Kuliah 9 10 Encoding Storage Retrieval Revisi

ENCODING, STORAGE & RETRIEVAL KULIAH 9 – 10

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HILANG

DUAL MEMORY MODEL

Pergeseran Peluruhan

INFORMASI

(Atkinson & Shiffrin)

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

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Pengulangan

INFORMASI BERTAHAN

LONG TERM MEMORY

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RETRIEVAL =

The

memory

process

that

occurs

when

information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. - Retrieval depends heavily on the circumstances

under which a memory was encoded and the way it was retained (Mate&Bagues,2009).

Serial Position Effect - is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle. a. Primacy effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning of a list b. Recency effect refers to better recall for items at the end

Retrieval cues & task - Two factors involved in retrieval : the nature of the cues that can prompt your memory and the retrieval task that you set for yourself. - The present or absence of good cues and the retrieval task required are factors in an important memory distinction : recall and recognition.

Recall and Recognition Recall is a memory task in which the individual has to retrieve previously learned ingormation Ex. Essay test Recognition is a memory task in which the individual only has to identify (recognize) learned items. Ex. Multiple-choices tests

Encoding Specificity - Encoding specificity principles : information present at the time of encoding or learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue (Crescentini& others,2010; Raposo, Han & Dobbins, 2009). - a change in context between encoding and retrieval can cause memory to fail (Schwabe, Bohringer & Wolf,2009). - Context-dependent memory - people remember better when they attempt to recall information in the same context in which they learned it.

Autobiographical memory - Autobiographical memory - a special form of memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his/her life experiences. - Martin Conway & David Rubin (1993) :

Retrieval of emotional memory - Emotion affects the encoding and storage of memories and shapes the details that are retrieved. - Flashbulb memory - is the memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall with more accuracy and vivid imagery than everyday events.

FORGETTING -Herman Ebbinghaus : most forgetting takes place soon after we learn something. ? Encoding failure - occurs when the information was never entered into long-term memory. - Encoding failures really are not cases of forgetting, they are cases of not remembering.

Retrieval Failure (1) INTERFERENCE - people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember. Proactive interference - occurs when materials that was learned earlier disrupt the recall of material learned later. Retroactive interference - occurs when material learned later disrupts the retrieval of information learned earlier.

Retrieval Failure (2) DECAY THEORY - when we learned something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates. - suggest that the passage of time always increases forgetting.

Retrieval Failure (3) TIP-OF-THE-TOUNGE PHENOMENON - we can retrieve some of the desired information but not all of it. - it demonstrates that we don't store all of the information about a particular topic or experiences in one way.

Retrieval Failure (4) PROSPECTIVE MEMORY - involves remembering information about doing something in the future, includes memory for intentions. - includes time-based and event-based - failures = absentmindedness - Prospective memory failure (forgetting to do something) occurs when retrieval is a conscious, effortful (rather than automatic) process (Henry & others, 2004).

AMNESIA Antetograde amnesia - a memory disorder that affects the retention of a new information and events. Retrograde amnesia - memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new events. - much more common.

Taking on challenging cognitive tasks throughout life can stave off the effects of age on memory and lessen the effects of Alzheimer disease.