gerhana ma matahari pa partial gerhana matahari cincin gerhana bulan total gerhana bulan cincin Perubahan musim merupakan akibat revolusi planet bumi terhadap 48. matahari. Pada tanggal 23 September - 22 Dessember Dessember akan terjadi musim .... a. bunga bunga di belahan belahan bumi utara, utara, musim musim rontok rontok di di belahan belahan bumi bumi selatan selatan b. panas di belahan belahan bumi bumi utara, utara, dan musim musim dingin dingin di di belahan belahan bumi bumi selatan selatan c. rontok rontok di belahan belahan bumi utara utara dan dan musim musim bunga bunga di belahan belahan bumi selata selatan n d. dingin dingin di belahan belahan bumi bumi utara utara dan musim panas di belahan belahan bumi bumi selatan selatan e. bunga bunga di belahan belahan bumi bumi utara, utara, dan dan musim musim rontok rontok di belah belahan an bumi utara 49. Pilihlah pernyataan yang benar! a. Jarak arak bumi bumi denga engan n mat matah ahar arii 11. 11.70 700 0 x dia diam meter ter bum bumii b. Magni tud e se semu mata hri 14 14 c. Massa mata hari 30 300.000 x massa bumi d. Mata Mataha hari ri tida tidak k dapa dapatt men menimbu imbulk lkan an gaya gaya grav gravit itas asii e. Krom Kromos osfe ferr mata mataha hari ri tida tidak k terl terlih ihat at sete setela lah h gerh gerhan anaa mata mataha hari ri Perbedaan fisik antara planet bumi dengan planet Mars yang benar 50. adalah ..... Unsur fisik Bum i Mars a Wa kt u revolusi 365, 3 hari 7 00 ha ri b Wa ktu rota si 23,9 jam 25 jam c Jarak dari matahari 149,6 juta 228 juta km km d Komposisi atmosfer CO2 C O 2, Z n e Massa 1 2 URAIAN Jawablah dengan benar! 1. Sebutkan prinsip-prinsip geografi yang digunakan untuk menganalisis gejalagejala geografi ! 2. Bedakan geografi fisik dengan geografi manusia! Apa yang dimaksud datas konvergen? Kemukakan proses terjadinya 3. bumi menurut hipotesis peledakan bintang ! 4. S ebutkan bentuk-bentuk galaksi beserta jumlahnya! Kunci Latihan Semester I Pilihan Ganda: No. 1. B 6. C 11. E 16. C 21. C 26 B. 31. B 36. B 41. D 46,.C 2. B 7. B 12. C 17. A 22. B 27. C 32. A 37. B 42. A 47..B 3. C 8. A 13. D 18. B 23. C 28. D 33. C 38. C 43. A 48. C •
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Edisi ke 1
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Edisi ke 1
Cuaca: keadaan udara disuatu tempat yang relatif sempit dan jangka waktu singkat Cuaca: Fotosfer : bagian pusat dari matahari yang berbentuk seperti cakram, lapisan ini memberikan cahaya dan temperaturnya mencapai beberapa juta derajat F Galaksi:: suatu kumpulan bintang yang jumlahnya milyaran Galaksi Grafitasi:: gaya tarik menari dari dua obyek Grafitasi Komet : benda angkasa yang beredar mengelilingi matahari, bercahaya seperti bintang,bagian tengahnya bercahaya terang dan berekor panjang menyerupai kabut Konduksi:: hantaran dari bagian benda ke bagian benda lainnya atau dari satu benda ke Konduksi benda lain tanpa perpindahan partikel atau zat Konjungsi:: pertemuan atau papasan semu antara dua benda angkasa atau lebih dari Konjungsi derajat rasi yang sama Konveksi:: gerak udar, air atau cairan lain dengan arah vertikal Konveksi Korona:: cahaya semu di sekitar matahari Korona Kromosfer : lapisan gas tebal yang menyelimuti matahari dan tampak sebagian pinggiran yang bercahaya atau berwarna merah muda (tampak terang apa bila terjadi gerhana matahari total) Letak astronomis: astronomis : posisi suatu tempat berdasarkan garis li ntang dan garis bujur Letak geografis: geografis : letak s uatu tempat berdasarkan keadaannya di permukaan bumi Letak geologis: geologis : letak s uatu tempat berdasarkan kondisi geologinya/tekanan tektonik Meteor : benda langit yang k adang-kadang adang-kadang tertarik oleh gravitasi bumi dan memasuki atmosfer bumi, bila terjadi gesekan benda langit tersebut menjadi panas dan berpijar Meteorologi:: ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari tentang cuaca Meteorologi Meteorit: sisa-sisa meteorbatuan meteor yang s ampai ke permukaan bumi Orbit : lintasan peredaran benda langit mengelilingi benda langit lainnya, misalnya orbit bumi mengelilingi matahari Perihelium:: posisi bumi dalam orbitnya di ekli ptika, pada saat berada dalam jarak Perihelium terdekat dengan matahari, yaitu 146.188.840 km diperkirakan tanggal 3 Januari Planet: benda langit yang gelap dan tidak mempunyai cahaya sendiri, dan selalu beredar mengelilingi matahari Rotasi bumi: bumi : perputaran bumi pada porosnya
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Edisi ke 1
Daftar Pustaka
Ahrens, C. Donald, 1993, Essential of Meteorologi. New York : West Publising Co. Dyah Kirana Krisnawati, 2004, Pemetaan di Indonesia, Indonesia, Makalah, UNS. Keith Lye, 2000, Panduan Geografi-Mengukur dan Membuat Petya, Semarang. PT. Mandira Jaya Abadi. K. Wardiyatmoko, 2004, Geografi SMA Kelas X, Jakarta, Erlangga. Saidihardjo, 1994, Geografi 1 untuk SMU, Solo, Tiga Serangkai. Sumadi Sutrijat, 1999, Geografi 1, Jakarta Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. , 1992, Kurus Pendalaman Materi Guru Inti Geografi, yogyakarta, Universitas Gajah Mada. , 1999, Kumpulan materi Makalah Seminar El Nina, Semarang, IKIP Semarang. , 2003, 003, Kuri Kuriku kulu lum m 2004 2004 Stan Standa darr Komp Kompet eten ensi si Mata Mata Pela Pelaja jara ran n Geog Geogra rafi fi.. Jaka Jakart rta, a, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.