ENCODING, STORAGE & RETRIEVAL KULIAH 9 Ayu Riana Sari, M.Si, Psi
ENCODING
the process by which information gets into memory storage. Automatic Encoding: Some encoding occurs effortlessly, automatically, without us having to think about it. •Personal experiences •Information of high interest •Some types of basic learning (conditioning, motor learning) •Effortful Encoding –requires special attention, thought and practice. You have to WORK to get the info in.
Includes ,,, 1. ATTENTION Selective attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others. Divided attention involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time. Sustained attention is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
2. LEVELS OF PROCESSING - refers to a continuum from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory
3. ELABORATION - refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.
Self-reference —relating material to your own experience—is another effective way to elaborate on information, drawing mental links between aspects of your own life and new information (Hunt & Ellis, 2004)
4. IMAGERY - dual-code hypothesis (verbal & image codes) claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures—at least those that can be named—are stored as both image codes and verbal codes (Allan Paivio).
STORAGE
Storage - encompasses how information is retained over time and how it is represented in memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin’sTheory of Memory – sensory input goes into sensory memory. Through the process of attention, information moves into short-term memory, where it remains for 30 seconds or less unless it is rehearsed. When the information goes into long-term memory storage, it can be retrieved over a lifetime.
1. Sensory Memory
Memory system that involves holding information from the world in its original sensory form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses. very rich and detailed Echoic memory (from the word echo ) refers to auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds. Iconic memory (from the word icon, which means “image”) refers to visual sensory memory, which is retained only for about 1/4 of a second
2. Short-Term Memory (STM) Is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless we use strategies to retain it longer. George Miller (1956) : “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two.” 7+ 2 Attention is important Two ways to improve short-term memory are chunking and rehearsal.
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Chunking : grouping or “packing” information that exceeds the 7 ± 2 memory span into higherorder units that can be remembered as single units.
Rehearsal : the conscious repetition of information. - rehearsal often involves just mechanically repeating information, without imparting meaning to it.
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MUMUGIKOPSILO
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PSIKOLOGI UMUM
Working Memory
A three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks; a kind of mental workbench on which the brain manipulates and assembles information to help us understand, make decisions, and solve problems.
Working memory is not a passive storehouse with shelves to store information until it moves to longterm memory; rather, it is an active memory system is merely a conceptual model describing processes in memory.
Components 1. The phonological loop is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language. The phonological loop contains two separate components : an acoustic code (the sounds we heard), which decays in a few seconds, and rehearsal, which allows us to repeat the words in the phonological store.
2. Visuospatial working memory stores visual and spatial information, including visual imagery. The phonological loop and visuospatial memory function independently.
3. The central executive integrates information not only from the phonological loop and visuospatial working memory but also from long-term memory. plays important roles in attention, planning, and organizing.
