Introduccion a Los Proyectos de Ingenieria

@ETZHD]AA@HE C NHQ VZHPMATHQ DM @ELME@MZ@C

Vzmqmet etc ca` ñe Lmemzcn Mrvhq`thz? @el% Amqcz Icqaczh Nc Zhqc

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VZHPMATH DM @ELME@MZ@C Mq mn vncemci`meth. hzlce`ca`ñe. moma}a`ñe p ahetzhn dm thdcq ncq cat`w`dcdmq p zma}zqhq emamqcz`hq vczc mn nhlzh dm }e hjomt`wh mqvma`g`ah me }e t`mivh dmtm dm tmzi zi`e `ecd cdh. h. im imd` d`ce cetm tm nc cv cvn`n`ac aca` a`ñe ñe dm nc ncq q a` a`me mea` a`cq cq g`q`ahictmiãt`acq. g`q`ahictmiãt`ac q. maheñi`acq p nc n c tàae`ac `ed}qtz`cn%

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A@ANH DM W@DC ANCQ@AH DM ]E VZHPMATH DM @ELME@MZ@C

@elme`mzéc Aheamvt}cn

@elme`mzéc Jãq`ac

@elme`mzéc dm Dmtcnnm

Moma}a`ñe

Ahetzct`qtc dm D`qmóh

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Vz}mjcq p v}mqtc me iczabc

Ahetzct`qtc dm Hjzc

A`mzzm dmn Vzhpmath

Tz` z`vnm vnm zmqtz zmqtz`aa `aa`ñe `ñe T`mivh  Ahqth Ahqth  Cnace Cnaceam(Acn am(Acn`dcd `dcd

Ahqth

T`mivh

Cnacea m Acn`dcd

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A@ANH DM W@DC  GMN GZHET MED NHCD@EL GZHET MED NHCD@EL  GMN

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@elme`mzéc Aheamvt}cn

@elme`mzéc Jãq`ac mrtmed`dc GMMD

GMN @

@edmvmedmet Vzhomat Cecnpq`q @ea% @VC

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Moma}a`ñe p qml}`i`meth

@elme`mzéc dm Dmtcnnm Vzha}zc Aheqtz}aa`ñe Ahi`q`heci`meth Czzces}m

Vhz nh lmemzcn }ec gcqm dmn vzhpmath  ahean}pm ahe nc zmw`q`ñe dm nhq  metzmlcjnmq. c g`e dm dmtmzi`ecz q` qm  zms}`mzm tzcjcoh cd`a`hecn h q` qm dmjm  aheq`dmzcz nc gcqm amzzcdc 

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@ELME@MZ@C AHEAMVT]CN Ahzzmqvhedm c nc vz`imzc mtcvc dm }e vzhpmath dm `elme`mzéc. me nc a}cn qm ahivzmedm mn vzhjnmic h emamq`dcd mqvmaég`ac s}m vncetmc mn An`metm p qm ahea`jme d`gmzmetmq cntmzect`wcq dm qhn}a`ñe. qm mwcnÿce mqtcq cntmzect`wcq jcoh az`tmz`hq tàae`ahq. maheñi`ahq p qha`cnmq "Qml}z`dcd p Imd`h Cij`metm). p qm vzmqmetce nhq zmq}ntcdhq dcedh }e hzdme dm vzmnca`ñe c ncq cntmzect`wcq cecn`cdcq% Vhz q} vcztm mn An`metm me ghzic }e`nctmzcn h aheo}etcimetm ahe mn Ahetzct`qtc. hvtc vhz nc cntmzect`wc iãq ahewme`metm%

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Metzmlcjnmq dm }ec @elme`mzéc Aheamvt}cn • Imihz`c Dmqaz`vt`wc • Czzmlnh lmemzcn "ncph}t) • D`clzcicq dm Gn}oh dm Vzhamqhq "VGD) • Mqt}d`hq tàae`ahq jãq`ahq "mqt}d`hq cij`metcnmq. mqt}d`hq dm z`mqlhq)%

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@ELME@MZ@C JCQ@AC Me mqtc gcqm qm dmqczzhnnc nc cntmzect`wc qmnmaa`hecdc me nc mtcvc dm `elme`mzéc aheamvt}cn c }e e`wmn dm zmqhn}a`ñe tcn s}m vmzi`tc hjtmemz }ec `dmc i}p anczc dm añih qm „wmzã’ mn vzhpmath. mqtcjnmamz ncq d`imeq`hemq lmemzcnmq dmn q`qtmic. nc vzhlzcica`ñe dm ncq mtcvcq aheqtz}at`wcq p mn aãna}nh dm vzmq}v}mqthq vhz étmiq lnhjcnmq% Qm j}qac }e lzcdh dm vzma`q`ñe s}m vmzi`tc nc thic dm dma`q`hemq%

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Metzmlcjnmq dm }ec @elme`mzéc Jãq`ac • Jcqmq dm D`qmóh • Czzmlnhq lmemzcnmq "vnht vnce. ncph}t) • Mqvma`g`aca`hemq Tàae`acq Lmemzcnmq • Jcnceam dm Ictmz`c p Memzléc • D`clzcicq dm Gn}oh dm Vzhamqhq "VGD) • Az`tmz`hq dm D`qmóh • Mqt}d`hq tàae`ahq "jct`imtzéc. lmhtmae`c. lmhgéq`ac. hamcehlzãg`ac. mqt}d`hq cij`metcnmq. mqt}d`hq dm z`mqlhq)%

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@ELME@MZ@C JCQ@AC MRTMED@DC  GMMD Nc GMMD qm mncjhzc ahe dha}imethq s}m aheqt`t}pme nc @elme`mzéc Jãq`ac cdmiãq dm htzhq dha}imethq s}m ghzice vcztm dm nc `elme`mzéc dm Dmtcnnm vzmn`i`ecz. dm ghzic tcn s}m qm vmzi`tc mqt`icz mn Iheth dm @ewmzq`ñe dmn Vzhpmath ahe }ec cvzhr`ica`ñe dmn ³ 3= -. p cn i`qih t`mivh mncjhzcz mn Vn`mlh dm Mqvma`g`aca`hemq Tàae`acq vczc mn Ahea}zqh dm n`a`tca`ñe

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Metzmlcjnmq dm }ec GMMD • Czzmlnhq lmemzcnmq "vnht vnce. ncph}tq) • Mqvma`g`aca`hemq tàae`acq dm nhq ahivhemetmq vz`ea`vcnmq% • Jcnceamq dm ictmz`c p memzléc • D`clzcicq dm Gn}oh dm Vzhamqhq "VGD) • D`clzcicq dm @eqtz}imetca`ñe p T}jmzécq "V'@D) • Imihz`cq dm acna}nh tceth vczc q`qtmicq dm vzhamqh ahih q`qtmicq c}r`n`czmq% • N`qtcq dm Néemcq. dm ms}`vhq. dm wãnw}ncq. mta% • Mqt}d`hq tàae`ahq "jct`imtzéc. lmhtmae`c. lmhgéq`ac. hamcehlzãg`ac. mqt}d`hq cij`metcnmq. mqt}d`hq dm z`mqlhq)

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@ELME@MZ@C DM DMTCNNM Nc @elme`mzéc dm Dmtcnnm mq nc mtcvc dm d`qmóh g`ecn dm }e vzhpmath. qm dmqczzhnnc ahe thdc nc dha}imetca`ñe tàae`ac emamqcz`c vczc nc aheqtz}aa`ñe p ihetcom me thdcq ncq mqvma`cn`dcdmq `ewhn}azcdcq me mn vzhpmath. dmqdm mn v}eth dm w`qtc tàae`ah. maheñi`ah. tmivhzcn p nmlcn%

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Metzmlcjnmq dm }ec @elme`mzéc dm Dmtcnnm • Vncehq dm Dmtcnnm g`ecn vczc aheqtz}aa`ñe p(h gcjz`aca`ñe "ahztmq. qmaa`hemq. mnmwca`hemq)% • Imihz`cq dm aãna}nh dmtcnncdcq% • Mqvma`g`aca`hemq tàae`acq zmw`qcdcq% • Vzhamd`i`methq tàae`ahq p hvmzct`whq% • Vzhthahnhq dm vz}mjc% • Imtzcdh p vzmq}v}mqth g`ecn% • Mqt}d`hq tàae`ahq "mqt}d`hq cij`metcnmq. mqt}d`hq dm z`mqlhq)% • Ice}cnmq dm hvmzca`ñe p icetme`i`meth% • Azhehlzcic dm moma}a`ñe dm hjzcq% • N`amea`cq. n`a`tca`hemq p ahetzcthq% • Bhocq dm dcthq. N`qtcq dm Ms}`vhq. p htzhq% 34

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MOMA]A@HE DM ]E VZHPMATH Mq nc ictmz`cn`ca`ñe dmn vzhpmath% Me mqtc mtcvc qm cds}`mzme "ahivzce). aheqtz}pme "gcjz`ace) m `eqtcnce "ihetce) thdhq nhq ahivhemetmq p q`qtmicq. dm ca}mzdh c nhq d`qmóhq p mqvma`g`aca`hemq tàae`acq dmqczzhnncdcq me nc mtcvc dm @elme`mzéc dm Dmtcnnm. dmetzh dmn t`mivh p ahqth vzmq}v}mqtcdh%

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VZ]MJCQ P V]MQTC ME ICZABC Me mqtc mtcvc qm zmcn`ce ncq vz}mjcq dm thdhq nhq ms}`vhq p q`qtmicq s}m qm v}mdce meqcpcz `ed`w`d}cnimetm. vczc g`ecnimetm zmcn`cz vz}mjcq cn vzhamqh me vzmvczca`ñe vzmw`c c nc hvmzca`ñe% Mqtc mtcvc mq tcij`àe aheha`dc ahih nc @etmzwmethzéc c nc moma}a`ñe dmn vzhpmath%

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A@MZZM DMN VZHPMATH Mq nc mtcvc dm tzceqgmzmea`c dmn vzhpmath cn an`metm. zm}e`medh thdhq nhq dha}imethq emamqcz`hq vczc q} metzmlc hg`a`cn? b`qthz`c. dmqczzhnnh. ice}cnmq p vncehq cat}cn`cdhq "Cq J}`nt); g`e`s}`tcedh thdhq p acdc }eh dm nhq ahetzcthq%

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AHEAMVTHQ ANCWMQ ME MN DMQCZZHNNH DM VZHPMATHQ DM @ELME@MZ@C

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Zmw`q`ñe dm nc @elme`mzéc Aheq`qtm me wmz`g`acz nc aheq`qtmea`c zmqvmath dm nc mtcvc vzmw`c dm nc `elme`mzéc p(h ncq vc}tcq dmn vzhpmath. metzm mnnhq?  Zmw`q`ñe

dm cqvmathq aheqtz}at`whq p a}ivn`i`meth dm ncq zmahimedca`hemq vzãat`acq dm ncq ehzicq dm cvn`aca`ñe%

 Zmw`q`ñe

dm cqvmathq dm aheqtz}at`j`n`dcd. caamq`j`n`dcd p icetme`j`n`dcd%

 Zmw`q`ñe

a}cn`tct`wc p a}cet`tct`wc dm nc `eghzica`ñe ahetme`dc me mn dha}imeth%

 Zmw`q`ñe

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dm nhq cqvmathq dm acn`dcd me tàzi`ehq lmemzcnmq%

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D@CLZCIC DM GN]OH DM VZHAMQHQ VGD • D`clzcic s}m i}mqtzc ncq zmnca`hemq metzm nhq ahivhemetmq icphzmq dmn q`qtmic. cdmiãq dm tcj}ncz nhq wcnhzmq dm d`qmóh dm nhq vzhamqhq vczc nhq ahivhemetmq me d`gmzmetmq ihdhq dm hvmzca`ñe. iée`ihq. tév`ahq p iãr`ihq% • Q} g`ecn`dcd mq mrvn`acz ahih g}ea`hec mn vzhamqh c tzcwàq dm z}tcq dm gn}oh vz`icz`h metzm }e`dcdmq% • Ehzicnimetm }e VGD eh i}mqtzc ahivhemetmq imehzmq. eÿimzhq dm néemcq. zct`elq dm t}jmzécq e` dmq`leca`hemq "TCLQ)% • ]e VGD dmjm `ean}`z? t}jmzécq dm vzhamqh. qéijhnhq d ms}`vhq icphzmq. ehijzmq p dmq`leca`hemq. wãnw}ncq d ahetzhn p wãnw}ncq s}m cgmatce nc hvmzca`ñe dmn q`qtmic. `etmzahemr`ñe ahe htzhq q`qtmicq. jpvcqq icphzmq p néemcq dm zma`za}nca`ñe. wcnhzmq hvmzca`hecnmq dmn q`qtmic. ahivhq`a`ñe dm nhq gn}`dhq% :6

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Momivnh E¶ 3 dm }e VGD

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Momivnh E¶ : dm }e VGD

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Q`ijhnhléc mivnmcdc me nhq VGD

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D@CLZCIC DM @EQTZ]IMETCA@HE P T]JMZ@CQ  V'@D D`clzcic

s}m i}mqtzc thdcq ncq t}jmzécq dm }e q`qtmic. `ean}pmedh nc qma}mea`c géq`ac dm tmmq. dmz`wca`hemq. zmd}aa`hemq. wãnw}ncq. ms}`vhq. `eqtz}imetca`ñe p nchq dm ahetzhn%

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g`ecn`dcd mq nc dm mrvn`acz ahih g}ea`hec mn vzhamqh me zmnca`ñe c nc `eqtz}imetca`ñe cvn`acdc. ihqtzcedh }ec zmvzmqmetca`ñe lzcg`ac dmn ms}`vh. t}jmzéc m `eqtz}imetca`ñe%

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´S}m dmjmzéc `ean}`z }e V'@D • @eqtz}imetca`ñe p dmq`leca`hemq "TCL) • Ms}`vhq imaãe`ahq ahe ehijzmq p eÿimzhq • Thdcq ncq wãnw}ncq p q}q `dmet`g`aca`hemq • T}jmzécq dm vzhamqh. d`imeq`hemq m `dmet`g`aca`ñe • Wmetmhq. dzmecomq. v}zlcq p htzhq i`qamnãemhq • D`zmaa`hemq dm gn}oh • Ahetzhnmq dm `elzmqh p qcn`dcq. nchq • @etmzgcamq ahe wmedmdhzmq p ahetzct`qtcq • Qma}mea`c géq`ac dm nhq ms}`vhq :=

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Momivnh E¶ 3 dm V'@D

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Momivnh E¶ : dm V'@D

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Q`ijhnhléc cvn`acdc me V'@D

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Metzmlcjnmq? • Az`tmz`hq dm D`qmóh? ghzice nc jcqm dmn d`qmóh dm nhq ahivhemetmq dmn vzhpmath% I}abhq dm mnnhq qhe vzhd}ath dm nc mrvmz`mea`c p htzhq dm ncq imohzmq vzcat`acq% V}mdme qmz lmemzcnmq h mqvmaég`ahq vczc acdc ms}`vh% • N`qtcq? Qhe dha}imethq a}pc g`ecn`dcd mq vzmqmetcz dcthq vz`ea`vcnmq me ghzic tcj}ncz. ahetzhncz nc moma}a`ñe dm }e vzhpmath. zmcn`cz ahivzcq. `eqvmaa`hemq. mrvmd`a`hemq p aheqtz}aa`ñe% Qm lmemzce N`qtcq dm ms}`vhq. dm néemcq. `eqtz}imethq. wãnw}ncq. mta%

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Momivnhq dm N`qtcq

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Mqvma`g`aca`ñe tàae`ac Mq }e dha}imeth s}m mqtcjnmam ncq aczcatmzéqt`acq dm }e vzhd}ath h qmzw`a`h p s}m ahivnmimetc c nc Ehzic eca`hecn h @etmzeca`hecn me ictmz`c dmn hjomth dm nc hjzc. qmzw`a`h h cds}`q`a`ñe p s}m ahet`mem nc `eghzica`ñe iée`ic emamqcz`c vczc q} cds}`q`a`ñe. czzmedci`meth m `eqvmaa`ñe% Q} g`ecn`dcd mq? • Dmtmzi`ecz ahe }ec iãr`ic vzma`q`ñe ncq aczcatmzéqt`acq dmn ms}`vh% • Ahet`mem `eghzica`ñe vczc nc qmnmaa`ñe dmn ms}`vh% • Ahet`mem `eghzica`ñe vczc aheqtz}aa`ñe "q` wc cahivcócdh dm }e vnceh aheqtz}at`wh)% • Vmzi`tm cn vzhwmmdhz mgmat}cz }e vzmq}v}mqth% 13

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D`qtz`j}a`ñe dm Vncetc • Mq nc hzlce`ca`ñe mqvca`cn dm ms}`vhq dm vzhamqh. zma`v`metmq. t}jmzécq. q`qtmicq dm tzceqvhztm dm ictmz`cnmq% Dmjm ahetmivncz mqvca`hq vczc qml}z`dcd dm ncq hvmzca`hemq. vczc mn ihw`i`meth dm nhq ictmz`cnmq. vczc mn cnicameci`meth. cat`w`dcdmq c}r`n`czmq cqé ahih }ec mgmat`wc vzhtmaa`ñe ahetzc `eamed`hq% • Dmjm qct`qgcamz az`tmz`hq dm mg`aca`c. aheg`cj`n`dcd p hvmzca`ñe dm Vncetc Qml}zc. icetme`i`meth cdma}cdh dm nhq ahivhemetmq. aheqtz}aa`ñe qml}zc p mg`ac. }qh mgmat`wh p maheñi`ah dmn mqvca`h%

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Vhz s}m mq `ivhztcetm }ec cdma}cdc D`qtz`j}a`ñe dm Vncetc8

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D`qtz`j}a`ñe vzmn`i`ecz "Vnht Vnce. ncph}t) • Mn VGD vmzi`tm vhq`a`hecz nhq d`qt`ethq vzhamqhq }eh zmqvmath cn htzh. vmzi`t`àedhqm d`qthzq`hemq ahe mn g`e dm c`qncz vzhamqhq vmn`lzhqhq p vczc cahihdcz v}ethq dm metzcdc dmqdm v`qtcq. i}mnnmq. wécq gàzzmcq. mta% • Qm dmjme cócd`z }t`n`dcdmq "acndmzcq. vncetcq dm tzctci`meth dm mgn}metmq. mta%) me nhq n}lczmq icq cdma}cdhq tme`medh me a}metc s}m eh dmjme zmq}ntcz dcócdhq me acqh dm caa`dmetmq% • Nhq md`g`a`hq ametzcnmq qm q`tÿce dm tcn icemzc s}m ncq d`qtcea`cq s}m dmjm a}jz`z mn vmzqhecn s}m nhq }t`n`c qmce ncq iée`icq vmzh dmetzh dm hecq qml}zcq% • Qm dmqczzhnnce ncq wécq dm a`za}nca`ñe s}m zmahzzme h ctzcw`mqce nc vncetc% • Qm dmjme }j`acz caamqhq dmqdm vhz nh imehq dhq d`zmaa`hemq d`qt`etcq c thdhq nhq n}lczmq dmn mivncci`meth vczc }ec vhq`jnm mimzlmea`c% • Dmocz }e mqvca`h civn`h vczc mqtca`heci`meth. aczlc p dmqaczlc. cnicamemq. cnicameci`meth dm cl}c ahetzc `eamed`h. mta% 14

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Mqvca`ci`meth metzm ]e`dcdmq

G}metm? Lnhjcn Ccqqmt Vzhtmat`he Qmzw`amq LCV :%=%:

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Mqvca`ci`meth metzm Ms}`vhq

G}metm? Lnhjcn Ccqqmt Vzhtmat`he Qmzw`amq LCV :%=%:

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Ehzict`w`dcd cvn`acjnm me }ec D`qtz`j}a`ñe dm Vncetc • EGVC 16 ‑ Añd`lh dm Nés}`dhq Ahij}qt`jnmq m @egncicjnmq% • EGVC =2 ‑ Añd`lh dm Lcq N`a}cdh dm Vmtzñnmh% • D%Q% 6=:01MI ‑ Zmlncimeth dm Qml}z`dcd vczc mn Cnicameci`meth dm B`dzhaczj}zhq% • LCV :%=%: ‑ H`n ced Abmi`acn Vncet Ncph}t ced Qvca`el% • CV@ ZV =66  Zmahiimedmd Vzcat`am ghz Ancqq`g`act`he hg Nhact`heq ghz Mnmatz`acn @eqtcnnct`heq ct Vmtzhnm}i gca`n`t`mq% • CV@ ZV <=:  Iceclmimet hg Bcczdq Cqqha`ctmd |`tb Nhact`he hg Vzhamqq Vncet Vmzicemet J}`nd`elq% • Mqt}d`hq dm Z`mqlhq p Mqt}d`hq dm Zcd`ca`he Tàzi`ac% 1<

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Ceãn`q`q dm Z`mqlhq Aheo}eth dm tàae`acq s}m vmzi`tme nc `dmet`g`aca`ñe. ceãn`q`q p mwcn}ca`ñe q`qtmiãt`ac dm nc vzhjcj`n`dcd dm nc ha}zzmea`c dm dcóhq cqha`cdhq c nhq gcathzmq mrtmzehq "gmeñimehq ect}zcnmq. qha`cnmq). gcnncq me nhq q`qtmicq dm ahetzhn. nhq q`qtmicq imaãe`ahq. gcathzmq b}icehq p gcnncq me nhq q`qtmicq dm cdi`e`qtzca`ñe; ahe nc g`ecn`dcd dm ahetzhncz p(h i`e`i`cz ncq aheqma}mea`cq bca`c nhq mivnmcdhq. c nc vhjnca`ñe. cn cij`metm. c nc vzhd}aa`ñe p(h c ncq `eqtcnca`hemq%

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Vzhthahnh dm Vz}mjcq Mq }e vzhlzcic q`qtmiãt`ah dm wmz`g`aca`ñe m `eqvmaa`ñe cvn`acdh vhz }ec hzlce`ca`ñe vczc mn ahetzhn dm nc acn`dcd dm nc tmaehnhléc p hvmzca`ñe dm }e ms}`vh. vzhamqh h qmzw`a`h. cqé ahih dm q}q ahed`a`hemq dm qml}z`dcd p aheg`cj`n`dcd. me mn a}cn nc c}thz`dcd ahivmtmetm mi`t`zã }e d`atcime cn ahean}`z nc vz}mjc

10

Ehwmijmz :. :633

Imihz`c dm Aãna}nh Qhe vzhamd`i`methq dmqaz`thq me ghzic dmtcnncdc dm añih qm bc zmcn`cdh mn acna}nh dm nc `elme`mzéc s}m `etmzw`mem me mn dmqczzhnnh dm }e vzhpmath% Q} vz`ea`vcn g}ea`ñe mq nc zmw`q`ñe vhz vcztm dm tmzamzhq ahe nc g`ecn`dcd dm cwcncz mn vzhpmath%

46

Ehwmijmz :. :633

Bhoc dm Dcthq  DCTCQBMMT Mq }e dha}imeth s}m zmq}im mn g}ea`heci`meth p htzcq aczcatmzéqt`acq dm }e ahivhemetm h q}j q`qtmic ahe mn q}g`a`metm dmtcnnm vczc qmz }t`n`cdh ahe g`emq dm d`qmóh. gcjz`aca`ñe. aheqtz}aa`ñe h ahivzc%

43

Ehwmijmz :. :633

Dha}imethq CQ J]@NT Qhe vncehq p dha}imethq tàae`ahq s}m zml`qtzce nc ahed`a`ñe géq`ac zmcn g`ecn dm añih s}mdh aheqtz}`dh p(h gcjz`acdh mn j`me i}mjnm. me mnnhq qm i}mqtzce thdhq q}q ahivhemetmq p(h mnmimethq%

4:

Ehwmijmz :. :633

T`t}ncz? qmaa`ñe mahehiéc dm „ Mn Ahimza`h’ o}mwmq 31(36(:633

41

Ehwmijmz :. :633

Nc hgmztc dm tcnmeth mqvma`cn`cdh mq q}g`a`metm8

3660626<676=64616:6366-

Q` Eh

Memzl`c

44

Qmzw`a`hq

Aheq}ih Icq`wh

Ehwmijmz :. :633

I`emz`c

Me s}m e`wmn vzhgmq`hecn mea}metzc icphz d`g`a}ntcd c nc bhzc dm meahetzcz tcnmeth8 Qmz`m 3 4=461=16:=:63=36=6-

Qmz`m 3

Moma}t`whq

4=

Icedhq imd`hq

Tmae`ahq

Ehwmijmz :. :633

Hvmzcz`hq