Xof nb n brn ubt hfs hfsn n rblfh b` b` tobs mr mrttbn df bs bs pr prbbimr imrbbdy b`tf` f`hhfh ear b`stmddb`g b`ta m ZN, ta mnt ms m vfrsmtbdf suppdy ea earr mdd cb`h b`hs s ae fx fxpfrbif bif`tmd `tmd nbr n brn n ubt ubts s. Oawfvfr Oawfvfr, tof suppdy lfb`g hfsbg`fh ear m` b`put vadtmgf ae =< U, bt im imy y mds dsa a eb eb`h `h us usfeud feud mp m ppdb dbn n mtba`s b` yaur yaur n mr, nmrmvm` ar lamt. Xof mntumd hfsbg` bs tomt ae m` fmsbdy lubdt hbs bsn n rftf daw-hr daw-hrap rf rfgudm udmtar tar wb wbto to soa oarrt-n br br-nubt pratfntba`.
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fx p frbi f` t m d p a w fr s u p p d y e a r Z Ns Ns m h k u s t m l d f l f t w f f ` = U m ` h = < U, m ` h e r a i 6 : i M t a = .6 M Zawfr supp supp dbfs mrf m ia`g tof fq ubpif`t im`y fdfntra`bns f`tousbmsts davf ta omvf dats ae, be a`dy ear tof smcf smcf ae lfb`g mldf ta pawfr fmno m`h fvfry n br brn n ubt a` tof warclf`n o. Xof hfsbg` ae tof fxpfrbif`tmd suppdy ear ZNs sdawdy imtfrbmdbsfh wobdf tof mutoar warcfh a` m pranfssar mppdbnmtba` nbrnubt ear tof ZN. Wof` tof na`trad nbrnubt wms rfmhy m`h omh ta lf pawfrfh, m dms dms,, tof mutoar‒s lf`n otap pawfr suppdy wms mdrfmhy b` usf, suppdyb`g tof fqubpif`t ta lf na`traddfh! Im`y ae yau wbdd rfnag`bzf tobs typf ae praldfi. B` tof nmsf ae tof mutoar, tof b`nbhf`t praiptfh obi ta put m` mhhbtba`md, mhkustmldf pawfr suppdy obgo a` tof dbst ae ‟tob`gs ta ha‒. Zrfefrmldy, tobs supp dy omh ta l f b`n arparmtfh b`ta tof ZN, fipdayb`g tof =<-U vadtmgf wobno bs na`vf`bf`tdy mvm bdbdml ml df b`sbhf b`sbhf tof n ms msf. f.
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mppfmr rmtofr tm`gdfh, sa wf‒h lfttfr stmrt fxpdmb`b`g tof vmrbaus sul-eu`ntba`s. Xa l fg b` wbto, wbto, tof n a``fn tba`s m`h n a`trads a`trads;; tof =<-U b`put vadtm gf bs n a``fn tfh ta C=, C=, wobdf wobdf tof rfgudmtfh autput vadtmg f bs mvm bdml df a` C<. Zat Zat Z= Z= bs usfh ta sft tof nurrf`t dbibt, m`h Z> ta mhkust tof autput vadtmgf. Zrfsft Z< f`ml dfs tof fxmnt rm`gf ae tof autput vadtmgf ta lf mnnurmtfdy mhkustfh. @fxt, tof strunturf strunturf ae tof n brnubt. Xobs Xobs nm` lf hbvbhfh b`ta eaur sul-nbrnubts; rfefrf`nf vadtmgf saurnf, vadtmgf
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iau`t a `f XD XD8>= a` tof la mrh! Xof XD XD8>= `arim ` arim ddy sup sup p dbfs m rfef rf`n f vadtmg f ae m la ut <.6 U. Xobs vadtmg f bs rfhunfh ta = U ly patf`tbmd patf`tbmd hbvbhfr \5-\2, m`h tof` lueefrfh ly BN6m. Xof autp ut ae tobs BN, pb` =, supsuppdbfs m stmldf m`h embrdy ralust vadtmgf, V\FE, ae = U, wobno bs usfh usfh ms m rfefrf`n f ear atofr sul-n sul-n brn brn ubts b` tof pa wfr suppdy.
Uadtmgf rfgudmtar Xobs p m rt ae tof n brnubt bs h fsbg`fh fsbg`f h ta tof stm`hmrh rfnbpf, m`h fxnfds b` sbipdbnbty. BN8m naipmrfs tof rfefrf`nf vadtmgf wbto tof partba` ae tof autput vadtmgf suppdbfh ly Z>. Hfpf`hb`g a` tof autnaif ae tof n ai p m rbsa` rbsa` sfrbfs trm` sbstar bstar X= X= rfnfbvfs m prapartba`md miau`t ae l m sf h rbvf vbm X<. B` tobs wmy, Z> Z> f`mldfs tof autput vadtmgf ta lf mh kustfh kustfh . Xof Xof ‟da wfr sbhf sbhf ‒ ae tof vadtmgf hbvbhfr oms lff` imhf mhkustmldf wbto prfsft Z< ta f`mldf tof obgofst vmduf ae tof autput vadtmgf ta lf sft. Fspf n bmddy wof` tof autput vadtmg f sft wbto Z> bs rfdmtbvfdy daw, m`h m rfdmtbvfdy dm rgf n urrf`t urrf`t bs sup sup p dbfh , X= wbdd tur` tur` m dat ae p awfr b`ta ofm t. ^a, yau wbdd `at lf surprbsfh ta dfmr` tomt tomt tobs trm`sbs trm`sbstar tar oms ta ta l f n aadf h ta m ddaw ear bts hbssbpmtba`! N urrf`t dbibtfr ^frbfs frbf s rfsbsta rfsbstarr \=8 m n ts m s m n urrf`t sf`sar, m`h bts vmduf mntumddy hftfrib`fs tof imxbiui autput nurrf`t. Xof vm duf :.87 :.8 7 ℥ b`hbnmtfh b` tof nbrnubt hbmgrmi rfsudts b` m obgofst nurrf`t ae = M. Ear Ear =.6 =.6 M, \=8 \=8 oms ta lf dawfrfh ta :.>> ℥ . Xof vadtm g f m n ras rass s \=8 bs m p pdbf h ta apmip BN8l ly wmy ae \=> m`h \=7. Xa tobs vadtmg f tof a pm ip mh hs tof rfefrf`nf dfvfd mppdbfh vbm \=5. Vsb`g BN=m tof rfsudtm`t, autput nurrf`t hfpf`hf`t, vadtmgf bs mipdbebfh 7.? tbifs (rmtba \=?/\=2), sa tomt tof BN autput supp supp dbfs = U mt B 9 : M, m `h `h 8.?5 8.? 5 U mt B 9 =.6 M. @fxt, tof mipdbebfh ifmsurfif`t vadtmgf vad tmgf bs mpp db dbfh fh ta tof tof + b` b`put put ae BN=l, wobno mnts ms m nailb`fh naipm rmtar rmtar,, b`tfg rmtar m`h mi pdbebfr pdbebfr.. Xof Xof „ b`p b`put ut ae tof sm bh ap m ip bs sup sup p dbfh wbto wb to m vadtmg vadtmg f lftwff` = U m`h 6 U, fim`mtb`g erai Z= m`h lueefrfh ly BN6l. Ms da`g ms tof mipdbebfh ifmsurfif`t vadtmg f (b.f., tof vmduf a e tof autput nurrf`t) rfimb`s lfdaw tof torfsoadh sft wbto Z=, tof autput ae BN=l wbdd rfim b` mt m t : U. Ms saa ` m s tof sft dbibt bs fxnffhfh, oawfvfr, tof
Ebgurf >. N aipm ai pm rf yaur n a`strun a`struntba` tba` feea rts rts wbto wbto tobs tobs prata prataty typf. pf. X= bs a`dy tfiparmrbdy tfip armrbdy na``fntfh ‘ bt bs ta lf sfnurfh a` m ofmtsb`c.
Xof rfsudt bs tom t tof autp ut vadtm g f bs rfhunfh u`tbd tof ifmsurfh autput nurrf`t hraps lfdaw tof torfsoadh sft wbto Z=. Wof` tof suppdy autput bs soart-nbrnubtfh, tof nurrf`t toraugo sf`sar rfsbs rfsbstar tar \=8 \=8 wbdd surg surg f m `h m n tumtf tof nurrf`t sout-haw` eu`ntba` mdia st biifh bmtfdy, brrfs brrfspf pf n tbvf ae tof sfttb`g ae Z=. Z=. Na `sfq `sfq uf`tdy, uf`tdy, tof autput vadtmgf wbdd wbdd lf rfh unfh ta mdiast zfra. zfra. B` tobs wmy, tof nurrf`t-avfrdamh pratfntba` mdsa mnts ms m` feefntbvf soartn brnubt brnubt p ratfn ratfn tba`. tba`.
DFH hrbvfrs hrbvfrs/b`hbn /b`hbnmtars Wof`fvfr tof b`stm`tm`faus vadtmgf dfvfd mt tof autput ae BN=l rbsfs m`h tof nurrf`t dbibtfr bs mntumtfh, tof „ b`put b`p ut ae n aip ai p m rmtar BN>l l fn aifs ai fs ‟obgo‒ wbto wbto rfspf fspf nt ta tof + b`put wobno wobno bs ofdh mt V\FE. Na`sfq Na`sfq uf`tdy uf`tdy tof n aipm rmtar autput swb`gs erai erai obgo ta daw, daw, nmusb`g DFH H< ta dbgot m`h b`hbnmtf tomt tof autput nurrf`t oms fxnffhfh tof torfsoadh sft a` Z=. Xof p rfvbausdy rfvbausdy if`tba`fh vadtmg f b`hbnmtba` bs fqumddy sbipdf, m`h sft up mrau`h naipmrmtar BN>m. A`f ae bts b`puts bs bs n a``fn tfh ta ku`n tba` \=<\=<\5 wobno wobno supp dbfs dbfs mlaut 6 U hf rbvfh erai tof b`put va dtmg f. Xof Xof a tofr b`put bs tbfh ta tof n addfn addf n tar ae X<. Be, Be, ear womtfvfr rfmsa`, tof b`put vadtmgf lfnaifs taa daw ear tof sft autput
„ b`p ut ae BN>m wbdd l fn aif obgofr obg ofr tom` tom` tomt mt tof tof + b`put, b`put, s sa a tomt tof tof naipmrmtar autput swb`gs erai obgo ta daw, nmusb`g DFH H> ta dbgot m`h b`hbnmtf m taa daw b`put vadtmgf.
Zrm n t bn bn m d i m t tf tf r s Mdtoaugo mdd fssf`tbmd mspfnts ae tof lmsbn hfsbg` omvf lff` hbsnussfh sa emr, tofrf mrf m efw hftmbds dfet ta lf daacfh daa cfh m t. DF DFH H8 H8 mn m n ts m s m ` a`/a ee b`hbnmtar tagftofr wbto bts sfrbfs rfsbstar \8. Ear tof smcf ae smefty, m eusf (E=) bs b`sfrtfh b` sfrbfs wbto tof b`put vadtmgf. Noacf D= meearhs `absf supprfssba`, wobdf fdfntradytbn nmpmnbtar N= mhhs saif fxtrm siaatob`g ae tof b`put vadtmgf. [f`fr hbahf H6 wms mhhfh ta pratfnt tof nbrnubt mgmb`st fxnf ssbvf b`p ut vadtmg f df vfds. vfds. Xof prb`tfh n brn brn ubt lam rh hf sbg`f h ear tof pawfr suppdy bs soaw` b` Ebgurf <. Xof dm yaut bs prftty sp sp m n baus, f`mldb`g fvf` dfss fxpfrbf`nfh na`struntars ta lubdh tof nbrnubt wbto m embr n om `n f ae ebrst-tbif ebrst-tbif sunn fss. fss. Xm cf yaur tbif, warc nmrfeuddy m`h sbipdy eaddaw tof naipa`f`t dbst m`h tof naipa`f`t avfrdmy. Ib`h tof padmrbty ae tof fdfntradytbn nmpmnbtars m`h tof hbahfs, m`h usf BN sancfts ear tof apmips. Alvbausdy Al vbausdy,, tof DFH b`hbn b`h bn m tars mrf sadhfrfh hbrfntdy a` tof lam rh. Xof b`tf`-
`fntfh ta tof lamrh ly wmy ae soart, edfxbldf wbrfs. ^frbfs frbf s trm`s trm` sbstar bstar X= bs p urpasfdy urp asfdy da n m tfh `fmr tof fhgf ae tof lamrh ta mddaw fmsy ebttb`g ae m ofmt-sb`c. M ofmt-sb`c suno ms tof typf ^C62 erai Hmu/Ebsnofr wbdd lf mhfqumtf ofrf. B` n msf msf yau b`tf`h ta usf usf m iftmd f`n dasurf, a`f ae tof wmdds wbdd mdsa ha ms m ofmt-sb`c. Womtfvfr aptba` yau usf, oawfvfr, imcf surf tof trm`sbstar bs prapfrdy b`sudmtfh erai tof ofmtsb`c. Ear tobs purpasf yau usf m ibnm wmsofr m`h m pmbr ae pdmstbn lusofs wbto mssanbmtfh `uts. Vsf yaur aoiiftfr ar n a`tb`ubty tfstfr tfstfr ta nof n c tof b`sudmtba` b`sudmtba` lftwff` tof trm`sbstar lahy m`h tof ofmt-sb`c! Xof n brnubt bs vfry sbip sbip df ta m h kust. kust. ^bipdy n a``fn t bt ta tof =<-U b`put vadtmg f, tur` Z> ta im xbiui, xbiui, m `h tof` mhkust Z< u`tbd tof autput vadtmgf `a da`gfr rbsfs (tof autput vadtmgf wbdd tof` lf kust kust lfdaw =< U). Xomt n aipdftfs tof mhkustif`t ae tof pawfr suppdy.
I a u ` t b ` g b ` t a t o f ZN ZN Xofrf m rf twa ap tba`s mvm bdml df ear eb`bsob`g tof nbrnubt, m`h yaur noabnf wbdd hfp f`h imb`dy a` tof tof mp pdbnmtba` yau yau omvf b` ib`h ear tof pawfr suppdy. be yau fxpfnt ta usf bt imb`dy ms m ialbdf suppdy b` nailb`mtba` wbto m (nmr) lmttfry, tof` tof nbrnubt bs lfst b`stmddfh b` bts aw` nmsf. Mdtfr`mtbvfdy, be tof nbrnubt bs ta lf usfh ms m ‟rfmd‒ ZNb`tfr`md suppdy, tof` tof alvbaus noabnf bs ta lubdh bt b`ta tof ZN nmsf. V`dfss yau omvf m `atflaac, partmldf ar atofrwbsf atofrwbsf euddy n rmiif h ar b`tfr`mdb`tfr`mddy b`mnnfssbldf ZN, tomt bs embrdy fmsy ta ha ly sfnurb`g tof nbrnubt lamrh mgmb`st a`f ae tof pudd-aut pm`fds mt tof era`t ae tof ZN. Womt‒s dfet ta lf ha `f bs hrbdd m efw oadfs b` b` tof p m` fd ear tof twa wm`hfr sancfts (ear tof autput vadtmgf), tof pats, Z= m`h Z>, m`h tof DFH b`hbnmtars ‘ `at taa hbeebnudt, wf rfnca`. Xa n a``fn t up tof b`put vadtmgf, tof lamrh oms spmnf ear m 8-wmy na``fntar, tar, C=, C=, wobno soaudh l f sbipdf ta oaac up ta tof ZN‒s b`tfr`md pawfr suppdy nmldb`g. A`f dmst rfimrc. Mdtoaugo m vadtmg f/nurrf`t f/nurrf`t rfmh rfmh aut bs `at pravbhfh m s m stm`hmrh efmturf a` tobs pawfr suppdy, yau mrf, ae naursf, erff ta mhh yaur aw` DNH ar iavb`g-nabd iftfr. @atf, oawfvfr, tomt m`y typf ae rfmhaut wbdd rfqubrf m` mhhbtba`md era`t pm`fd ta lf usfh a` tof ZN. Eartu`mtfdy, tomt wbdd `at lf m praldfi b` iast nmsfs.
@fmrdy mdd ae tahmy‒s ZNs omvf m =6-wmy na``fntba` ear ear m kay kaystbn stbnc c. Xobs part bs bs a`dy usf usfh ear ear gmifs, ifs, wobdf wobdf tof sfrbmd m`h pmrmddfd parts rfimb` na``fntfh ta pfrbpofrmd fqubpif`t. ^a, bt imcfs sf`sf ta b`vfstbgmtf be m`h oaw tof gmifpart nm` lf fipdayfh ear ifmsurfif`t m`h na`trad mppdbnmtba`s. Ly L. Cmb`cm
ha i arf w bt o t o f g m i fp art sa i f fx m i p df s a e m d t f r` m t bv f p ra g rm i i b` g
Ebgurf =. Na``fntba` hbmgrmi ae tof gmifpart eau`h a` iast, be `at mdd, ae tahmy‒s ZNs.
Xof g mi fp art (m.c.m (m.c.m . kaystbnc kaystbnc p art) oms eaur q um sb-m` mda g uf b`p uts, uts, M:-M> , tomt f`m ldf tof vmduf a e m rfsbs rfsbstbv tbvf f f dfif`t ta lf ifmsurfh usb`g tof nomrgf tbif ae m nmpmnbtar. Eurtofriarf, urtofriarf, tof gm ifp art oms eaur hbgbtmd b`puts (H8-H7). Bt bs mdsa tof a`dy stm`h mrh b`tfremn f a` tof ZN ta aeefr tof tof + 6 U suppdy vadtmgf, vadtmgf, mddawb mddawb`g `g fxtfr`md fxtfr`md n brn brn ubts ta lf pa wfrfh wbtoaut praldfi s. Xof p b`aut ae tof gm ifp art bs dbstfh lfdaw m`h bddustrmtfh b` Ebgur bgurf =. Xof g mif pa rt ann upbfs kus kust a`f p art
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a` f g a. Xof Xof strun strun turf a e tobs p art mhhrfss bs bddustrmtfh b` Ebgur bgurf <. Vsb`g m huii y wrbtf wrbtf ap frmtba` ta tobs mhhrfss, tof m`mdaguf b`puts mrf rfsft lf earf fvfry `fw ifm surfif`t. urfif`t. V`h fr `arim `arim d nbrnui stm`n fs, tof qum sb-m`mdaguf b`puts mrf fip dayfh ta if msurf msurf tof pa sbtba` (vmduf) ae tof =::=::-c c patf`tbai patf`tbaiftfr ftfrs s b` m kays kaystbnc. tbnc. Metfr saetwmrf b`btbmdbsmtba`, m =:-`E nm pm nbtar bs nom rgfh vbm vbm fm no pa tf`tbaiftfr. Ms saa` ms tof vadtmgf mnrass tofsf tofsf n mp mn btars btars rfmn ofs > ae tof supp dy vadtmgf, vadtmgf, m ` b`tfr`md b`tfr`md naip mrmtar taggdfs, m`h tof nmpmnbtar bs hbsnomrgfh mgm b`. Xof nm pmn btar btar nomrgf tbif bs hbrfntdy prapartba`md wbto tof pasbtba` ae tof patf`tbaiftfr spb`hdf. B` tof tof ZN, ZN, m q umh rupdf rupdf tbifr typf 66? bs typ bn mddy usfh usfh ear tobs p urpa sf. Xof Xof kaystbn kaystbn c b`puts mrf usum usumddy ddy pratfn pratf n tfh ly <.<- sfrbfs frbfs rfsbs rfsbstar tars s. Dbstb`g bstb`g = soaws tof prb`nbpdf ae rfmhb`g tof pat vmdufs. Ly ifm`s ae m a`ftbif wrbtf wrbtf ap frmtba` ta m hh rfss rfss <:=O usb`g usb`g m ` m rlbtrmr rlbtrmry y h mtm lytf, tof eaur tbifrs mrf rfsft sbiudtm sbiudtm `fa usdy. usdy. Wof` tobs mh hrfss bs rfmh , tof da wfr eaur lbts b`hbnmtf tof tbifr stmtfs ear tof rfspfntbvf b`puts M:-M>. M dagbn = ifm `s tomt tof torfs torfsoadh oadh vadtmg f om s `at lff` rfmnofh mt tof rfdfvm`t b`put. B` tobs tobs wmy, tof n omrgf tbif im y lf ifm surfh wbto tof mbh ae m em st ‟ sa etwmrf‒ daa p . Obgo-vm duf p atf`tbaiftfr tbaiftfrs s (wbto wbto m vmduf vmduf ae up ta = I ) rfsudt b` m rfdmtbvfdy da`g nomrgf pfrbah, f`mldb`g tof ifmsurfif`t ta lf nm rrbfh rrbfh aut m t s sueeb ueebn n bf`t mn n urmn urmn y. Xa
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Ebgurf <. \fmhb`g \fm hb`g tof gm gmifp ifp art rfg fgbs bstfr tfr mt mhhrfss m hhrfss <:=O <:=O bs bs nr n run bmd ta m `y fxpf fxpfrrbif`tmd usf ae a e tobs pa parrt.
tbif-aut eu`ntba` bs lubdt b`ta tof pragrmi. Xof m `mda guf b`puts mrf subtml subtml df ear hbrfnt rfsbstm`nf ifmsurfif`t. Oawfvfr, lfnmusf ae tof tadfrm`nf ae tof nomrgb`g nmpmnbtars, tofsf ifmsurfif`ts mrf imrcfh ly paar mnnurmny. Na`sfquf`tdy, fmno b`put oms ta lf nmdblrmtfh sfpmrmtfdy. A`nf tomt oms lff` h a`f, tfipf rmturfs rmturfs imy l f if m surfh usb`g m ` @XN rfsbsta rfsbstarr wbto m vmduf vmduf ae ml aut =:: c℥. Xof eaur h bgbtmd bg btmd b`p uts mrf XX XXD-nai -n aip p m tbldf . Xofy om vf =-c℥ pudd-up rfsbstars m`h 87-pE `absf supprfssba` nmpmnbtars. M` apf` b`puts bs rfmh ms m ‟dagbn =‒. Xof h bgbtmd b`puts mrf b`tf`hfh ear swb swbtnofs tnofs na``fn tb`g tb`g ta g rau`h, rau`h, l ut tofy n m ` m dsa dsa l f h rbvf` l y XXD BN autputs, ar ly trm`sbstars. Dbstb`g bstb`g < soaws m simdd pragrmi yau imy wm`t ta usf ta gft stmrtfh wbto rfmhb`g tof h bgbtmd bg btmd b`p uts. uts. Xobs p ragrmi rag rmi daacs da acs m t tof uppfr eaur lbts ae mhhrfss <:=O. Lfnmusf ae tof pudd-up rfsbstars, m embrdy dmrgf nurrf`t edaws wof` m` b`put bs puddfh puddfh ta g rau` au`h h (mpp rax. ax. 6 iM iM)). Mdtoaugo Mdtoaugo tobs mi au`t a e n urrf`t urrf`t soaudh `at lf m praldfi wof`, smy, m swbtno pasbtba` bs lfb`g rfmh, bt imy lf taa obgo obg o wof` NIA^ BN autputs autp uts m rf usfh usfh . Na`sfquf`tdy, saif mppdbnmtba`s ha rfqubrf tof usf ae b`put hrbvfrs. Xof hbg btmd b`puts f`m ldf ya u ta ha m dd cb`hs ae fxpf rbif`ts rbif`ts.. A`f tob`g soaudh lf cfpt b` ib`h, oawfvfr; kust dbcf tof pm rmddfd rmddfd prb`tfr prb`tfr part, tof tof gm ifp art oms oms `a avfrdamh pratfntba`, sa tomt frrars m`h mnnbhf`ts imy nmusf sfrbaus hm img f. Xof Xof supp supp dy vadtmg vadtmg f a utputs b` pmrtbnudmr mrf m imkar ofmhmnof; m soart-nbrnubt ofrf nm` nmusf tof ZN ta nrmso ar, warsf, tof b`tfr`md pawfr suppdy ta lf hfstrayfh.
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Ebgurf >. Wrbtb`g ta tof kgmifpart rfgbstfr mt B/A mhhrfss <:=O rfsfts tof m`mdaguf b`puts.
mddaw us ta ifmsurf vadtmgfs b` m vfry sbipdf wmy. Metfr mdd, `at a`dy nom`gfs b` rfsbstm`nf vmduf nmusf m nmpmnbtar‒s nomrgf tbif ta lf iahbebfh, lut mdsa m`y nom`gf b` tof b`put vadtmgf. Xof n omrgf vadtmg f om s ta lf grfmtfr
tom` >.> U, oawfvfr, oawfvfr, b` mdd nm sfs fs.. Ebgurf > soaws oaw b`put M> imy lf usfh us fh ta if msur msurf f va dtmg fs fs.. Xa f `m ldf vadtmgfs vad tmgfs lftwff` : m`h >.> U ta lf ifmsurfh mdsa, tof ifmsurfif`t bs nmrrbfh aut wbto rfspfnt ta tof nai-
Ebgurf 8. Vsb`g tobs sbipdf nbrnubt bt lfnaifs passbldf ta fipday tof gmifpart ta ifmsurf m`mdaguf vadtmgfs. Xof mhhbtba`md :.<<- ¶E nmp n mp mn btar btar wbdd wbdd a`dy lf rfqubrfh rfqubrfh be yau yau omvf m` adh, sdaw ZN.
Ebgurf Ebgurf 5. M trbn trbnc c mddaws tof m`mdag m `mdaguf uf b`put ta hauldf ms m hbgbtmd autput.
Ebgurf 7. Xof gmifpart bs nmpmldf ae rfmhb`g XXD-dfvfd pudsfs m`h swbtno pasbtba`s wbtoaut tof ofdp ae mhhbtba`md omrhwmrf.
p utfr‒s sup sup p dy vadtm g f. Xom Xom t bs m dsa dsa tof rfmsa` ear spdbttb`g tof nomrgb`g rfsbstar, prfvf`tb`g soart-nbrnubts wof` tof ifm surfif`t urfif`t wbrf wbrf m nn bhf`tmddy taunofs tof naiputfr nmsf (grau`h!). V`eartu`mtfdy, tobs sftup a`dy mddaws ifmsurfif`ts ta lf nmrrbfh aut a` patf`tbmd-erff alkfnts dbcf lmttfrbfs m`h tof dbcf. dbcf. Wof`, b` nfrtmb` mppdbnmtba`s, tof vadtmgf ta lf ifmsurfh mrfm bs mdwm ys g rfmtf r tom` 8 U, bt bs mdsa pa ssbldf ta nmrry aut ifmsurfif`ts wbto rfspf rfspf n t ta grau`h. Xof Xof p ragrmi soaw` b` Dbstb`g > aeefrs lato p ass assblbdbtbfs. btbfs. Xof vm rbmldf n m ddfh ‟@uddvmduf‒
(b`btbmd vmduf) na`tmb`s tof prfdamhfh nau`tfr stmtf mt m tfst ifmsurfif`t usb`g usb`g m ` b`put vadtmgf a e 6 U (ar wbto wbto tof b`put soart-nbrnubtfh, be tof ifmsurfif`t bs wbto rfspfnt ta tof suppdy vadtmg f). Xobs rfefrf`n f vm duf om s ta lf fstmldbsofh fipbrbnmddy ear m`y b`hbvbhumd naiputfr, usb`g, ear fxmipdf, tof nau`tfr pragrmi erai Dbstb`g bstb`g =. Xof pranfh urf urf ‟Nmdblrmtf‒ mddaws tobs vmduf ta lf eb`f-tu`fh wobdf tof pragrmi bs ru``b`g. Be wf wm`t ta usf iarf tom` a`f b`put mt m tbif, smy, ear iudtbpdf vadtmgf ifmsurfif`ts, fmno nom``fd oms ta lf nmdblrmtfh vbm bts vfry aw` nau`tfr vmduf.
Xof rfdmtba` l ftwff` n au`tfr vmduf m`h b`put vadtmgf bs `at db`fmr lut hfsnrblf hfsnrblf h l y m` fxpa`f`tbmd eu`ntba`. Xof m n tumd n a`vfrsba` a`vfrsba` m` h db`fm rbz rbzmtba` bs pfrearifh ly tof eu`ntba` n mddfh ‟Vb`‒. ‟Vb`‒. Xof if msurfif msurfif `t iftoah ms hfsnrblfh ofrf aeefrs a`dy dbibtfh mn n urmn y. Xof Xof i mb` f rrar rrar saurnf saurnf s mrf tof naiputfr pawfr suppdy m`h tof tfipfrmturf na-feebnbf`t ae tof nomrgf nmpmnbtars. @a`f tof dfss, tof tof feefntbvf feefntbvf rfs rfsadu adutb tba` a` ae :.= U mnrass tof ifmsurfif`t rm`gf up ta >: U wbdd wbdd lf smtbs smtbsemn emn tary ear ear m gaah im`y mppdbnmtba`s.
Db stb `g = Z r a g r m i K a y s t b n cQ c Q \f s b s t m `n `n f 3 us f s n r t 3 e u `n `n t b a ` Na u` u` t f r ( No m `` ` ` fd fd ; B ` t f g f r ) ; v m r ` ; wa r h 3 Z a r t v m d u f ; Ly t f 3 l fg fg b ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 = 3 b e No No m ` `f `f d 9 < t o f` f ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 b e No No m ` `f `f d 9 > t o f` f ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 b e No No m ` `f `f d 9 8 t o f` f ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 ` ; 9 :3 :3 B ` d b ` f ( $E $ E M) 3 p a r t S $< $ <: =Y ; 9 : 3 rfpfmt `; 9 `+ =3 u ` t b d ( ( Z ar a r t S $ <: <: = Y m ` h Za Za r t v m d B ` d b ` f ( $E $ E L) 3 Na u` u` t f r ; 9 ` 3 f`h3 l fg fg b ` rfpfmt wr b t f d ` ( Na Na u ` t f r ( = ) , ' ' , h f d m y ( < :: ) 3 u ` t b d Cf Cf y Z r f s s f h 3
Wa r h 3
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{ M: M: } { M= M= } { M< M< } { M> M> } { l d a n c b `t f r r upt } { r f s f t t b if r s }
{ n a u` u` t u ` t b d l b t 9 : } u f) f ) 9 : ) a r ( ` 0= 0= : : : : ) 3 { f `m ` m l d f b ` t f r r u pt pt }
Na u` u` t f r ( < ) , '
' , Na u` u` t f r ( > ) , '
' , Na u ` t f r ( 8 ) ) 3
Db stb `g < Z r a gr g r m i K a y s t b n cQ c QHb g b t m d 3 us fs N\X N\X3 e u ` n t b a ` Hb ` ; L y t f 3 l fg fg b ` Hb ` ; 9 Z a r t S $< := := Y M@H < 8 :3 :3 f`h3 l fg fg b ` Nd r ^ n r 3 rpfmt Ga t a _R _R ( = :, :, = :) :) 3 wr b t f ( Hb ` M@H = 5 h b v = 5 , ' wr b t f ( Hb ` M@H > < h b v > < , ' wr b t f ( Hb ` M@H 5 8 h b v 5 8 , ' wr b t f ( Hb Hb ` M@H = < ? h b v = , ' u `t `t b d Cf Cf y Z r f s s f h 3 f`h.
Lato tof rfsadutba` m`h tof mnnurmny imy lf bipravfh ly ebttb`g m` mhhbtba`md :.<<- ¶E nmpmnbtar ms bddustrmtfh b` Ebgurf >. X Xobs obs iah bebnm bebn m tba` rfsudts rfsudts b`
{ r f m h l b t s 8- 7 }
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{ H8 } { H6 } { H5 } { H7 }
da`gfr nomrgb`g pfrbahs m`h, na`sfquf `tdy, `tdy, obgof r nau`tf r vmdufs, vmdufs, sa sa tom t, b` tof f`h, tof b`put vadtmgf bs ifmsurfh usb`g simddfr stfps.
Db stb `g > Z r a g r m i K a y s t b n cQ c QUa d t m g f3 f3 us fs N\X N\X3 v m r @u d d v m d u f ; Wa r h 3 No ; No m r 3 e u `n `n t b a ` Na u` u` t f r ( No m `` ` ` fd f d ; B ` t f g f r ) ; Wa r h 3 v m r ` ; wa r h 3 Z a r t v m d u f ; Ly t f 3 l fg fg b ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 = 3 { M: M: } b e No No m ` `f `f d 9 < t o f ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 < 3 { M= M= } b e No No m ` `f `f d 9 > t o f ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 8 3 { M< M< } b e No No m ` `f `f d 9 8 t o f ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 ? 3 { M> M> } `; 9: :33 B ` d b ` f ( $E $ E M) 3 { l d a n c b `t f r r upt } p a r t S $< $ < := Y ; 9 : 3 { r f s f t t b if r s } rfpfmt `; 9 `+ =3 { n a u` u` t u ` t b d l b t 9 : } u `t `t b d ( ( Z ar a r t S $ <: <: = Y m ` h Za Z a r t v m d u f) f ) 9 : ) a r ( ` 00 00= : : : : ) 3 B ` d b ` f ( $E $ E L) 3 { f ` m l d f b ` t f r r u pt pt } Na u` u` t f r ; 9 ` 3 f`h3 e u ` n t b a ` Vb ` ; \f m d 3 l fg fg b ` Vb ` ; 9 > . > > * ( = / ( = - f x p( p( - Na u` u` t f r ( 8 ) / @u @u d d v m d u f) f ) ) - = /( /( = - f x p( p( - = ) ) ) 3 f`h3 p r a n f hu h u r f Nm d b l r m t f 3 l fg fg b ` @u d d v m d u f ; 9 Na u` u` t f r ( 8 ) 3 { if m s u r f if if ` t v b m M> } f`h3 l fg fg b ` @u d d v m d u f ; 9 > 8: 8: 3 Nd r ^ n r 3 rfpfmt rfpfmt Ga t a _R _R ( = , = :) :) 3 wr b t f d ` ( ' Ua d t m g f w. w. r . t . + 6U 6 U 9 ' , Vb ` ; > ; = , ' U' ) 3 wr b t f d ` ( ' Ua d t m g f w. w. r . t . g r au a u ` h 9 ' , Vb ` + 6 ; > ; = , ' U' ) 3 h f d m y ( <: :) 3 u ` t b d Cf Cf y Zr Zr f s s f h 3 No ; 9 u p n m s f ( \ f m h Cf Cf y ) 3 B e No 9 ' C' t o f ` Nm d b l r m t f 3 N 9 nor( )3
Xof tfip frmturf frmturf n a-feebnbf`t im y mdsa lf bipravfh ly tof usf ae m eabd nmpmnbtar. V`eartu`mtfdy, tofrf bs `atob`g yau nm` ha mlaut suppdy
Db stb `g 8 Z r a g r m i K a y s t b n cQ c Q Db ib t s 3 us fs N\X N\X3 v m r @u d d v m d u f ; Wa r h 3 No ; No m r 3 p r a n f h ur u r f \f \f s f t 3 l fg fg b ` Z ar a r t S $ <: <: = Y ; 9 : 3 f`h3 e u ` n t b a ` B ` pu pu t ( No N o m `` ` ` f d ; B ` t f gf gf r ) ; ^t r b `g 3 v m r ^t m t f ; ^ t r b `g 3 Z a r t v m d u f ; Ly t f 3 l fg fg b ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 = 3 { M: M: } b e No m ` `f `f d 9 < t o f` f ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 < 3 { M= M= } b e No m ` `f `f d 9 > t o f` f ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 8 3 { M< M< } b e No m ` `f `f d 9 8 t o f` f ` Z ar ar t v m d u f ; 9 ? 3 { M> M> } b e ( Z a r t S $ <: <: = Y M@ M@H Z ar a r t v m d u f) f ) 9 : t o f` f ` B ` pu put ; 9 ' y f s ' f d s f B `put ; 9 ' `a ' f`h3 l fg fg b ` Nd r ^ n r 3 wr b t f d ` ( ‟ Db ib t No f n cb cb ` g 44\f s f t 00 44Fs n 0 0' 0' ) 3 rfpfmt rfpfmt Ga t a _R _R ( = , 8 ) 3 wr b t f d ` ( ' No m `` `` f d = ; ' , B `put ( = ) ) 3 wr b t f d ` ( ' No m `` `` f d < ; ' , B `put ( < ) ) 3 wr b t f d ` ( ' No m `` `` f d > ; ' , B `put ( > ) ) 3 wr b t f d ` ( ' No m `` `` f d 8 ; ' , B `put ( 8 ) ) 3 h f d m y ( <: :) 3 u `t `t b d Cf Cf y Z r f s s f h 3 No ; 9 u p n m s f ( \ f m h Cf Cf y ) 3 B e No 9 ' \' t o f` f ` \f \f s f t 3 u ` t b d No 9 n o r ( < 7 ) 3 f`h.
vadtmgf eduntumtba`s nmusfh ly tof ZN btsfde.
Nofncb`g tof dbibts M usfeud prapfrty ae tof tbifr usfh ear tof gmifpart bs tomt tof na`hbtba` ae tof m`mdaguf b`puts (torfsoadh rfmnofh ar `at) nm` lf starfh b` edbpedaps, naipdftfdy b`hfpf`hf`t ae atof r mp pdbn m tba`s. ^a, bt bs p assbl assbldf df ta rfsft tof tbifrs mt m`y iaif`t, m`h tof` na`nf`trmtf a` atofr imttfrs. Metfr saif tbif, fmno b`put imy lf nofncfh ta sff be tof b`put vadtmgf oms fxnffhfh tof trbggfr torfsoadh ae >.>. U. Ebgur bgurf 6 soaws saif wmys ae rfmdbzb`g tobs b` prmntbnf. Obgofr vadtmgfs imy
lf ia`btarfh ly ifm`s ae m vadtmgf hbvbhf r. M` @X @XN im y l f f ip dayfh ta nofnc be m nfrtmb` tfipfrmturf bs fxnffhfh, ear b`stm`nf, b` tof ZN btsfde! btsfde! Xof Xof sf`sar sf`sar tof` oms om s ta l f iau`ti au`tfh a` m tfipfrmturf-nrbtbnmd naipa`f`t (dbcf tof NZV) ta nofnc be tobs bs mhfqumtfdy naadfh. B` m hh btba` btba` ta m `mdaguf qum `tbtbfs `tbtbfs,, bt bs mdsa passbldf ta ia`btar ‟b`hbvbhumd‒ pudsfs (omvb`g m ib`biui df`gto ae ml aut < is), is), ar swbt swbtn n o p asbtba`s asbtba`s.. B` tobs wmy, bt lfnaifs passbldf ta tfdd ear surf woftofr ar `at m nfrtmb` fvf`t annurrfh mt dfmst a`nf hurb`g m nfrtmb` pfrbah ae m n tbvf tbvf ia`btarb`g. ia`btarb`g. Dbstb`g 8 pravbhfs m` fxmipdf ae m pragrmi tomt feefntbvfdy ia`btars tof fxtrfif vmdufs (ifmsurfif`t dbibts).
Db stb `g 6 = =: <: >: 8: 6:
\FI E d m s o b ` g D FH FH a ` Gm if if p a r t EA\ @ 9 = XA XA 6: :: AVX ( &O< := := ) , = ; \FI r f s f t t b if r , @F_X @ EA\ EA\ @ 9 = XA =:::: ; \FI \FI DFH ae e @F_X @ $ 4400
D FH FH a `
Xof b`p uts im y l f rfsft rfsft m t m`y tbif, m`h tof stmtf stmtf h bspdm bspdm yfh a` tof snrff`. snrff`. Bt bs passbldf ta dfmvf tof pragrmi mt m`y tbif , m`h stmrt bt mg mb` dm tfr. tfr. B` tobs tobs wmy, bt lfnaifs passbldf ta m`mdysf fvf`ts tomt an nurrfh nurrfh b` tof ifm `tbif.
^w b tn tn o b ` g a u t p u t Xof m lsf`nf ae h bgbtm d autputs u`eartuu`eartu`mtfdy dbibts tof mppdbnmtba` rm`gf ae tof gmifpart. Wbto kust m om`heud ae pmrts, oawfvfr, bt bs fmsy ta nrfmtf mt dfmst a`f hbgbtmd autput. Metfr m saetwmrf stmrt ae tof tbifrs, tof m`mdaguf b`puts mrf suppdbfh wbto m sb`gdf rmipsompfh pudsf wbto m pfmc vmduf ae >.> U, lut a `dy be tobs autp ut bs bs p uddfh ta + 6 U ly m rfsbs rfsbstar tar.. M dmrgf `uil fr ae
Db stb `g 5 p r a g r m i E a ur u r QNo m ` `f `f d QNa u` u` t f r 3 us fs N\X N\X3 v m r n o ; No m r 3 p r a n f h ur u r f Na N a u` u` t f r 3 v m r z =, = , z <, < , z >, > , z 8; 8 ; wa r h 3 B ` p u t , B ` p u t Md t ; L y t f 3 l fg fg b ` Nd r ^ n r 3 wr b t f ( ' Fv f` f ` t n au au`t f r 44s p m n fl f l m r 00 00 9 \f \f s f t 44Fs n 00 00' ) 3 [= ; 9 : 3 [ < ; 9 : 3 [ > ; 9 : 3 [ 8 ; 9 : 3 B ` pu pu t Md Md t ; 9 Z ar a r t S $ <: <: = Y 3 { r f m h H8 - H7 H7 } g a t a _R _R ( = :, : , 6 ) 3 wr b t f ( [ =) =) 3 g a t a _R _R ( = :, : , 7 ) 3 wr b t f ( [ <) <) 3 g a t a _R _R ( = :, : , 2 ) 3 wr b t f ( [ >) >) 3 g a t a _R _R ( = : , = =) =) 3 wr b t f ( [8 [8) 3 rfpfmt B ` p u t ; 9 Z ar a r t S $< $ < := Y 3 b e ( B ` pu pu t m ` h = 5 ) 44 ( B ` pu pu t Md t m ` h = 5 ) t o f` f ` lf lf g b ` [= ; 9 [= + = 3 g a t a _R _R ( = :, :, 6 ) 3 wr b t f ( [= ) 3 f`h3 b e ( B ` pu pu t m ` h > < ) 44 ( B ` pu pu t Md t m ` h > < ) t o f` f ` lf lf g b ` [< ; 9 [< + = 3 g a t a _R _R ( = :, :, 7 ) 3 wr b t f ( [< ) 3 f`h3 b e ( B ` pu pu t m ` h 5 8 ) 44 ( B ` pu pu t Md t m ` h 5 8 ) t o f` f ` lf lf g b ` [> ; 9 [> + = 3 g a t a _R _R ( = :, :, 2 ) 3 wr b t f ( [> ) 3 f`h3 b e ( B ` pu pu t m ` h =< =< ? ) 44 ( B ` pu pu t Md Md t m ` h =< =< ? ) t o f` f ` l fg fg b ` [8 ; 9 [8 + = 3 g a t a _R _R ( = : :,, = = ) 3 wr b t f ( [8 [8) 3 f`h3 B ` p u t Md t ; 9 B ` p u t 3 u `t `t b d Cf Cf y Z r f s s f h 3 { h f d m y ( 8 :) :) 3 } { c f y h f la l a u` u` n f} f} f`h3 l fg fg b ` rfpfmt Na u` u` t f r 3 No ; 9 \f m h Cf Cf y 3 u `t `t b d No 9 n o r ( < 7 ) 3 f`h.
suno pudsfs rfsudt b` m` mvfrmgf vadtmg f ae m la ut < U, wobn wobn o bs sueebnbf`t ta swbtno a` m trm`sbstar. Ebgurf 8 soaws m nbrnubt tomt tur`s m` m`mdaguf b`put b`ta m hbgbtmd autput. Ofrf, tof trm`sbstar tur`s a` m` DFH wof` tof kaystbnc tbifr bs rfsft mdd tof tbif. Xof Xof a utput sbg`m sbg`m d erai tof kaystbnc na``fntba` bs siaatofh ly m <.< ¶E n mp mn btar, btar, wobno m dsa dsa p ravbhfs ‟saet‒ ‟saet‒ tur`b`g a` m`h aee ae tof DFH. Dbstb`g 6 suppdbfs yau wbto m pragrmi ear m` DFH-lmsfh edmsob`g dbgot. Lfnmusf bt bs `at fssf`tbmd ear tof rfsft pudsfs ta mrrbvf qubncdy a`f metfr m `atof r, m LM^BN prag rmi wbdd ha h a eb`f . B` db`f <:, 6::: sunnfssbvf rfsft naiim `h s m rf gbvf`. g bvf`. Xofsf mrf surf ta swbtno a` tof trm`sbstar. Be yau omppf` ta usf m sdaw ZN, tof rfqubrfh torfsoadh vadtmgf imy `at lf rfmnofh. B` tomt nmsf, bt bs `fnfssmry ta df`gtof`
{ H8 }
{ H6 }
{ H5 }
{ H7 }
trm`sbstar bs mutaimtbnmddy swbtnofh aee wof` `a rfsft naiim`hs mrf bssufh.
M h b g b tm tm d n a u ` t f r Ly rfmhb`g tof hbgbtmd b`puts ae tof kaystbnc hbrfntdy, bt lfnaifs passbldf ta rfmdbzf rfmdbzf vm rbaus rbaus typf typf s ae h bgbtm d n au`tfr. au`tfr. Ms soaw` b` Ebgur bgurf 5, tof hbgbtmd b`puts imy lf na``fntfh hbrfntdy ta swbtnofs ar XX XXD autp au tp uts. Xa bddu b ddus strmtf trm tf kust a` f a e tof aptba`s tomt lfn aif mvm bdmldf, m` fvf`t nau`tfr bs hfsnrblfh lfdaw. Dbstb`g 5 pravbhfs tof pragrmi ae m qumhrupdf pudsf nau`tfr. Mdd eaur hbgbtmd b`puts mrf n a`tb`uausdy a`tb`uausdy ia`btarfh ly tof pranfhurf ‟Nau`tfr‒. B`naib`g pudsfs mrf b`hfpf`hf`tdy nau`tfh m`h hbspdmyfh a` tof naiputfr snrff`. Lfnmusf tof dmttfr annurs hurb`g tof nau`tb`g apfrmtba`, tof imxbiui b`put erfquf`ny bs
Xof b`puts imy lf hbrfntdy na ``fntfh ta swbtnofs, puso-lutta`s ar rffh rfdmys. Alvbausdy, nau`tb`g frrars imy lf b`trahunfh ly na`tmnt lau`nf wobno bs b`ofrf`t ta `fmrdy mdd ifnom`bnmd swbtnofs. M` feefntbvf hflau`nb`g iftoah bs ta b`trahunf m soart pmusf ae m efw ibddbsfna`hs, ear fxmipdf, hfdmy(8:). Wof` tof pudsfs mrf suppdbfh ly fdfntra`bn saurnfs dbcf Gfbgfr-Iuddfr nau`tfrs ar ndanc asnbddmtars, tofsf pmusfs iust lf aibttfh lfnmusf tofy dawfr tof obgofst passbldf b`put erfq erfq uf`ny. (2?<:58)
B` m` fmrdbfr mrtbndf a` dbgot b`tf`sbty ifmsurfif`t usb`g tof ZN (Fd f c ta t a r Fd Fd f n t ra ra ` b n s Eflrumry =22? ^uppdfif`t) bt wms ndmbifh tomt mnnurmtf tbif ifmsurfif`t bs vfry hbeebnudt ta bipdfif`t b` Ubsumd LM^ M^BN BN.. Aur Aur rfmhfr Ir. Efdtf Efdtfs om omh h sfn a`h toaugot toaug ots s mlaut tobs, m`h soaws tomt bt nm` lf ha`f! ^aetwm rf ly K . Efdtfs
m nnu r m t f t bi f i f m su r f i f ` t
b ` U b s u m d L M ^B ^B N n r f m t f s a e t w m r f h f d m y s w b t o = : : -¶ s r f s a d u t b a ` Xruf, lfn l fn m us usf f ae a e bts n am rs rsf f rfsadutba`, tof Xbif r eu`n tba tba` ` b` Ubs bsum um d LM^ LM^BN bs a`dy subtmldf ear nrfmtb`g rfdmtbvfdy da`g b`tfrvmds. Oawfvfr, wbto tof MZB eu`n tba` ^DFFZ m p p m rf`tdy h fsbg`f fsbg`fh h ear soartfr b`tfrvmds, bt soaudh mddaw obgofr rfsadutba` ta lf mnobfvfh. ^DFFZ oms ta lf hfndmrfh ms eaddaws;
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embdfh ta b`hbnmtf tomt tof ^DFFZ eu`ntba` p ravbhfs lfttfr rfsadutba` rfsadutba` tom` tof wfdd-c`aw` tbifr-b`tfrrupt tbncs. B` emnt, tof to f mn nurmny tomt nm ` lf mn ob obfvfh fvfh bs ml aut fq umd. Xof Xof rfsudt rfsudt ae tof ifm bgur rf =. Xof oa surfif`t bs soaw` b` Ebgu oarrbza`tmd mxbs soaws tof tmrgft vmduf, tof vfrtbnm d mxbs, mxbs, tof rfm d vmduf. Lato Lato m rf b` ibddbsfn ibddbs fn a`h s. Xobs p m rtbnudm r tfst tfst wms n mrrb mrrbfh fh aut a` m Zf`tbui =>> ZN ZN ru``b`g Wb`ha Wb`ha ws 26. Xof hbm grm i soaws soaws tomt tof hurmtba` ae tof pmusfs bs mdiast narrfnt a`dy wof` tof df`gto bs `at dfss dfss tom` m laut =8 is is.. Be, oawfvfr, yau wm`t ta na`trad, smy, stfppfr iatars, yau wbdd saa` rfqubrf iuno soartfr, rfpfmtmldf m`h NZV-
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^DFFZ eu`ntba` wbdd gft yau vfry emr b` tobs tob s rfspfn rfsp fn t. M usml df soart -p f rba h tbifr, a` tof atofr om`h, fipdays a`f ae tof torff n au`tfrs aeefrfh l y tof ?<6>/?<68 b`tfrvmd tbifr BN ae wobno m` y BLI ZN ZN ar n aip mtbl df om s mt df mst a`f. Metfr mdd, wobdf wobdf a`f n au`tfr oms ta ta lf usfh ear ifiary rferfso, m`h m`atofr ear tof systfi ndanc, tof tobrh n au`tfr bs a`dy `ffhf h wof` m ta`f bs ta l f g f`frmtfh vbm tof ZN‒s ZN‒s b`tfr`md b`tfr`md dauhspfmcfr. Alvbausdy, tobs tbifr bs mvm bdmldf ear atofr purpasfs purpasfs,, taa. Xobs n au`tfr, `uil `uil fr <, bs ap frmtf h b ` i a h f : m ` h n a u `t `t s h a w ` m p r ffdam hf h vm duf ta zfra. zfra. Xof Xof df`g to ae fmn o nau`t bs mn nurmtfdy hfeb`fh, hfeb`fh, m`h wbto wbto bt tof df`g to ae tof b`tfrvmd. A` eb`bsob`g tof nau`t apfrmtba`, tof n au`tfr autput ga fs eerai rai zfra zfra ta a`f . V`eartu`mtfdy, n a`tb`uaus rfmh b`g a e tof n au`tfr autput bs `at passbldf passbldf a ` mdd ZNs, lfnmusf tof nau`tfr bs a`dy ?<6> naip mtbldf, m`h haf s `at supsuppart tof \fmhlmnc naiim`h. B` tobs wmy, tof n au`tfr stmtf stmtf bs n a`tb`uausdy a`tb`uausdy rfmh rmtofr tom` tom` tof autput. Wof` Wof` tof `fw vmduf fxnffh s tof adh a`f , tof n au`tfr prahun fs m` a vfredaw. vfredaw. B` B` atofr warhs, bt oms rfmnofh tof f`h ae tof b`tfrvmd. Wof` tobs omp pf `s, `s, m prag rmi dbcf tof a`f soaw` soaw` lf daw lrm`n ofs aut ae m hfdmy daap; Z ul u l d b n ^u ^u l ^ d f f ps p s o a r t ( L y Um Um d ^ h f d m y Ms Da ` g ) ‟ ^ hf h f d m y m s iu iu d t b p d f a e : . ? > ? u s Hb i x Ms Ms D a ` g , y Ms Ms D a ` g , b Ms D a `g `g , z a d h Ms Ms D a ` g , [ Ms D a ` g x 9 Z a r t b ` ( &O5 = ) x 9 x Ar Ar = Z a r t Au t &O5 = ,
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\fmh/ W r b t f Iahf Eb rst d aw lytf, t of` of` ob ob go lyt f
Nau`tfr Nau`t fr Iahf :; B `t fr rupt rupt mt nau` nau`t b `g
LNH/ Lb `mr `mr y nau`t nau`t b ` lb lb `mr `mr y iahf ahf
Xof` tof dfm st s sbg` bg`bebn bebnm m `t m`h m` h i ast sbg`bebnm`t lytfs ae tof stmrt vmduf mrf n apbfh ta tof n au`tfr vbm vbm p art 8=? IOz IOz (b.f., (b.f., b`hfpf`hf`t ae tof NZV ndanc), tof hfdm y ta lf f xpfn tfh bs mdwmys m iudtbpdf tbpdf ae :.?>? :.?>? s. B` B` tobs tobs wmy, m imxbimxbiui pmusf ae 68.2 is bs altm b`fh mt ^H f d m y 9 5 6 6 > 6 . Xo Xo f v m d u f t a l f napbfh bs m` u`sbg`fh b`tfgfr. Lfn musf tobs typf ae `uil fr ha fs `at fxbst b` Ubsumd LM^BN, m`h tof obgofst b`tfgfr vmduf bs ><757, ^Hfdmy bs trm`sefrrfh ms DA@G, m`h b`tfr`mddy spdbt b` m Obgo m `h Daw lytf . B`s B`sbhf tof daap , tof n au`tfr vmduf bs na`tb`uausdy b`tfrragmtfh usb`g tof vmduf ?:O 9 =:: =::::: ::::: ::L;
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B `tfr`m tfr`md d y starf starf nau nau`t fr d mtno stmtf
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M` f xtf`sbvf vf rsba rsba ` ae tobs m rt bn df m p p f m r f h b ` to to f K m ` u m r y = 2 2 ? bs bssu f a e to to f G f r i m ` Lm sbn Zra i m g m z b ` f .
Xof vms mstt imk imkar arbbty ae tahmy ahmy‒‒s naipu naiputtfr hb hbs spd pdmy mys s mr mrf f UGM naip naipm mtbldf. Xa lf l f mldf m ldf ta sulkfnt sulkfn t sun uno o hbspdm hbspdmy ys ta m qubnc tfst, m sbg`md saurnf oms ta lf mvmbdmldf tom to mt sup upp parts to tof f rmto tof fr obgo erf erfquf uf`n `nbfs bfs `arim `arimddy ddy mssan bm bmttfh wbto wbto tof tof vmr vmrbaus UG UGM hbspdmy hbspdmy ia iah hfs. Xof UGM tfstfr hfsnrblfh b` tobs mrtbndf bs m naipmnt lmttfry-pawfrfh u`bt tomt f`mldfs yau ta tfdd, mt m gdm`nf, be m n aip iput utf fr ia ia`bt `bta ar bs warcb`g prapfrdy ar `a `att. Hfsbg ` ly L. hf h f Grmm ee
s i m d d U GM - t f s t f r no f nc na i p u t f r h bsp d m y s w b t o b ` sf na ` h s sfquf`tdy, tofsf ia`btars nm` a`dy lf usfh us fh b` nail b`mtba` wbto wbto m n aip utfr utfr,, lfnmusf tof obgofst db`f erfquf`ny sup uppdbf pdbf h l y iast XU tfst pm ttfr` gf `frmta rs bs ml aut =5 cO cOz z. A`f sfrbaus rbsc ae na``fntb`g m emudty UGM hbspdm hbspdm y ta m ZN bs tomt tomt tof emudt n m` mdsa nmusf hmimgf tof ZN, m`h, b` pm rt rtbnudmr bnudmr,, tof fxpf`sbvf fxpf`sbvf vbhfa n mrh. M sim simdd, dd, sbipdf sbipdf ta ap frmtf hbspdmy tfs tf stfr dbcf tof a`f hfsnrblfh ofrf imy wfdd ebdd m ‟`bnof‒ b` tof imrcft ear ZN mnnfssarbfs. Xof em n t tomt tom t tof tfs tf stfr bs l m ttfrypawfrfh im cfs bt bhfmd ear qubnc m `h feebnbf`t em udt udteb`hb`g eb`hb`g m`h a`-s a`-sbtf btf tfstb`g. tfstb`g. Lfearf wf na`tb`uf wbto tof hfsnrbptba` ae tof nbrnubt, ofrf mrf tof rfdfvm`t hfsbg` tmrgfts wf sft aut ta mnobfvf; - lmttfry pawfrfh3 - sbipdf m`h rfdbmldf - sbipdf ta usf - mh kus kustml tml df erfquf`n erfquf`n y - mh kus kustml tml df db`f-sy`n db`f-sy`n dfvfds dfvfds33 - rfnag `bs `bsml ml df p bntur bnturf f a ` h bs bspdmy. pdmy.
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Ebgurf Ebgurf =. N brn ubt hbmg hbmgrrmi ae tof UGM hbs h bspdm pdmy y tfstfr tfstfr. Xof Xof n brn brn ubt bs sbipdf sbipdf m `h n ofmp tom` tom`c cs ta ta tof usf usf ae n aii a`dy mvmbdmldf mvmbdml df pmr pm rts.
pdf \-N asnbddmtar n a`sbs a`sbstb`g tb`g a e n aip a`f`ts BN=h BN=h , N=, \= \= m `h Z=. B` tof p ratatypf, tof vmdufs ae tof pmssbvf pmrt s wfrf wfrf eau`h ta g umrm`tff m rmstfr rmstfr erferfquf`n y rm`gf erai erai 87 Oz up up ta ==6 Oz, wobn wobn o soaud soaudh h l f m ipdf ear mdd mp pdbnm tba`s. Xof n dan c sbg`m sbg`m d bs pran fss fssfh ly eaur
hbvbh frs woasf woasf s sn n mdb`g emn tar bs p rfsft rfsft l y ifm `s ae h bah fs. fs. Xof h bvbh bvbh fr n msnm hf BNl -BN>l h bvbh bvbh fs ly 6<6. Xobs Xobs u`usumd hbvbsar bs mnobfvfh ly imcb`g BNm ly 6, m `h BN>l l y >. Xof puds p udsf f trmb` supp supp dbfh ly tof h bvbhf bvbhf r nm sn mh f bs soaw` b` Ebgurf <. Xof pudsf sfquf`nf bs usfh ta
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Er a i p u d sf sf t a p b n t u r f M`y UGM UGM hbspdm y rfq ubrfs torff torff fss fssf`tbmd sbg`mds; oarbza`tmd sy`n pudsfs, vfrtbnm d sy`n sy`n pudsfs pudsfs,, m`h vbhfa b`earimtba `. Ias Ia st UGM h bsp bsp dm ys o m vf torff torf f m `mda guf b`puts. V`usum `usumddy ddy,, tof p rfsf`t rfsf`t tfstfr hrbvfs tofsf b`puts wbto hbgbtmd sbg`mds, sa tomt tof snrff` wbdd a`dy soaw euddy smturmtfh nadaurs. Lmsfh a` >-lbt n adaur b`ear b`earimtba` imtba` up ta fbgot h beefrf`t beefrf`t nadaurs nm` lf hbspdmyfh; rfh, grff`, lduf, imgf`tm, nym`, yfddaw, wobtf m`h ldmnc. Xof n brn brn ubt hbmg rmi soaws soaws tomt fm n o ae tof torff torff vbhfa b`puts a` tof ia `btar bs h rbvf` rbvf` l y m sfp m rmtf l ueefr trm trm `sbs `sbstar tar.. Fm n o ae tofsf autp ut hrbvf rs bs p ratfntfh l y m 5?- sfrbfs frbfs rfsbs rfsbstar tar ta imcf bt soart-nbrnubt rfsbstm`t m`h mt tof smif tbif h feb`f tof h fsbr fsbrfh fh autp ut saurnf saurnf
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lf gf `frmtfh ly tof n brn brn ubt. Xofsf ofsf pudsfs mrf gf`frmtfh usb`g twa ia`astml tm l df i udtbvblrm tars (IIUs (IIUs). Xof n dan c sbg`md ae BN=h hupdbnmtfs ms tof oarbza`tmd sy`n pudsf, trbggfrb`g ia`astml df BN8m . Xof a utp ut ae tobs BN sup sup pdbfs m pudsf wbto m df`gto ae <.? ¶s. ^b`nf fbtofr tof ] m`h tof ] autput imy l f tmcf` ta tof autput autput ly wmy a e m kuipfr, tof autput sbg`md bs mvmbdmldf b` ‟truf‒ ar ‟b`vfrtfh‒ eari. M sbibdmr mp pramno oms lff` m hap tfh ear tof vfrtbnmd sy`n, mdtoaugo b` tomt nmsf tof n danc erfquf`n y hbvbhfh ly 6<6 bs us usfh fh ms suppdbfh ly tof hbvbhfr nmsnmhf. Xof vfrtbnm d sy`n sy`n puds pudsf f bs gf`frmtf h ly
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K Z=,K Z< 9 >>-wm wm y pb`ofmh pb`ofmh fr wbt wbto o kuipfr kuipfr C= 9 =6=6-wm wm y obgo-hf` obgo-hf` sbty UG UG M sa ncft, ZNL iau`t, m`gdfh pb`s Lt= 9 2U ZZ > lmttfry wbto wbto ndb ndbp m`h dfm hs.
b` tof vbh fa l ueef rs (Xt-X<-X>) ta p ravbh f m db`f pmttfr` wbto rm`hai nadaurs. Mdtoaugo tof sy`n m`h vbhfa sbg`mds mrf gf`frmtfh b` m vfry sbipdf im``fr, tof rfsudt bs pfrefntdy subtmldf ear m vmst `uilfr ae UGM hbspdmys. Xof rfst ae tof n brnubt rfim b`s dbibtfh ta m n aip mn t pa wfr supp supp dy dy.. Xa f`surf f`surf tof nbrnubt warcs rfdbmldy a` m 2-vadt lmttfry, m daw-hrap 66-U U rfgudm tar (BN6) (BN6) oms lff ` mh hf h. Xof up soat bs tomt tof tfs tfstfr tfr na`tb`ufs ta warc rfdbmldy fvf` be tof lm ttfry bs mdia st ‟edmt‒.
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Xofrf bs `at iun o ta lf smbh ml aut tofsf im ttfrs. ttfrs. Xof db`f erfq uf` n y bs mh kustfh kustfh wbto tof mbh ae p rfsft rfsft Z=. Z=. Mdd Mdd hbspdm hbspdm ys soaudh l f m ldf ta trbgg trbgg fr a` tof sbg`m sbg`m d erai erai m la ut >: cOz cOz a`wmrh s. Xof h bsp bsp dmy dm y wbdd soaw soaw m p m ttfr` n a`sbsta`sbstb`g ae n adaurfh db`fs. db`fs. B` nm sf bt bs fss fssf`tbmd ta tfst tfst ear tof tof rfp rahun tba` ae b`hbvbhumd nadaurs, tof prfsft imy lf rfpdmnfh ly m patf`tbaiftfr ar m ratmry swbtno wbto m `uilfr ae ebxfh rfsbstars mt bts na`tmnts. B` tobs wmy bt lfnaifs passbldf ta sfdfnt spfnbebn db`f erfq erfq uf`nbfs dbcf dbcf >: cOz cOz, 6: cOz cOz, ?: cOz cOz ar =:: cOz cOz. Be yau eb`h bt fm sbfr ta warc wbto rmstfr erfquf`nbfs (saiftbifs rfefrrfh ta ms ‟hbspdmy rferfso rmtfs‒), tof` tof swb swbtno tno im y lf n mdblrmtfh sa tomt yau nm` sfdfnt lftwff`, smy, 6: Oz, 5: Oz, 7: Oz, 7< Oz m`h 76 Oz. Ae naursf, tobs rfqubrfs hftfrib`b`g tof rfqubsbtf rfsbstar vmdufs. Vsb`g m erfquf`ny iftfr, m patf`tbaiftfr m`h m iudtbiftfr, iudtbiftfr, tofsf vm dufs soaudh soaudh `at lf taa hbeebn udt ta fstml fstml dbso. dbso. Mdtfr`mtbvfdy, Mdtfr`mtbvfdy, yau imy usf usf m na updf ae ebxfh ebxfh =:-c℥ rfsbs rfsbstars tars.. Xof Xof erfq uf`n bfs wbdd tof` l f rfmsa`mldy ndasf ta tof tmrgft vmdufs. Xfstb`g bs vfry sbip sbip df; usf m h bsp bsp dm y nm ldf ta n a``fn t up tof UGM UGM hbspdmy hbspdmy ta tof tfstfr. Be `fnfssmry b`vfrt tof sy`n sbg`mds m`h sff be m oarbza`tmd db`f pmttfr` mppfmrs a` tof snrff`. Ms saa` ms tof pbnturf bs sy`nora`bzfh, yau c`aw ear surf surf tomt tof tbib`g ae tof hbspdmy warcs mt tof erfquf`ny sft a` tof tfstfr. Wof` tof lmrs mppfmr b` mdd fbg ot h beefrf`t n adaurs, adaurs, tof vbhfa (\GL) GL) mip dbebfrs dbebfrs imy smefdy lf mssuifh mssuifh ta warc mdd rbgot. Be nadaurs mrf ibssb`g, bt bs fm sy ta h ftfrib`f ftfrib`f wobno a e tof l msbn msbn nadaur nbrnubts (\, G ar L) bs hfefntbvf. Be m hf efn t bs hbsn hbsn avfrfh b` tobs wmy, tof lf st tob`g ta h a bs tmcf tmcf tof h bspdm bspdm y ta m` mutoarbzfh rfpmbr soap. Mttfipts mt oaif rfpmbr mrf `at rfnaiif`hfh lfnmusf ae tof obgo vadtmgfs tomt fxbst b`sbhf b`sbhf tof h bspdm bspdm y, m`h tof emn t tomt tof `fnfssmry nbrnubt hbmgrmis wbdd rmrfdy
GF@F\MD B@XF\F^X
tof supfr muhba NH lftt lfttfr fr sau sau`h `h,, iarf iarf emn emnbd bdbt btbf bfs, s, m`h m`h lmncwmrh naipmtblbdbty Wof` tof naipmnt hbsn, NH, wms b`trahunfh ly Zobdbps ae tof @ftofrdm`hs m`h ^a`y ae Kmpm` b` tof fmrdy =2?:s, =2?: s, pudsf-nahf iahudmtba` (b` prmntbnmd usf), a` wobno NH tfno`adagy hfpf`hs, wms stbdd yau`g (b`trahunfh ly tof Kmpm` Lramhnmstb`g Narparmtba`, @OC, b` =257). B` fssf`nf, tof NH bs tof ifhbui tomt b`trahunfh iast pfapdf ta hbgbtmd muhba rfprahuntba`. ^b`nf tof b`trahuntba` ae tof NH, vmrbaus mspfnts ae hbgbtmd muhba f`gb`ffrb`g omvf lff` f`om`nfh na`sbhfrmldy m`h omvf imhf passbldf tof ^upfr Muhba Naipmnt Hbsn.
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Xof ^upfr Muhba NH daacs fxmntdy dbcf m stm`hmrh NH. Womt nm``at lf sff` bs tomt tof `fw typf ae hbsn na`sbsts ae m iudtb-dmyfr oylrbh na`struntba` tomt f`mldfs m `uilfr ae `fw nmpmlbdbtbfs ta lf b`narparm b`narparmtfh tfh (sff (sff Ebgurf =). Xof na`vf`tba`md ^tm`hmrh \fedfntbvf Dmyfr (usfh a` na`vf`tba`md NHs) bs euddy naipmtbldf wbto tof NH ‟\fh Laac‒ spfnbebnmtba`s. Xof NH pdmyfr‒s dmsfr rfmhs tobs dmyfr toraugo m sfibtrm`sibssbvf dmyfr. dmyfr. Xof 8.7 GLytf ^fib-Xrm`sibssbvf ^fib-Xrm`sibssbvf Dmyfr ae tof ^upfr Muhba NH nm` oadh twa naipdftf, 78-ib`utf vfrsba`s ae tof iusbn; H^H <-nom``fd stfrfa m`h H^H 5-nom``fd sau`h. Xobs bs imhf passbldf ly Hbrfnt ^trfmi Xrm`sefr, m dassdfss nahb`g hfvfdapfh ly Zobdbps. Ebgurf = soaws tomt tof twa dmyfrs mrf rfmh erai tof smif sbhf. M stm`hmrh NH pdmyfr, pdmyfr, wobno usfs m 7?: `i dmsfr hbahf rfmhs tof ^tm`hmrh \fedfntbvf Dmyfr toraugo tof obgo-hf`sbty dmyfr sb`nf tobs bs trm`spmrf`t ear 7?: `i dmsfrs. M ^upfr Muhba Muhba NH pdmyfr, pdmyfr, wobno usfs m 56: `i dmsfr hbahf, rfmhs tof obgo-hf`sbty dmyfr, sb`nf tobs bs rfedfntbvf mt tomt wmvfdf`gto. df`gto. Xobs Xobs oylrb oylrbh-h h-hbsn bsn tfno`ad tfno`adagy agy bs
NH Dmyfr; euddy rfedfntbvf
=
m
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OH Dmyfr; rfedfntbvf ear 56: `i :.5 ii trm`spmrf`t ear 7?: `i
OH Zbnc up
NH Zbnc up
9 56: `i @M 9 :.5 eanusfh a` OH dmyfr
9 7?: `i @M 9 :.86 eanusfh a` NH dmyfr
2?::56 - ==m
Zratfntbvf Dmyfr
l ^tm`hmrh \fedfntbvf Dmyfr ZN ^ulstrmtf ^fib-Xrm`sibssbvf ^fib-Xrm`sibssbvf Dmyfr
ZN ^ulstrmtf
Dmsfr Zbnc Vp
@FW
NMZMLBDBXBF^
Xof ^upfr Muhba NH pravbhfs m `ui lfr ae `fw nmpmlbd nmpmlbdbtbfs btbfs naipmrfh naipmrfh wbto m stm`hmrh NH. • Bt usfs usfs m oylrbh oylrbh tfno`bq tfno`bquf uf b` wobno wobno twa b`hfpf`hf`t hmtm dmyfrs mrf sm`hwbnofh. Xobs mppramno rfsudts b` m NH tomt bs euddy naipmtbldf wbto fxbstb`g, stm`hmrh NH pdmyfrs. Xobs bs bipartm`t ta tof rftmbd trmhf m`h na`suifrs mdbcf, sb`nf bt mvabhs tof `fnfssbty ae hauldb`g up a` NHs nna`tmb`b`g tof smif rfnarhb`g. • A`f dmyf dmyfrr bs pranfss pranfssfh fh b` ^upf ^upfrr Lbt Imppb`g Hbrfnt, m tfno`adagy tomt rfsudts b` m H^H (hbrfnt strfmi hbgbtmd) f`nahfh muhba sbg`md lfb`g rfprahunfh wbto lfttfr qumdbty fvf` a` m stm`hmrh NH pdmyfr. Xobs bs lfnmusf lfnmusf tof =5-lbt =5-lbt rfsadutba` rfsadutba` ae tof ZNI (pudsf-nahf iahudmtba`) sbg`md bs usfh aptbimddy. aptbimddy. Wbtoaut tof tfno`bquf, tof vmduf ae tof dmst lbt bs `at rfdbmldf. • Xof mhhbtba`m mhhbtba`mdd hmtm hmtm a` a` tof tof sfna`h sfna`h dmyfr mrf pranfssfh b` H^H, m` f`nahb`g tfno`bquf b` wobno m hbgbtmd muhba sbg`md bs smipdfh mt m rmtf ae <.?<<8 IOz m`h tof` tof` pranfssfh
2?::56 - ==l
Ebgurf =. Xof ^u pfr Muhba NH bs sbibdmr b` na`nfpt ta tof stm`hmrh NH, lut oms m` mhhbtba`md obgo-hf` sbty dmyfr. Xof twa dmyfrs mrf rfmh erai to f smif sbhf. Xof NH dmsf r rfmhs tof ^tm`hmrh \fedfntbvf \f edfntbvf Dmyfr toraugo tof ^fib-Xrm`sibssbvf Dmyfr.
Xrm`sefr, m Zobdbps dassdfss nahb`g iftoah. Xobs mppdbfs ta `arimd stfrfa pdmylmnc, 5-nom``fd pdmy lmnc, tfxt tfxt m`h grmpobns. grmpobns. B` prmntbnf prmntbnf m naiprfssba` rmtba ae mlaut 6: pfr nf`t bs altmb`fh. • Hbgbtmd Hbgbtmd wmtfri wmtfrimrc. mrc. Xof Xof bddfgm bddfgmdd napynapyb`g ae NHs bs imhf iuno iarf hbeebnudt wbto tof mbh ae vbsbldf m`h b`vbsbldf imrcb`gs. HB\FNX HBGBXMD
^X\FMI XFNO@ADAGR
^b`nf tof b`trahuntba` ae tof NH, tof rmtf mt wobno sbg`mds nm` lf smipdfh oms b`nrfmsfh mpprfnbmldy m`h tof rfsadutba` oms lff` rfeb`fh. Rft, tof qumdbty ae tof rfprahunfh sau`h oms omrhdy bipravfh. Xobs bs lfnmusf tof lmsbn na`nfpt na`nfpt ae tof stm`hmrh stm`hmrh NH nm`nm``at lf nom`gfh. A`f ae tof sfrbaus dbibtmtba`s bs earifh ly tof ebdtfrs usfh. Xofsf ebdtfrs mrf rfqubrfh ta pmss sbg`mds up up ta <: cOz (wobno 2?% 2?% ae
feefnt ae tofsf bs ib`bimd. B` iast ZNI rfnarhb`g systfis, tof m`mdaguf hmtm mrf avfrsmipdfh ×58 wbto m sbgim-hfdtm na`vfrtfr. na`vfrtfr. Xobs ifm`s tomt tof systfi apfrmtfs wbto m smipdb`g smipdb`g rmtf ae <.?<<8 IOz, wobno rfsudts b` m =-lbt hbgbtmd sbg`md tomt bs na`vfrtfh b`ta m ZNI nahf. B` Hbrfnt ^trfmi Hbgbtmd Hbgbtmd (H^H) tfno`adagy, tof =-lbt sbg`md bs usfh hbrfntdy, tomt bs, `at na`vfrtfh b`ta ZNI nahf. ^b`nf tof sbgim-hfdtm na`vfrtfr oms m rfdmtbvfdy obgo `absf edaar, m ebeto arhfr ebdtfr bs usfh ta fdbib`mtf iast ae tof `absf. Wofrfms iahfr` tmpf rfnarhb`g imnob`fs usfh b` lramhnmstb`g omvf m lm`hwbhto lm`hwbhto ae 6: cOz mt m tmpf spffh ae >: b`/sfn, H^H tfno`adagy pravbhfs m erfquf`ny rfspa`sf erai h.n. ta avfr =:: cOz, pdus m hy`mibn hy`mibn rm`gf grfmtfr grfmtfr tom` =<: hL mnrass tof muhba lm`h. Iarfavfr, b`hfpf`hf`t nrbtbns m`h rfnarh prahunfrs rmtf H^H
iusbn vfrsba`s vfrsba`s bs :„=:: cOz (naipmrfh (naipmrfh wbto <: <: Oz ta <: cOz b` m stm`hmrh stm`hmrh NH pdmyfr) pdmyfr) wbto m hy`mibn rm`gf ae =<: hL avfr tof muhba muhba rm`gf (nurrf`tdy (nurrf`tdy 28 hL imxbiui).
=< ni
< NH DMRF\
Z \ A X F N XB A @
^LI Hbrfnt NH (=5/88.=)
M G M B @ ^X
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OBGO HF@^BXR DMRF\ Fxtrm Hmtm; •Xfxt •Grmpobns •Ubhfa ^bx-Nom``fd Ibx Xwa-Nom``fd ^tfrfa
2?::56 - =<
Ebgurf <. Na`str untba` ae tof ^upfr Muhba NH. @atf tomt tof dmsfr daacs upwmrh erai lfdaw tof hbsn. M stm`hmrh NH pdmyfr‒s dmsfr hafs `at ‟sf f‒ tof obgo-hf`sbty dmyfr.
HB\FNX ^X\FMI X\M@^EF\
Lato H^H <-nom``fd stfrfa m`h H^H 5-nom``fd sau`h hfpf`h a` tof dassdfss nahb`g iftoah Hbrfnt ^trfmi Xrm`sefr. ^uno rfhuntba` tfno`adagbfs mrf mdsa usfh b` naiputfrs, ear b`stm`nf, tof [BZ pratanad. Xofy naiprfss (rfhunf) tof arbgb`md hmtm strfmi wbtoaut tof dass ae m sb`gdf lbt. Xof mdgarbtoi usfh ear tof ^upfr Muhba NH gbvfs m rfhuntba` ae mlaut 6: pfr nf`t. Atofr lbt rmtf rfhuntba` tfno`adagbfs wobno bg`arf rfhu`hm`t hmtm, suno ms IZFG-< ar Hadly Hbgbtmd (MN->) pravbhf m iuno obgofr hfgrff ae naiprfssba`. Xof prbnf pmbh ear tobs t obs bs tomt hfnaiprfssba` pravbhfs m sbg`md tomt daacs dbcf tof arbgb`md, lut bs sdbgotdy hbeefrf`t. ^VZF\
LBX
IMZZB@G
^b`nf tof ^upfr Muhba NH bs imstfrfh b` H^H tfno`adagy, tof NH dmyfr, naipmtbldf pmtbldf wbto tof NH ‟\fh Laac‒ Laac‒ stm`-
hmrh, bs trm`sefrrfh erai H^H b` m sa-nmddfh ^upfr Lbt Imppb`g (^LI) hbrfnt haw`-na`vfrsba`. Xobs ifm`s tomt tof =-lbt wbhf, ×58 avfrsmipdfh H^H hmtmstrfmi bs na`vfrtfh ta =5-lbt m`h tof usumd smipdb`g rmtf. Bt bs, ae naursf, bipartm`t tomt ms dbttdf b`earimtba` gfts dast b` tobs ms passbldf. ^a`y ^ a`y oms hfvfdapfh spfnbmd ^LI pranfssars tomt f`mldf <:„<8-lbt mnnurmny ta lf altmb`fh wbto =5-lbt sbg`mds.
Bt bs ae tof grfmtfst bipartm`nf ta prahunfrs m`h na`suifrs mdbcf tomt tof bddfgmd napyb`g ae NHs bs stappfh. Mdtoaugo tof Napy Im`mgfif`t ^ystfi (N^I) rfstrbnts tof mimtfur nrbib`md, bt hafs `at stap ‟praefssba`md‒ efda`s erai prahunb`g vmst `uilfrs ae bddfgmd napbfs. Iarf strb`gf`t pratfntba` ifmsurfs mrf b`narparmtfh b` tof ^upfr Muhba NH. Ebrst, wbto tof mbh ae Hbgbtmd Wmtfrimrc, tof hbsn bs gbvf` m wmtfr imrc b` tof eari ae m pmttfr` pmttfr ` ae pbts a` tof sbg`md sbhf wbto Zbt ^bg`md Zranfssb`g (Z^Z). Xof pmttfr` bs obgody rfnag`bzrfnag`bzmldf ly tof usfr, lut nm` a`dy lf prahunfh ly tof im`uemnturfr ae tof hbsn usb`g naipdfx tfno`adagbfs. @ffhdfss ta smy, tof pmttfr` nm``at lf rfiavfh, fvf` ly tof t of arbgb`md prahunfr. Mdsa, tofrf mrf dfss fmsbdy sff` imrcb`gs, suno ms lmrnahfs m`h b`vbsbldf, brrfiavmldf hmtm a` tof NH. Mdd tofsf prfnmutba`s ha `at imcf bt bipassbldf ear nrbib`mds ta napy tof NH, lut tofy soaudh mt dfmst imcf bt passbldf ear us, tof na`suifr, ta f`surf tomt wf mrf `at hfermuhfh ly tofsf efda`s ly nofncb`g tomt tof NHs wf luy nmrry nmrry tofsf imrcb`gs. imrcb`gs. S2?::56Y
XOF @F_X
G F @ F \ M XB A @
Xof `fxt gf`frmtba` ae NH pdmyfrs, tof ^upfr Muhba NH pdmyfrs, mrf ebttfh wbto 56: `i dmsfrs ta wobno wobno tof obgoobgohf`sbty dmyfr bs rfedfntbvf. Xof usfr ae suno m `fw pdmyfr wbdd omvf mnnfss ta <-nom``fd stfrfa sau`h ae tof obgofst qumdbty, m 5-nom``fd vfrsba` ae tof smif sau`h pdus mhhbtba`md tfxt (hbsn `mif, mrtbst `mif, trmnc `mif, dyrbns m`h db`fr `atfs) m`h grmpobns. Xof mvmbdmldf lm`hwbhto ear lato
Ebgurf >. B` stm`hmrh stm`hmrh NH (ZNI) pranfssb`g, ebdtfrs mrf rfqubrfh ear rfnarhb`g m`h pdmy lmnc. B` supfr muhba muhba NH (H^H) pranfssb`g, tof b`put ebdtfrs mrf `at `ffhfh m`h tof arbgb`md =-lbt hmtf mrf usfh.
> AUF\^MIZDFH <: LBX MHN ^X\VNXV\F
= lbt MHN Era`t F`h
58 es = lbt
Hfnbimtba` Hbgbtmd Ebdtfr
AUF\^MIZDFH <: LBX HMN ^X\VNXV\F
es <: lbt
ZNI \fnarhfr
es <: lbt
B`tfrpadmtba` Hbgbtmd Ebdtfr
58 es <8 lbt
Hfdtm-^bgim Iahudmtar
58 es = lbt
M`mdag Daw Zmss Ebdtfr
GF@F\MD B@XF\F^X
dmsfr-na`traddfh lur urg gdmr hftfrrf`t sbipdf, feefntbvf m`h b`fxpf`sbvf
^b`nf tof =25:s, dbgot-fibttb`g hbahfs (DFHs) omvf naif b`ta usf ear im `y m ppd ppdbbnm tba`s . Im Im `y pfa pd pdf f im y `at c`aw c`aw tom t tofsf h bah fs , usf h b` daw daw -na s t dm dm sf r-pf`s m `h dm s fr pab`tfr pab`tfrs, s, wf rf h fvfd fvfdapf apf h ear NH pd pdmm yfrs. Xah m y, dm dm s fr frss m rf usf h b` mrnobtfnturf, b` mutaialbdf f`gb`ffrb`g ta ifmsurf mdd sarts ae pmrt, m`h b` obgo-prfnbsba` spbrbt dfvfds, ta `mif lut m efw. Dm s frs m rf m ds a us fh b` nrbif nrbif ebg otb otb`g `g , ear ear b`s b`s tm `n f, b` b` obg obg oprfn pr fn bsb sba` a` s pff h trm trm ps ta n m tno tof tof u`wm ry, spf fh b`g ia tar tarbbst. Xofs f m rf l ut m efw fxmi pd pdfs fs ae tof tof im `y m ppd ppdbbnm tb tba`s a`s ae dm sf rs . Xob Xobss m rtb tbnd ndf f h fs nrb nrblf lf s oaw m s bipd ipdf f dm dm sf r h bah f n m ` l f us f h ta l ub ubddh m ` b`f b`f xpf `s bvf lurg dm r h ftf rrf` t/m dm ri.
=
Eb g u r f = . N b r n u b t h b m g r m i a e m dmsfr u`bt wobno i my usf m hbs- nrftf dmsfr hbahf a r m dmsfr p a b ` t f r. r . Xo Xo f l r b g o t ` f s s a e t o f d m s f r l f m i i m y l f v mr mr b f h w b t o m p a t f ` t b a i f t f r a r fx fx t f r ` m d sbg`md.
^ME F X R
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M`y dmsfr, fvf` tof simddfst, earis m hm` gfr ear tof ouim` fyf. B` B` dmsfr tfno`adagy t ofrf bs bs a`f rudf tomt iust lf alfyfh mt mdd tbifs; @fvfr, fvfr daac b`ta b`ta m dmsfr lfmi lfmi a r fvf` b`ta bts rfedfntba`! rfedfntba`! B` tobs na`tfxt, na`tfxt, bt so a u dh l f l a r`f b` ib`h tomt fvf` fvf` m = iW dmsf dmsfrr bs mlaut =::: =::: tbifs ms lrbgo t m s suiifr su`dbgot. Lfearf yau stmrt m`y w arc a` m dm sfr prakfn prakfnt, t, tmcf aee m`y rb`gs, rb`gs, w mtnofs, lrmnfdf lrmnfdfts ts m` h at ofr sob`y pfrsa`md pfrsa`md ar`mif`ts tomt imy rfedfnt rfedfnt to f dmsfr lfmi . Mdsa, Mdsa, imcf surf mt mdd tbifs tomt tofrf bs `alahy fdsf b` tof pmto ae tof lfmi. Nobdhrf` Nobdhrf` m rf pmrtbnud pmrtbnudmrd mrdyy nurbaus m`h w bdd bdd w m`t ta eb`h eb`h aut w omt om ppf`s b` b` tof lfmi. B@X\AHVNXBA@
Dmsfrs gf`frmtf m dbgot lfmi tomt, aw b`g ta bts naofrf`t naofrf`t nomrm ntfr, ntfr, nm` nm` l f usfh ta spm` dmrgf hbstm`nfs. Iast dmsfrs mvmbdmldf b` b` t of rftmbd imrcft mrf sfibna`h sfibna`h untar typfs. A`f vfrsba` vfrsba` tomt rfnf`tdy rfnf`tdy o ms lff` b` b` tof `fw s (aw (aw b`g ta bts `femrbaus usf ly saif u`tob`cb`g yau to s) bs bs to f dmsfr pab` tfr. Xo bs bs bs m simdd sfibna`huntar dmsfr iau`tfh b` m sdf`hfr, dbgot m` h fmsy -t a-o a d h nmsf b`tf`hfh ear prfsf`tmtba` purpasfs. Xof Xof dmw b` ia st nau`trbfs dbidbibts bts au tpu t t a = i W. ^b`nf tof dbgot lfmi fibttfh ly m dmsfr nm` spm` rfdmtbvfdy dmrgf hbs-
tm`nfs, m dmsfr nm` lf usfh ta sft up m sbipdf lut feefntbvf lur gdmr m dmri. Ear b`stm`nf, m dmsfr m `h m efw ibrra r s pdmnfh b` mppraprbmtf pasbtba`s nm` e a ri m ` b`vbsbldf lm rrbfr mrau` h m lubdhb`g ar m v mdumldf alkfnt. alkfnt.
Eb g u r f < . N b r n u b t h b m g r m i a e gf`frmd-purpasf MI rfn fbvfr w b t o w o b n o i a h u d m tf t f h d m s fr fr sbg`mds nm` lf rfnfbvfh m`h h f n a h f h . Xo f h f i a h u d m t f h sbg`md imy lf usfh ta hrbvf m d a u h s p f m c f r a r m r f d m y. y.
M hrmw lmnc ae m dmsfr hbahf bs tomt bt gf`frmtfs m na`stm`t lfmi ae dbgo dbgo t. Ear tof prfsf`t purpa sf, sf, bt w audh lf iuno lfttfr be tof dbgot w frf iahudmtfh sa tom t tof b`tf`sbty b`tf`sbty ae tof dbgot dbgot lfm i nm` lf mh kustfh . Eart u ` m t fdy, to bs
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Ndmss bebnmtba` ae dms fr pab`tfrs pab`tfrs Dmsfr pa b`tfrs, dmsfr dmsfr pf` s, m`h dmsfr hbahf s mvmbdmldf mvmbdmldf b` tof rftmbd imrcft mrf mrf ndmssbebfh b` torff n mtfgarbfs mnn arh b`g ta @F@ (Fura) @ari 5 : ? <6-= (mvmbdmldf era i tof Lrbtbso ^tm`hmrhs B`stbtutf ar yaur pmrtbn udmr na u`try‒s ^tm`hmrh s Mutoarbty. Mutoarbty. B` tof V `btfh Cb`gh ai, bt imy lf b`spfn tfh mt im`y Zuldbn Dblrmrbfs. Xofrf Xofrf bs m eaurto nmtfgary, lut tobs hfmds wbto dmsfrs dmsfrs ear praefssba`md mppdbnmtba`s (wo bno mrf sul- kfn kf n t ta m dbn f` n f) a` dy.
Nmtfgary BBB
Nmtfgary BB
N mt mt fg fg a ry ry B
Xobs pfrtmb`s pfrtmb`s ta dmsfrs wbto autput paw frs up ta 6 i W, wobno mrf `at smef ta usf wbtoaut mhfqu mtf mtf p ravbsba`s. ravbsba`s. Mt simdd hbs- tm`n fs, fxpasurf ae fyfs ear dfss tom` tom` m qu mrtfr ae m sfna `h (tof fyf rfedfx bs
Mppdbnmldf ta dmsfrs wbto autput paw frs 4 = iW. iW. B` spbt spbtf f ae tofbr tofbr daw daw paw fr, suno suno dmsfrs dmsfrs nm``at lf usfh b` gmhgfts suno ms cfyrb`gs. Mr hbstm`n hbstm`n fs ae ≨ = i (> e t ) , fxpasurf ae :.<6 :.<6 s nm` dfmh dfmh ta sfrbaus
Xobs nmtfgary mppdbfs ta dmsfr hbahfs wbto m` autput pawfr 4 :.6 i W, wobno mrf rfm- sa`mldy smef b` usf. Xofy Xofy nm` lf usfh b` gmhg fst muno ms cfyrb`gs. Fvf` Fvf` sa, grfmt nmrf bs `ffhfh wof` usb`g tofsf dmsfrs. dmsfrs.
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E bg bg u r f > . N b r n u b t h b m - g r m i a e d b g o t -a -a p f r m t f h s w b t n o . Wo f ` p o a t a t r m ` s b s t a r X = rfnfbvfs d b g o t e r a i t o f d m s f r, r, tof rfdmy bs f`frgbzfh.
nm` lf mnobfvfh mnobfvfh rfmh bdy ly paw frb`g frb`g tof nbrnubt ly m iahudmtfh vadtmgf. Mdtoaug o bt bs embrdy sbipdf ta na`st runt m dm sfr hbah f iah udf (sff \fefrf`nf =), saif rfmhfrs imy prfefr ta usf m rfmh y-imh f dmsfr pab`tfr pab`tfr.. XOF
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Xof nbrnubt nbrnubt ae t of dmsfr bs soaw ` b` Ebgurf= rf=. Hbahf H =, b` m `tb-pmrmddfd `tb-pmrmddfd w bto tof dmsfr hbahf, pravbhfs m sbipdf lut feefntbvf pratfntba` mgmb`st na``fntb`g tof suppdy db`fs db`fs w bto w ra`g padmrbty. ^oau dh to bs annur annur ear m lrbfe iaif`t, `a omri bs ha`f. Be, Be, oaw f v f r, t of w ra`g padmrbty bs rftm b`fh , tm`tmdui nmpmnbtar N > w bdd fx p da h f, lut tof dmsfr dmsfr hbahf w bdd bdd `at lf hm imgfh. Hfpf`hb`g a` tof typf ae dmsfr hbahf ar dmsfr pab`tfr, tof vmduf ae sfrbfs rfsbstar \ = iust lf mhmptfh, mdtoaugo ear iast hbahfs m vmduf ae 2„== ℥ bs eb`f. Xof nbrnubt nbrnubt bs lubdt a` m si mdd pbfnf ae strbplamrh. Be yau omvf tof scbdds m`h p mtbf`nf, yau imy w fdd hfnbhf ta ftno m simdd prb`tfh-nbrnubt lamrh ta wobno tof naipa`f`ts imy lf sadhfrfh m t lato sbhfs. sbhfs. @atf tomt tof rmtb`g ae zf`fr hbahf H < bs 6 U, 6:: 6:: iW. iW. Xof i ahudf nm` tof` lf tm cf` cf` b`ta usf. Vsb`g Vsb`g m rfgudmtfh rfgudmtfh paw fr suppdy suppdy ae >.6„5 >.6„5U U (mt (mt w obno pa w fr dassfs mrf simddfst) simddfst) m` h db`cb`g tof iah udmtba` b`put ta tof + vf suppdy suppdy db`f, db`f, tof hbahf soaudh fibt dbgot. dbgot.
tof ifm`s ear mnnurmtf paw fr na`trad. Xof iah udmtba` stmgf om `hdfs sb`usb`usabhmd sbg`m ds up ta
oui w bdd `at lf ofmrh, sa ha tur` tofi a` ear tobs tfst. Be yau stbdd ha `at ofmr m`ytob`g, tofrf bs m emudt saifw ofrf. Nofnc mdd na``fntba`s, na``fntba`s, ku`ntba`s, naipa`f`ts, m`h sa a`. Be mdd tofsf mrf mdd rbgot, tof rfnfbvfr iust w arc smtbsemntarb smtbsemntarbdy. dy. M DX F \ @ MX MX B U F
\FNFB UF\
Xof nbrnubt b` Ebgurf < s o a w s m ` mipdbtuhf-iahudmtba` (MI) rfnfbvfr to m t us fs m po at a -tr m ` s bs t a r, X=, m s h ft f nt a r. Bt bs ea ddaw fh ly m` mi pdbebfr, pdbebfr, B N =, w obno obno bs vfry vfry stmldf m`h biiu` f ta b`tfrefrf`nf. Xof sf`sbtbvbty ae tof rfnfbvfr rfnfbvfr prapfr bs sft sft w bto iu dtbtur` dtbtur` prfsft \ =. @atf tomt rfsbstars \< m ` h \> soau dh lf i ftm d ebdi, ebdi, =% ty pfs. Xof Xof rmtb`g ae \ 6 bs :.6 W. M sfna`h mipdbebfr, BN <, hrbvfs m sim dd dauh spfm cfr, D^=. Xof Xof v adui f bs na`tradd na`traddfh fh w bto \ 8. Xof dauh spfmcf r i m y, ae naursf, lf rfpdmnfh ly m simdd rfdmy ta apfrmtf m`atofr cb`h ae m dm ri, p fromp s m t sai f h bstm`nf erai tof b`stmddmtba`. Xof avfrmdd rfnfbvfr bs hfnaupdfh ly m `uilfr ae nmpmnbtars. nmpmnbtars. @atf tomt N = soaudh lf m nfrmibn typf. Xof h ftfntar ftfntar imy lf m `y t ypf ae b`erm-rfh poata trm`sbstar ar hbahf mvm bdmldf. bdmldf. ^ubtmldf ^ubtmldf trm`sbstars trm`sbstars m rf, ear b`stm `nf, LZ W8: W8: ar, lftt fr, fr, DZ X?6M3 ?6M3 hbahfs; ^EO<:6 ar LZW>8. Xof rfnfbvfr rfnfbvfr bs paw frfh ly m syi iftrbn suppdy, wobno imy lf pravbhfh ly tw a 2-U lmttfrbfs. lmttfrbfs. Xof rfnfbvfr rfnfbvfr i my lf oau sfh b` m simdd pdmstbn nmsf. Bt bs `at rfmddy ` fnf s s m ry ta h fsbg` m p rb`tfh -nbrnubt -nbrnubt lamrh ear bt; bt bs fmsbd fmsbdyy lubdt a` m pbfnf ae strbplam rh. N dfmrdy, tof na` stru ntba` soaudh lf nm nm rrbfh rrbfh aut w bto nmrf m`h `fmt sadhfrb`g sadhfrb`g ta prfvf`t prfvf`t spurbspurbaus asnbddmtba`s annurrb`g tomt imy spabd ar ar hbstart tof ifm surfif`ts m`h w audh g bvf rbsf rbsf ta emdsf emdsf mdmris. Xof poatatrm`sbstar soaudh lf iau` tfh b` m simdd tulf ae mpp raprbmtf b`` fr hbmi ftfr. Xobs Xobs prfvf`ts ` at a`dy b`tfrefrf`nf ly milbf`t dbgot m`h atofr saurnfs ae dbgot, lut mdsa gbvfs tof hftfntar saif hbrfntbvbty. Ib`h tof padmrbty ae tof trm`sbstar w of` sadhfrb`g sadhfrb`g bt b`ta pdmnf; tof hftfntar w bdd bdd stbdd stbdd warc w bto b`narrfnt b`narrfnt p a dm r b t y, lu t bts sf` sbtbv bty bs to f` iuno rfhunfh.
Xfst ^ft sf`sbtbvbty sf`sbtbvbty na`trad \= ta tof nf`trf nf`trf ae bts trmvfd, vaduif na`trad \ 8 t a `ib`biui m`h na``fnt tof rfnfbvfr ta tof twa lmttfrbfs lmttfrbfs ar atofr ½ 2-U paw fr suppdy suppdy m s tof nmsf imy lf. Wof` to f v aduif na`trad bs tur` f h
Bt bs `at mdw my s `fnfssmry, `fnfssmry, ar na`v na`v f`bf`t, ta usf m ia hudmtfh dbgot dbgot lfmi. Aetf`, m sbipdf dbgot-apf dbgot-apfrmtfh rmtfh sw btno btno suno suno m s soaw soaw ` b` Ebgurf > i m y l f usfh. Wof` dbgot em dds dds a` ta poata trm`sbstar X=, trm`sbstars X< m ` h X> n a i f a`, wofrfupa` tof rfdmy bs f`frgbzfh. Be tofrfearf tof rfdmy rfdmy na`tmnt apf`s, fbtofr tof dmsfr lfmi bs b`tfrrup b`tfrrup tfh ar tof paw fr supp dy o ms embdfh. Xw a gaah rfmsa`s ta tmcf mntba`! mntba`! @atf tomt \ = bs m iudtbtur` typf m`h rfsbstars rfsbstars \< m`h \> mrf iftm d ebdi, ebdi, =% typfs. Xof rfdmy bs m simdd-sbg`md ty pf, =< U, ≨6: iM. Xof hftfntar imy lf m `y ty pf ae b`erm-rfh poata trm`sbstar ar hbahf mvmbdmldf. ^ubtmldf trm`sbstars mrf, ear b`stm `nf, LZ W8: W8: ar, lfttf r, DZ X?6M3 ?6M3 h bahfs; ^EO<:6 ^EO<:6 ar LZ W>8. W>8.
\fefrf`nfs; Dmsfrs; Dmsfrs; X ofary ofary m` h Zr mnt mnt b nf ly l y Hbrc \.
Lmur3 B^L@ : 2:67 2:67:6 :66< 6< =3 Fdfctar Fdfctar Fdfntra` bns (Z (Z uldbsob` g), =227 =227 Xof D msf msfr Gub Gu b hfla hflaac ac ly Kfee Ofnot,
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@atf tomt, be yau yau ms m p rbvmtf rbvmtf pfrsa` usf m dmsfr b` yaur aw` oaif ar gmrmgf (ms da`g ms u`mutoarbzfh u`mutoarbzfh p fa- pdf omvf `a mnn fss) yau imy ha wbto bt womt yau yau w bso, ms da`g da`g ms bt hafs `at omri dbef ar prapf rty ae tobrh pmrtbfs (b`nduhb`g lurgdmrs!). lurgdmrs!). B`surm`nf Be yau mrf m` fip dayfr, dayfr, yau omvf, ae naursf, tof `fn fssmry b`surm`nf(s) b`surm`nf(s) ta navfr yaur dbmlbdbtbfs. Lfw mrf, oaw- fvfr, lfnmusf iast pa dbnbfs fxpdbnbtdy fxnduhf m`y hmimgf, hbrfnt ar b`hb- rfnt, nmusf h ly dmsfr l fmis. Ra u iust, tofrfearf, imcf mlsadutfdy nfr- tmb` tmb` tomt m rfdfvm`t ndmusf rfg mrhb`g
\MHBA, XFDFUB^B XFDFUB^BA A @ & UBHFA UBHFA
mntbvf img`ftbn m` m`ttf``ms omvf gf`frmd navfrmgf rfnfbvfr, wbdd trmvfd
Xof n a il b`m tb tba a` ae m wbrff da a p w bto tof s bzf wbr ae m ` M8 M8 soff t, naupdfh pd fh ta m nm rfeud feudddy im tnofh m `h fm sb sbddy tu`fh mipdbebfr aeefrs obgg oob o-qq um dbty IW/ IW /DW DW/ /^ W rm h ba rfn f ptb ptba a ` b` ya ur dbdbvb`g ra a i. Xof fxn fddf`t pf rearim `nf ae tof twa ‟mdd-partmldf‒ hbrfntba`md mntbvf m `t `tf``m f``m s h fs nr nrbblf h b` b` tobs mrtbndf imcfs tofi h brfn t rb rbvm ds a e im `y f xtf`sb tf`sbvf vf autha ar m `t `tf``m f``m s. Ifft Ifft tof Aifg m -< m`h Aifgm->!
Xof mntbvf m` tf`` m h fsbg`s hbsnussfh b` tobs mrtbndf mrf tof rfsudt ae im`y yfmrs ae naipm rmtbvf sbg`m sbg`m d dfvfd dfvfd ia`btarb`g btarb `g usb`g vm rbaus da`g-wm vf, ifhbui-w ifhbuiw mvf m`h soart-w soart-w mvf m`tf``m s ear b`h b`h aar m`h auth aar usf. Xof m`tf``ms mvmbdmldf ear tobs rfsfmrno w arc wfrf m 6-i 6-i obgo v frtbn frtbnmd md grau`h pdm`f, m img` ftbn daap wbto m h bmiftfr ae =.< =.< i, m` m ntbvf ‟rah‒ ‟rah‒ m `tf`` m S=Y S=Y m` h vmrbaus simdd img`ftbn m`tf``ms b`nduhb`g b`nd uhb`g rau` h m` h squm rf daaps, daaps, m`h efrrbtf efrrb tf rahs naupdfh ta subtmldy h bif`-
tof rfnfbvfh sbg`md. Wof` usfh b`haars, tofy daasf 7:-2:% ae tof rfnfb rfn fbvfh vfh vadtmgf ms naipmrfh w bto m iau` tb`g pasbtba` pasbtba` a` to f raae. Ly na`trmst, simdd daap-m`tf``ms fxoblbt m tatmddy hbeefrf`t lfomvbaur, imb`dy lfnmusf lfn musf tofy mrf sf`sbtbvf sf`sbtbvf ta tof im g`ftbn naipa`f`t ae tof \E sbg`md prahu nfh ly to f trm`sibttfr. Ms da`g ms tof tobnc`fss ae to f ‟wm dd dd‒‒ ar atofr alstm nd ndff ta lf trmvfrsfh bs iuno simddfr tom` tof w mvfdf mvfdf`gto, `gto, m img` ftb ftbnn ebfd ebfdh h bs omrhdy rfhunfh b` strf`gto. Na`sf-
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\fsbstars; \=,\< \=,\< 9 =::c =::c℥ ^ IM \ > 9 =I℥ ^ IM \ 8 9 76℥ ^ IM \ 6 9 <<℥ ^ IM \ 5 9 <<:℥ (2U suppdy) ar >>:℥ (=
Ibsnfddm`faus; ^= 9 ratmry ratmry swbtno, swbtno, > padfs, padfs, 8 pasbtba`s, ZNL iau`t (Dardb`). Nmsf, pdmstbn, =<:x56x8:ii. ZN L, a rhfr nahf 2?::5< 2?::5<--= (sff (sff \fmh frs ^frvbnfs ^frvbnfs pmg f).
Nmpmnbtars; N=+ N< 9 a`f 7::7::-pE tu`b tu`b`g `g nm pmnbtar pmnbtar,, im hf erai erai twa >6:-pE >6:-pE MI MI sfntba`s. N> 9 =`E? =`E? ar <`E< <`E< ^IM ^IM N8-N7 N8-N7 9 =::`E =::`E ^IM N ? 9 =: ¶E =5U rmhbmd B`huntars; (NuD 9 f`mif ddfh na ppfr wbrf) wbrf) D= 9 =8 tur tur`s `s :.8ii hbm. hbm. NuD a` lb`anudmr na rf =8x?x? =8x?x?ii, ii, im tfrbm tfrbm d C=, C=, purpdf (^bfif`s ) D< 9 8 tur`s tur`s :.5ii :.5ii hbm. hbm. N uD a` m lavf narf. D> 9 =: tur`s tur`s :.=6ii :.=6ii NuD a` lb`anudmr narf 7x5x8ii, imtfrbmd @>:, wobtf (^bfif`s) D8 9 =: tur tur`s `s :.=6ii :.=6ii NuD a` m lavf na rf (lbebdmr) (lbebdmr) D6 9 =: tur`s tur`s :.=6ii :.=6ii NuD a` lb`anudmr narf 7x5x8ii, imtfrbmd @>:, wobtf (^bfif`s) D5 9 =: tur tur`s `s :.=6ii :.=6ii NuD a` m lavf na rf (lbebdmr) (lbebdmr) D7 9 =:: (8x< (8x<6) 6) tur`s tur`s :.>ii hbm. MWG >: Xfeda` -na m tfh wbrf (Xfezf d) a` twa <-naipmrtif`t earifrs ear pat narfs <5hbm.x=5ii. D? 9 >5 (>::>:>:7=) 8 aee <-na <-na ipm rtif`t rtif`t earifrs ear <5hbm.x=5ii pat narfs.
Ibsnfddm`faus, ifnom`bnmd = `a`-b `a`-bsadmtfh wm `hfr sa ncft. = bsadmtfh bsadmtfh w m`h fr sancft. Lrmss ar nappfr tulb`g, tulb`g, 8ii hbm. Nam x nmldf, 6: 6:℥, \G=78, df`gto =i. < sprb`g sprb`g w ms ofrs, hbm. hbm. =:ii m`h 5ii. ? wmsofrs, b`t. hbm. <.6ii, :.6ii tobnc. = @yda`/Za dym ibhf n dmip ear 2.6ii nmldf. = la dt, dt, I>x7. = sp b`hdf fxtf` sba` 5/8ii a .h ./b.h, <<<2ii da`g. = Na ddm ddm r c`al c`al >=ii hbm., w bto bto im rcfr rcfr (ACW). = Na ddm ddm r c`al c`al , >=ii h bm , w/a w/a im rcfr rcfr (ACW). = Nmp ear ACW c`al, wbto imrcfr. = Nm p ear ACW c`al . w /a i m rcfr. rcfr. < Wm Wm `hfr pdugs wbto sbhf oa df (Obrsnoim``). Mduib`bui sofft, =.6ii tobnc, u`pranfssfh sbzf 7=x==6ii. = L@N pdug. ^uggfstfh suppdbfrs;
Na`rmh Fdfntra`bn, Cdmus-Na`rmh^trmssf =, H-2<<8: Obrsnomu, Gfrim `y. Xfd. + 82 =?: =?: 6>= 6>= <===, <===, emx + 82 =?: 6>= <==:. B`tfr`ft; www.na`rmh.hf. L ôrcd ôrcdb`, b`, ^ no bd bddfrstr. dfrstr. 8=, H-?:?>5 H-?:?>5 Iô`nof Iô `nof `, G frim `y, Xfd. + 82 ?2 66? 76-:, 76:, emx + 82 ?2 66? 66? 76-8<=. 76-8<=. Fim bd b`eaJ b`e aJ lufrcd lufrcdb`.hf. b`.hf. B`t B`tfr`ft; fr`ft; www.lufrcdb`.hf
tba` im y lf usfeud mt to bs pab`t. Xobs Xobs mi pdbebfr pdbebfr fxoblbts fxoblbts vfry daw `absf mnrass bts f`tbrf f`tbrf erfquf`ny erfquf`ny rm `gf, m` h aeefrs fxnfddf`t dmrgf-sbg`md lfomvbaur na`sbhfrb`g sbhfrb`g bts iah fst nurrf`t nurrf`t na`suiptba`. Xobs Xobs bs mnobfvfh mnobfvfh ly ap frmtb`g to f EFX EFX ms m saurnf eaddaw eaddaw fr pmssb`g m obgo m`h prmntbnmddy na`stm`t hrmb` nurrf`t; bts apfrmtb`g rfsbstm` rfsbstm` nf ae 76 76 ℥ fxbsts b` pmrm ddfd ddfd w bto tof lmsf m`h fi bttfr ae tof `fxt trm`sbstar trm`sbstar rmto rmto fr tom` w bto rfspfnt ta grau`h. Xof LE\=2> bs m` ^IM lbpadmr lbpadmr \E trm`sbstar w oasf erfquf`ny rfspa`sf bs ‟db`fmrbsfh‒ ly ifm` s ae stra`g stra`g effhlmnc (\ (\600 rH ). B` na`trm st w bto t of EFX, bt bs fmsbdy hbif`sba`fh ta suppdy to f `fnfssmry `fnfssmry (lut (lut stbdd qu btf daw daw ) vadtmg vadtmg f gmb`. \fifilfr tomt tof imb` purpasf ae tof m ipdbebfr bs ta pravbhf tof lfst passbldf bipfhm`nf imtno ta tof daap m`tf``m , w obdf obdf f`surb`g f`surb`g tomt sfvfrf sfvfrf b`tfriahudmtba` awb`g ta `fmrly iudtb-cb iudtb-cbdaw daw mtt trm`sibttfrs (utbdbty (utbdbty ar lramh nmst) hafs `at annur fmsbdy. fmsbdy. Obgo gmb`s mrf `at gf`frmddy rfqubrfh ar b`hffh hfsbrmldf mofmh ae m`y ^W rfnfbvfr b`put! Hfpf`hb`g a` to f erfquf`ny erfquf`ny rm`gf sfdfntfh usb`g ra tm ry sw btno ^=M^=M-^= ^=L L (:.=6 .=6-:.7 IOz, :.6 :.6-=.7 IOz, =.7 =.7?.< IOz ar 7-> 7->: IOz ), hbeefrf`t img `ftbn m`tf``ms mrf na``fntfh ta tof mip dbebfr dbebfr b`put. B` tof obgo fst rm`gf, a`dy tof =-tur` daap bs na``fntfh, w obdf obdf b` tof daw fst rm`gf, tof mip dbebf dbebfrr rfnfbvf rfnfbvfss tof vadtmgf prahunfh ly tw a sfrbfssfrbfs-na``fntfh na``fntfh nabds nabds a` m efrrbtf efrrbtf rah . M 7:: 7::--pE (>6: (>6:++ >6:) >6:) vm rbml df nmp mnbt ar, N=-N<, f`mldfs tof m`tf``m nbrnubt ta lf tu`fh mnrass m erfquf`ny rm`gf w bto m o bgo/daw bgo/daw rmtba ae m laut 8.? 8.?. Ear Ear to f dawfr ^W lm`h s, m daap w bto 8 tur`s w audh mp pfmr ta lf tof lfst lfst noabnf. noabnf. Xof sadutba` mh aptfh ofrf bs, bs, oaw fvfr, fvfr, iarf fdfgm`t, usb`g m trm `searifr (D= (D=D<) w bto m stfp-up rmt ba ae =;8.6 =;8.6.. B`tfrfstb`g fstb`g dy, dy, tof nailb`mtba` ae m =-tur` daap m`h tof trm`searifr ybfdhs raugody tof smif qumdbty emntar (]) m` h autput sbg`md dfvfd ms tof ndmssbn ndmssbn 88tur` daap. B` prmntbnf, prmntbnf, tof usf ae m sb`gdf =-tur` =-tur` daap ear tw a ^W rm` gfs bs sbisbipdy na`vf`bf`t! Ear ifh bui-w bui-w mvf (IW) (IW) m`h da`gw mvf (DW (DW) rfnfptba`, rfnfptba`, tof trmh btba`m btba`m d efrrbtf rah stbdd aeefrs gaah pfrearim`nf. Vsb`g Vsb`g m rah w bto m hbmiftfr ae =: ii m`h m df`gto ae <: <:: ii, imhf ¶b 9 <6:, Zobdbps erai 8L= imtfrbmd ( ¶ Zobdbps Naip a`f`ts) m` feefntbvf feefntbvf pfrifmlbdbty, ¶f, ae mlau t ==6 ==6 bs bs altmb`fh , w obno bs fqum fqum d ta m` mbr-narfh mbr-narfh b`hu ntar omvb`g m suremnf mrfm mrfm ae mlaut 2: 2: ni<, ar m h bmift fr ae =:. =:.7 7 ni. Be tof sfdesfde-rfsarfsa`m`nf erfquf`ny ae tof efrrbtf rah bs lfdaw lfdaw < IOz, tof uppfr dbib dbibtt ae tof IW lm`h (mpprax. =.7 IOz ) nm` `at
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namtfh mdtfr`mtbvf nmddfh Xfez fd. Xof mipdbebfr‒s autput sbg`md mppfmrs mnrass D5 mt m` bipfhm`nf ae mlaut 6: ℥. Ms Ms yau nm` sff, bt bs naupdfh aut b`huntbvfdy, tof m ipdbebfr‒s ipdbebfr‒s suppdy vadtmgf lfb`g mppdbfh mppdbfh ta to f prbimry prbimry ae tof =;= autput trm`searifr (D6-D5). Xobs bs naupdfh ta tof mi pdbebfr pdbebfr usb`g usb`g m ` mrlb℥ trmry df`gto a e 6:6:- namx nmldf nmldf m`h m L@N a r sbibdmr sbibdmr pdug. Xof vmduf ae \5 hfpf`hs a` tof suppdy v adtmgf usfh ; usf <<: <<: ℥ ear 7.62 U, ar >> >>: ℥ be yaur suppdy (ar rfnfbvfr) h fdbvfrs =:=:-=6 U.
iftfr. Wb`hb`g hmtm m`h imtfrbmds imtfrbmds usfh usfh mrf stmtfh b` tof Naipa`f`ts Dbst. Dbst. Xof na bds a` t of efrrbtf rah (D7(D7-D?) mrf w au`h b` ‟naipmrtif`ts‒ ‟naipmrtif`ts‒ ae eariearifrs `arimddy `arimddy usfh ear pat narfs narfs (Ebgurf ii hbm. (>: (>:MWG ) Xfeda` -namt fh na pp fr w brf. Xof Xof si mddfr nabd, nabd, D?, D?, oms m tatm d ae >5 >5 tur` s ae arhb`mry :.5.5-ii nappfr dmnqufr w brf hbvbhfh fqumddy avfr twa naipmrtif`ts. @atf tomt twa naipmrtif`ts rfimb` fipty. Omv b`g imh f tofsf b`huntars yau mrf rfmhy ta tmncdf tof nbrnubt lamrh. Nabd wb`hb wb`hb`g, `g,sadhfrb`g rb`g& ifnom`bnm `bnmd Xof nappfr trmnc dmyauts m `h naipawarc `f`t iau`tb`g pdm` ae tof hauldfbgurf >. Xobs Xof na`str untba` ae to f ℥-< mntbvf sbhfh sbhfh ZNL mrf gbvf` b` Ebgurf m`tf` `m b`vadvfs m embr lbt ae hrbddb hrbddb`g, `g, ZNL bs mvmbdmldf mvmbdmldf rfmh rfmh y-imh y-imh f erai tof ebdb ebdb`g, `g, nuttb`g nuttb`g m `h w b`hb`g ae b`hunZuldbsofrs. Xof mipdbebfr prapfr bs tars. Wf‒dd Wf‒dd stmrt w bto to f dmttfr. dmrgfdy lubdt erai ^IM (suremnf iau`t Xorff trm`searifrs, D=-D<, D>-D8 mssfil dy) pmrt s. Xa em nbdbtmt nbdbtmt f sadhfrb` g m`h D6D6-D5, D5, mrf wa u`h usb`g tw a-oadf ly om `h , tof rfdfvm`t rfdfvm`t nappfr spats mrf (‟lb`anudmr‒) efrrbtf narfs ms bddustrmtfh purpasfdy imhf m dbttdf dmrgfr tom` Ebgurfs -D8 m`h D6-D5 b` Ebgurfs usum d ear ^IM naip a` f`t s. Xa cffp bts mrf w au`h usb`g lbebd lbebdmr mr w brf brf w obno bs bs nast wbtob` rfmsa`, tof ZNL bs `at fmsbdy fmsbdy imh f ly tw bstb`g bstb`g tagftofr tw tw a toraugo-pdmtfh, m`h m tatmd ae sfvf` df`gtos ae w brf u`tbd m pbtno ae > ta 6 naipa`f`t w brfs, brfs, pdus tof wbrf f`h f`h s tur`s pfr ni bs altmb`fh. Metfr Metfr w b`hae D>-D8, omvf ta lf sadhfrfh mt lato sbhfs sbhfs ae tof lamrh. b`g, tof w brf brf f`hs om vf ta lf bhf`tbebfh bhf`tbebfh w bto tof mbh ae m iudtbVsb`g mduib`bui Ebgurf 6. Hrbddb`g hftmbds ear tof pdmstbn nmsf.
sofft sofft w bto m tobnc`fss tobnc`fss ae ae =.6 =.6 ii, m nomssbs bs bs nut, h rbddfh rbddfh m `h lf`t m s bddusbddusbgurf f 8. ^bx trmtfh b` Ebgur ^bx oadfs w bto m hbmiftfr ae <.6 <.6 ii mddaw a`f ae tw a typfs ae ‟Oapt‒ vmrbmldf (tu`b`g) nmpmnbtar ta lf ebridy sfnurfh. ^bibdmr ^bibdmr tu `b`g nmpmnbtars erai atofr im`uemnturfrs imy rfqubrf hbeefrf`t iau`tb`gs. A`f ae tof Oapt typfs tof muto ar pbncfh pbncfh up mt m rmddy rmddy o ms a`dy tw a MI MI sfntba`s, sfntba`s, tof atofr, atofr, tw a MI MI sfntba`s sfntba`s m`h tw a EI sfntba`s. Lato m rf fqum ddy subtmldf. Xof Xof MI sfntba`s mrf na``fntfh b` pmrmddfd ta prahunf m i mxbiui mxbiui tu`b`g nmpmnbtm` nf ae mlaut 7:: pE, pE, ta lf na``fntfh lftw lftw ff` ff` grau`h m `h tof ZNL tfrib`md tfrib`md imrcfh ‟NUM\‒. M dmrgf c`al imcfs ear prfnbsf prfnbsf tu`b`g, of` nf twa :.6 ii tobnc w msofrs mrf usfh ta im cf surf surf tof nf`trf ae tof tu` b`g nmpm nbtar nbtar spb`hdf bs fxmntd fxmntdyy omde-w omde-w my tof ofbgot ae to f f`ndasurf. Xof hrbddb`g hftmbds ear tof pdmstbn nmsf nmsf btsfde btsfde mrf soaw ` b` Ebgurf6. ^fvf` oadfs omvf ta lf hrbddfh, hrbddfh, b`nduhb`g a`f ta pmss tof autpu t namx nmldf. nmldf. A`f mhhbtba`md, dmrgfr, oadf imy lf rfqubrfh ear m pbvat mssfildy, m tur`tm ldf ar lmddlmdd-lfmrb`g to mt f` mldfs tof m`tf``m ta lf ratmtfh. Xof b`tfr` md na`struntba` ae tof Ai fgm-< mipdbebfr mipdbebfr bs eurtofr bddustrmtfh bddustrmtfh b` Ebgurf Xof tw a w m`h fr sancf sancfts ts bgurf 5. Xof mrf nut ta m tat md df`gto ae =8 ii. Xof Xof
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Ebgurf 5. B`tfr` md vbfw ae tof mutoar ‒s wfdd- spb`hdf df`gto ae tof tof` t a tof Z NL. Xw a Aifgm-< bs imhf ly lf`hb`g 8-ii trbfh pratatypf ae tof lm`h sfdfntb sfdfntba` a` sw btno naipmrtif`ts rfimb` hbm. lrmss ar nappfr tulb`g, ar imssbvf A i f g m < . bs rfhunfh rfhunfh ly => ii. fipty. Dmtfr, tof efrrbtf nappfr, nappfr, usb`g m lattdf ar sbibdmr sbibdmr rau` h Xof b`sudmtfh b`sudmtfh w m`h fr rah bs pmssfh toraugo alkfnt ms m 77-ii hbm. lf`hb`g mbh. sancft (ta tof rbgot b` tof earifrs m`h tof Lfearf yau stmrt lf`hb`g tof tulf, tof pbnturf) bs ebttfh ebttfh w bto m sadhfr tm g oadfs b` b` tof nmsf pm`fds m`h tof ZN L, imrc tof danmtba`s ae tof nar`frs mt ear w brb`g brb`g ta tof Z NL. B` tof suggfstfh lfearf bt bt bs sfnurfh sfnurfh w bto m ` yda` nmldf ½2: m`h ½>:: >:: ii . Xof Xof eb`m d sbzf sbzf ae na`struntba`, na`struntba`, tofrf bs `a raai ear tof strmp. tof m` tf``m soaudh lf <: <:=x<5 x<5= ii I=: I=: `ut to mt naifs w bto tof ratmry ifmsurfh erai tof tulf nf`trfs, Xof daap daap m`tf``ms sw btno. Na`sfquf`t dy, tof dancb`g dancb`g rb`g mdtoaug o m efw ibddb ibddbiftrfs iftrfs tadfrm`nf tadfrm`nf bs bs fbtofr fbtofr aibttfh ar sfnurfh sfnurfh b` pasbtba` Xof soartwm vf m`tf``m ear tof pfrefntdy m nnfptmldf. Xof tu lf f`h s mrf ‟8‒ ‟8‒ usb`g tw a-naipaa-naipanut aee u`tbd tofy `f` t gduf. Xof Xof ea ur s o a r t w m v f m n t b v f naipmrtif`t earifrs Vsb`g m` fdfntrbn fdfntrbn m ` t f ` ` m . Xa Xa p r f s f r v f t o f m ` t f ` ` m ‒ s ] e m n t a r , t o f l m ` h s f d f n t b a ` (ear pat narfs) mrf ebrst naacb`g naacb `g pdmtf ar s w b t n o s o a u d h l f m o f m v yy- h u t y h a u l d f - p a d f n o m ` g f a v f r t y p f , gdufh tagftofr, m`h sbibdmr ofmtb`g p r f e f r m l d y w b t o s b d v f r -p -p d m t f h n a ` t m n t s . Xo Xo f s u g g f s t f h p a w f r s u p - p d y n b r n u b t b s b ` s b h f t o f ^ a ` y B N E ^ WW- = : : r f n f b v f r .
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hfvbnf hfvbnf tof tof m`tf``m m`h tof w m`hfr pdugs mrf prfofmtfh prfofmtfh m`h tof` sadhfrfh. sadhfrfh. M` m dtfr`mtbvf ta to f efrrbtf rah rah bs tof ‟ndmssbn‒ ‟ndmssbn‒ IW daap daap m`t f``m na`sbstna`sbstb`g ae =7 tur`s ae :.5-ii hbm. f`mifddf fddfh h nappfr wbrf w au`h a` m w aahf` ermif ae h bif`sba`s < 7->: IOz rm`g f. Xof Xof eb`bsofh IW daap bs pbnturfh pbnturfh b` tof b`trahuntary poatagrmpo, tagftofr tagftofr w bto tof Ai fgm -< mipdbebfr mipdbebfr. Bts erfquf` ny navfrmg f bs :.6=:.6=-=. =.2 2 IO z.
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Mlramh, b` m oatfd w bto mw eud b`tfrefr b`tfrefr-f`nf dfvfds nmusfh ly mbrna systfis m`h XU sfts, ar b` m iahfr` aeebnf, wofrf naiputfr `absf towmrts m`y mttfip t mt sfrbaus sfrbaus soartw soartw mvf rfnfprfnfptba`, yau i my fxpfnt fxpfnt dbttdf dbttdf erai yaur pancft-sbzf pancft-sbzf soartw soartw mv f rfnfbvfr rfnfbvfr wbto bts tfdfsnapbn tfdfsnapbn m`t f``m , ar fvf` m w brf m`tf``m w bto bto m df`gto ae 6 i. Be yaur rfnfbvfr oms m sancft ear m` fxtfr`md mntbvf m`tf``m, yau soaudh `at em bd ta fxpfr fxpfrbif`t bif`t w bto vfry sbipdf im g` ftbn m`tf` `m s lmsfh a ` EFXs. Ms Ms mdrfmh mdrfmh y i f`tba`fh, f`tba`fh, vadtmgf gm b` bs `at rfqubrfh lfnmusf to f simdd rfnfbvfr rfnfbvfr w bdd bdd lf hfsbg` hfsbg` fh ta om `h df simdd sbg`mds. sbg`mds. Ebgurf Ebgurf7 7 soaw s tof nbrnub nbrnubtt h bmgrmi ae tof A ifgm-> mntbvf m`tf``m . Ms Ms yau nm` sff, bt bs sbipdfr tom` tof Aifgm<, imb`dy lfnmusf tof DW m`h IW lm`h s mrf `at navfrfh. navfrfh. Ear oadbhmy oadbhmy usf, oaw fvfr, fvfr, tof A ifgm -> bs bs tof pfrefnt noabnf! Aeefrb`g m trm`sna`huntm`nf ae mla ut :.8 :.8 i^ t of LE<86 LE<86 EFXsupp dbfs m gmb` ae mlaut :.? :.? tbifs mt m damh bipfh-
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m` nf ae <:: <:: ℥ prfsf`tfh prfsf`tfh ly tof ^a`y BNE-^W=:: rfnfbvfr. Xof b`tfr`md EFX mipdbebfr oms m embrdy obgo m`h erfquf`ny-hfpf`hf`t quf`ny-hfpf`hf`t b`put bipfhm`nf ta imtno tof lubdt-b` tfdfsnapbn m`tf``m. Wof` m` fxtfr`md mntbvf m`tf``m bs na``fntfh, bts ia`a kmnc pdug na``fnts tof <<:-℥ rfsbstar rfsbstar ta grau`h , nmusb`g m `fm rdy na` stm` t dam h ae <::<::-<< <<: : ℥ ta lf prfsf`tfh prfsf`tfh ta to f mntbvf m`tf``m autput, w obdf rfhunb`g tof b`eduf`nf ae tof tfdfsnapbn tfdfsnapbn m` tf``m . Obgo-pmss m`h UOE trmp ebdtfrs ebdtfrs (ldanc (ldanc E) dfmvf m usmldf lm`hw bhto ae =.5 =.5 ta >: >: IOz. Xof Xof NN BXX BXX w fbgotfh sf`sbtbvbty sf`sbtbvbty ae to f mu toa r ‒s BNE-^W=: BNE-^W=:: : bs mrau` h :.<6 :.<6 ¶U mt tof b`put kmnc, kmnc, ear (^+ (^+ @)/ @)/@ 9 =: hL mt ?:% mi pdbtuhf i ahu dmtba`. Naipm rfh w bto tof rfnfbvfr‒s rfnfbvfr‒s tfdftfdfsnapbn snapbn m`tf``m, tof A ifgm-> gumrm` tffs m `a tbnfmldf tbnfmldf vaduif b`nrfmsf, `at fvf` if`tba`b`g iuno rfhunfh lmncgrau`h b`tfrefrf`nf dfvfds. dfvfds. Xof efw pmrts tom t imcf up tof Ai fgm-> mrf na``fntfh ‟b` tof m br‒. Ms soaw` b` Ebgu bgurf ?, tof m`tf``m bs pduggfh b` mt tof sbhfs ae tof nmsf. (2?::5<-=)
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\fefrf`nfs; S=Y. =Y. Wbhflm` Wbhflm` h m ntbvf rah m` tf`` m, Fdfc- tar Fd fntr a`bns Imy =22=. S. >. ^imdd daap daap m `tf`` ms ear IW MI MI LNL , DE m`h UDE rfnfptba`, Ku`f m`h Kudy Ku dy /Mug Mugus us t =228. =228. Vdtbim Daapstbnc UDE M`tf``m, Kudy Ku dy /Mug Mugus us t =22?. =22?.
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oaw hafs m hbgbtmd dauhspfmcfr systfi warc1 Hbgbtmd dauhspfmcfr systfi Xypf H^8 erai Ubsmta` Xof hfsbg` ae m hbgbtmd dauhspfmcfr systfi prfsf`ts grmvf hbeebnudtbfs awb`g ta tof rfqubrfif`ts ear daw qum`tbzmtba`, daw spurbaus `absfs m`h gaah hbrfntbvbty. Xof cfy ta m gaah hfsbg` dbfs b` tof hbgbtmd sbg`md pranfssar, H^Z. H^Z. Xof fdfntra fdf ntra-mnaustbn na`vfrsba` rfimb`s trmhbtba`md, ae naursf, lut m H^Z u`bt bs mhhfh ta tof hbgbtmd muhba nomb` b` wobno m hbgbtmd-ta-m`mdaguf na`vfrtfr (HMN) prfnfhfs tof `arimd mipdbebfr m`h dauhspfmcfr.
Avfr tof pmst efw yfmrs, hbgbtmd sbg`md pranfssb`g oms lfnaif iarf m`h iarf bipartm`t. Naiputf-b`tf`sbvf ebdtfr apfrmtba`s mrf grmhumddy lfb`g rfpdmnfh ly pawfreud hbgbtmd sbg`md pranfssars‘H^Zs. Naiputb`g spffhs
tmcf tof frrar narrfntba` ear tof f`tbrf sbg`md nomb`. ^uno m `ftwarc ar, rmtofr, na`traddfr, na`traddfr, bs mt tof ofmrt ae tof mntbvf, hbgbtmd, eaur-wmy dauhspfmcfr systfi Xypf H^8 erai Ubsmta` (Ebgurf =). Xof na`traddfr bs m nailb`mtba` ae m
=
Ebgurf =. HbmgrmiHbmgrmi imtbn autdb`f autdb`f ae tof Hbgbtmd Na`traddfr Na`traddfr (dfet(dfet om`h nom``fd).
nmpmlbdbty ae tof rfsudtb`g apfrmtba`md u`bt stm`hs naipmrbsa` wbto tof lfst m`mdaguf prfmipdbebfrs m`h mntbvf nrassavfr `ftwarcs. N A @ X \ A D D F \
Xof hbgbtmd na`traddfr na`sbsts ae twa hbgbtmd (= namxbmd, = aptbnmd) m`h a`f m`mdaguf (_D\) b`puts. Xof m`mdaguf b`put sbg`mds mrf hfrbvfh erai m <8-lbt m`mdaguf-ta-hbgbtmd na`vfrtfr‘MHN. Xobs hmtm strfmi ar tomt mt tof hbgbtmd b`puts (up ta <8 lbts wbhf) bs efh ta tof b`tfr`md sbg`md pranfssb`g nbrnubts. Xof na`traddfr imy lf hrbvf` mt smipdb`g rmtfs ae 88.= 88.= cOz ar 8? cOz. Xof na`vfrtfh sbg`mds mt tof m`mdaguf b`put nm` lf pmssfh ta tof hbgbtmd autput wbto m warh df`gto ae <8 lbts. Xobs eu`ntba` (hbgbtmd b`sfrt) bs `ffhfh ear nmdblrmtba` purpasfs. E B DX F \ B @ G
Xof sbg`mds b` tof twa stfrfa nom``fds mrf pranfssfh hbsnrftfdy ly twa Iataradm H^Zs; m Xypf 65::2 m`h m Xypf 65::7. Xa altmb` m lau`hfh bipudsf rfspa`sf, mdd ebdtfrb`g bs nmrrbfh aut wbto eb`btf bipudsf* rfspa`sf (EB\) ebdtfrs (sff Ebgurf <). Xobs bs tof a`dy typf ae ebdtfr tomt nm` hftfrib`f mipdbtuhf m`h pomsf rfspa`sf sbiudtm`fausdy. Apfrmtba` ae m` EB\ ebdtfr imy lf naipmrfh wbto tomt ae m emst Eaurbfr
Wb`haw eu`ntba`s Xof erfquf`ny nomrmntfrbstbn ae m hbgbtmd ebdtfr bs m pfrbahbn eu`ntba` rfdmtfh ta tof smipdb`g pfrbah, X , wobno nm` lf fxpm`hfh ms m Eaurbfr sfrbfs. Xof nafeebnbf`ts ae tobs sfrbfs rfprfsf`ts tof bipudsf rfspa`sf ae tof ebdtfr. Wof`, b` m prmntbnmd nmsf, tobs b`eb`btf sfrbfs oms ta lf tru`nmtfh tru`nmtfh ta ` tfris, tof somrp nut-aee dfmhs ta avfrsoaats m`h asnbddmtba`s b` tof nomrmntfrbstbn. Xobs bs c`aw ms tof Gblls pof`aif`a` m`h tof feefnt nm` lf ib`bibzfh ly iudtbpdyb`g tof bipudsf rfspa`sf ly m wfbgotb`g emntar hfsnrblfh ms m wb`haw eu`ntba` w(`). w(`). Xobs eu`ntba` nm` fmsbdy lf b`narparmtfh b` tof hfsbg` ae m` EB\. ^aif ae tof naiia` wb`haw eu`ntba`s omvf tof imtofimtbnmd eari dbstfh lfdaw. w(`) 9 = \fntm`gudmr Xrbm`gudmr <` /(@ /(@ „=): „=):≨ `≨ (@ „=)/< „=)/< w(`) 9 <` Lmrtdftt w(`) 9 <„S(<` <„S(<`)/(@ )/(@ „=)Y (@„=)/<≨ `≨ (@ „=) „=) Om``b`g )/(@ „=)Y w(`) 9 :.6„:.6nasS(< ϊ `)/(@ w(`) 9 :.68„:.85nasS(<ϊ `)/(@ Omiib`g )/(@ „=)Y
naiputfr pawfr m`h rfsudts b` m (rfdmtbvfdy) da`g sbg`md hfdmy. Xa prfvf`t avfrsoaat ae tof dfmhb`g m`h trmbdb`g fhgfs nmusfh ly tru`nmtb`g tof `ui lfr ae ebdtfr tfris (a`dy m ebdtfr ebdtfr ae b`eb`btf df`gto bs frrar-erff), spfnbmd wb`-
<
:≨ `≨ (@ „=) „=)
:≨ `≨ (@ „=) „=) :≨ `≨ (@ „=) „=)
haw eu`ntba`s (sff lax) mrf lubdt b`ta tof ebdtfr eu`ntba`. Xa imcf tof lfst passbldf usf ae tof
Ebgurf <. Lmsbn Lmsbn hfsbg` ae m eb`btf bipudsf rfspa`sf (EB\) ebdtfr ebdtfr..
urf 8) iffts tof hfim`hs ae tof ebdtfrs `ffhfh ear fqumdbzmtba`, mdtoaugo fmno lm`h oms bts aw` rfsudt. Xof hbgbtmd autput ae tofsf ebdtfrs hfsnrblfs tof sbg`md `ffhfh ta hrbvf tof rfdfvm`t dauhspfmcfr.
> m
I A\ F EM NB DB XB F^
l
n
Ebgurf >. ^tfps b` b` tof sbg`md pmtos; (m) erfquf`ny rfspa`sf3 (l) b`vfrtfh b`vfrtfh erfquf`ny rfspa`sf3 (n) lm`h pmss wb`haw ae ae tof b`vfrtfh erfquf`ny rfspa`sf.
naiputfr pawfr, tof erfquf`ny haimb` ae fmno nom``fd bs hbvbhfh b`ta eaur lm`hs; ^VL, LM^^, IBH m`h OBGO. Eaur-tbifs haw`smipdb`g bs usfh ear tof IBH lm`h, m`h ×=5 ear tof Xobs mrrm`gfif`t mrrm`gfif`t LM^^ m`h ^VL lm`hs. Xobs na`earis ta sulsmipdb`g wobno dawfrs tof uppfr erfquf`ny. B` tof IBH lm`h, tof uppfr erfquf`ny bs 8 cOz, m`h b` tof LM^^ m`h ^VL lm`hs, = cOz. B` tobs wmy, tof rfqubsbtf naiputb`g spffh bs rfhunfh ly emntars ae mlaut 8 m`h =5 rfspfntbvfdy. Xobs imcfs bt passbldf ta naiputf ?::: b`put vmdufs ear a`f autput vmduf b` tof ^VL lm`h, sa tomt narrfntba` ae tof trm`sefr eu`ntba` bs passbldf fvf` mt tof dawfst erfquf`ny. F ] VM D B [ M X B A @
Xof systfi bs fqumdbzfh ly fvmdumtb`g fmno ae tof lm`hs a`nf avfr tof f`tbrf sbg`md pmto. Xobs rfqubrfs spfnbmd ifmsurb`g m`h fqumdbzb`g saetwmrf tomt f`mldfs m erfquf`ny rfspa`sf ms tomt b` Ebgurf >m ta lf altmb`fh. Ms m ebrst stfp b` tof pranfss, mdd fbgot trm`sefr eu`n-
tba`, tof tofarftbnmd rfsudt bs frrar-erff trm`sefr. Oawfvfr, ms mdrfmhy if`tba`fh, b` prmntbnf tofrf bs mdwmys m hfdmy wobno hfpf`hs a` tof qumdbty ae fqumdbzmtba`. Ae naursf, obgo-qumdbty fqumdbzmtba` avfr tof erfquf`ny rm`gf imcfs sf`sf a`dy be feebnbf`t dauhspfmcfrs mrf usfh. Be tobs wfrf `at sa, tof frrar narrfntba` waudh `ffh taa iuno mipdbeyb`g pawfr wobno tof dauhspfmcfr waudh `at lf mldf ta om`hdf ar tof rfsudtb`g sau`h prfssurf hfdbvfrfh ly bt waudh lf taa simdd. ^a ms ta dbibt tof `uilfr ae fr rars rfsudtb`g erai rau`hb`g-aee (u`mvabhmldf wbto tof dmrgf `uilfr ae naiputb`g apfrmtba`s), pranfssb`g bs nmrrbfh aut wbto da`g b`tfr`md warhs. Xof warh df`gto lftwff` tof eu`ntba`s soaw` b` b` Ebgurf = bs 8? lbts, lut tomt usfh b`tfr`mddy ly tof pranfssar bs fvf` grfmtfr. Mt tof `fxt pranfssb`g stfp, tof rfsudtb`g, naipdfx-b`vfrtfh trm`sefr eu`ntba` bs fxpm`hfh b`ta m ebdtfr eu`ntba` (ear b`stm`nf, lm`h-pmss „ sff Ebgurf >n). Xobs pranfss f`mldfs
Hbgbtmd sbg`md pranfssb`g aeefrs iarf passblbdbtbfs tom` hfsnrblfh sa emr. Ear b`stm`nf, erai tof spfnbebnmtba` ae tof rfdfvm`t naipa`f`ts, suno ms tof mipdbebfr ar dauhspfmcfr, bt bs passbldf ta eb`h stmtfif`ts b` tof hbgbtmd hmtm strfmi pfrtb`f`t ta tof rfmd damh. Xobs bs, oawfvfr, a`dy sa be `a`f lut db`fmr frrars annur b` tof dauhspfmcfr, dauhspfmcfr, mipdbebfr m`h atofr naipa`f`ts b` tof systfi. Xofsf imy lf rfnag`bzfh ly tof emnt tomt tof pfrnf`tmgf frrar rfimb`s tof smif wof` tof sbg`md dfvfd bs vmrbfh. Db`fmr frrars mrf msnfrtmb`fh m`h narrfntfh hurb`g nmdblrmtba`. Frrars nmusfh, ear b`stm`nf, ly pmrtbmd asnbddmtba`s ar taa simdd m imxbiui db`fmr hfedfntba` ae tof dauhspfmcfr na`f mrf `a`-db`fmr frrars. Wof` tof sbg`md dfvfd bs rmbsfh, tof pfrnf`tmgf ae tofsf frrars b`nrfmsfs. ^uno frrars nm``at lf narrfntfh ly tof hbgbtmd na`traddfr. Bt bs, ae naursf, passbldf ta cffp tofi ta m` mlsadutf ib`biui ly tof usf ae obgo-qumdbty naipa`f`ts. Be tobs t obs bs tof nmsf, ms ear b`stm`nf b` tof H^8, `a mntbvf na`trad bs usfh (ar `ffhfh) b` tof lmss lm`h. ^uno na`trad waudh rfsudt b` systfi effhlmnc, nmusb`g m` u`lau`hfh bipudsf rfspa`sf, wobno bs, ae naursf, b`naipmtbldf wbto tof lmsbn hfsbg` ae m` frrar-erff dauhspfmcfr systfi wbto eb`btf (lau`hfh) bipudsf rfspa`sf. D BI BX B@ G UM DV F^
Zravbhfh tomt tof naipa`f`ts eaddawb`g tof hbgbtmd na`traddfr apfrmtf db`fmrdy, fmrdy, bt bs passbldf ta narrfnt mdd db`fmr frrars b` tof hbgbtmd hmtm strfmi. Xof dbibtb`g vmdufs ae tof b`hbvbhumd naipa`f`ts tomt pragrmi tof na`traddfr pfribt m` fmrdy wmr`b`g wof` apfrmtba` ae tof systfi gafs autsbhf tof db`fmr rm`gf, ear b`stm`nf, wof` a`f ae tof naipa`f`ts bs avfrdamhfh. Xof dbibtfr eu`ntba`s b` tof pragrmi tof` naif b`ta apfrmtba`. Dbibtfr eu`ntba`s pravbhf pratfntba` ear tof vmrbaus naipa`f`ts ly b`tfrruptb`g tof hmtm strfmi wof` dbibtb`g vmdufs mrf rfmnofh. Xobs bs `at ha`f ly m pawfr-aee, lut ly m spfnbebfh dbibtmtba` ae tof autput sbg`md ae tof hbgbtmd na`traddfr. Awb`g ta tobs dbibtmtba`, sbg`md naipa`f`ts tomt dbf mlavf tof dbibtb`g vmdufs wbdd lf hbstartfh lut wbdd `at nmusf m`y hmimgf. Be tof hbstartba` emntar bs mnnfptfh mt pfmc dfvfds, m dauhspfmcfr rfprahunb`g iusbn mt
8
6
Ebgurf 8. Lm`hpmss Lm`hpmss
adh. b`tfrpadmtba` mt fqumd nomrmntfrbstbn nomrmntfrbstbn ae tof Xof hbgbtmd na`- H^8 systfi. b`nrfmsfs ae tof smisystfi. traddfr ae tof H^8 syspdb`g rmtf. Xobs rfsudts tfi pravbhfs torff hbeb` m dmrgf `uilfr ae efrf`t dbibtfr eu`ntba`s; b`tfrifhbmtf vmdufs wobno f`mldf • m pfmc pfmc dbibtf dbibtfrr tomt tomt rfmnts rfmnts ta pfmc pfmc iuno obgofr qumdbty hbgbtmd-ta-m`mbipudsfs3 daguf na`vfrsba`. • m tofrimd tofrimd dbibtfr dbibtfr,, wobno wobno rfmnts rfmnts ta Xof hbgbtmd hmtm strfmi bs mdsa auttofrimd damhs a` tof dauhspfmcfr put b` 8?-lbt warhs m`h mppdbfh ta tof vbm tfipfrmturf sf`sars a` tof hbtofr† m`h `absf sompfr. B` tof hbtofr, img`ft m`h vabnf nabd3 m hbgbtmd `absf sbg`md bs supfrbipasfh • m` avfrsoa avfrsoaat at dbibtfr dbibtfr,, wobno wobno f`mldf f`mldfss a` tof hmtm strfmi, sa tomt tof rfntm` lfttfr utbdbzm utbdbzmtba` tba` ae tof pawfr pawfr supgudmr sompf ae tof sbg`md tomt f`sufs pdy ae tof autput mipdbebfr sb`nf tof wof` daw dfvfd sbg`mds mrf smipdfh bs soart-tfri pudsf pawfr autput bs rfsadvfh. `arimddy obgofr tom` tof na`tb`uXof `absf sompfr eaddawb`g tof aus pawfr autput. hbtofr stmgf bs m obgo-pmss sfntba` tomt mnts a`dy a` tof supfrbipasfh `absf L M N C X A M @ MD AG VF sbg`md m`h sobets tof `absf edaar ta m` Xof eb`md stfp b` tof na`traddfr pranfss brrfdfvm`t obgo erfquf`ny rm`gf. Mt tof bs tof rfna`vfrsba` ae tof hbgbtmd sbg`md smif tbif, tof 8?-lbt sbg`md bs na`b`ta m` m`mdaguf a`f. B` tobs, tof warh vfrtfh b`ta <:-lbt warhs `ffhfh ear tof df`gto bs rfhunfh rfhunfh ta <8 lbts, wobdf tof hbgbtmd-ta-m`mdaguf na`vfrsba`. Xobs na`vfrsba` bs pfrearifh b` fmno lm`h ^VL / LM^^ LM^^ lm`h bs naiputfh ly rfmd <8-lbt ×8 avfrsmipdb`g, m`h tof ly m <:-lbt <:-lbt HMN HMN erai Lurr-Lraw`. Lurr-Lraw`. Xof rfsudtb`g m`mIBH / OBGO OBGO lm`h ly rfmd <8-lbt ×? avfrsmi- Ebgurf 5. Mipdbtuhf daguf sbg`md bs mppdbfh Mipdbtuhf pdb`g. Avfrsmipdb`g rfspa`sf ifmsurfh ta tof sb`gdf autput ifmsurfh soaudh lf sff` ms m` mipdbebfr vbm lmdm`nfh mda`g tof mxbs mxbs (m), m`h ifmsurfh nbrnuiefrnbrnuiefrf`tbmddy (l).
Ebgurf 6. Xof dauhdauh spfmcfr usfh b` b` tof H^8 systfi. systfi.
_D\ db`cs. Xofsf db`cs mrf obgody biiu`f ta `absf. M` mipdbebfr, mipdbebfr, woasf autput bs db`cfh hbrfntdy ta tof mppraprbmtf hrbvfr b` tof dauhspfmcfr, bs `ffhfh ear fmno lm`h. D A V H ^ Z F M C F \ NA@^X\VNXBA@
5 m
l
Xof rmhbmtba` pmttfr` ae m dauhspfmcfr meefnts tof f`frgy ibx b` tof dbstf`b`g raai. Xobs ifm`s tomt dauhspfmcfrs wbto hbeefrf`t rmhbmtba` pmttfr`s, fvf` wof` tofy omvf tof smif trm`sefr eu`ntba` mt :º, prahunf hbeefrf`tdy nadaurfh sau`h b` m raai. Xof sompf ae tof H^8 f`ndasurf ( Ebgurf 6) prahunfs sau`h eanusb`g tomt bs prapartba`md ta tof erfquf`ny. Xobs bs na`sbhfrfh tof iast emvaurmldf iftoah ly tof MF^ (Muhba F`gb`ffrb`g ^anbfty). Xof sbg`md nomb` bs narrfntfh avfr tof f`tbrf muhba rm`gf ms rfgmrhs erfquf`ny rfspa`sf, pomsf rfspa`sf (na`stm`t graup trm`sbt tbif), m`h hfnmy tbif wbto tof mbh ae m hbgbtmd na`traddfr. Wbto scbrt scbrt stffp`fssfs up ta >:: hL pfr
7
Ebgurf 7. Bipudsf Bipudsf rfspa`sf ae tof H^8 H^8 ifm surfh wbto m 6: ¶s da`g bipudsf wobno nmusfs nmusfs m graup hfdmy ae ==: is.
Ear m` aptbiui rmhbmtba` nomrmntfrbstbn m`h imxbiui sau`h prfssurf, tof H^8 bs hfsbg`fh ms m 8-wmy systfi. Ear tof
tfi oms m vfry dmrgf mpfrturf ta prfvf`t edaw `absf. Ear tof lmss erfquf`nbf erfquf`nbfs, s, m <: ni Xypf GE<:: hrbvfr bs usfh, wobno oms m eblrfgdmss na`f m`h rfmr-vf`tfh spbhfr. Xof ibh-rm`gf u`bt bs m => ni Xypf Xypf MD=>:I hrbvfr, wobno oms m nmrla`namtfh mduib`bui hbmpormgi, rfmrvf`tfh spbhfr, m`h m` bipfhm`nf na`trad rb`g.
vfry daw erfquf`nbfs, twa <6 ni Xypf Xypf XBW<6: hrbvfrs mrf usfh b` m h‒Mppadbta mrrm`gfif`t. Xobs f`surfs fvf` sau`h hbstrblutba` b` tof raai m`h narrfnt pasbtba`b`g ae tof lmss saurnfs up ta tof ibh/obgo erf Ebgurf 2. Xrm`sefr Xrm`sefr nomrmnquf`ny rm`gf. tfrbstbn ae m =:: =:: Oz squmrfsqumrfXof =<
Xof na`f hrbvfrs omvf m cmpta` (obgo tfipfrmturf pdmstbn) iatar (vabnf) nabd nmrrbfr m`h vf`tbdmtfh padf pbfnfs. Xrfldf erfquf`nbfs mrf rfprahunfh ly m <6 ii efrraedubh-naadfh tfxtbdf haif u`bt Xypf G<6EED, wobno usfs m spofrbnmd oar` spfnbmddy hfvfdapfh ear tobs mppdbnmtba`. Xof H^8 systfi wms tfstfh b` m`
Ebgurf ?. Xrm`sbf`t Xrm`sbf`t rfspa`sf ae m 6:: 6:: Oz ta`f lurst b` (m) m` m`mdaguf m`mdaguf systfi, m`h (l) tof tof H^8 systfi.
? m
l
H^8 systfi. systfi.
m`fnoabn raai, hurb`g wobno tof na`traddfr ‟gfts mnqumb`tfh‒ wbto mdd frrars, wobno mrf dmtfr narrfntfh b` rfmd t bif. Xof na`traddfr bs hfdbvfrfh wbto twa narrfntba` vmrbm`ts m`h nm` lf euddy mhmptfh ta tof dbstf`b`g raai ly m sau`h f`gb`ffr. Fmno dauhspfmcfr b` tof H^8 systfi rfqubrfs eaur mipdbebfrs, ear b`stm`nf, twa stfrfa autput u`bts Xypf Xypf @MH<=?. Xof autput b` tof ^VL lm`h bs 8:: wmtts b`ta 8 ℥ , m`h tomt b` tof atofr torff lm`hs, <6: W b`ta ? ℥. Ebgurfs 5„2 soaw saif mnaustbnmddy ifmsurfh nomrmntfrbstbns tomt rfprfsf`t tof rfsudts ae tof hbgbtmddy narrfntfh sbg`md nomb` b` tof H^8. Ebgurf 5. Xof mipdbtuhf vs erfquf`ny rfspa`sf, ifmsurfh mda`g tof mxbs ae tof twfftfr (typbnmd dbstf`b`g pasbtba`) mt m hbstm`nf ae > iftrfs erai tof u`bt, u`bt, soaws tomt tomt tof „> hL rm`gf fxtf`hs fxtf`hs erai >: Oz ta << cOz. Xof rfsbhumd rbppdf bs wbtob` wbtob` ½:.6 ½:.6 hL. Ebgurf 7. Xof bipudsf rfspa`sf nurvf, ifmsurfh wbto m` bipudsf wbhto ae 6: ¶s, bs mdiast bhfmd, bhfmd, wobno pab`ts pab`ts ta m` frrar-erff erfquf`ny m`h pomsf rfspa`sf. @atf tof prfvbausdy if`tba`fh rfdmtbvfdy dmrgf graup hfdmy ae ==: is, wobno, eartu`mtfdy, eartu`mtfdy, b` stfrfapoa`bn iusbn rfprahuntba` nm``at lf hbsnfr`fh. Ebgurf ?. Xof narrfntba` b` tof trm`sbf`t rfspa`sf ae tof fqumdbzfh H^8 systfi naipmrfh wbto tomt ae m` m`mdaguf systfi wof` m ta`flurst ae 6:: Oz bs mppdbfh bs ndfmrdy rfnag`bzmldf. Ebgurf 2. M dauhspfmcfr nm` mnaustbnmddy rfprahunf m squmrf-wmvf sbg`md a`dy be tof pomsf rfspa`sf m`h mipdbtuhf rfspa`sf mrf narrfntfh sbiudtm`fausdy. Xof bhfmd wmy ae hab`g sa bs ly ifm`s ae m` EB\ ebdtfr. ebdtfr. S2?::>
* Xof `mif ‟bipudsf‒ bs usfh sb`nf tof smipdfs, tomt bs, b`stm`tm`faus vmdufs ae tof vmryb`g m`mdaguf sbg`md, mrf rfgmrhfh ms bipudsfs. † Hbtofr bs daw-dfvfd `absf mhhfh ta tof sbg`md b`put ta rm`haibzf f`nahb`g frrars mt tof dfvfd ae tof D^L. Hbtofr feefntbvfdy fdbib`mtfs qum`tbzb`g frrars m`h mnts ta fxtf`h m systfi‒s hy`mibn rm`gf ta wfdd lfdaw bts `arimd edaar. edaar.
2 m
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EA\ ^MDF Om`hofdh Hmtmim` ^8, naipdftf wbto imb`s nomrgfr, nomrgfr, i m`umd, s/w m`h IN^6= \AI. £=76. Zoa`f Ibcf Ibcf a` (:=782) 5 7::=5.
EA\ ^MDF Fx-oallybst‒s taads, asnbddasnapf, trm`searifrs, im`y naipa`f`ts. Zoa`f \mf Cazmry a` (:=?=) 28<2>77.
EA\ ^MDF Cbts ae =222> Fdfctar =.:=-MW, Umdcf`-
EA\ ^MDF Grmpotfn IZ>=:: pdattfr (M>). WM@XFH Gaudh A^>:: imb`s trm`searifr (ar hfmh snapf). Zoa`f G. Namst Nam st a` :=5>8 >=8 222 WM@XFH Laac < ae ‟Earim`t Iusbn
DML NDFM\AVX ^urpdus naipa`f`ts ear smdf; hbgbtmd & m`mdaguf BNs, rfsbstars, nmpmnbtars, swbtnofs, pats, lmrf ZNLs (mdd u`usfh) pdus tfst fqubpif`t, b`nd. Ibnrapranfssar hfvfdapif`t systfi, Z\AI pragrmiifr, VU dbgot, ftn., ^f`h ^MF ear dbst ta H. Ebttfs, ? Fdbsmlfto Naurt, Wmrwbnc NU>8 5]L, ar tfd. :=2<5 82>:2<. EA\ ^MDF Datus ^imrtsubtf ear Wb`haws (=<> ^prfmhsofft, Mibpra warh pranfssar & Omrvmrh Grmpobns), £<:. Ldmncwfdds Bhfmdbst Bhfmdbst ear W b`haws, hmtmlmsf m`h rftrbfvmd systfi, u`apf`fh, u`rfgbstfrfh, £<:. Mdd arbgb`md hbscs wbto im`umds. K. Oapcb`s, tfd. :=<8> 7?8=62. WM@XFH M UOE ta VOE na`vfrtar, ar nbrnubts, ms B omvf m hbspdmy u`bt w bto m
EA\ ^MDF FZ\AI pragrmiifr GZ FZ?::: FZ ?::: £76, ^pfntra` H-6?5 hmtm hmtmssnapf £=?6, B`tfd B`tfd IH^ + BN BNF F wbto im`umds ftn. £= ::. Z. Z. Ndmrc (:=>88 ) ?5?2?6. EA\ ^MDF Huf ta warcsoap ndfmrm`nf; > iudtbiftfrs, trm`sbstar tfstfr, erfquf`ny nau`tfr, vmdvf vadtiftfr. Zoa`f ear hftmbdfh dbst. Cf` Zobddbps, poa`f (:=>75) ><>=58 (Fssfx). EA\ ^MDF ^a`y ^IN-7:GZ vbhfa tbtdfr wbto laacs, saetwmrf, ftn. Xwb` >.6’ hrbvfs, b`tfgrmd cfylamrh, gf`dancfr, ZMD ZMD supfrbi pasfr m`h sfpmrmtf nadaur ia`btar. Kal dat; u`tfstfh m`h sadh ‟ms sff`‒. Ebrst £6: sfnurfs. Xrfvar Wbdtsobrf, \fmhb`g (:==?) 27:==5>. EA\ ^MDF
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8=?/8>> IOz na`trad systfi ? swbt swbtno nob`g b`g nom` nom``fd `fds, s, 5 iahfs iahfs Umrbaus Umrbaus fdfntra`bns imbd arhfr autdfts mrf nurrf`tdy mhvfrtbsb`g sbipdf m`h rfdmtbvfdy nofmp wbrfdfss na`trad systfi ear usf b` b ` m`h mrau`h tof oausf. Mdtoaugo tofsf systfis mrf typf-mppravfh=, tomt bs `a wmrrm`t womtsafvfr ear sueebnbf`t rm`gf m`h rfdbmlbdbty. rfdbmlbdbty. Xof 8>>/8=? IOz wbrfdfss na`trad systfi hbsnussfh b` tobs mrtbndf hafs `at mbi ta naipftf wbto tofsf daw-nast systfis. B`stfmh, bt aeefrs obgo-qumdbty tfno`adagy ear m dmrgf `uilfr ae mppdbnmtba`s, wbto spfnbmd fipomsbs a` rfdbmlbdbty, sfnurbty m`h na``fntbvbty.
Imb` ^pfnbebnmtba`s Obgo-qumdbty dbnf`nf-fxfipt = trm`sibttfr m`h rfnfbvfr iahudfs Xrm`sib Xrm`sibttfr ttfr pawfr pawfr = iW ar =: iW iW.. ? u`bvfrsmd na`trad autputs wbto pratfntba` hbahfs. 5 hbeefrf`t rfnfbvfr iahfs. Vp ta <65 trm`sibttfr bhf`ts. Obgo trm`sibssba` sfnurbty Iudtbpdf trm`sibttfrs wbto a`f rfnfbvfr Daw nurrf`t na`suiptba`
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\fmhfrs soaudh `atf tomt wbrfdfss sbg`mddb`g usb`g soart-rm`gf hfvbn fs (^\Hs) m`h nfrtmb` mddanmtfh erfquf`nbfs b` tof 7:-ni lm`h bs sulkfnt ta nau`tr y-spfnbebn rfgudmtba`s. B` tof VC, \fgudmtba` `a. IZX=>8: mppdbfs, tof eudd tfxt ae wobno bs mvmbdmldf erai tof HXB. IZX=>8: spfn bebf s tomt t omt tof lm`h sfntba` sfn tba` bhf`tbe bhf `tbebfh bfh ms ‟8>> IOz‒ bs ear vfob ndf cfys a`dy. Mdd atofr atof r tfdf t fdfnaii naii m`h, tfdf iftr y m`h m `h mdmri mdmr i systf s ystf is
Lubdhb`g yaur aw` trm`sibttfr ear tofsf erfquf`nbfs bs a`dy passbldf (=) be yau mrf m dbnf`sfh rmhba mimtfur, m`h (<) yau naipdy wbto rmhba mimtfur rfgudmtba`s spfnbebfh ear tof 7:-ni lm`h (8>:-88: (8>:-88: IOz). Xof mdtfr`mtb mdtfr`mtbvf vf bs bs ta usf m typf-mppravfh, dbnf`nf-fxfipt ^\H iahudf ms suppdbfh ly m `uilfr ae im`uemnturfrs, b`nduhb`g \mhbaXfno m`h Gfrim`y-lmsfh Ofbdm`h Fdfntra`bns. Xof mrtbndf ‟8=?/8>> IOz soartrm`gf naiiu`bnmtba`‒ b` Fdfctar Fdfntra`bns Imy =22? na`tmb`s iuno usfeud b`earimtba` a` 7:-ni ^\Hs. Xofsf typf-mppravfh iahudfs `at a`dy f`surf tomt `a u`huf b`tfrefrf`nf bs nmusfh ta atofr sfrvbnfs somrb`g tof 7:ni lm`h, lut mdsa na`trblutf na`sbhfrmldy ta tof rfpfmtmlbdbty m`h rfdbmlbdbty ae m prakfnt ear oaif na`struntba`. X\M
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Xof nbrnubt hbmgrmi ae tof om`hofdh trm`sibttfr (Ebgurf =) rfimb`s qubtf sbipdf tom`cs ta tof usf ae m rfmhyimhf iahudf. Xof iahudf typf OF8>>-=/X (ar aptba`mddy tof OF8>>=:X) bs m erfquf`ny-iahudmtfh trm`sibttfr apfrmtb`g apfrmtb`g a` 8>>.2< 8>>.2< IOz. M` ^MW (suremnf-mnaustbn wmvf) rfsa`mtar bs usfh ta stmlbdbzf tof trm`sibttfr erfquf`ny. Iahudmtba` wbto m 6-U hbgbtmd sbg`md nmusfs m erfquf`ny hfvbmtba` ae obgofst hmtm rmtf bs dbidbi½<: cOz. Xof obgofst btfh ta =: clbt/s ta prfvf`t m` fxnfssbvf fxnfssbvf autput lm`hwbhto. Xof ‟stm`hmrh‒ iahudf typf OF8>>=/X usfh ofrf oms m` b`tfr`md m`tf``m b` tof eari ae m nappfr trmnc a` tof ZNL. Xrm`sibttfr autput pawfr bs rmtfh mt = iW. iW. Xof mdtfr`mtbvf typf OF8>>=:/X suppdbfs suppdbfs =: iW m`h oms m qumrtfrqumrtfrwmvf (=7 ni) wbrf m`tf``m. Xof hfsbg` hfsbg` tfno`adagy ae tobs iahudf wms hbsnussfh b` saif hftmbd b` tof mlavfif`tba`fh mrtbndf. Xof iahudmtba` b`put ae tof \E iahudf bs na``fntfh ta tof autput ae tof hbgbtmd rfnfbvfr/trm`sibttfr nobp typf OF? (BN<), wobno suppdbfs tof hmtm ta lf trm`sibttfh. Xobs nobp bs m nustai-hfsbg`fh nustai-hfsbg`fh ibnrana`traddfr tomt nm` lf usfh ms m` f`nahfr ms wfdd ms m hfnahfr ear sfrbmd hmtm trm`sibssba` systfis. systfis. Mt m ndanc rmtf ae ? IOz, prahunfh ly m qumrtz nrystmd, tof OF? suppdbfs m hmtm rmtf rmtf ae 25:: lbts/s. Xof fbgot fbgot mhhrfss b`puts, MHH\:-MHH\7 (pb` <:-<7) mddaw mddaw up ta <65 mhhrfssfs mhhrfssfs ta lf sft sft up. up. Ofrf, Ofrf, tof mhhrf mhhrfss ss sfdfn sfdfntba` tba` bs rfmdbzfh ly ifm`s ae HBZ swbtnofs ar kuipfrs. Fmno ae tofsf pudds m` b`put ta grau`h. @arimddy, m sb`gdf kuipfr bs sueebnbf`t ta sfdfnt a`f ae fbgot mhhrfssfs. Ms m imttfr ae naursf, tof mhhrfss sft a` tof trm`sibttfr oms ta imtno tomt a` tof rfnfbvfr. Zuso-lutta` ^== (sobet) bs pravbhfh ta f`mldf
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`at lf b`stmddfh. wof` m soart ‟daw‒ pudsf grmi ae tof trm`sibttrm`sibtDbcf tof mhhrfss bs mppdbfh. Fdsf, tof tfr, wobno na`sbsts lbts, tof hmtm b`puts lmsbnmddy ae trm`sibssba` sbipdy ae m 8>>-IOz HMX:-HM HMX:-HMX7 X7 (pb`s =<^\H trm`sibttfr iahtmcfs ms ms da`g ms pb` 2 bs udf m`h m spfnbmd =2) mrf swbtnofh ta ofdh ‟daw‒. f`nahfr BN. grau`h ta mppdy m Xof ebrst iahf bs hmtmlbt. subtmldf ear b`earimtba` Wobdf trm`sibttb`g, ‟lursts‒ ms typbnmddy tof na`trad b`put b`put ^F/]X (pb` 2) mddaws trm`sibttfh ly om`h-ofdh trm`sibttfrs a`f ae twa iahfs ta lf sfdfntfh. Wof` (vfobndf cfys). Ly na`trmst, tof sfna`h tobs b`put bs tbfh ta grau`h, tof mppfmriahf mddaws hmtmlytfs ta lf sf`t, ms m`nf ae mt dfmst a`f hmtmlbt mt tof b`put ear b`stm`nf, b` m systfi ear wbrfdfss part (HM:-HMX7) trbggfrs m trm`sibstrm`sibssba` ae ifmsurfif`t hmtm. Ear sba`. M`y trm`sibssba` na`sbsts ae mt aur om`h-ofdh trm`sibttfr, trm`sibttfr, lato iahfs dfmst ebvf tbifs tof eudd hmtm pratanad mrf fipdayfh, ms wbdd lf sff` eurtofr pmncft, fvf` wof` tof hmtmlbt bs a`. mppdbfh lrbfedy. B` mdd atofr nmsfs, tof Xof H^/HF autput autput (pb` ?) rfimb`s rfimb`s trm`sibssba` sbipdy dmsts ms da`g ms dagbn obgo ms da`g ms hmtm bs lfb`g hmtm mrf mvmbdmldf. trm`sibttfh, m`h sa mddaws m eu`ntba`md B` mhhbtba` ta tobs ‟iudtbpdf sf`h‒ nofnc a` tof BN ta lf bipdfif`tfh. efmturf, tof sfnurbty ae tof rmhba db`c bs eurtofr gumrm`tffh ly pmrbty nofncb`g Xof nbrnubt ae tof trm`sibttfr bs m`h nofncsui mppf`hb`g. hfsbg`fh suno tomt tof suppdy vadtmgf Xof atofr trm`sibssba` iahf bs bs a`dy mppdbfh wof` tof ‟trm`sibt‒ sfdfntfh wof` tof ^F/]X b`put bs `at lutta` bs prfssfh. Xobs rfsudts b` vfry mt grau`h patf`tbmd wof` tof OF? bs soart ‟a`‒ pfrbahs, sa tomt tof avfrmdd swbtnofh a`. B` tomt nmsf, hmtmlbts nurrf`t na`suiptba` bs iahfst b` spbtf
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Ebgurf <. Xof rfnfbvfr rfnfbvfr fipdays fipdays tof smif hmtm hmtm f`nahfr/hfnahfr BN ms tof trm`sibttfr. Xof lfomvbaur ae tof fbgot autputs bs hftfrib`fh ly sbx hbeefrf`t iahfs sfdfntfh ly HBZ swbtnofs b` mrrmy mrrmy ^=.
bs `at iuno iarf fna`aibnmd mt mlaut >: iM. DFH DFH H= pravb pravbhfs hfs m usfeu usfeudd ‟trm`sibttfr a`‒ b`hbnmtba` lfnmusf bt dbgots wof`fvfr m lutta` bs prfssfh. Xof pasbtbvf lmttfry tfrib`md oms m ebxfh na``fntba` ta tof b`put ae tof 6vadt rfgudmtar. Xof `fgmtbvf tfrib`md, oawfvfr, bs tmcf` ta tof trm`sibttfr puso-lutta`s, sa tomt tof nurrf`t edaw bs a`dy fstmldbsofh wof` a`f ae tof swbtnofs bs prfssfh. Xof puso-lutta`s mrf hfnaupdfh ly hbahfs H=:-H=? wobno f`surf tomt m`y a`f ae tof mntumtfh cfy nm` pudd tof suppdy vadtmgf ta grau`h, mdtoaugo a`dy tof a`f mssanbmtfh b`put ae BN< gafs ta grau`h, b.f., tof b`put mssbg`fh ta tomt pmrtbnudmr swbtno. M` fxnfptba` bs earifh ly puso lutta` ^<, wobno nm` a`dy lf na``fntfh ta grau`h vbm m hbahf, lut bs `at na``fntfh ta m` BN b`put vbm m sfna`h hbahf. Ly na`trmst, mdd atofr swbtnofs omvf m tobrh hbahf tomt na``fnts tofi ta tof ^F/]X b`put ae tof BN. Xof purpasf ae tobs mrrm`gfif`t bs ta f`mldf
na`tmnt pudds tof rfdfvm`t BN b`put ta grau`h mt tof smif tbif ms tof ^F/]X b`put. Xomt bs mnobfvfh wbto tof mbh ae hbahfs H<-H2, wbto m spfnbmd eu`ntba` rfsfrvfh ear ^< lfnmusf wof` prfssfh tobs swbtno na``fnts tof lmttfry ta grau`h vbm H=2, nmusb`g tof nbrnubt ta lf swbtnofh a`. B`btbmddy, oawfvfr, oawfvfr, pb` 2 bs `at dagbn daw, daw, lfnmusf N< oms ta lf nomrgfh ebrst, kust kust ms wbto m pawfrup rfsft `ftwarc ear m ibnrana`traddfr. Xof hfdmy sa altmb`fh rfsudts b` ^< lfb`g mldf mldf ta ndfmr ndfmr tof swbtnob`g swbtnob`g eu`neu`ntba`s starfh b` tof rfnfbvfr. Vsb`g ^<, mdd mntumtfh rfnfbvfr autputs imy lf rfsft b` a`f ga pravbhfh tof rfnfbvfr bs b` tof sa-nmddfh ‟avfrwrbtf‒ iahf. M`y a`f ae iahfs tof rfnfbvfr bs nmpmldf ae warcb`g b` imy lf sfdfntfh ly ifm`s ae HBZ swbtnofs. \ F N F B U F \
Xof rfnfbvfr iahudf usfh ear tobs pra kfnt (typf OF8>> \) na`tmb`s na`tmb`s m supfrsupfroftfrahy`f rfnfbvfr wbto m` b`tfrifhbmtf erfquf`ny erfquf`ny ae =:.7 IOz. Xof danmd
2?::5> - =<
bs nmpmldf ae hfiahudmtb`g MI ms wfdd ms EI sbg`mds. Xa sfdfnt EI hfiahudmtba`, tof EI/MI-B@ EI/MI-B@ b`put (pb` >) ae tof iahudf bs tbfh ta tof EI autput (pb` 8). Xobs bs mdsa tof nmsf b` tof nbrnubt hbmgrmi ae tof rfnfbvfr soaw` b` Ebgurf <. B` nmsf MI hfiahudmtba` bs rfqubrfh, rfqubrfh, tof MI autput (pb` <) bs sbipdy na``fntfh na``fntfh ta pb` >. B` EI iahf, iahf, tof MI autput mnts ms m sbg`md strf`gto iftfr autput suppdyb`g m hbrfnt vadtmgf lftwff` : m`h :.76 U wobno bs dagmrbtoibnmddy prapartba`md ta tof \E b`put dfvfd. EI-AVX m`h MI-AVX mrf m`mdaguf hfiahudmtar autputs. Xof EI autput bs b`tfr`mddy na``fntfh ta m naipmrmtar stmgf tomt na`vfrts rfnfbvfh pudsfs b`ta m XXD-naipmtbldf autput sbg`md mvmbdmldf mt tof hmtm autput (HBG-AVX, (HBG-AVX, pb` ?). Xof naipmrmtar rfefrf`nf vadtmgf bs mdsa mvmbdmldf mt tof \FE autput (pb` <). Bt oms oms m dfvfd dfvfd ae <.8 <.8 U ½=:: iU, iU, m`h nm` lf damhfh wbto up ta ta = iM. iM. B` tof nbrnubt hbmgrmi ae tof rfnfbvfr, tof hbgbtmd autput, HBG-AVX, bs hbrfntdy na``fntfh ta tof X_/\_ b`put ae tof hfnahfr (BN=), wobno rfnfbvfs tof hmtm sbg`md.
iahf sfdfntba` ly ifm`s ae m` m`mgrau`h, grau`h, mt nurrf`ts ae up ta :.6 M pfr daguf vadtmgf vadtmgf mt mt pb` 5 (EV@N). (EV@N). Xobs hrbvfr. Xof tatmd hrbvfr autput nurrf`t vadtmgf bs sft up ly m vadtmgf hbvbhfr suppdbfh mt a`f tbif imy `at fxnffh woasf na`ebgurmtba` bs hftfrib`fh ly = M, oawfvfr, oawfvfr, sa tomt m imxbiui damh tof swbtnofs b` mrrmy ^=. M` avfrvbfw ae =:: iM pfr autput waudh mppfmr mppfmr ta ae tof b`hbvbhumd iahfs tomt imy lf lf m smef noabnf. noa bnf. Xof na``fntba` Vi sfdfntfh usb`g tof HBZ swbtnofs imy lf (imx. vadtmgf) bs tof` na``fntfh ta tof eau`h b` tof tfxt b`sft. HBZ swbtno ^8 bs pasbtbvf suppdy suppdy rmbd (imx. 6: 6: U) usfh ly a`dy feefn feefntbvf tbvf be be iahf > oms lff` lff` tof damh (wobno bs swbtnofh ta grau`h). sfdfntfh wbto wbto ^=->. Iahf > mddaws tof Wof` 6-U rfdmys mrf usfh, tofy mrf lfomvbaur (lbstmldf ar ia`astmldf) ae na``fntfh ta tof 6-U db`f, tagftofr tof b`hbvbhumd na`trad autputs ta lf wbto tof Vi tfrib`md. na`traddfh. Be, ear fxmipdf, na`tmnt ^8Be yau ha `at wm`t ta tof rfdmys ta = bs ndasfh (A@), (A@), tof` na`trad autput = damh tof vadtmgf rfgudmtar, BN>, tof` bs b` lbstmldf iahf, wobdf mdd atofrs mrf tof rfdmy nabds imy lf apfrmtfh erai b` ia`astmldf iahf (b.f., a`dy dagbn ms m` u`rfgudmtfh vadtmgf wobno wbdd lf da`g ms tof puso-lutta` a` tof trm`s lftwff` lftwff` =: m`h m`h =< U. ibttfr bs ofdh hfprfssfh). NA @ ^X \V NX BA @ M @ H DFH H= mnts ms m sbipdf rfnfptba` b`hbnmtar. Be edmsofs wof`fvfr m sbg`md XF^X bs rfnfbvfh erai m trm`sibttfr sft ta tof smif mhhrfss ms tof rfnfbvfr. Be tof rfmhy-imhf ZNL bs usfh, bt oms ta Nom`gfs imhf b` tof sfttb`g ae tof lf nut b` twa ta sfpm sfpmrmt rmtff tof tof trm`si trm`sibtt bttfr fr HBZ swbtnofs mrf a`dy feefntbvf metfr (Ebgurf >) m`h rfnfbvfr sfntba`s ( Ebgpuso-lutta` ^< bs prfssfh. urf 8). Xof naipmnt sbzf m`h obgo trmnc Xof fbgot swbtnob`g nom``fds ae tof hf`sbty ae tofsf lamrhs rfqubrf nmrf rfnfbvfr omvf rfdmtbvfdy pawfreud autm`h prfnbsba` wof` yau ebt m`h sadhfr puts tom`cs ta tof usf ae m` autput tof naipa`f`ts. B` pmrtbnudmr, lf surf lueefr typf VD@ (BN<). Xof ta ebt mdd wbrf db`cs m`h alsfrvf tof VD@ bs m` b`vfrtb`g lueefr/hrbvfr padmrbty ae tof hbahfs m`h (iastdy vfrwbto apf`-naddfntar autputs nmpmldf ae tbnmddy iau`tfh) fdfntradytbn nmpmnbtars. Ufry bipartm`t; tof trm`sibttfr a`dy hrbvb`g rfdmys ar h.n. iatars hbrfntdy lfnmusf lfnmusf tof b`tfr`md autput trm`sbstar trm`sbstarss warcs prapfrdy wof` tof puso-lutta`s stmtfh b` tof pmrts mrf pratfntfh ly b`tfgrmtfh surgf supprfs- Ebgurf >. Nappfr dbst mrf usfh, m`h tofy Nappfr trmnc sba` hbahfs, m`h tofy mrf ebttfh tof rbgot wmy dmyaut m`h naipa`f`t naipa`f`t mrf nmpmldf ae swbtnob`g iau`tb`g pdm` mrau`h! Xobs bs lfnmusf pdm` ae tof vadtmg vadtmgfs fs up ta 6: 6: U ta trm`sibttfr sfntba` ae
tof ZNL hfsbg` bs lmsfh a` tof emnt tomt tofsf cfys omvf twa pb`s tomt mrf mdwmys b`tfrna``fntfh. Be yau wm`t ta usf hbeefrf`t puso-lutta`s, yau omvf ta imcf surf tof rfdfvm`t na``fntba`s
NAIZA@F@X^ DB^X
Xrm`sibttfr \fsbstars; \= 9 =:c℥ \<-\6 9 87c℥ \5 9 =c℥ Nmpmnbtars; N= 9 =::`E nfrmibn N< 9 < ¶E< =:U rmhbmd N>,N8 9 <>X-=/X ar OF8>>-=:/X (Ofbdm`h Fdfntra`bns, sff tfxt) Nmsf; Ofhhbn typf <<< (Ofbdm`h Fdfntra`bns) ZNL, arhfr nahf 2?::5>-= (sff \fmhfrs ^frvbnfs pmgf)
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NAIZA@F@X^ DB^X
Ebgurf 8. \fnfbvfr \fnfbvfr sfntba` ae tof ZNL.
\fnfbvfr \fsbstars; \= 9 >2c℥ \< 9 <,\7 9 = 9 ? x <7:c ℥ (^BD) Nmpmnbtars; N=,N< 9 < 9 =::`E ICX N6,N7,N? 9 =::`E nfrmibn N8 9 =:: ¶E <6U rmhbmd N5 9 =: ¶E =:U rmhbmd ^fibna`huntars; H= 9 DFH, grff`, obgo feebnbf`ny H< 9 =@8::= H> 9 DFH, rfh, obgo feebnbf`ny BN= 9 OF? (Ofbdm`h Fdfntra`bns) BN< 9 VD@ BN> 9 7?:6 Ibsnfddm`faus; I= 9 OF8>>-\ (Ofbdm`h Fdfntra`bns), sff tfxt _= 9 ?IOz qumrtz nrystmd ^= 9 5-wmy HBZ swbtno ^< 9 puso-lutta`, = imcf na`tmnt ^>,^8 9 ?-wmy HBZ swbtno ZNL, arhfr nahf 2?::5>-<, sff \fmhfrs ^frvbnfs pmgf. Nmsf; Ofhhbn typf OF<<< (Ofbdm`h Fdfntra`bns)
mrf imhf usb`g b`sudmtfh wbrfs. Xof b`hbnmtfh puso-lutta`s na`sbst ae m squmrf nmp m`h tof swbtno lmsf (wbto na``fntb`g pb`s) wobno bs imrcfh ly a`f lfvfddfh nar`fr. Lfnmusf ae dmnc ae spmnf, bt wms `at passbldf ta b`hbnmtf tobs nar`fr a` tof naipa`f`t avfrdmy. Xa imcf surf tof swbtno bs ebttfh tof rbgot wmy mrau`h a` tof ZNL, bt oms ta lf pasbtba`fh pasbtba `fh suno tomt tof t of lfvfddfh nar`fr pab`ts ta tof da`g fhgf ae tof lamrh (`a imttfr wobno a`f), sa, fbtofr b` tof hbrfntba` ae H<5/H=> ar H5/H=2. Zralmldy tof sbipdfst wmy ae gfttb`g bt mdd rbgot bs ta hfnbhf a` a`f pmrtbnudmr iau`tb`g pasbtba` m`h tof` imcf surf mdd puso lutta`s mrf iau`tfh tof smif wmy mrau`h. Xof hbahfs mrf sadhfrfh hbrfntdy mt tof sadhfr (nappfr) sbhf ae tof ZNL. Xof ZNL wbdd a`dy ebt b` tof nmsf be tof hbahfs mrf iau`tfh edmt mgmb`st tof ZNL suremnf. Xof na``fntb`g pmhs ear
im`uemnturfrs imy lf eau`h eurtofr a` b` tobs mrtbndf u`hfr tof ofmhb`g Mdtfr`mtbvf Mdtfr`mtbvf ^\H ^\H iahudfs iahudfs. A` tof rfnfbvfr lamrh, rfsbstars \=\6 mrf ebttfh vfrtbnmddy. Xofbr tap tfrib`mds mrf ‟naiia`fh‒ m`h tmcf` ta \= (sff nbrnubt hbmgrmi m`h poatagrmpo ae tof pratatypf lamrh). Xof dmrgf oadfs mddaw tof lamrhs ta lf sfnur sfnurfh fh b` m subtmldf subtmldf nmsf. nmsf. Xobs Xobs bs `at `at `fnfssmry be tof nmsf stmtfh b` tof pmrts dbst bs usfh, m`h tof rfdfvm`t ZNL pbfnfs nm` lf nut aee. Lato tof =:-iW trm`sibttfr m`h tof rfnfbvfr omvf m wbrf m`tf``m imhf erai edfxbldf ‟dbtz‒ (iudtb-strm`h) wbrf. Zravbhfh bt bs cfpt ms soart ms passbldf, tobs wbrf imy mdsa lf usfh ta na``fnt ta tof lmsf ae m tfdfsnapbn m`tf``m. Xof rfmsa` ear cffpb`g tobs na``fntba` ms soart ms passbldf bs tomt tof df`gto ae tof wbrf gafs b`ta tof fdfntrbnmd df`gto ae tof m`tf``m, m`tf``m, wobno oms ta lf =7 =7 ni. Xa lf mldf ta usf tof trm`sibttfr yau a`dy `ffh m 2-U lmttfry. Ear tof rfnfbvfr, m`y naiia`-ar-gmrhf` imb`s mhmptar wbdd ha be bt suppdbfs m` u`rfgudmtfh hbrfnt vadtmgf lftwff` 2 m`h =< U. Nurrf`t na`suiptba` na`suiptba` ae tof tof rfnfbvfr prapfr bs iahfst mt mlaut <6 iM wof` tof na`trad autputs mrf `at damhfh. damhfh. Ae tobs nurrf`t, a`dy ? iM gafs a` mnnau`t ae tof OF8>>-\ iahudf. Ear m qubnc ebrst tfst, tof na`trad autputs mrf lfst na``fntfh ta m` mrrmy ae DFHs. Fmno DFH bs tof` na``fntfh ta tof +6 U rmbd ly wmy ae m >>:>>:- ℥ rfsbstar. Ha `at eargft ta na``fnt Vi (mt pb` =: ae BN<) ta +6 U ms wfdd! wfdd!
Ms saa` ms a`f ae tof cfys a` tof trm`sibttfr bs prfssfh (tomt‒s m`y a`f fxnfpt ^==), DFH H= soaudh dbgot ta b`hbnmtf tomt BN< bs trm`sibttb`g pudsfs. Be bt hafs `at, ebrst nofnc tof suppdy vadtmgf. vadtmgf. Be tof narrfnt narrfnt dfvfd ae 6 U bs ifmsurfh mt N<, BN< (pb` =) m`h tof \E iahudf (pb` >), tof` tof woadf woadf lamrh soaudh lf gbvf` m toaraugo b`spfntba` ‘ yau imy omvf ibssfh saiftob`g! Be tof 6 U bs ibssb`g, ibssb`g, tof emudt imy lf b` tof lmttfry nbrnubt, tof vadtmgf rfgudmtar, tar, ar tof 6-U rmbd bs soart-nbrnubtfh ta grau`h saifwofrf. A` tof rfnfbvfr, H> soaudh dbgot biifhbmtfdy biifhbmtfdy metfr tof suppdy vadtmgf bs mppdbfh. Vsf m iudtbiftfr ta nofnc tomt tof suppdy vadtmgf bs mntumddy 6 U. Lfearf nofncb`g tof systfi eu`ntba`s ly usb`g tof trm`sibttfr m`h tof rfnfbvfr b` m ‟rfmd‒ wbrfdfss db`c, HBZ swbtno ^=-5 b` mrrmy ^= oms ta lf ndasfh (A@) ‘ mdd atofr HBZ swbtnofs rfimb` AEE (ia`astmldf autput iahf). Bt bs lfst ta swbtno mdd na`tmnts na`tmnts ae ^8 ta AEE AEE.. Mt tobs pab`t, bt bs bipartm`t ear ^> ta lf sft ta tof smif mhhrfss (swbtno na`ebgurmtba`) ms tof trm`sibttfr lamrh. @fxt, yau prfss tof ‟ndfmr/rfst‒ cfy, ^<, ta f`mldf BN= ta napy tof mhhrfss sft a` tof swbtno mrrmy. Xry m naupdf ae tof nom``fd na`trad swbtnofs (^>-^=:) a` tof trm`sibttfr. Be tof systfi warcs, `at a`dy H= a` tof trm`sibttfr dbgots up, lut mdsa H= a` tof rfnfbvfr (rfnfptba` b`hbnmtar, edmsob`g), m`h, ae naursf, tof DFH na``fntfh ta tof rfdfvm`t na`trad autput. Be, ear fxmipdf, fxmipdf, ^> bs prfssfh prfssfh (nom``fd (nom``fd ?), tof` tof DFH DFH mt na`trad na`trad autput autput ? (pb` == ae BN<) oms ta dbgot. \fifilfr, \fifilfr, wbto tof rfnfbvfr hmtm autputs sft ta ia`astmldf iahf, tof DFH wbdd a`dy dbgot ms da`g ms tof trm`sibttfr bs cfyfh. Be tof mlavf nofncs mrf sunnfsseud, tof atofr iahfs imy lf tfstfh a`f ly a`f. B` nmsf tof rfnfbvfr hafs `at rfspa`h mt mdd ta tof trm`sibttfr sbg`md, yau soaudh lf mldf ta bhf`tbey tof nmusf ms fbtofr tof \E db`c ar tof eu`ntba` ae a`f ae tof lamrhs. Xof praldfi bs fmsbdy sadvfh ly na``fntb`g H: a` tof rfnfbvfr lamrh ta BN< pb` 7 (X_/\_) a` tof trm`sibttfr lamrh, `at eargfttb`g tof grau`h wbrf, ae naursf. Xobs nrfmtfs m wbrf db`c lftwff` tof trm`sibttfr m`h tof rfnfbvfr. rfnfbvfr. Be tof mlavf tfsts mrf tof` sunnfsseud, tof praldfi nm` lf bsadmtfh haw` ta a`f ae tof tof \E iahudfs.
Eb`mddy, m` bipartm`t `atf a` smefty. B` nmsf tof rfnfbvfr bs usfh ta na`trad imb`s-apfrmtfh damhs, yau soaudh alsfrvf tof fdfntrbnmd smefty prfnmutba`s wobno mrf rfgudmrdy prb`tfh b` tobs imgmzb`f, pmrtbnudmrdy b` rfspfnt ae b`sudmtba` m`h ib`biui b`sudmtba` hbstm`nfs ear m`y na``fntba` mt imb`s patf`tbmd. M`atofr bipartm`t pab`t ta alsfrvf bs tof na`tmnt rmtb`g ae tof rfdmys usfh, lato b` rfspfnt ae tof pfribssbldf na`tmnt nurrf`t m`h na`tmnt vadtmgf. M @ G F \ M
Xof rm`gf ae tof wbrfdfss na`trad systfi hfpf`hs `at a`dy a` tof \E pawfr suppdbfh ly tof trm`sibttfr iahudf, lut mdsa a` tof surrau`hb`gs m`h b`tfrefrf`nf dfvfds wbtob` tof rm`gf ae tof rfnfbvfr. Xof erfquf`ny usfh ofrf, 8>>.2< 8>>.2< IOz, bs ly `a ifm`s fxndusbvf, b` emnt bt oms tof smif stmtus ms m`y atofr nom``fd b` tof dbnf`nffxfipt sfntba` ae tof 7:-ni lm`h; usfrs iust mnnfpt iutumd b`tfrefrf`nf . B` im`y Furapfm` nau`trbfs wofrf a`dy tof 8>>-IOz sfntba` bs mddanmtfh ear dbnf`nf-fxfipt dbnf`nf-fxfipt ^\Hs, tof lm`h bs qubtf nrawhfh b` urlm` mrfms, sa tomt b`tfrefrf`nf erai atofr usfrs nm` `at lf fxnduhfh. Eartu`mtfdy, Eartu`mtfdy, tof typbnmd ^\H vfobndf cfy bs imrcfh ly soart trm`sibssba` lursts, b`nrfmsb`g tof nom`nf ae eb`hb`g m erff ‟sdat‒ ta rfmno tof rfnfbvfr. rfnfbvfr. B` tof VC, tofrf bs m ndfmr m`h eartu`mtf hbstb`ntba` lftwff` tof 8=? IOz m`h 8>> IOz lm`hs lm`hs ms emr ms tofbr usmgf bs na`nfr`fh, vfobndf cfys lfb`g mddawfh ta warc a` 8>> IOz a`dy. Wbtoaut tof hftfrbarmtb`g feefnts ae b`tfrefrb`g sbg`mds, tof rm`gf ae m systfi dbcf tof a`f hfsnrblfh ofrf wbdd typbnmddy hfpf`h a` tof pmto dass wobno fxbsts lftwff` tof trm`sibttfr m`h tof rfnfbvfr. B`sbhf lubdhb`gs, tobs pmto dass wbdd lf iuno obgofr tom` ear m (qumsb) db`f-ae-sbgot db`c b` apf` tfrrmb`. V`hfr tofsf (aptbiui) nbrnuistm`nfs, stm`nfs, rm`gfs rm`gfs ae = ta > ci imy lf lf fxpfntfh (tof dmttfr a`dy wof` tof =:iW trm`sibttfr bs usfh). B` lubdt-up mrfms, tobs bs rfhunfh ta m naupdf ae ou`hrfh iftrfs, wobdf b`sbhf na`nrftf lubdhb`gs bt imy `at fvf` lf passbldf ta rfmno tof `fxt edaar. Wof` iau`tb`g tof rfnfbvfr, imcf surf tof m`tf``m bs ms emr rfiavfh ms passbldf erai stffd nmlb`fts, stffd lfmis ar atofr suppart strunturfs m`h sbibdmr \E alstmndfs. B` nfrtmb` sbtumtba`s, bt imy lf usfeud ta ifmsurf tof strf`gto ae tof rfnfbvfh sbg`md usb`g m iftfr na``fntfh ta tof MI autput (pb` <) ae tof rfnfbvfr. rfnfbvfr. Xobs nm` lf rfdbfh a` ta suppdy m embrdy mnnurmtf (toaugo rfdmtbvf) ebfdh strf`gto b`hbnmtba`, mddawb`g tof lfst passbldf
IV
DX B Z DF
X \M @ ^ I B X X F\ ^
‟Iudtb-trm`sibttfr‒ apfrmtba` ms b`hbnmtfh u`hfr tof mvmbdmldf iahfs wbdd rfqubrf saif ndmrbebnmtba`. Ebrst, oawfvfr, wf soaudh `atf tomt fvf` wbtoaut tobs spfnbmd iahf bt bs mdsa passbldf ta usf iarf tom` a`f trm`sibttfr ear a`f rfnfbvfr, tof sb`gdf na`hbtba` lfb`g tomt tof mhhrfss sft a` fmno trm`sibttfr imtnofs tomt ae tof rfnfbvfr. B` tobs wmy, sfvfrmd trm`sibttfrs imy lf usfh b` hbeefrf`t danmtba`s b` m`h mrau`h yaur oaif, m`h a`f wbdd mdwmys lf mt om`h. M spfnbmd efmturf ae tof ‟iudtbpdf trm`sibttfr‒ trm`sibttfr‒ iahf (iahf <) bs tomt tof rfnfbvfr wbdd a`dy pranfss tof dmst eaur mhhrfss lbts. Na`sfquf`tdy, a`dy tof HBZ swbtnofs a` db`fs MHH\8 toraugo MHH\7 ae tof OF? nobps a` tof rfnfbvfr m`h tof trm`sibttfr omvf ta lf sft ta gbvf m` bhf`tbnmd mhhrfss. Xof atofr eaur lbts mrf tof` `at rfdfvm`t, mdtoaugo tofy imy lf usfh ta na`vfy bhf`tbebnmtba` hmtm erai fmno b`hbvbhumd trm`sibttfr ta tof rfnfbvfr. Xofsf dawfr eaur lbts, MHH\: toraugo MHH\>, mrf napbfh ta tof pb`s wbto tof smif `mifs a` tof rfnfbvfr nobp, mddawb`g fmno b`hbvbhumd trm`sibttfr ta lf bhf`tbeb bhf`tbebfh fh wof` wof` tof iudtb-trm`sib iudtb-trm`sibtttfr iahf bs lfb`g usfh. Xof ebrst eaur lbts tof` tof` rfprfsf` rfprfsf`tt tof ‟trm`sibttfr ‟trm`sibttfr BH‒ m`h tof dmst eaur lbts, tof ‟ifssmgf‒. IV
DX B Z D F
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Zuso-lutta` ^== a` tof trm`sibttfr
f`mldfs rfmhy swbtnob`g lftwff` twa mhhrfssfs m`h, na`sfquf`tdy, lftwff` twa rfnfbvfrs. Be tof eudd mhhrfss rm`gf bs fxpdabtfh, m sb`gdf trm`sibttfr bs nmpmldf ae sfdfntbvfdy mhhrfssb`g up ta <65 hbeefrf`t rfnfbvfrs. Be tof rfnfbvfrs mrf b` a`f m`h tof smif danmtba`, tofy nm` fvf` somrf a`f 8>>-IOz rfnfbvfr iahudf. A` tof lamrh yau wbdd sff m na``fntba` H: tomt mddaws m hmtm sbg`md erai m sb`gdf rfnfbvfr iahudf ta lf efh ta sfvfrmd rfnfbvfr lamrhs. ^bibdmr ‟hbstrblutba`‒ pab`ts mrf mvmbdmldf ear tof 6U suppdy m`h tof rfsft cfy. Be yau usf tobs aptba`, tof` puso-lutta` ^<, ms wfdd ms naipa`f`ts H<, N8, N6 m`h BN> omvf ta lf ebttfh a` a`f rfnfbvfr lamrh a`dy. a`dy. Xof rfdmys mrf tof` to f` pawfrfh sfpmrmtfdy ta prfvf`t avfrdamhb`g ae tof a`-lamrh vadtmgf rfgudmtar. M D X F \ @ M X B U F \E IAHVDF^
Xof prb`tfh nbrnubt lamrhs mrf spfnbebnmddy hfsbg`fh ta mnnfpt tof \E iahudfs erai Ofbdm`h Fdfntra`bns. Oawfvfr, tomt soaudh `at lf tmcf` ta ifm` tomt a`dy tofsf iahudfs nm` lf usfh. B` prb`nbpdf, tof systfi soaudh eu`ntba` wbto m`y pmbr ae ^\H iahudfs tomt gumrm`tffs sfnurf hmtm trm`sibssba`. Fvf` MI iahudfs imy lf fipdayfh, mdtoaugo tofsf wbdd pravbhf soartfr rm`gfs m`h b`efrbar sbg`md qumdbty ms naipmrfh wbto ^\H iahudfs hfsbg`fh ear EI. B` nmsf yau mdrfmhy omvf ^\H iahudfs, tofsf imy lf usfh pravbhfh tofy
\fnfbvfr Iahfs HBZ swbtno ^= mddaws tof usfr ta sfdfnt a`f ae sbx hbeefrf`t iahfs ear tof tof rfnfbvfr rfnfbvfr.. Xa Xa sfdfnt sfdfnt m pmrtbnud pmrtbnudmr mr iahf, iahf, ndasf ndasf a`dy tof b`hbnmtfh swbtno, m`h dfmvf mdd atofrs ‟apf`‒. Nom`gfs b` tof na`ebgurmtba` mrf `at feefntbvf u`tbd tof nbrnubt bs rfsft.
naipdy wbto tof eaddawb`g pab`ts; - 6 U suppdy vadtmgf (ar iahbey ta 6 U)3 - Xrm`sibttf Xrm`sibttfrr b`put mnnfpts 6 U (XXD dfvfd) swb`g3 - \fnfbvfr autput suppdbfs 6-U (XXD dfvfd) swb`g - Iahudf nm` lf na``fntfh prapfrdy ly wbrfs ta ZNL. Ear tof nbrnubts ae tof trm`sibttfr m`h tof rfnfbvfr bt bs, b` prb`nbpdf, biimtfrbmd oaw tof hmtm sbg`md trmvfds erai X_/\_ pb` ae tof f`nahfr nobp ta tomt ae tof hfnahfr nobp, pravbhfh bt mrrbvfs b` gaah sompf, tomt bs, wbto ‟ndfm`‒ 6-U pudsfs. ^a, bt bs fvf` passbldf ta usf tof rfnfbvfr m`h trm`sibttfr lamrhs wbtoaut rfnaursf ta m`y cb`h ae \E iahudfs womtsafvfr. M` b`ermrfh db`c, eblrfaptbns m`h fvf` tof sbipdfst na``fntba` ly wmy ae twa wbrfs, mrf kust m efw mdtfr`mtbvfs. (2?::5>-=)
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Xof lmsbn mppdbnmtba` nbrnubts m`h tfno`bnmd hmtm ear tof 8>>-IOz iahudfs wfrf altmb`fh erai prahunt hmtmsoffts suppdbfh ly Ofbdm`h Fdfntra`bn, H-8?>6= Fvfrswb`cfd, Gfrim`y. Xfd. (+82) <6?<-766:, emx (+82) (+82) <6?<-7??7. <6?<-7??7.
Iahf >; Zragrmiimldf (^=->) Xof HBZ swbtnofs b` mrrmy ^8 f`mldf fmno b`hbvbhumd aut put ta lf pragrmiifh pragrmii fh ms lbstmldf (ms b` Iahf 6) ar ia`astmldf ia`astmld f (ms b` Iahf 5). M ndasfh swbtno sfdfnts sfdfnt s lbstmldf apfrmtba` apfrmtba` ae tof rfdfvm`t autput. Iahf 8; Dmtnob`g (^=-8) Mntumtfh Mntumtf h autputs rfimb` a` u`tbd tof rfsft cfy a` tof rfnfbvfr bs prfssfh.
Iahf =; Avfrwrbtf (^=-=) M`y sfdfntfh nom``fd rfimb`s mntbvf u`tbd tof ‟ndfmr‒ lutlutta` bs prfssfh a` tof trm`sibttfr, ar tof rfsft lutta` a` tof rfnfbvfr.
Iahf 6; Lbstmldf (^=-6) Wof` tof trm`sibttfr bs cfyfh, tof rfdfvm`t nom``fd bs swbtnofh swbtnofh a`. a`. Xof `fxt cfy cfy mntba` mntba` hf-mntum hf-mntumtfs tfs tof tof rfdfvm`t rfdfvm`t nom``fd.
Iahf <; Iudtb-trm`sibttfr Iudtb-trm`sibttfr (^=-<) B` tobs iahf tof mhhrfss mhhrfss bs a`dy 8 lbts wbhf, usb`g ^>-8 toraugo ^>-?. B` tobs iahf, autputs imy mdsa lf pra grmiifh ms b` Iahf Iahf >.
Iahf 5; Ia`astmldf (^=-5) ^fdfntfh nom``fd autput a`dy rfimb`s mntbvf ms da`g ms tof trm`sibttfr cfy bs ofdh hfprfssfh.
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urfs ms m` b` vfrtar, w oasf lmsbn nbrnubt nbrnubt Ebgurf<. Xobs bs soaw ` b` Ebgurf< Xobs lmsbn nbrnu bt f`mldfs tof rfqu bsbtf bsbtf vm dufs ae nfrtmb` naipa`f`t s ta lf nmdnudmtfh. nmdnudmtfh. \fvfrtb`g ta Ebgurf =, be `ffhfh ear m` mppdbnmtba`, N = imy lf mhhfh ta eari m daw -pmss ebdtfr ebdtfr mt to f b`put. Xof Xof mipdbebnmtba` ae BN > bs sft sft w bto Z 8, w obdf bts bts aee-sft aee-sft naipf`sm tba` bs sft w b t o Z =. Hfpf`hb`g a` tof typf ae ap mip usfh, usfh, tof wbpfr ae Z = imy lf db`cfh db`cfh ta to f pastbvf ar tof `fgmtbvf suppdy db`f. db`f. Xof aut put a e BN > bs mppdbfh ta m sfna`h sfna`h ap mip, BN8, vbm \6 ar \5. Xobs imcfs bt passbldf ear BN 8 ta lf usfh ms m` b`v frtb`g frtb`g ar m `a`-b`vfrtb`g `a`-b`vfrtb`g mi pdbebfr. ebfr. Xof fxmnt rfe frf`nf era i to f MH MH N nm` lf mh hfh ms m` aeesft, aeesft, w oasf dfvfd dfvfd bs bs sft sft w bto Z <, ta tof pasbtbvf-b`put pasbtbvf-b`put sbg`md vbm \=2 ar ta tof `fgm tbvf-b`put tbvf-b`put sbg`md vbm \<:. Xof mipdbebnmtba` ae BN 8 bs hftfrib`fh fbtofr ly \ <= b` na`ku`ntba` w bto \=? ar ly \7. Xof au tpu t ae to bs ap mip bs mppdbfh mppdbfh ta m`m daguf-ta-hbgb daguf-ta-hbgbtmd tmd na`v frtfr (MHN) (MHN) BN 2 vbm \=6 m`h \=8.
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tof autput ae BN 8 b`ta tof pasbtbvf rm`g f, w obno bs bipfrmt bipfrmt bvf ear narrfnt narrfnt apfrmtba` ae tof MHN MHN . Wof` tof autp ut hm tm ae tof MHN mrf lfb`g fvmdumtfh, tof aeesft m`h b`vfrsba` b`vfrsba` i ust lf tmcf` b`ta mnnau`t ly BN < sa tomt to f rfdfvm`t rfdfvm`t db`f db`f b` tof pragrmi bs nom` nom` gfh ta
=::: =:::/ /<:8? <:8? mnna rh s fxmntdy w bto to f nurrf`t b` m ip frfs. Xof Xof e mnt ar =::: =::: bs narrfntfh rfntfh ly tof h fnbimd fnbimd pab`t. Wof` m rfntbebfr rfntbebfr ar tru f-ris f-ris na` vfrtfr bs na``fntfh mt tof b`put, mdtfr`mtb`g vadtmgfs imy mdsa lf ifmsurfh. Atofr tfst mhmptfrs, suno ms m `fgmtbvf-tfipfrmturf-nafeebnbf`t
Zmrts dbst \fsbstars; \=„\?3 \ =5„\ <= 9 s f f tf tf xt xt \2 9 8 7 c℥ \=: 9 = c ℥ \==„\ =>, \ <> 9 > . > c℥ \=8, \ =6 9 =:: ℥ Z = 9 s f f tf tf xt xt Z <„Z 8 9 p rf rf s f t,t, =: =: c℥
Nmpmnbtars; N =, N < 9 < < p E N >„N 5, N ?, N => 9 =: ¶E, =5 U, rmh rmh bmd N 7, N =<, N =?„N <> 9 :.= ¶E N 2 9 ` a t u ssf fh N =: 9 <<:: ¶E, <6 U, rmh bm d
sf`sars, imy mdsa lf usfh. Xof Xof na` traddfr traddfr hafs `at a`dy naiputf tof tfst rfsudts, rfsudts, lut mdsa nmrrbfs aut m`y rfqubsbtf db`fmrbzmtba` db`fmrbzmtba` . NZV AZXBA@^
Xof h bgbtmd sfntba` ae t of nbrnubt b` Ebgurf 8 bs m strmbgotearw mrh hfsbg`. Xof Xof nf`trmd pranfssb`g u` bt (NZV ) bs bs db`cfh db`cfh ta to f autsbhf w ardh vbm m ` \^<> \^<>< b`tfrb`tfrsb`gdf 6 U emnf. Nbrnubt BN < na`vfrts tof sb`gdf suppdy suppdy b`ta ½ =< ta ½ =6 U ms rfqubr rfqubrfh fh b` \^<>< \^<>< naiiu `bnmtba` s. Xof parts ae tof NZ V m rf usfh usfh ear tof vmrbaus b`puts m`h autputs. Hfpf`hb`g a` t of NZV usfh, m vmrbfty vmrbfty ae e mnbdbtbfs mnbdbtbfs mrf p assbldf. assbldf. Xofrf bs mdsa m ` B
Imtnolax Xof p rb`tfh-nbrnubt rb`tfh-nbrnubt lam rh bs hfsbg`fh ta nmtfr ear m `uilfr ae hbeefrf`t NZ Vs. Xof Xof lfst a e to fsf ear dfss fxpfrbfxpfrbf`nfh rfm hfrs bs tof Im tnolax. Xobs Xobs na`traddfr na`traddfr f`mldfs m` m ppdbnmtba` ppdbnmtba` ta lf pragrmiifh b` LM^BN , w ofrfupa` ofrfupa` mdd tof b`put m `h autput emnbdb emnbdbtbf tbfss ms w fdd fdd ms tof vmrbaus b`tfremnfs mrf apfrmtfh vbm to f na`traddfr. na`traddfr.
MX?2 MX?2^?<6< Be usf ae t of eu dd spffh ae m ` ?:6 ?:6= na`traddfr bs hfsbrfh, tomt bs, ly pragrmiib` g b` to f m ssfildfr, to f MX MX?2^?< ?2^?<6< 6< bs rfnaiif`h rfnaiif`h fh. Xof Xof prag rmi gf`frmtfh b` tof ZN bs tof` starfh b` m` b`tfr`md FFZ\AI v bm m sbipdf b`tfrb`tfr-
N == 9 = ¶E ¶E, =5 U, rmhbmd N =8, N =6, N =7 9 =: ¶E, <6 U, rmh bm d N =5 9 <<: ¶E, <6 U, rmh bmd
^fibna`huntars; L = 9 rfntbeb rfntbebfr fr lrbhg lrbhg f L?:N=6:: H =„H 8 9 =@8= =@8=8? 8? X=, X< 9 L N 65 65:
B`tfgrmtfh nbrnubts; BN = 9 ?7N6= ?7N6=ZDN8 ZDN88 8 BN < 9 IM_<>< BN >, BN 8 9 XD:7= D:7= BN 6 9 ZN E?6?< E?6?< ar ^X<8N: ^X<8N:< < BN 5 9 7?: 6 BN 7 9 7?: ? BN ? 9 72: ?
emnf. M spfnbmd pragrmiib`g u`bt bs `at `ffhfh.
?7N6= ?7N6= @fbto fr to f MX MX?2^?<6 2^?<6< < `ar to f Im tno lax bs nofmp . Be tofrf bs `a alkfntba` ta tof usf ae m `ui lfr ae tfst tfst nmrhs w bto ebxfh ebxfh p ragrm is, tof w fdd-c`aw fdd-c`aw ` ?7N6= ?7N6=,, MX?2N6= ar MX?2N6< imy lf usfh. Xofsf mrf tof ia st fna`ai bnmd na` na` traddfrs traddfrs mvmbdmldf, mvmbdmldf, lut tofy `ffh m spfnbmd nbmd pragrmii b`g u`bt, w obno bs pralmldy mvm bdmldf bdmldf ta im`y rfmh frs. frs. EB@MDDR
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Xof tfst nmrh p fribts tof pm rmddfd na`na``fntba` ae m dbqubh-nrystmd hbspdmy (DNH (DNH ) ta part Z < (8(8-lbt iah f). Be, oaw fvfr, fvfr, to f Imt nolax bs usfh , bts fxnfdd fxnfddf`t f`t DNH au tput nmpm lbdbtb lbdbtbfs fs soaudh soaudh ` at lf bg`arfh, lut imh f eudd usf ae vbm tof Ebgurf7. B
BN 2 9 IM_=?7
Ibsnfddm`faus; _= 9 nrystmd ==.:62 ==.:62< < IOz Z N =„Z N 6 9 Z N L pb pb` K Z = 9 <.68 <.68 ii pb` pb` strb strbp m`h pb pb` ` kuipfr kuipfr \f =, \f < 9 5 U rfdmy rfdmy wbto wbto < nom`g f-avfr f-avfr na`tmn ts ear lamrh iau`tb`g iau`tb`g Xr= 9 imb`s trm`s trm`s earifr earifr wbto wbto <×2 U sfna `hm ry, ry, 8.6 8.6 UM C=, C8 9 ?-wm ?-wm y tfrib`md tfrib`md strb strbp C< 9 =8-wm =8-wm y tfrib`m tfrib`m d strbp strbp C>, C5„C2 9 >-wm >-wm y tfrib`m tfrib`m d strbp strbp C6 9 5-wm 5-wm y tfrib`m tfrib`m d strbp strbp C=: 9 <-wm <-wm y imb`s tfrib tfrib`md `md lamrh (b`sudmtfh)
BN 5, bs na``fntfh ta m em brdy brdy o bgo b`put vadtmgf m`h hbssbpmtfs hbssbpmtfs mlaut < W w of` tof rfdmys mrf f`frgbzfh. Bt iu st, tofrfearf, lf ebttfh ebttfh a ` m subtmldf ofmt sb`c. sb`c. Xof rfdmtbvfdy obgo sup pdy va dtmgf ear tof m` mdaguf sfntba` sfntba` alvbmtfs tof `ffh ea r rmbd-ta rmbd-ta -rmbd ap mi ps b` tof BN > m`h BN 8 pasbtba`s ta hrbvf tof na`vfrtfr avfr bts eudd rm`gf. Be, mpm rt erai tof tw a ap mips, `a atofr damhs mrf mrf na``fntfh na``fntfh ta tof ½ ? v db`f, db`f, rfgudmtars rfgudmtars BN 7 m`h BN ? ha ` at `ffh ofmt sb`cs. sb`cs. Xofrf bs bs `at i uno to mt ` ffh ta lf smbh mlaut tof na`struntba` m`h usf ae tof tfst nmrh atofr tom` oms mdrfmhy lff` lff` if`tba`fh. A` f bipartm` bipartm` t pab`t bs tomt mdd BNs soaudh lf sfmtfh b` m` mppraprbmtf sancft. Lfearf tof nmrh bs tmcf` b`ta usf, tof suppdy db`fs soaudh lf nofncfh nmrfeuddy lfearf tof BNs mrf b`sfrtfh b`ta tofbr sancfts. sancfts.
Mppdbnmtba`s;
iudtbiftfr wbto sfrbmd autput
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Xobs mrtbndf hfsnrblfs m` bsadmtb`g trm`searifr tomt bs, b` emnt, naipasfh ae twa stm`hmrh trm`searifrs. Dbcf m iuno iarf fxpf`sbvf naiifrnbmd u`bt, bt bsadmtfs m`y fqubpif`t a` tfst ar lfb`g rfpmbrfh erai tof imb`s suppdy. Hurb`g tof hfsbg`, bt pravfh na`vf`bf`t ta mhh m sbg`md trmnfr, trmnfr, m rfgudmtfh 2 U pawfr suppdy suppdy m`h m na`tb`ubty tfstfr. Bt soaudh lf `atfh, oawfvfr, oawfvfr, tomt m Ndmss < (hauldf-b`sudmtfh) (hauldf-b`sudmtfh) bsadmtb`g trm`searifr ta L^>6>6 oms `a fmrto na``fntba` a` tof sfna`hmry sbhf. B` tof fvf`t ae m nbrnubt suppdbfh erai suno m trm`searifr hfvfdapb`g m dbvf emudt ta m` fxpasfh na`huntbvf pmrt, tofrf waudh lf `a pmto ear m soanc nurrf`t ta edaw. M` b`mhvfrtf`t na``fntba` ta fmrto, ar b`tfrna` `fntba` wbto atofr nbrnubts, waudh rf`hfr tof pratfntba` usfdfss. usfdfss.
^ M E F X R
Bt nm``at lf strfssfh taa iuno tomt b` tof na`struntba`, tfstb`g, rfpmbr m`h imb`tf`m`nf ae fdfntra`bn fqubpif`t apfrmtfh erai tof imb`s pawfr suppdy tof grfmtfst nmrf iust lf tmcf`. Bt bs fmsy ta lfnaif `a`nomdm`t b` aur oaif warcsoap, lut rfifilfr tomt fvfry yfmr ou`hrfhs ae pfapdf hbf „ iast mt oaif „ awb`g ta fdfntrbn soanc. B` emnt, b` m puldbn pdmnf, suno ms m snoaad ar naddfgf, ar m oaif warcsoap apf` ta autsbhfrs, tofrf bs m stmtutary huty a` f`surb`g smefty erai fdfntrbn soanc. B` tof V`btfh Cb`ghai, tof Ofmdto m`h ^mefty Fxfnutbvf prahunfs gubhm`nf `atfs ear suno puldbn pdmnfs. A`f naiia` m`h mhvbsmldf ifm`s ae f`surb`g smefty wof` warc bs nmrrbfh aut a` m imb`s-apfrmtfh fqubpif`t bs tof usf ae m` bsadmtb`g trm`searifr ta L^>6>6. ^uno m hfvbnf f`surfs tomt (m) tof fqubpif`t a` tfst bs fdfntrbnmddy bsadmtfh erai tof imb`s suppdy, m`h (l) tof nurrf`t toraugo tof fqubpif`t a` tfst bs dbibtfh ly tof trm`searifr rmtb`g (m`h rfdfvm`t eusf). Ib`h m`y b`mhvfrtf`t fmrto na``fntba`, oawfvfr, ms pab`tfh aut b` tof `atf b` tof b`trahuntba` ta tobs mrtbndf.
=
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M` bsadmtb`g trm`searifr bs embrdy fxpf`sbvf, wobno bs pralmldy tof rfmsa` tomt bt bs `at eau`h b` iast simdd warcsoaps (lut oaw iuno bs yaur dbef warto ta yau1). M dfss fxpf`sbvf a`f imy lf imhf erai twa bhf`tbnmd imb`s trm`searifrs ms soaw` b` b` tof wbrb`g hbmgrmi b` Ebgurf =. Xof < × =6 U sfna`hmry sfna`hmry wb`hb`gs wb`hb`gs ae fmno ae tof twa trm`searifrs mrf na``fntfh b` sfrbfs m`h tof` b`tfrna``fntfh ms soaw`. ^a, daacfh mt erai tof imb`s f`try, trm`searifr Xr< na`vfrts tof <8: <8: U imb`s vadtmgf vadtmgf ta >: U, metfr wobno Xr= na`vfrts tof >: U lmnc ta <8: U. Xof D(bvf) imb`s db`f bs na``fntfh ta tof rfdfvm`t b`put tfrib`md ae Xr< vbm eusf E= m`h a`/aee swbtno ^=. SXwa naiif`ts ofrf; (=) bt bs mhvbsmldf ta usf m hauldf-padf swbtno m`h, b` db`f wbto naiia` prmntbnf, mdsa swbtno tof @(futrmd) imb`s db`f, m`h (<) mdtoaugo tof dfttfr D bs usfh ear tof tof dbvf dbvf imb`s imb`s db`f, db`f, tof dfttfr dfttfr Z ear ear pomsf pomsf bs naiia`dy usfh b` im`y puldbnmtba`s. Xof dfttfr D bs prfefrrfh ofrf sb`nf bt nab`nbhfs wbto tof hfsbg`mtba` ae tof dbvf imb`s db`f b` iast haifstbn b`stmddmtba`s m`h mppdbm`nfs. FhbtarY. X \ M N F \
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Nmpmnbtars; N=, N< 9 =6: pE, nfrmibn N> 9 :.::87 ¶E, ¶E, iftmddbzfh padyfstfr N8, N2 9 =: ¶E, =5 U, rmhbmd N6 9 =:: pE, nfrmibn N5 9 87: ¶E, =5 U, rmhbmd N7 9 <<:: ¶E, <6 U, rmhbmd N?, N=: 9 :.= ¶E, nfrmibn ^fibna`huntars; H=, H< 9 =@8=8? H>, H? 9 DFH, daw nurrf`t H8„H7 9 =@8::< X= 9 LN687L X< 9 LN667L B`tfgrmtfh nbrnubts; BN= 9 XDN<7
Ebgurf >. Xof prb`tfh-nbrnubt prb`tfh-nbrnubt lamrh ear tof m`nbddmry nbrnubts nbrnubts .
8
Ibsnfddm`faus; E= 9 eusf oadhfr m`h eusf, = M , sdaw D^= 9 ib`bmturf dauhspfmcfr, ? ℥, 6:: 6:: iW Xr=, Xr Xr< 9 =?: UM imb`s imb`s trm`searifr trm`searifr wbto < × =6 U sfna`hmr sfna`hmry y ^= 9 imb`s a`/aee swbtno, hauldf padf prfefrrfh, sff tfxt C = 9 ofmt sb`c ear BN <, 6 C W„= ? aee lm`m`m sancft = aee imb`s f`try = aee imb`s autput sancft (pm`fd iau`tb`g)
na`ku`ntba` wbto m subtmldf sbg`md saurnf, ta tfst sbg`md pmtos. Bt imy sffi ahh, lut bt mppfmrs tomt im`y simdd ar oaif warcsoaps omvf m eu`ntba` gf`frmtar mvmbdmldf, lut `at m sbg`md trmnfr. Xof na`tb`ubty tfstfr (tfst DFH) bs m lbt ae m gbsia, wobdf tof 2 U pawfr suppdy bs b`tf`hfh prbimrbdy ta pawfr tof sbg`md trmnfr nbrnubtry, lut imy lf usfh ear fxpfrbif`tmd purpasfs. N B \N V BX
H F ^N \ BZ X BA @
Xof nbrnubt hbmgrmi ae tof naipasbtf bsadmtb`g trm`searifr bs soaw` b` Ebgurf <. Xof b`put ear tof tof 2 U rfgudmtfh rfgudmtfh pawfr suppdy suppdy bs tmcf` erai tof =6 U sfna`hmry ae Xr=. Xobs vadtmgf bs rfntbebfh ly lrbhgf H 8„H7, siaatofh ly nmpmnbtar N7, m`h stmlbdbzfh ly rfgudm-
tar BN< mt 2 U. Be BN< bs iau`tfh a` m subtmldf ofmt sb`c, bt nm` om`hdf nurrf`ts up ta = M. ^b`nf tof sbg`md sbg`md trmnfr hrmws m nurrf`t ae a`dy 6: iM, tofrf bs mipdf rfsfrvf ear fxpfrbif`tmd purpasfs. Xof na`tb`ubty tfstfr nbrnubt na`sbsts ifrfdy ae dbgot-fibttb`g hbahf H >, pratfntba` hbahf H<, m`h lbms rfsbstar \ =:. Xof pasbtbvf m`h `fgmtbvf b`put ae tof nbrnubt imy lf usfh ms daw-vadtmgf tfstfr. tfstfr. Wof` tof pasbtbvf tfrib`md bs db`cfh ta tof pasbtbvf tfrib`md ae tof 2 U pawfr suppdy, suppdy, tof nbrnubt imy lf usfh ms na`tb`ubty tfstfr. Xof sbg`md trmnfr sfntba` bs lmsbnmddy m simdd, sf`sbtbvf mipdbebfr, na`sbstb`g ae twa ap mips m`h twa twa trm`sbstars, trm`sbstars, wobno imcfs tof hftfntfh tfst ta`fs muhbldf vbm m simdd dauhspfmcfr. Xofrf mrf sfpmrmtf b`puts ear daw-erfquf`ny (DE) m`h obgo-erfquf`ny (OE) sbg`mds. ^bg`mds mppdbfh ta tof DE b`put mrf efh vbm daw-pmss ebdtfr \ =-\<-\>-N< ta tof `a`-b`vfrtb`g `a`-b`vfrtb`g b`put b`put ae ap mip BN=m. Xof ebdtfr oms m nut-aee erfquf`ny ae <: cOz. cOz. ^bg`mds mppdbfh ta tof OE b`put mrf efh ta tof `a`-b`vfrtb`g b`put ae ap mip mip BN=m vbm MI hftfntar \ =N=-H= m`h ebdtfr \<-N<. Xof h.n. apfrmtb`g pab`t ae BN=m bs mrrm`gfh ly \8 m`h \6 ta f`surf imxbiui hrbvf hrbvf ta tof ap mip. M`y rfsbhrfsbh-
umd hbrfnt vadtmgf bs ldancfh ly nmpmnbtar N>. ^b`nf tof effhlmnc bs vmrbmldf, tof mipdbebnmtba` ae BN=m nm` lf vmrbfh na`tb`uausdy lftwff` u`bty m`h × <<=. Xa mvabh avfrhrbvb`g tof stmgf, bt bs mhvbsmldf ta stmrt m`y sbg`md trmnb`g wbto Z= sft ta ib`biui ar `fmrdy sa. Xof autput ae BN=m bs efh ta hrbvfr BN=l m`h autput mipdbebfr X=-X<, wobno hrbvfs dauhspfmcfr D^ =. \fsbstar \ 7 m`h nmpmnbtar N6 f`surf mhfqumtf stm lbdbty ae tof mipdbebfr. mipdbebfr. Nmpmnbtar N5 prfvf`ts m`y rfsbhumd hbrfnt vadtmgf erai rfmnob`g tof dauhspfmcfr. \fsbstar \5 imcfs tof autput soart-nbrnubtpraae. Xof pfmc pawfr autput bs =:: iW. iW. NA@^X\VNXBA@
Mpmrt erai tof twa trm`searifrs, a`/aee swbtno, eusf m`h DFHs, mdd naipa`f`ts mrf na`vf`bf`tdy oausfh a` tof prb`tfh-nbrnubt lamrh soaw` b` Ebgurf >. Xobs lamrh bs, oawfvfr, `at mvmbdmldf rfmhy imhf. Uadtmgf rfgudmtar BN < bs `fmr tof nf`trf ae tof lamrh m`h soaudh lf iau`tfh a` m ofmt sb`c. Nmpmnbtar N? bs danmtfh ms ndasf ms efmsbldf ta BN < sa ms ta supprfss m`y b`tfrefrf`nf pudsfs ms feefntbvfdy ms passbldf.
Xof naipdftfh pratatypf lamrh bs soaw` b` tof poatagrmpo b` Ebgurf 8. Xof trm`searifrs m`h lamrh soaudh lf oausfh oausfh b` m subtmldf subtmldf f`ndasurf. f`ndasurf. Xof imb`s f`try m`h eusf soaudh lf ebttfh mt tof rfmr, m`h tof b`put m`h autput tfrib`mds, tof DFHs, m`h tof a`/aee swbtno, mt tof era`t ae tof f`ndasurf. Xof b`put m`h autput tfrib`mds imy lf lm`m`m sancfts, sancfts, lut tof DE m`h OE b`puts soaudh lf muhba ar L@N typf sancfts. Xof autputs ae tof bsadmtb`g trm`searifr, tomt bs, D‟ m`h @‟, soaudh lf mnnfssbldf vbm m imb`s autput sancft mt tof era`t pm`fd. Xof wbrb`g up bs bs soaw` b` Ebgurf Ebgurf =. Naipmrb`g tobs wbto Ebgurf > soaws tomt tof tfrib`mds a` tof ZNL mrf mntumddy wofrf tofy mrf soaw`. Eb`mddy, imcf surf tomt tof wbrb`g ae tof imb`s dfmhs bs sau`h; wfdd b`sudmtfh nmldf m`h tof usf ae strmb` rfdbfe lusofs bs sau`h prmntbnf! prmntbnf! S2?::65Y
FDFCXA\ <8:U
~
6:Oz
@a. 2?::65 E 9 =M
F d f c t a r F d f n t r a ` b n s
\N-6-Nahfs
\N-6-Nahfs
Naiim`h Nahfs ear ^pfnbebn ^ystfi Mhhrfssfs
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Naiim`h Mhhrfss
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\N-6-Nahfs
\N-6-Nahfs
\N-6 Naiim`h Mddanmtba`s
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Naiim`hs Mddanmtfh Gf`frmd
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\N-6-Nahfs
\N-6 Naiim`h Mddanmtba`s
Naiim`h Nahfs ear ^pfnbebn ^ystfi Mhhrfssfs
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mri-up
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---
mri-haw`
systfi stm`hly ---
systfi sfdfnt
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