Pr ´actica 5 MODELO LOTKA-VOLTERRA
5.1
Ob jetiv o
En la Pr ´actica 4 est!ia"os al#nas t´ecnicas $ara %acer el an´alisis calitativo !e na ecaci´on !i&erencial !i&erencial no lineal. En esta $r ´actica anali'are"os anali'are"os el "o!elo $resa $resa- !e$re!a!or( !on!e nos a$arecer ´a n siste"a !e ecaciones !i&erenciales )e no $e!e necesitare"os e"$lear e"$lear "´eto!os $e!e resolverse e*acta"ente. Por tanto( necesitare"os n"´ericos + calitativos. En concreto( encontrare"os los $ntos !e e)ilibrio( lineali'are"o lineali'are"oss el siste"a alre!e!or alre!e!or !e los los $ntos $ntos !e e)ilib e)ilibrio rio $ara %acer el an solciones son $eri´o!icas( + $or ´alisis !e estabili!a!( !e"ostrare"os )e las solciones ´ lti"o lo a$licare"os a n caso concreto.
5.,
ntro!cci
´on n eje"$lo cl´asico !el "o!elo $resa !e$re!a!or es el )e re$resenta a la $oblaci ´on !e linces + conejos !e n bos)e al norte !e /ana!´a. La ra'´on !e la &recencia con )e a$arece !ic%o eje"$lo en !i&erentes te*tos( es $or)e la co"$an0 ´a 2!son 3a+ anot´o ci!a!osa"ente las ca$tras !e estas !os es$ecies en el $er ´o !o 1 - 16( + se as"e )e estas ca$tras son re$resentativas !el ta"a n0 o !e las $oblaciones. La 7i#ra 5.1 re$resenta a las ca$tras !e linces + conejos entre los an0 os 165 + 16,5( a$reci´an!ose n co"$orta"iento oscilatorio con n $er a$ro*i"a!o "a!o !e 1, 1, an0 os. 8estro objetivo ser ´a el !e constri constrirr n "o!elo ´o !o a$ro*i )e e*$li)e !e &or"a "ate"´atica el co"$orta"iento $eri´o!ico !e este siste"a. Dic%o "o!elo %a si!o elabora!o en teor ´a + b´asica"ente consiste en lo si#iente.
56
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5.; An´alisis calitati calitativ vo !el "o!elo 9
Lot: : aaPr ´actica 5 Mo!elo Lot
, y , y =t > las $oblaciones !e conejos =$resas> + linces linces =!e$re!a!ores> res$ ecti0 va"en va"ente te.. La ra'´on !e ca"bio !e las $resas x =t > es $ro$orc $ro$orcion ional al en ca!a ca!a contacto entre "o"ento al n´ "ero !e ellas( =a1 x=t >>( >>( "enos la $robabil $robabili!a! i!a! !e contacto >>. Es !ecir( los conejos + los linces( =a, x=t > y =t >>. dx=t > y=t > ? a1 x=t > − a, x=t > y dt . De "anera si"ilar( en asencia !e $resas la $oblaci´on !e linces !is"in+e a >>( + al inclir los conejos s na tasa $ro$orcional al n´ "ero !e ellos( =−b1 y=t >>( $oblaci´on a"enta $ro$orcional a la $osibili!a! !e contacto entre las $resas + los >>. /o"binan!o estos &actores !e$re!a!ores =b, x=t > y=t >>. dy=t > dt
? −b1 y=t > @ b, x=t > y =t >
.
7i#ra 5.1 /a$tras !e linces + conejos en 165 - 16,5 Es evi!ente )e $ara la reali'aci ´on !e !ic%o "o!elo se %an e&ecta!o n eleva!o eje "$lo( no se %a teni!o en centa la n´ "ero !e si"$li&icaciones !e la reali!a!. Por eje"$lo( variacion !el cli"a( las relaciones con otras es$ecies( la $resencia !el ser %"ano( + otros &actores "+ i"$ortantes co"o son la e!a! !e los ani"ales + s !istribci ´on es$acial.
5.;
"o!elo
An´alisis
calitativo !el
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e y =t > tienen )e ser cero. Tene"os )e resolver el siste"a B x=a1 − a, y> y > ? x0 =t > ? x= 0 y ? y=−b1 @ b, x> ? c+as solciones son
C
x=t > , , y =t >> P 1 ? = x , >> ? = , > ,
P ,
1
b
D a1
, a ,
?
b,
.
De los $ntos !e e)ilibrio e)ilibrio encontra!os no $o!e"os !e!cir el co"$orta"iento oscilatorio !el siste"a observa!o en la 7i#ra 5.1.
EER//O 5.;., Lineali'ar el siste"a !e ecaciones !i&erenciales en n entorno !e los $ntos !e e)ilibrio( $ara est!iar la estabili!a! !el siste"a. &nciones f f = x, x, y > ? a1 x − a, x ? −b1 y @ b, x y. y . /alcla"os las si#ientes !eriva!as $arciale $arciales( s( ∂ f
?
a1
−
∂x ∂ g ? b, y ∂x
a, y
F ∂ f ? −a x , ∂y F ∂g ? −b @ b x , 1 ∂y
+ sstiti"os sstiti"os en el $ri"ero !e los $ntos P 1 (
C
J = , >
?
a1
D −b1
.
si calcla"os los valores + vectores $ro$ios !e esta "atri'
J ? {{a1 , 0} , {0 , −b1}} EigenvaluesG J JH EigenvectorsG J JH {a1( -b1} {{1( }( {( 1}}
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O bien( bien( t x=t > ? c1 ea1 ,
Para el se#n!o !e los $ntos P ,
?
y =t > ? c, e
.
=b1 /b, , a1 /a, >( la "atri' jacobiana es C a, b1
J = , >
b1 t
−
?
−
D
b
a b
,
1 ,
.
a,
<s valores $ro$ios son(
J ? {{0 , −=a2b1> / b2 b2} , {=a1b2> / a2 a2 , 0}} EigenvaluesG J JH {- <)rtGa1H <)rtGb1H}
<)rtGb1H(
<)rtGa1H
√
Es !ecir λ ? ± a1b1 ≡ iw , lo )e "estra "estra )e P , es n centro + s#iere )e las solciones #irar ´an en en torno torno a ´el( !an!o !an!o l#ar( en este caso( a solciones $ eri ´o!icas !e las $oblaciones. La solciones son a%ora D D C C C D x=t > ? c1 cos wt wt sen , @ c, − A cos wt A sen wt y=t >
con b A ? , b1
r
a1 . a,
EER//O 5.;.; Encontrar las ecaciones !e las "o!elo $resa-!e$re!a!or.
´orbitas !el
dy −b1 y @ b, ? x= x=a1 − a, y> ? xy dx a x − 1
a, xy
Esta ecaci´on es se$arable( +a )e $e!e e*$resarse !e la &or"a a1
−
y
a, y
dy
?
dx
−b1 @ b, x
x
Por consi#iente( a1 ln y − a, y @ b1 ln x − b, x
?
k 1 $ara na constante k 1 .
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´orbitas
$ara na constante K . As´ $es( las crvas !e&ini!as $or la ecaci´on
x b1 eb, x =5.1> −
?
!el siste"a son la &a"ilia !e
−a, y a1
y
C e
.
Para $robar )e las solciones solciones son $eri´o!icas se$ara"os la &nci´on i"$l´cita anterior en las &nciones F = x> x>
? x
−b1 b, x
e
,
G= y> y >
?
−a, y a1
y
C e
,
+ las re$resenta"os #r ´a&ica"ente. =a> F = x> x> tiene na as´ntota vertical en x ? . =b> F = x> x> tien!e a in&inito can!o x tien!e a in&inito. =c> La !eriva!a !e F = x> x> es 0
F = x x> ?
−b1 x
−b1 −1 b, x
e
@ b, x
−b1 b, x
e
? x
−b1 −1 b, x
e
=b, x −
b1 > , )e se anla en x ´ni"o.
=!> G=>
?
? b1 /b, (
!on!e $resenta n "
=e> G= y> y > tien!e a cero can!o + tien!e %acia in&inito. > La !eriva!a !e G= y> y > es =& > 0
G = y>
?
C a1 y
a1 −1 −a, y
e
−
a
−a, y
y 1 a, e C y
?
y C y
)e vale cero en y ? a1 /a, !on!e tiene n "´a*i"o.
a1 −1 −a, y
e
=a1
−
a, y> ,
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Por =5.1> sabe"os )e las &nciones F = x> x> + G= y> y > !eben ser i#ales( + si observa"os la 7i#ra 5.,( esto s´olo es $osible si el ran#o se encentra entre el valor "´ni"o !e F = x> x> + el "´a*i"o !e G= y>. y >. /an!o F = x> x> alcan'a el "´ni"o( entonces G= y> y > valores( )e corres$on! corres$on!en en al valor valor "´as alto + "´as $e!e $e!e to"ar !os $osibles valores( bajo !e la $oblaci´on !e linces =$ntos A + 3>. En el valor "´a*i"o !e G= y>( y >( la &nci´on F = x x> to"a ta" bi´en !os $osibles valores( )e son los niveles !e $oblaci´on baj o + "´as alto !e conejos conejos =$ntos =$ntos / + D>. La 7i#ra 7i#ra 5.; re$resenta re$resenta a la "´as bajo sitaci ´on anterior.
7i#ra 5.; Re$resentaci´on #r ´a&ica !el $lano
&ase
EER//O 5.;.4 En el "o!elo Lot:a-Volterra )e veni"os est!ian- !o( encontrar los niveles "e!ios !e las $resas + !e los !e$re!a!ores >>0 > y =t >
?
? x
1 =a1 a,
−
0
=t > /x /x=t > ? a1 − a, y =t > se tiene )e 0
>> > . =ln x=t >>
El valor $ro"e!io !e y =t > sobre el intervalo G , T H se !e&ine co"o I T 1 y=t >dt , T
si sstiti"os 1 1 T a,
I
T
=a1
−
0
>> >dt ? =ln x=t >>
a1 . a,
Ra'onan!o !e "anera "anera si"ilar se $reba )e el valor $ro"e!io !e y =t > es b1 /b, . En consecencia( no i"$orta co"o !e #ran!es sean las $oblaciones iniciales !e las !os
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Lot: : aaPr ´actica 5 Mo!elo Lot
5.4 An´alisis n"´erico !el "o!elo 95
5.4
"o!elo An´alisis n"´erico !el "o !elo
La si#iente tabla "estra el ´n!ice !e ca$tras !e linces + conejos elabora!a $or la co"$an0´a 2!son 3a+ entre los an0 os 16 + 16,.
An0 o /onejos 16 ; 161 4J., 16, J., 16; JJ.4 164 ;9.; 165 ,.9 169 1.1 16J ,1.4 16 ,, 166 ,5.4 161 ,J.1
Linces 4 9.1 6. ;5., 56.4 41.J 16 1; .; 6.1 J.4
An0 o /onejos 1611 4.; 161, 5J 161; J9.9 1614 5,.; 1615 16.5 1619 11., 161J J.9 161 14.9 16, 19., 16,1 ,4.J 16,, -
Tabla 5.1 /a$tras !e linces + conejos en
Linces 1,.; 16.5 45.J 51.1 ,6.J 15. 6 .J 1.1 .9 "iles
$resa-!e$re!a! e!a!or or a los !atos !e la Tabla 5.1( es necePara $o!er a$licar el "o!elo $resa-!e$r sario conocer a1 , a, , b1 , b, , x=> x=> , , y =>. E"$e'a"os to"an!o co"o valores iniciales x=> x=> ? ; e y=> y => ? 4. Para encontrar encontrar el resto !e !e los $ar ´a"etros !ebe"os tener en centa los valores "e!ios a1 b1 y =t > ?. a , x =t > ? , b , + %ace- "os s "e!ia( $o!e"os esti"ar x =t > e y K=t >. >. Por eje"$lo( en el caso !e los conejos consi!erare"os la $oblaci´on co"$ren!i!a entre los an0 os 16; + 161; JJ. JJ.4 @ ;9. ;9.; @ ,. ,.9 @ 1. 1.1 @ ,1. ,1.4 @ ,, @ ,5. ,5.4 @ ,J. ,J.1 @ 4. 4.; @ 5J
;4 9
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To !av´a necesita"os necesita"os otras !os ecaciones ecaciones $ara $o!er esti"ar esti"ar to!os los los coe&icientes. Para ello ra'ona"os !e la si#iente "anera can!o la $oblaci´on !e es$erar )e las $resas $resas est´en crecien!o !e !e$re!a !e$re!a!ore !oress sea "+ baja( es !e es$erar e*$onencial. A $artir !e esta %i$´otesis calclare"os a1 . En e&ecto( en la "anera e*$onencial. Tabla 5.1 observa"os )e na $oblaci´on baja !e linces( + al "is"o tie"$o n creci"iento r ´a$i!o !e los conejos( corres$on!e al an0 o 161. Para estos an0 os los !atos son x=t > ? ,J. ,J.1 en 161 + x=t @ 1> ? 4. 4.; en 1611. 1611. ? x=>ea1 t ( se obtiene ´or"la !el creci"iento e*$onencial D C ? .;6J . =5.;> 4 ; . a 4. 4.; ? ,J.1 e 1 a1 ? ⇒ ,J.1 ln En el otro caso( na $oblaci´on "+ baja !e conejos )e i"$lica n rit"o eleva!o en el !escenso !e la $oblaci´on !e linces( se !a en el an0 o 165. y => ? 41.J , y=1> y =1> −b1 t ? 16( si sstiti"os en y =t > ? y =>e ( D C ? .J9 . =5.4> 16 b ⇒ b1 ? − 16 ? 41.J e 1 41.J ln −
De las e*$resiones =5.,( 5.;( 5.4> !e!ci"os x=> x=> ? ; , y => ? 4 , a1 ? .4 , a, ? .1 , b1 ? . , )e nos $er"iten escribir nestro "o!elo $resa-!e$r $resa-!e$re!a!o e!a!or r 0 x =t >
y =t > ? .4 x=t > − .1 x=t > y
F x=> x=>
b,
?
.,; ,
?
;
0
y =t > ?
−. y =t >
y=t > F y=> y => @ .,; x=t > y
?
4
EER//O 5.4.1 tili'ar el "´eto !o !e Rn#e-Ktta !e carto or!en $ara la resolci ´on n"´erica !el siste"a !e ecaciones
=5.5>
=5.9>
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constri"os los no!os
nodo ? Table TableGa @ ih.{i , , 0 , n}HF + encontra"os los valores !e L1 , L, , L; , L4 , K 1 , K , , K ; , K 4 .
ForGi ? 2 , i n @ 1 , i @ @ , 1 ? f GnodoGGi − 1HH , , valorGGi − 1HH , , colaGGi − 1HHHF !1 ? gGnodoGGi − 1HH , , valorGGi − 1HH , , colaGGi − 1HHHF 2 ? f GnodoGGi − 1HH @ h / 2 , valorGGi − 1HH @ =h ∗ 1> / 2 , colaGGi − 1HH @ =h∗!1> / 2HF !2 ? gGnodoGGi − 1HH @ h / 2 , valorGGi − 1HH @ =h ∗ 1> / 2 , colaGGi − 1HH @ =h∗!1> / 2HF 3 ? f GnodoGGi − 1HH @ h / 2 , valorGGi − 1HH @ =h ∗ 2> / 2 , colaGGi − 1HH @ =h ∗ !2> / 2HF !3 ? gGnodoGGi − 1HH @ h / 2 , valorGGi − 1HH @ =h ∗ 2> / 2 , colaGGi − 1HH @ =h ∗ !2> / 2HF 4 ? f GnodoGGi − 1HH @ h , valorGGi − 1HH @ h3 , colaGGi − 1HH @ h!3HF !4 ? gGnodoGGi − 1HH @ h , valorGGi − 1HH @ h3 , colaGGi − 1HH @ h!3HF "##endToGvalor , valorGGi − 1HH @ 1 / $ ∗ h ∗ =1 @ 22 @ 23 @ 4>HF "##endToGcola , colaGGi − 1HH @ 1 / $ ∗ h ∗ =!1 @ 2!2 @ 2!3 @ !4>HF HF /onstri"os la #r ´a&ica )e )e nos "estra la evolci´on !e las $resas $resas , valorGGiHH} , {i , , n gra%ca1 ? !ist&lotG Table TableG{nodoGGiHH ,
>
()*+olorG1 , 0 , 0H , , &lotJoined− > True TrueHF la #r ´a&ica )e nos "estra la evolcion !e los los !e$re!a!ores
@
1} , &lot'tyle−
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linces ? !ist&lotG{{1 , 4} , {2 , $.1} , {3 , /.8} , {4 , 3..2} , {. , ./.4} , {$ , 41.-} , {- , 1/} , {8 , 13} , {/ , 8.3} , {10 , /.1} , {11 , -.4} , {12 , 8} , {13 , 12.3} , {14 , 1/..} , {1. , 4..-} , {1$ , .1.1} , {1- , 2/.-} , {18 , 1..8} , {1/ , /.-} , {20 , 10.1} , {21 , 8.$}} , &lot'tyle− > ()*+olorG0 , 0 , 1HH
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7i#ra 5.4
Ajste !e los !atos
A continaci´on !ibja"os las ´orbitas
gra%ca3 ? !ist&lotG Table TableG{valorGGiHH , , colaGGiHH} , { , i , n &lot'tyle− > ()*+olorG0 , 1 , 0H , , &lotJoined− > True TrueHF
@
1} ,
+ re$resenta"os la nbe nbe !e $ntos corres$on!ientes a las $oblaciones !e conejos conejos + 'orros !e la Tabla 5.1
gra%ca4 ? !ist&lot G{{30 , 4} , {4-.2 , $.1} , {-0.2 , /.8} , {--.4 , 3..2} , {3$.3 , ./.4} , {20.$ , 41.-} , {18.1 , 1/} , {21.4 , 13} , {22 , 8.3} , {2..4 , /.1} , {2-.1 , -.4} , {40.3 , 8} , {.- , 12.3} , {-$.$ , 1/..} , {.2.3 , 4..-} , {1/.. , .1.1} , {11.2 , 2/.-} , {-.$ , 1..8} , {14.$ , /.-} , {1$.2 , 10.1} , {24.- , 8.$}}H
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8OTA< /OMPLEME8TARA<