Elektor Electronics 1998-03

Id ` sit situ` u`ttikd wjbrb wjbrb wb j` j`v vb twk kr lk lkrrb m klp lput utb brs wjimj bxmj`dab c`rab `lkudts ke h`t`, sj`rb ` pridtbr `dh `r ` rb sbp` sbp`r`tbh oy oy 06 lb lbttrbs kr lk lkrrb, sb sbttid ida a up ` dbtwkrg is tjb obst skcutikd. Ie yku j`vb dbvbr wkrgbh witj ` dbtwkrg, tjis l`y `ppb`r tk ob ` mklpcim`tbh t`sg. Dkdbttjbcb Dkdb jbcbs ss it is ` ckt b`s b` sibr tj` j`d d yk yku liajt bxp bxpbm t7 id `hhitikd tjb mkst ke ` p`ir ke dbtwkrg `h`ptbr m`rhs is dkt `cc tj`t jiaj `dh ` st`dh`rh Btjbrdbt dbtwkrg m`d `mjibvb h`t` tr`ds dsebr ebr r`tbs ke ke 06 Lo Loit it/s /s.. Oy V . ]lit it

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Eiaurb ?. @ RX RXV m` m ` ocb (Rdsjibch (Rdsjibchbh bh Xwistbh wistbh V`ir) V`ir) m kdt`ids biajt mk dhumtkr dhum tkrs s `rr`da `rr`dabh bh `s ekur twistbh p`irs.

Btjbrdbt prktkm kc l`d` ab s tjb dbtwkrg tr`eeim. It hbtbrlidbs wjimj dbtwkrg m`rh l`y mklludim`tb `t ` aivbd tilb `dh pbrekrls mkccisikd hb tbmtikd ekr Btjbr Btjbrdbt dbt h `t` p` m gbts gbts.

RXV RXV kr ODM ; Ie wb w`dt tk sbt up `d Btjbrdbt dbtwkrg ekr twk mklputbrs, wb `rb e`mbh witj tjb eudh`lbdt`c mjkimb obtwbbd RXV ` dh ODM. Ekr Ekr sklb wj` t c` rab r dbtwkrgs RXV is p rbebrrbh rbeb rrbh.. Id tjb m ` sb k e kdcy ` ebw mklputbrs wjimj `rb mkd-

@ rkutbr sb rv rvbs bs tk m kdt` id ckm` c tr`ee tr`eeiim w itji tjid d ` p` rt rtiimuc`r sbm ti tikd kd k e ` dbtw krg, sk tj`t it hkbs dkt ck` h tjb b dti dtirb rb dbtwkrg. Qjbd Qjbd rkutbrs ` rb usbh , tjb dbtw krg is is mkdeiaurbh `s sbvbr`c idtbrmkddbmtbh ckm`c ‚rbaikds’, `dh tjb kdcy tr`eeim wjimj is p` ss bh k ut ke ` a ivbd rbaikd tk tjb rbl` idhb r ke tjb dbtwk rg is tj` t wjimj is is hbs ti tidbh dbh ekr ` h iee eebrbdt brbdt rbaikd. @ rbpb`tbr `lpci `lpciei eibs bs tjb dbtwk rg siad` siad` cs, s k tj` t ` a rb`tbr hist`dmb m `d ob rb`mjbh. @ ju o id its silpcbst ekrl is bquiv`cbdt tk `d bcbmtrim`c ‚luctipcb kutcbt’ okx. Lkrb bxpbdsivb bxpbdsivb juos `rb s ui uit`ocb t`ocb ekr jiajbr jiajbr h` t` r`tbs, suppkrt lkrb mkddb mtikds ti kds ` dh prkvihb ` hh iti tikd` kd` c eudmtikds. eudmtikds. @d @d ‚idtbcc ‚idtbcciia bdt’ juo m ` d ob rblktbcy mk dtrkccbh. @ p`tmj m`ocb is ` rb` hyhy-l`h l`h b bxtbdsikd bxtbdsikd m `o cb, ` v`i v`icc`o cb id v`ri v`rikus st`dh `rh cbda tjs (up tk ?6 l).

rbmkddbmtida tjb tbrlid`tkr tk tjb ktjbr ` rl ke tjb tjir tjirh h X-mk ddbm tkr tkr.. @ dbtwkrg m`rh ekr tjb tjirh mklputbr m` d tjbd ob `tt`m jbh tk tjb tjir tjirh Xmkddbmtkr. @s kdb m`d sbb, tjb tbrlid`tkrs `rb `cw`ys ckm`tbh `t tjb bxtrblb bdhs ke tjb ous m`ocb (sbb Eiaurb 0). Xjb s`lb s` lb o us strum turb is usbh usbh ekr ` c`rabr dbtwkrg. Jkwbvbr, witj ` c`rabr dbtwkrg ` spbmi`c gidh ke mkddbmtkr okx is usbh, tk wjimj ` spbmi`c skrt ke ODM bxtbdsikd bxtbdsikd m `o cb is `tt`m jbh . ]bv]bvbr`c X-mk ddbm tkrs m `d tjbd o b idm krpkr`tbh idtk tjis bxtbdsikd m`ocb. @ his`hv`dt`ab ke ` ODM dbtwkrg is tj`t ` sidacb kpbd m`ocb kr o`h mkddbm tikd m` d orida hkwd tjb bdtirb bdtirb dbt-

wkrg. Bvbry st`tikd wjimj is idmcuhbh id tjb `eebmtbh ckkp m`d dk ckdabr wkrg wjbd wjb d tjis j`p p bd bds s. Xjb us u sb ke k e ODM ODM mkddbmtkr okxbs jbcps tk rblbhy tjis sjkrtmklida, sidmb sumj ` okx is mkdstrumtbh sumj tj`t tjb dbtwkrg m`ocb is `utkl`tim`ccy mkddbmtbh ‚tjrkuaj’ idsihb tjb okx wjbd tjb bxtbdsikd m `o cb is his hismk mk ddbm tbh erkl tjb ok x. ItIt is tjus pkssiocb tk rblkvb `d bxtbdsikd m `o cb witjkut witjkut histur histuroida oida tjb kp br`tikd ke tjb dbtwkrg.

@ RXV dbtwkrg  dbtwkrg  RXV is ` lk lkrb rb rbm bdt h bvb bvbckp ckp lb lbdt. dt. It is prbebrrbh id pc`mb ke ODM ekr dbw idst`cc`tikds. Ekr ` mkdtidukuscy bxp ` dh ida dbtwk rg, RXV keeb rs m cb` r

`h v`dt` ab s. Xjb m `o cb is cbss cbss bxpb dsivb, `dh tjb dbtwkrg is lkrb rbci`ocb `dh b`sibr b`sibr tk l`idt`id. Id Id `h hitikd, `d I]HD-o` HD-o` sbh tbcbp jkdb dbtwkrg `dh `d Btjbrdbt dbtwkrg m` d usb usb tjb s`l b m`ocb, wjimj l`gbs ekr ` silpcbr ider`strumturb id ` c`rab ouichida. @ st`dh ` rh ODM kr k r RX RXV Btjb rdbt rdb t ruds rud s `t 06 06 LJz LJz, out o ut ` RX RXV M` t 2 m ` o cb m ` d ob ob usbh usbh ` t up tk 066 LJz LJz. Xjis Xjis `cckws ekr tjb pkssioicity ke ` liar`tikd tk ` e`stbr 066O 066 O` sb-X kr 066O`sb-X8 dbtwkrg db twkrg `t `t ` c`tb r h` tb. @ RX RXV M` t 2 m ` o cb, ` s iccusiccustr`tbh tr`tbh id Eiaurb iaurb ?, mk dt`ids biajt cb`h s `rr`dabh `s ekur twistbh p`irs. Qjbd tjb s`lb siad`c eckws o`mg `dh ekrtj id tjb twk wirbs ke ` twistbh p`ir, tjb rbsuctida l`adbtim eibchs m`dmbc b`mj ktjb r kut. Xjis ` cckws ekr idtbrebrbdm idtbreb rbdm berbb h ` t` tr`ds tr` dsebrs ebrs.. Ekr Ekr 06O` 06O` sb-X ` dh 066O`sb066O`sb-X X twk ke tjb ekur p` irs irs `rb usbh. @cc ekur p`irs `rb usbh ekr 066O` 066O` sb-X8. Id pridm ipcb, ip cb, ` cc ekur p` irs m `d o b m kddbm tbh, sidmb sidmb tjb sys systbl is upw`rhs-mklp`tiocb. 06O` 06O` sb-X ` dh 066O` 066O` sb-X systbls ystbls usb usb tjb H0 `dh `d h H? p` irs, irs, wjicb I]HD usbs usbs tjb H= ` dh H? p` irs. irs. Xjus, jus, ie wb m kddbm t ` RXV m kddbm tkr ok x `s tjkua tjkua j wb wbrb wb rb usida 066O 06 6O` ` sb-X8 (`cc ek ur p`irs), it is tjbd pkssiocb tk usb it ekr I]HD, 06O 06 O` sb-X, 066 0 66O O` sb-Xk r 066-O`sb06 6-O`sb-

m`ocida ` juo is dkt rbquirbh. @ juo wkrgs `s ` mbdtr`c mkddbmtkr ok x ekr RX RXV m ` o cbs. Xjb ` m tu`c tu` c o us strumturb is o`sbh kd tjb juo, `dh tjb juo l` d`a bs tjb ous. ous. Ekr Ekr b`m j mk lputbr mk ddbmtbh tk tjb dbtwkrg, dbtwkrg, tjbrb is kdb kd b RX RXV p krt db m bss` bss` ry id tjb juo . Luctipcb juos m`d ob mkddbmtbh tk b`mj ktjbr vi` p`tmj m`ocbs `dh upcidg up cidg p krts. krts. X Xjb jb sl` ccbr skrts skrts ke juo s j` vb 8, : kr 05 0 5 RX RXV p krts. Btjbrdbt m` rhs `rb ` v`ic` ocb ekr primb s r`daida erkl £?6 `pibmb tk kvbr £16. Ie wb `ssulb ` primb ke £?2 pbr m`rh `dh ` sbp`r`tikd ke 06 lbtrbs obtwbbd tjb twk mklputbrs, tjbd wb m` d sbt sbt up ` twk-m twk-m klputbr dbtwkrg dbtwkrg ekr rkuajcy £16. Xjb Xjb m kst hieeb rbdm b ob twbbd ODM `dh `d h RXV ekr ` twk-m klkl putbr dbtwkrg is dbaciaiocb. Qitj tjrbb mklputbrs tjb mkst ke tjb dbtwkrg usida ODM risbs tk rkuajcy £066, wjicb witj RX RXV tjb m kst nulp s tk rkua rk ua jcy £016 £0 16 hub tk tjb `hhitikd ke tjb juo.

Xjb Btjbrdbt m`rh Dbtwkrg m`rhs `rb `v`ic`ocb ekr tjb st`dh`rh I]@ ous wjimj is prbsbdt id bvbry VM, VM, `dh `csk ekr tjb lkrb rbm bdt VMI ous. o us. @ VMI dbtwkrg db twkrg m ` rh is i s e` stbr, out `csk lkrb bxpbdsivb. Ekr jklb

Qidhkws 92 tjis tbmjdiqub hkbs dkt `cw`ys wkrg prkpbrcy witj sklb kchbrlkh bc VdV VdV m ` rhs. Xjb dbtwkrg d btwkrg m ` rh mjkksbs `d `hhrbss `dh `d idtbrrupt vbmtkr wjicb Qidhkws 92 is sticc st`rtida up, `dh tjbd wjbd Qidhkws 92 is up `dh ruddida it sbbs tj`t tjis mkloid`tikd is dkt erbb `dh tjus `ssiads ` hieebrbdt `hhrbss/idtbrrupt sbt tk tjb Qidhkws 92 hrivbr. ]uosbqubdtcy, tjb dbtwkrg m`rh `dh tjb kpbr`tida systbl mjbbreuccy mj`ttbr `w`y witjkut `mjibvida `dy mklludim`tikd, `dh Qidhkws 92 idsists tj`t tjbrb is dk dbtwkrg m` rh idst`ccbh idst`ccbh . Xjb k dcy rblbh y id sumj ` situ`tikd is tk his`ocb tjb VdV eudmtikd k e tjb dbtwkrg m` rh vi` ` L]HK]uticity prka r`l. Qitj lkrb lkh lk h brd systbls, ‚Vcua `dh Vc`y’ lb`ds tj`t Qidhkws 92 `utkl`tim`ccy rbmkadizbs tjb m`rh hurida tjb st`rtup `dh `sgs ekr sketw` sketw` rb. Xjis h kb s dkt ` cw`ys lb`d tj`t tjb usbr hkbs dkt j`vb tk `ssist witj tjb systbl mkdeiaur`tikd. @ VdV lktjbrok`rh rbpkrts hurida st`rtup wjimj idtbrrupts j`vb obbd `ssiadb `ssiadb h id j` rhw`rb o y tjb VdV ckaim tk tjb VMI UA@UA@-m m `rh ` dh ` VMI dbtwkrg m `rh . Ie tjb dbtwkrg m` rh is `d I]@ m` rh wjimj j`s obbd sketw`rb-mkdeiaurbh ekr I_P06 `dh tjbrb is ` VMI m`rh idst`ccbh (ekr bx`lpcb, ` UA@ m`rh)

Btjbrdbt 06/066O`sb-X p`ir ?

p`ir 0

0

?

=

8

2

5

1

0 ? = 8 2 5 1 :

:

XZ + XZ_Z + DM DM _ZDM DM

H0 H0 H?

Xr`dsmbivb H`t` + Xr`dsmbivb H`t`_bmbivb H`t` +

H?

_bmbivb H`t`-

9:?660 - 08`

p`ir ? p`ir 0

0

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Btjbrdbt Btjbrdbt 066 O`sb-X8

p`ir =

=

8

2

p`ir 8

5

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XZ + XZ_Z + OI OI _ZOI OI

H0 H0 H? H= H= H? H8 H8

Xr`dsmbivb H`t` + Xr`dsmbivb H`t`_bmbivb H`t` + Oi-hirbmt. H`t` + Oi-hirbmt. H`t`_bmbivb H`t`Oi-hirbmt. H`t` + Oi-hirbmt. H`t`-

wjitb/kr`dab kr`dab wjitb/arbbd ocub wjitb/ocub arbbd

06/066O`sb-X 06/066O`sb-X 06/066O`sb-X, I]HD O0  I]HD O?  I]HD O? 06/066O`sb-X, I]HD O0

wjitb/orkwd orkwd

9:?660 - 08o

Eiaurb Eiaurb 8. RXV m `o cb m kddbm tikds tikds..

vi` tjb juo . Xjis rbsucts rbsucts id ` d beeb m tivb hk uocida ke tjb dbtwkrg spb spb bh. Qitj p`r`ccbc t`sgida, sbvbr`c hieebrbdt `mtivitibs m`d ob prkmbssbh oy tjb dbtwkrg m`rh mkdmurrbdtcy (`dh tjus e`s e` stbr kvbr` k vbr`cc) cc).. Xjis Xjis `csk `csk rbhum rbh um bs tjb ck`h kd tjb mklputbr’s prkmbsskr m jip. Xjis Xjis eb` turb turb is m brt`idcy ` hvis`o hvis`o cb ekr ` mbdtr`c sbrvbr.

orkuajt tk ` summbsseuc mkdmcusikd, kdb is e`mbh witj ` mjkimb obtwbbd ` dulobr ke hieebrbdt dbtwkrg kpbr`tida systbls. Btjbrdbt is kdcy tjb ckw-cbvbc dbtwkrg prktkmkc. Qj`t is mklludim`tbh vi` Btjbrdbt is ` hieebrbdt suo nbm t b dtirbcy. Kdb m ` d m klp kl p ` rb BtjbrBtjbrdbt tk tjb `cpj`obt, `dh tjb dbtwkrg kpbr`tida systbl tk ` p`rtimuc`r c`d-

XMV/IV MV/IV p rktkm kc. Id `m tu`c tu` c e`m t tjb dbtwkrg m`rh is abdbr`tbh oy tjb Idtbrdbt sbrvimb prkvihbr `dh tjb mkloid`tikd ke tjb lkhbl `dh tbcbpjkdb mkddbmtikd `mts `s ` skrt ke bxtbdsikd ke tjis dbtwkrg dbtwk rg m` rh. Xjb Xjb XMV XMV/IV /IV p rktkm rktk m kc is rbquirbh ekr tjb Idtbrdbt mkddbmtikd. Id tjb wkrst m`sb yku wicc j`vb ` dbtwkrg m`rh pcus ` lkhbl (ekr Idtbrdbt), witj tjb tjb ekcckwida st`d st`d h` rh idst`cc`tikd> idst`cc`tikd> Mcibdt ekr Limrksket Dbtwkrgs @h`ptbr>dbtwkrg m`rh @h` ptbr>hi`cptbr>hi`c-up up `h `p tbr Vrktkm rkt km kc>Db kc >DbtO tOB BRI  dbtwkr dbtwkrg g m `rh Vrkt rktkm km kc kc>Db >DbtO tOB BRI  hi`c-up `h`ptbr Vrk rktk tkm m k c>c>IV IVZ/] Z/]V VZ  dbtwkrg m`rh Vrk rktk tkm m k c>c>IV IVZ/] Z/]V VZ  hi`c-up `h`ptbr Vrk rktk tkm m k c>c>X XMV/IV  dbtwkrg m`rh Vrk rktk tkm m k c>c>X XMV/IV  hi`c-up `h`ptbr Eicb `dh pridtbr sj`rida ekr Limrksket Dbtwkrgs It’s trucy ` tbmjdkckaim`c wkdhbr tj`t sumj ` o`obcbsqub situ`tikd `mtu`ccy wkrgs> jbrb wb j`vb twk `h`ptbrs ‚spb`gida’ tjrbb hieebrbdt c`dau`abs (prktkmkcs), `cc lixbh tkabtjbr. Id pridmipcb it is pkssiocb tk j`vb luctipcb dbtwkrg kpbr`tida systbls `cc wkrgida kvbr tjb s`lb m`ocb, out tjis is dkt tk o b rbm kllb dh bh . Vbrekr-

Id ` sit situ` u`ttikd wjbrb wjbrb wb j` j`v vb twk kr lk lkrrb m klp lput utb brs wjimj bxmj`dab c`rab `lkudts ke h`t`, sj`rb ` pridtbr `dh `r ` rb sbp` sbp`r`tbh oy oy 06 lb lbttrbs kr lk lkrrb, sb sbttid ida a up ` dbtwkrg is tjb obst skcutikd. Ie yku j`vb dbvbr wkrgbh witj ` dbtwkrg, tjis l`y `ppb`r tk ob ` mklpcim`tbh t`sg. Dkdbttjbcb Dkdb jbcbs ss it is ` ckt b`s b` sibr tj` j`d d yk yku liajt bxp bxpbm t7 id `hhitikd tjb mkst ke ` p`ir ke dbtwkrg `h`ptbr m`rhs is dkt `cc tj`t jiaj `dh ` st`dh`rh Btjbrdbt dbtwkrg m`d `mjibvb h`t` tr`ds dsebr ebr r`tbs ke ke 06 Lo Loit it/s /s.. Oy V . ]lit it

Jk w h k I sb t u p ` dbt w krg; tbrlid`tikd rbsistkr

X pibmb

tbrlid`tikd rbsistkr

ripmkrh

mkdhumtkr idsuc`tikd

twistbh p`irs

n`mgbt

9:?660 - 0?

Eiaurb ?. @ RX RXV m` m ` ocb (Rdsjibch (Rdsjibchbh bh Xwistbh wistbh V`ir) V`ir) m kdt`ids biajt mk dhumtkr dhum tkrs s `rr`da `rr`dabh bh `s ekur twistbh p`irs.

Btjbrdbt prktkm kc l`d` ab s tjb dbtwkrg tr`eeim. It hbtbrlidbs wjimj dbtwkrg m`rh l`y mklludim`tb `t ` aivbd tilb `dh pbrekrls mkccisikd hb tbmtikd ekr Btjbr Btjbrdbt dbt h `t` p` m gbts gbts.

RXV RXV kr ODM ; Ie wb w`dt tk sbt up `d Btjbrdbt dbtwkrg ekr twk mklputbrs, wb `rb e`mbh witj tjb eudh`lbdt`c mjkimb obtwbbd RXV ` dh ODM. Ekr Ekr sklb wj` t c` rab r dbtwkrgs RXV is p rbebrrbh rbeb rrbh.. Id tjb m ` sb k e kdcy ` ebw mklputbrs wjimj `rb mkd-

@ rkutbr sb rv rvbs bs tk m kdt` id ckm` c tr`ee tr`eeiim w itji tjid d ` p` rt rtiimuc`r sbm ti tikd kd k e ` dbtw krg, sk tj`t it hkbs dkt ck` h tjb b dti dtirb rb dbtwkrg. Qjbd Qjbd rkutbrs ` rb usbh , tjb dbtw krg is is mkdeiaurbh `s sbvbr`c idtbrmkddbmtbh ckm`c ‚rbaikds’, `dh tjb kdcy tr`eeim wjimj is p` ss bh k ut ke ` a ivbd rbaikd tk tjb rbl` idhb r ke tjb dbtwk rg is tj` t wjimj is is hbs ti tidbh dbh ekr ` h iee eebrbdt brbdt rbaikd. @ rbpb`tbr `lpci `lpciei eibs bs tjb dbtwk rg siad` siad` cs, s k tj` t ` a rb`tbr hist`dmb m `d ob rb`mjbh. @ ju o id its silpcbst ekrl is bquiv`cbdt tk `d bcbmtrim`c ‚luctipcb kutcbt’ okx. Lkrb bxpbdsivb bxpbdsivb juos `rb s ui uit`ocb t`ocb ekr jiajbr jiajbr h` t` r`tbs, suppkrt lkrb mkddb mtikds ti kds ` dh prkvihb ` hh iti tikd` kd` c eudmtikds. eudmtikds. @d @d ‚idtbcc ‚idtbcciia bdt’ juo m ` d ob rblktbcy mk dtrkccbh. @ p`tmj m`ocb is ` rb` hyhy-l`h l`h b bxtbdsikd bxtbdsikd m `o cb, ` v`i v`icc`o cb id v`ri v`rikus st`dh `rh cbda tjs (up tk ?6 l).

rbmkddbmtida tjb tbrlid`tkr tk tjb ktjbr ` rl ke tjb tjir tjirh h X-mk ddbm tkr tkr.. @ dbtwkrg m`rh ekr tjb tjirh mklputbr m` d tjbd ob `tt`m jbh tk tjb tjir tjirh Xmkddbmtkr. @s kdb m`d sbb, tjb tbrlid`tkrs `rb `cw`ys ckm`tbh `t tjb bxtrblb bdhs ke tjb ous m`ocb (sbb Eiaurb 0). Xjb s`lb s` lb o us strum turb is usbh usbh ekr ` c`rabr dbtwkrg. Jkwbvbr, witj ` c`rabr dbtwkrg ` spbmi`c gidh ke mkddbmtkr okx is usbh, tk wjimj ` spbmi`c skrt ke ODM bxtbdsikd bxtbdsikd m `o cb is `tt`m jbh . ]bv]bvbr`c X-mk ddbm tkrs m `d tjbd o b idm krpkr`tbh idtk tjis bxtbdsikd m`ocb. @ his`hv`dt`ab ke ` ODM dbtwkrg is tj`t ` sidacb kpbd m`ocb kr o`h mkddbm tikd m` d orida hkwd tjb bdtirb bdtirb dbt-

wkrg. Bvbry st`tikd wjimj is idmcuhbh id tjb `eebmtbh ckkp m`d dk ckdabr wkrg wjbd wjb d tjis j`p p bd bds s. Xjb us u sb ke k e ODM ODM mkddbmtkr okxbs jbcps tk rblbhy tjis sjkrtmklida, sidmb sumj ` okx is mkdstrumtbh sumj tj`t tjb dbtwkrg m`ocb is `utkl`tim`ccy mkddbmtbh ‚tjrkuaj’ idsihb tjb okx wjbd tjb bxtbdsikd m `o cb is his hismk mk ddbm tbh erkl tjb ok x. ItIt is tjus pkssiocb tk rblkvb `d bxtbdsikd m `o cb witjkut witjkut histur histuroida oida tjb kp br`tikd ke tjb dbtwkrg.

@ RXV dbtwkrg  dbtwkrg  RXV is ` lk lkrb rb rbm bdt h bvb bvbckp ckp lb lbdt. dt. It is prbebrrbh id pc`mb ke ODM ekr dbw idst`cc`tikds. Ekr ` mkdtidukuscy bxp ` dh ida dbtwk rg, RXV keeb rs m cb` r

`h v`dt` ab s. Xjb m `o cb is cbss cbss bxpb dsivb, `dh tjb dbtwkrg is lkrb rbci`ocb `dh b`sibr b`sibr tk l`idt`id. Id Id `h hitikd, `d I]HD-o` HD-o` sbh tbcbp jkdb dbtwkrg `dh `d Btjbrdbt dbtwkrg m` d usb usb tjb s`l b m`ocb, wjimj l`gbs ekr ` silpcbr ider`strumturb id ` c`rab ouichida. @ st`dh ` rh ODM kr k r RX RXV Btjb rdbt rdb t ruds rud s `t 06 06 LJz LJz, out o ut ` RX RXV M` t 2 m ` o cb m ` d ob ob usbh usbh ` t up tk 066 LJz LJz. Xjis Xjis `cckws ekr tjb pkssioicity ke ` liar`tikd tk ` e`stbr 066O 066 O` sb-X kr 066O`sb-X8 dbtwkrg db twkrg `t `t ` c`tb r h` tb. @ RX RXV M` t 2 m ` o cb, ` s iccusiccustr`tbh tr`tbh id Eiaurb iaurb ?, mk dt`ids biajt cb`h s `rr`dabh `s ekur twistbh p`irs. Qjbd tjb s`lb siad`c eckws o`mg `dh ekrtj id tjb twk wirbs ke ` twistbh p`ir, tjb rbsuctida l`adbtim eibchs m`dmbc b`mj ktjb r kut. Xjis ` cckws ekr idtbrebrbdm idtbreb rbdm berbb h ` t` tr`ds tr` dsebrs ebrs.. Ekr Ekr 06O` 06O` sb-X ` dh 066O`sb066O`sb-X X twk ke tjb ekur p` irs irs `rb usbh. @cc ekur p`irs `rb usbh ekr 066O` 066O` sb-X8. Id pridm ipcb, ip cb, ` cc ekur p` irs m `d o b m kddbm tbh, sidmb sidmb tjb sys systbl is upw`rhs-mklp`tiocb. 06O` 06O` sb-X ` dh 066O` 066O` sb-X systbls ystbls usb usb tjb H0 `dh `d h H? p` irs, irs, wjicb I]HD usbs usbs tjb H= ` dh H? p` irs. irs. Xjus, jus, ie wb m kddbm t ` RXV m kddbm tkr ok x `s tjkua tjkua j wb wbrb wb rb usida 066O 06 6O` ` sb-X8 (`cc ek ur p`irs), it is tjbd pkssiocb tk usb it ekr I]HD, 06O 06 O` sb-X, 066 0 66O O` sb-Xk r 066-O`sb06 6-O`sb-

m`ocida ` juo is dkt rbquirbh. @ juo wkrgs `s ` mbdtr`c mkddbmtkr ok x ekr RX RXV m ` o cbs. Xjb ` m tu`c tu` c o us strumturb is o`sbh kd tjb juo, `dh tjb juo l` d`a bs tjb ous. ous. Ekr Ekr b`m j mk lputbr mk ddbmtbh tk tjb dbtwkrg, dbtwkrg, tjbrb is kdb kd b RX RXV p krt db m bss` bss` ry id tjb juo . Luctipcb juos m`d ob mkddbmtbh tk b`mj ktjbr vi` p`tmj m`ocbs `dh upcidg up cidg p krts. krts. X Xjb jb sl` ccbr skrts skrts ke juo s j` vb 8, : kr 05 0 5 RX RXV p krts. Btjbrdbt m` rhs `rb ` v`ic` ocb ekr primb s r`daida erkl £?6 `pibmb tk kvbr £16. Ie wb `ssulb ` primb ke £?2 pbr m`rh `dh ` sbp`r`tikd ke 06 lbtrbs obtwbbd tjb twk mklputbrs, tjbd wb m` d sbt sbt up ` twk-m twk-m klputbr dbtwkrg dbtwkrg ekr rkuajcy £16. Xjb Xjb m kst hieeb rbdm b ob twbbd ODM `dh `d h RXV ekr ` twk-m klkl putbr dbtwkrg is dbaciaiocb. Qitj tjrbb mklputbrs tjb mkst ke tjb dbtwkrg usida ODM risbs tk rkuajcy £066, wjicb witj RX RXV tjb m kst nulp s tk rkua rk ua jcy £016 £0 16 hub tk tjb `hhitikd ke tjb juo.

Xjb Btjbrdbt m`rh Dbtwkrg m`rhs `rb `v`ic`ocb ekr tjb st`dh`rh I]@ ous wjimj is prbsbdt id bvbry VM, VM, `dh `csk ekr tjb lkrb rbm bdt VMI ous. o us. @ VMI dbtwkrg db twkrg m ` rh is i s e` stbr, out `csk lkrb bxpbdsivb. Ekr jklb

Qidhkws 92 tjis tbmjdiqub hkbs dkt `cw`ys wkrg prkpbrcy witj sklb kchbrlkh bc VdV VdV m ` rhs. Xjb dbtwkrg d btwkrg m ` rh mjkksbs `d `hhrbss `dh `d idtbrrupt vbmtkr wjicb Qidhkws 92 is sticc st`rtida up, `dh tjbd wjbd Qidhkws 92 is up `dh ruddida it sbbs tj`t tjis mkloid`tikd is dkt erbb `dh tjus `ssiads ` hieebrbdt `hhrbss/idtbrrupt sbt tk tjb Qidhkws 92 hrivbr. ]uosbqubdtcy, tjb dbtwkrg m`rh `dh tjb kpbr`tida systbl mjbbreuccy mj`ttbr `w`y witjkut `mjibvida `dy mklludim`tikd, `dh Qidhkws 92 idsists tj`t tjbrb is dk dbtwkrg m` rh idst`ccbh idst`ccbh . Xjb k dcy rblbh y id sumj ` situ`tikd is tk his`ocb tjb VdV eudmtikd k e tjb dbtwkrg m` rh vi` ` L]HK]uticity prka r`l. Qitj lkrb lkh lk h brd systbls, ‚Vcua `dh Vc`y’ lb`ds tj`t Qidhkws 92 `utkl`tim`ccy rbmkadizbs tjb m`rh hurida tjb st`rtup `dh `sgs ekr sketw` sketw` rb. Xjis h kb s dkt ` cw`ys lb`d tj`t tjb usbr hkbs dkt j`vb tk `ssist witj tjb systbl mkdeiaur`tikd. @ VdV lktjbrok`rh rbpkrts hurida st`rtup wjimj idtbrrupts j`vb obbd `ssiadb `ssiadb h id j` rhw`rb o y tjb VdV ckaim tk tjb VMI UA@UA@-m m `rh ` dh ` VMI dbtwkrg m `rh . Ie tjb dbtwkrg m` rh is `d I]@ m` rh wjimj j`s obbd sketw`rb-mkdeiaurbh ekr I_P06 `dh tjbrb is ` VMI m`rh idst`ccbh (ekr bx`lpcb, ` UA@ m`rh)

Btjbrdbt 06/066O`sb-X p`ir ?

p`ir 0

0

?

=

8

2

5

1

0 ? = 8 2 5 1 :

:

XZ + XZ_Z + DM DM _ZDM DM

H0 H0 H?

Xr`dsmbivb H`t` + Xr`dsmbivb H`t`_bmbivb H`t` +

H?

_bmbivb H`t`-

9:?660 - 08`

p`ir ? p`ir 0

0

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Btjbrdbt Btjbrdbt 066 O`sb-X8

p`ir =

=

8

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XZ + XZ_Z + OI OI _ZOI OI

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Xr`dsmbivb H`t` + Xr`dsmbivb H`t`_bmbivb H`t` + Oi-hirbmt. H`t` + Oi-hirbmt. H`t`_bmbivb H`t`Oi-hirbmt. H`t` + Oi-hirbmt. H`t`-

wjitb/kr`dab kr`dab wjitb/arbbd ocub wjitb/ocub arbbd

06/066O`sb-X 06/066O`sb-X 06/066O`sb-X, I]HD O0  I]HD O?  I]HD O? 06/066O`sb-X, I]HD O0

wjitb/orkwd orkwd

9:?660 - 08o

Eiaurb Eiaurb 8. RXV m `o cb m kddbm tikds tikds..

vi` tjb juo . Xjis rbsucts rbsucts id ` d beeb m tivb hk uocida ke tjb dbtwkrg spb spb bh. Qitj p`r`ccbc t`sgida, sbvbr`c hieebrbdt `mtivitibs m`d ob prkmbssbh oy tjb dbtwkrg m`rh mkdmurrbdtcy (`dh tjus e`s e` stbr kvbr` k vbr`cc) cc).. Xjis Xjis `csk `csk rbhum rbh um bs tjb ck`h kd tjb mklputbr’s prkmbsskr m jip. Xjis Xjis eb` turb turb is m brt`idcy ` hvis`o hvis`o cb ekr ` mbdtr`c sbrvbr.

orkuajt tk ` summbsseuc mkdmcusikd, kdb is e`mbh witj ` mjkimb obtwbbd ` dulobr ke hieebrbdt dbtwkrg kpbr`tida systbls. Btjbrdbt is kdcy tjb ckw-cbvbc dbtwkrg prktkmkc. Qj`t is mklludim`tbh vi` Btjbrdbt is ` hieebrbdt suo nbm t b dtirbcy. Kdb m ` d m klp kl p ` rb BtjbrBtjbrdbt tk tjb `cpj`obt, `dh tjb dbtwkrg kpbr`tida systbl tk ` p`rtimuc`r c`d-

XMV/IV MV/IV p rktkm kc. Id `m tu`c tu` c e`m t tjb dbtwkrg m`rh is abdbr`tbh oy tjb Idtbrdbt sbrvimb prkvihbr `dh tjb mkloid`tikd ke tjb lkhbl `dh tbcbpjkdb mkddbmtikd `mts `s ` skrt ke bxtbdsikd ke tjis dbtwkrg dbtwk rg m` rh. Xjb Xjb XMV XMV/IV /IV p rktkm rktk m kc is rbquirbh ekr tjb Idtbrdbt mkddbmtikd. Id tjb wkrst m`sb yku wicc j`vb ` dbtwkrg m`rh pcus ` lkhbl (ekr Idtbrdbt), witj tjb tjb ekcckwida st`d st`d h` rh idst`cc`tikd> idst`cc`tikd> Mcibdt ekr Limrksket Dbtwkrgs @h`ptbr>dbtwkrg m`rh @h` ptbr>hi`cptbr>hi`c-up up `h `p tbr Vrktkm rkt km kc>Db kc >DbtO tOB BRI  dbtwkr dbtwkrg g m `rh Vrkt rktkm km kc kc>Db >DbtO tOB BRI  hi`c-up `h`ptbr Vrk rktk tkm m k c>c>IV IVZ/] Z/]V VZ  dbtwkrg m`rh Vrk rktk tkm m k c>c>IV IVZ/] Z/]V VZ  hi`c-up `h`ptbr Vrk rktk tkm m k c>c>X XMV/IV  dbtwkrg m`rh Vrk rktk tkm m k c>c>X XMV/IV  hi`c-up `h`ptbr Eicb `dh pridtbr sj`rida ekr Limrksket Dbtwkrgs It’s trucy ` tbmjdkckaim`c wkdhbr tj`t sumj ` o`obcbsqub situ`tikd `mtu`ccy wkrgs> jbrb wb j`vb twk `h`ptbrs ‚spb`gida’ tjrbb hieebrbdt c`dau`abs (prktkmkcs), `cc lixbh tkabtjbr. Id pridmipcb it is pkssiocb tk j`vb luctipcb dbtwkrg kpbr`tida systbls `cc wkrgida kvbr tjb s`lb m`ocb, out tjis is dkt tk o b rbm kllb dh bh . Vbrekr-

Ekr l`dy `ppcim`tikds, tjb usb ke `d kd-sitb mklputbr tk pbrekrl lb`surblbdts kr mkdtrkc prkmbssbs is ` akkh skcut cutikd. ikd. @ cilit cilit` `tikd ke ke `cc `cc ke tjb tjb h` h `t`-` -`m m quis uisit itikd ikd sys systbls wjimj wb j`vb puocisjbh up tk dkw is tj`t ` hirbmt bcbmtrim`c mkddbmtikd is rbquirbh obtwbbd tjb mklputbr `dh tjb `m ` m quis uisit itik ikd d sy syst stb bl. Xjb systbl hb h bsm rio iob bh jb jbrrb wkr wkrg gs vi` ` lkhbl, wjimj `cckws h`t` tk ob bxmj`dabh witj tjb VM vi` tjb tbcbpjkdb tbcbpjkdb ci cidb. db. Xji jis s l` l`g gbs pks pk ssiocb ` m kdsihbr ihbr` `ocb pjy pjys sim im` `c sbp sbp` `r`tikd obtw obtwbb bbd d tjb tjb m klp klput utbr br `dh tjb `mquisitikd systbl. Ekr bx`lpcb, kdb dk ckdabr dbbhs tk aubss `t tjb tblpbr`turb id tjb wbbgbdh mktt`ab> witj witj ` suit uit` `ocb sbdskr yku m` m `d nust nust rida up, cka id `dh rb`h it kut. Hbsia d oy N . N kk kks stbds

H` t ` ` mq u isit ik d o y lkhbl r bl k t b l b ` su r b l b d t ` d h mk d t r k c o y t b cb p j k d b cid b

Xbmjdim`c spbmieim`tikds 

05 h iait` c I/ I/K cidb s



8 `d` cka ub idputs (:(:-oit rbsk rbsk cuti utikd) kd) witj ` r`da b k e 6∟?.22 U



0 `d` cka ub k utput (:(:-oit oit rbsk rbsk cuti utikd) kd) witj ` r`da b k e 6∟?.22 U



0 05-oit mkudtbr witj rbsbt `dh kvbreckw idhim`tikd

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0 erbqub erbqub dmy l b` surblbdt idput (r`da (r`da b 6 tk 52 gJ gJz) z)



suppkrts J`ybs-mklp` ti tiocb ocb lkhbls

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mk lp` ti tiocb ocb w itj @D]I @D]I `d h UX UX06? tbrlid`c prka r`ls



twk h `t` tr tr`ds `ds li lissikd ssikd r`tbs> ?8 ?866 66 `dh 9566 9566 o` uh



ouictouic t-iid p ` ss wk rh prktbm ti tikd kd



usbr-mkdeiaur`ocb mklludim`tikds prktkmkc

p`sswkrh. Ekr tjksb wjk j`vb tjb `l oitikd tk hk sk, it is pk ssiocb tk writb writb kdb’s kwd mklludim`tikd prkar`l `dh his`o his`o cb tjb o uict-i uict-id d tbrlid`c tbrlid`c p rkar`l.

@ e cb cb x io io c b ` p p r k ` m j tjb sys ystbl tbl ock m g h i`Eiaurb 0 sjkws tjb a r`l . Xjb jb ` rt ke tjb sys ystbl tbl is tjb @tlbcc @X @tlb @X:9M 2?. Xjis Xjis p rkm bss bsskr kr is m kl p` tiocb witj tjb wbcc-gdkwd LM]20 prkmbsskr e`licy, `dh j`s tjb `hv`dt`ab tj`t it idmcuhbs `d :-gO ec`sj lblkry ekr stkr stkrida ida p rkar`l m khb . Xjb p rkmb sskr j` s tjr tjrbb bb :-oit p `r` ccbc p krts ` dh ` sidacb sbri` c pk rt. Xjb V0 V0

ekrl ` 05-o it hia it`c I/K pkrt. Xjb Xjb tjirh pkrt (V6) is usbh tk mkdtrkc tjb kpbr`tikd ke tjb VME ME:290. :290. Xjis idtba r`tbh m irmuit idmkrpkr`tbs ` ekur-mj`ddbc @/H mkdvbrtbr `dh ` sidacb H/ H/@ @ mkd vbrtbr vbrtbr.. @d @X9=M 9=M85 85 BB BBV_KL witj ` m ` p ` m ity k e 0?: Ñ : o its is ` cs csk k p rbsbdt. Xjis Xjis m jip j`s ` a u`r u`r`dtbbh `dtbbh ci ciebt ebtilb ilb ke 0 lic licci cikd kd writb wr itb mym cbs ‘ `dh wic wiccc rbt`id rbt`id h `t` ekr `t cb `st 066 yb` rs rs.. It is us usbh bh id tjis m `sb tk stkr stkrb b m kdeiaur kdeiaur`tikd `tikd h `t` . Xjb Xjb m kdvbrsikd vbrs ikd ke sia iad` d`cc cbvb cs obtwbbd obtwb bd XXC ` dh _]?=? is j`dh cbh oy `d kch er eribdh ibdh , tjb L`xil L` xil L@Z?=?. L@Z?=?. @ _bsbt switmj switmj is p rkvihbh tk ` cckw tjb ok `rh tk o b rb-iditi`cizbh rb-iditi`cizbh . Xjb @utk`dswbr switmj `cckws tjb ok`rh tk ob

Xwk nulp brs bd` ocb tjb sbcbm sbcbm tikd ke tjb mklludim`tikd h`t` r`tb (?866 kr 9566 o` uh) `dh sbcbmt sbcbmt wjbtjbr wjbtjbr kr dkt tjb ouict-id lbdu eudmtikds `rb usbh. Eid`ccy, tjbrb `rb twk CBH idhim`tkrs wjimj hispc`y tjb kpbr`tida st`tus ke tjb ok`rh. Dktb tj`t tjb lkhbl is dkt sjkwd id tjb ockmg hi`ar`l. Id pr`mtimb, tjb lkhbl wicc ob `d bxtbrd`c hbvimb wjimj is mkddbmtbh tk tjb sbri`c pkrt ke tjb h`t` `mquisitikd m`rh.

@ m k l p ` m t m i rm rm u i t Aivbd its spbmieim`tikds, kdb liajt tjidg tj`t tjb h`t`-`mquisitikd m`rh wkuch ob ` c`rab `dh mklpcbx mkdstrumtikd. Dktjida m kuch o b cbss cbss tr trub, ub, `dh id e`m t wb j`vb jbrb ` prknbmt usida usida vbry ebw mklpkdbdts. Eiau iaur rb ? sjkws tjb eucc smjbl`tim ke tjb m`rh. It idmkrpkr`tbs kdcy sbvbd idtbar`tbh mirmuits, idmcuhida tjb vkct`ab rbauc`tkr `dh tjb rbebrbdmb skurmb. Xjb m bdtr` c bcblb bcb lbdt dt is IM8, IM8, tjb @X:9M2? prkmbsskr, wjimj ruds `t ` mckmg r`tb ke 0? LJ LJz z. Xjb rbquirbh m ckm g ksm ksm icc`tkr is mkdstrumtbh usida M0, M?, Z0 `dh ckaim idtbrd`c tk tjb p rkmb sskr mjip . I/K pkrts V0 ` dh V? V? `rb m kddbm tbh vi` ?.1-g℥ sbribs rbsistkrs tk tjb ‚M’-rkw ke tjb 58-

MKLVKDBDX] CI]X _bsistkrs> _0-_05 _0-_05 < ?g℥1 _01_01-_?6 < 06g℥ _?0 _?0 < 816 816 ℥ _ ?? ?? < :g℥? _?= _?= < 066 066 ℥ _?8 _?8 < ==6 ==6 ℥ _?2 _?2 < :?6 :?6 ℥ _?5 _?5 < ==g ==g℥ _?1 _?1 < 81g 81g℥ prbs bt, luctiturd luctiturd _?: _?: < 066g 066g℥ _ ?9 ?9 < 8g℥1 _=6 _=6 < 06g 06g℥ ]IC `rr`y

M`p`mitkrs> M 0 ,M ,M ? < ?? pE pE

(X0) `dh ` vkct`a b rbebrbdm b m jip (IM1). (IM1). Xjb rbebrbdm b p ktbdti` c ke IM1 is is 2.6 U7 tjis is rbhum bh tk tjb h bsir bsirbh bh v`cub k e ?.22 U oy ` rbsis rbsistivb tivb hivih br mk dsis dsistida tida ke _?5 `dh _?1. Ekr bxp`dsikd purpksbs, tjb rbebrbdmb pktbdti`c is `csk okuajt kut tk G0. _bsistkrs _01 ∟_?6 prktbmt tjb idputs ke tjb @/H mkdvbrtbr `a `idst bxm bxm bss bssivb idput vk ct`a bs. bs. Dkt lumj dbbhs tk ob s`ih `okut tjb idtb re` m b tk t k tjb BBV_KL. Xjis IM j` s ` m` p` mity ke 0?: Ñ : oits `dh is usbh oy tjb sketw`rb ekr stkrida mkdeiaur`tikd sbttidas. Xjb c` st itbl is tjb p kwb r sup sup p cy. Xjis p`rt ke tjb mirmuit is o`sbh kd ` prkvbd hbsiad `dh prkvihbs ` st`oicizbh pktbdti`c ke 2 U. Xjb udrbauc` tbh idput vkct`a b is mk ddbmtbh hirbmtcy tk tjb rbebrrbebrbdm b-pktbdti`c a bdbr`tkr. bdbr`tkr.

M=-M1 M=-M1 < 06 ²E 05U, r` hi` c M :, :, M 9 < 8 ²E1 06U, t` dt` cul M 0 6 < ??6 ²E ?2U M00,M0= M00,M0= < 066dE 066dE

]blimkdhumtkrs> X0 < OM 221 221 X? < OM 281 281 H? < CBH 2 ll, arbbd H= < CBH 2 ll, rrbh bh H8,H2 < 0D80 0D808: 8: H5 < 0D86 0D866? 6?

Mkdstrumtikd> rbc` tivbcy tivbcy sil sil p cb @ctjkuaj tjis is ` rb`skd`ocy `hv`dmbh prknbmt, its mkdstrumtikd sjkuch mbrt`idcy dkt ob hieeimuct ekr `d bxpbribdmbh jkooyist. Bvbd l`gida kdb’s kwd mirmuit ok`rh sjkuch dkt ob `cc tj`t mj`ccbdaida, sbbida tj`t it is sidacb-sihbh `dh tjb c`ykut is rbc`tivbcy kpbd. Eiaur iaurb = sjkws tjb m kpp br tr`m tr`m g c`ykut `dh tjb

Xjb sketw`rb Xjb sketw`rb m `d ob idst`ccbh idst`ccbh witjkut j`vida ` lk hbl mk ddbmtbh tk tjb sys sys-tbl. Jkwbvbr Jkwbvbr,, ` spb m i`c m `o cb is dbm bss bss`ry ekr ek r tjis. tjis. L`gb up tjb m `o cb usida usida twk ebl`cb 9-pid suo-H mkddbmtkrs. Mrkss-mkddbmt pids ? `dh = obtwbbd tjb twk mk ddbm tkrs tkrs, `dh hirbmtcy idtbridtbrm kddbm t tjb rbl`idida p ids. ids. Xjb o k` rh m` d ob h irbm irbm tcy m kddbmtbh tk tjb VM `s ` pbripjbr`c hbvimb oy lb`ds ke tjis m `o cb. ]bcbm t tjb hbs h bsir irbh bh sbri`c pk rt sbtsbttidas (?866, D, :, 0 kr 9566, D, :, 0) `dh st`rt tjb tbrlid`c bluc`tikd prkar`l (@D] (@D]I kr UX06?). 06 ?). Xjb Zkd/Zkee Zkd/Zk ee m kl ludilu dim`tikds prktkmkc is usbh. Dkw prbss oktj _bsbt (]0) `dh @utk-`dswbr (]?) `t tjb s`lb tilb `dh jkch tjb c`ttbr switmj prbssbh udtic tjb sbtup lbdu `p pb `rs kd tjb smrbbd. Xjb lb du sbcbmtikds prkvihb `mmbss tk ` sbt ke six eudmtikds wjimj `rb sbce-bxpc`d`tkry. Xjb p `sswkrh `sswkrh l` y m kdt` id dulbr`cs `dh cbttbrs. Dktb tj`t tjb sketw`rb histidauisjbs obtwbbd uppbrm`sb `dh ckwbrm`sb cbttbrs. Xjb l kh bl iditi`ciz`tik iditi`ciz`tikd d eudm tikd is suitsuit`o cb ekr `cc mkllkdcy-`v`ic mkllkdcy-`v`ic`o `o cb lkhbrd lkhbls. Id m`sb ` lkhbl is dkt usbh usbh , s sum um j ` s witj witj ` hirbm t s sbri`c bri`c m kddbmtikd tk tjb VM, tjb iditi`ciz`tikd strida

Eiaur Eiaurb b 8. Xjb ` ssblo ssblo cbh o k` rh m `d m klludim`tb klludim `tb witj witj `dy @D] @D]II kr UX UX06?-mk lp` tiocb tiocb tbrlid`c vi` ` lkhbl. 

`etbr ` m kch st`rt, st`rt, `cc 05 I/K cidbs cidbs `rb jiaj `dh tjb kutput pktbdti`c ke tjb H/@ m kdvb rtbr is 6 U.

Xjb systbl ystbl ` csk csk stkrbs tjbsb h be` uct sbttida tid a s id tjb tj b BBV_KL ie ` d idm id m krrbm krrb m t BB BBV

wjicb cb`vida tjb sbtup lbdu. Oy tjis lb`ds ` suppcblbdt`ry 06-sbmkdh hbc`y is prkar`llbh. Qjbdbvbr tjb sbtup lbdu is suosbqub dtcy bxitbh witjkut jkchida tjb @utk-`dswbr switmj hb prbssbh prbssbh , tjis bxtr` bxtr` hb c`y is hb cbtbh

tjb st`rtup sbqubdmb, sk tj`t `dy mj` dabs l`h b o btwbbd st`rtups st`rtups wicc wicc dkt ` eebm t tjb m urrbdt urrbdt sbcbmtikd.) Xjb Xjb systbl is dkw rb`hy ekr usb. Eirst switmj kd tjb lkhbl, `dh tjbd `pp cy pkwbr tk tjb h `t` `m quisiti quisitikd kd m `rh. Xjb Xjb rbh ` dh a rbbd CB CBH idhim ` tkrs wicc ec` ec` sj `ctb rd`tbcy. @s skkd `s tjb lkhbl iditi`ciz`tikd j`s obbd summbsseuccy mklp cbtbh , tjb arbbd a rbbd CB CBH wicc ciajt ciajt m kdtidukuscy. Oy tjb w`y, tjb mkdeiaur`tikd ke tjb lkh bl iditi`ciz`tikd iditi`ciz`tikd stri strida da m `d o b b`sicy mjbmgbh kut oy sbdhida it erkl tjb VM id tbrlid`c lkhb tk tjb lkhbl. Xjb rbspkd sb erkl tjb l kh bl sjkuch ob ‚KG’ kr ‚6’. His`ocb tjb `utk-`dswbr lkhb oy o ribecy prbssida prbssida tjb @utk-` dswbr dswbr switmj. switmj. Xjb a rbbd CBH wicc ec`sj ` t ` sckw r` tb, `dh tjb lkh bl wicc dkw dkt rbs rbspk pk dh tk ` rida tkdb kd tjb tbcbpjkdb cidb. Vrbss rbss tjb tjb @utk-`d swbr switmj switmj ` a ` id tk rb-bd`ocb tjb dkrl`c `utk-`dswbr lkhb.

Ck a a i d a i d ` d h l k rrbb … Ckaaida id tk tjb systbl is silic`r tk ckaa ida id tk ` OO]. Illbh i`tbcy ` etbr tjb mkddbmtikd is bst`ocisjbh, tjb usbr is rbqub stbh tk b dtbr tjb p `sswkrh. `sswkrh. Ie `d idmkrrbmt p`sswkrh is bdtbrbh, tjb

CBH idh i dh im ` tk r s _ b h CB H k ee kd ec` s j id a k ee k ee ` ct b rd ` t b cy ec` s j id a

A rb b d CB H kd k ee k ee s ck w ec` s j id a e` s t ec` s j id a

prkmbhurb m`d ob tbrlid`tbh oy sbdh ida tjb ‚B] ‚B]M’ m j`r` m tbr. tbr.

]ull`ry ke tjb mkll`dhs M6 ‘ Mkdtrkc mkll`dh Xjis m kl l` dh is ` dswbrbh dswbrbh witj ‚KG’. ‚KG’. Xjis kdcy wk rgs ie dk l kh bl is o bida usbh usbh 7 k tjbrwis tjbrwisb ` ‚D@MG ‚D@MG’’ m j`r`m tbr is sbdt id rbspkdsb. M 0 ‘ _bqubst I/K h`t h` t` Xjis m kll` dh m `usbs ` strida trida ke m j`r`m tbrs tbrs tk ob sbdt `etbr ` h bc`y ke k db sbm kdh . Xjis Xjis strida j ` s tjb ekcck wida mkdstrumtikd>

] t` tu s s t ` d h o y /k p b r` t ik d w it j k u t l k h b l m k d d b m tik d w it j ` d k t j b r l k h b l B B V _ K L m j b m gs u l b rrk r ` u t k -` d s w b r h is ` o cb h l k h b l id it i` ciz ` t ik d b rrk r w ` it id a ek r l k h b l id it i` ciz ` t ik d

II < H/@ H/@ kutp ut rba rba istbr istbr h` t` NNNN NNNN < v`cub ke 05-oit mk udtbr GGGG < erbqubdm erbq ubdm y lb` lb ` surblbdt urblb dt rbsuct rbsuct CC < ec`a rbaistbr rbaistbr h`t` > - oit 6 idhim` tbs `d I?] m klludim `tikd brrkr - oit 0 idhim `tbs ` m kudtbr kvbreckw kvbreckw - oit = idhim `tbs ` erbqubdm y lb` surburblbdt kvbreckw - oits 8∟1 ` rb dkt usbh usbh LL < mjbm gsul gsul v`cub

@@OOMMHHBBEEAAJJII N N N N G G GG G G CC CC L L 3 M _ 4 id wjimj tjb h`t` is prbsbdtbh `s ekcckws>

M? ‘ Qritb tk I/K Xjis m kll` dh sjkuch ob ekcckwbh witjid kdb sbmkdh oy ` mj`r`mtbr strida mk dt`idida dt`idida tjb ekcckwid ekcckwida a h `t` > @@ < dbw v` cub ekr Vkrt Vkrt 0 rbaistbr OO < dbw v` cub ek r Vkrt ? rba istbr istbr MM < dbw v`cub ekr H/@ kutput rba istbr istbr HH < mjbm gsul gsul

@@ < Vkrt 0 rbais rba istbr tbr h` t`

Ie tjb rbmbivbh mjbmgsul is mkrrbmt

M = ‘ _bsbt mkudt kudtbr Xjis m kll` dh rbsbts rbsbts tjb m kudtbr tk zbrk `dh mcb`rs tjb mkudtbr kvbreckw ec`a. M 8 ‘ Orb`g tjb mkddbmt mkddbmtikd Xjis m kll `dh kdcy wkrgs id m klo id`tikd witj ` lkhbl. Ie it is usbh id tjb `osbdmb ke ` lkhbl, ` ‚D@MG’ mj`r`mtbr is sbdt id rbspkdsb. Id abdbr`c, tjb idtbrv`c obtwbbd ` mkll`dh `dh its `sskmi`tbh h`t` strida trida l` y dkt bxmbbh kdb sbm sbm kdh. Vbrj`p s tjis j`s ob bd ` oit lum j id kdb a k, out wb’vb dkw akttbd tjrkuaj tjrkuaj tjb mklpcbtb hbsiad hbsmriptikd. Erkl dkw kwd, yku sjkuch rblblobr tjb rucb tj`t ‚bxpbribdmb is tjb obst tb`mjbr’, `dh tjus put tjb systbl tk usb usb id sklb p r`mtim `c ` pp cim` tikds. tikds. Xjis lb`ds skchbrida `dh prkar`llida, `dh ckkgida ckkgida ekr suit suit`o `o cb ` pp cim cim `tikds. `tikds. Jbrb wb cilit kursbcvbs tk tjb idtbre`mb prkvihbh oy tjb h `t` `m quisiti quisitikd kd sys sys-tbl ` dh cb` vb tjb qubstikd qubstikd ke its `p pcim`tikd tk yku. Jkwbvbr, dulbrkus pktbdti`c `pp cim` cim` tikds tikds l`y o b ekudh id p`st issubs ke Bc b g t k r Bc b m t r k d i m s ,  sk j`ppy judtida! (tip> usb tjb Bcbgtkr  B c b m t r k d i m s   Itbl Xr`m br).

L`dy kchbr VMs j`vb `mmuluc`tbh ckts ke hust idsihb tjb m`sb `dh m`d obdbeit erkl mcb`dida ` dulobr ke `rb`s `dh bssbdti`c mklpkdbdts.  @ctjkuaj tjb ouich-up ke hirt, hirt, hust, arilb `dh hboris idsihb tjb VM m`sb wicc r`rbcy ob tjb m`usb ke illbhi`tb j`rhw`rb l`ceudmtikds, it hkbs kostrumt tk sklb bxtbdt tjb `oskcutbcy vit`c `ireckw idsihb tjb mklputbr m`sb. Xjis, id turd, cbssbds tjb mkkcida m`p`mity ke vbdtic`tkrs, id p`rtimuc`r, tjb dkisy  kdb `t tjb lkst hrb`hbh `dh uacibst sihb ke mklputbr> tjb o`mg! ]pridamcb`dida VM j`rhw`rb is ketbd ekrakttbd `s lkst VM usbrs sbbl tk `sskmi`tb tjb tbrl l`idtbd`dmb witj krpj`d-HCC mcb`rida, j`rh-hisg hber`albdtida `dh tjb cigb.

hust id tjb VM sprida-mcb`dida kch hust b`tbrs Orkwsida tjrkuaj tjb c`tbst mklputbr l`a`zidbs `dh rb`hida `okut dbw `dh bvbr e`stbr l`mjidbs (`dh sklb ke tjb idmrbhiocb prkocbls tjby prbsbdt), it’s b`sy tk ekrabt tj`t tjbrb `rb tjkus`dhs ke VMs `rkudh tj`t j`vb obbd id usb ekr l`dy yb`rs id jklbs

02[yb`rs `ak. Kg`y, lkhbrd VMs j`vb tblpbr`turb-mkdtrkccbh vbdtic`tkrs wjimj `rb lumj quibtbr tj`d tjb b`rcy typbs, out tj`t hkbs dkt hbtr`mt erkl tjb dbmbssity ke ` mkkcida `ir strb`l id tjb m`sb. Xjb rb`skd ekr lbdtikdida tjb V]R e`d id tjis `rtimcb is tj`t it j`s twk udwbcmklb sihb-beebmts. Xjb eirst is tj`t it prkhumbs dkisb. Dkisb, `ctjkuaj dkt tjb l`id suonbmt ke tjis `rtimcb, l`y ob rbhumbh tk ` mbrt`id bxtbdt, `s wicc ob hismussbh eurtjbr kd. Xjb sbmkdh prkocbl witj tjb e`d is tj`t it mkccbmts hust wjimj l`y uctil`tbcy m`usb it tk rud sckwbr, `dh sk bdh`dabr tjb cieb ke tjb mklpkdbdts tj`t sjkuch ob mkkcbh, obm`usb tjb `ireckw is v`stcy rbhumbh. Xjb ouich-up ke hust id mbrt`id `rb`s idsihb tjb VM l`y ob bxpc`idbh kd tjb o`sis ke tjb `ir eckw mrb`tbh oy tjb V]R e`d. O`sim`ccy, (rbc`tivbcy) mkkc `ir is sumgbh idtk tjb m`sb `ckda v`rikus p`tjs, p`ssbh tjrkuaj tjb V]R m`sb, `dh ockwd kut ke tjb m`sb. Xjb `ir eckw id ` typim`c (lbhiul-sizb) tkwbr m`sb is iccustr`tbh id Eiaur aurb 0. It is, ke mkursb, `ssulbh tj`t tjb VM m`sb is mcksbh. Rsu`ccy, ‚erbsj’ `ir is sumgbh idtk tjb tkwbr m`sb vi` kpbdidas (sckts, ` pbrekr`tbh `rb` kr ` ariccb-cigb strumturb) id tjb VM erkdt sihb, db`r tjb o`sb ke tjb

Eiaurb ?. Iccustr`tida tjb `ireckw id ` typim`c hbsgtkp VM (tjis vidt`ab kdb j`ppbdbh tk ob

Eiaurb 8. Hisl`dtcbh V]R m`sb witj tjb e`d rblkvbh sbp`r`tbcy. It is b`sicy mcb`dbh witj

pkidt is db`rbr tjb eckkr. Eiau Eiaurb rb = sjkws ` cigbcy m`dhih`tb ekr mcb`dida. Hust is rieb `dh mcb`rcy visiocb kd tjis V]R e`d ok`stida tbd yb`rs ke e`itjeuc kpbr`tikd. Obekrb wb mkdtidub kur stkry, `d ilpkrt`dt pkidt lust ob lbdtikdbh. _blkvida hust erkl tjb idsihb ke ` VM idvkcvbs kpbdida tjb m`sb `dh his`ssblocida sklb ke tjb idtbrd`c mklpkdbdts. Xjis sjkuch dkt ob `ttblptbh oy obaiddbrs, kr ie tjb VM is sticc mkvbrbh oy ` w`rr`dty. @csk, `cc `mtikds sjkuch ob m`rribh kut witj tjb l`ids mkrh `dh `cc pbripjbr`cs hismkddbmtbh. Kosbrvb `cc prbm`utikds rbcbv`dt tk bcbmtrim`c s`ebty. Ekrtud`tbcy, mcb`dida tjb V]R e`d is dkt rbquirbh kd ` wbbgcy kr bvbd lkdtjcy o`sis, tjb `lkudt ke hust j`vida sbttcbh id `dh `rkudh tjb e`d oc`hbs hbpbdhida l`idcy kd tjb dulobr ke jkurs tjb VM j`s obbd id usb, `dh its ckm`tikd tjb keeimb, stuhy, mbcc`r, orkkl mupok`rh, gitmjbd, `ttim kr civida rkkl! Id sklb m`sbs, it wicc ob sueeimibdt ie tjb hust kd `dh `rkudh tjb e`d is rblkvbh usida ` sl`cc orusj `dh ` v`muul mcb`dbr. Jkwbvbr, ekr ` tjkrkuaj sprida-mcb`dida nko, yku j`vb tk rblkvb tjb V]R erkl tjb m`sb. Rsu`ccy,

tikds kd tjis tjblb, it is hieeimuct tk aivb j`rh `dh e`st `hvimb jbrb. X`gb sklb tilb tk stuhy tjb strumturb ke tjb V]R m`sida. Xjb smrbws tj`t dbbh tk ob ckksbdbh `t tjis pkidt sjkuch ob db`r tjb bhabs ke tjb m`sida. Ktjbrs eurtjbr rblkvbh erkl tjb bhabs `rb obst aivbd ` liss obm`usb tjby typim`ccy sbmurb idtbrd`c mklpkdbdts cigb pkwbr sblimkdhumtkrs tj`t rbquirb tjb lbt`c sihb p`dbcs ekr mkkcida. X`gb X`gb tjb V]R m`sida `p`rt, `dh aivb tjb idsihb ` tjkrkuaj mcb`dida usida tjb orusj-`dh-v`muul-mcb`dbr lbtjkh `crb`hy lbdtikdbh. Dkw’s `csk ` akkh kppkrtudity tk rblkvb tjb e`d, `dh mcb`d it sbp`r`tbcy (Eiaur Eiaurb b 8). L`gb surb yku gdkw jkw tjb tjida is tk ob lkudtbh `a`id, jkwbvbr, `s yku rud tjb risg ke `mmihbdt`ccy rbvbrsida tjb `ir eckw kd rb-`ssblocy. rb-`ssblocy. ]klbtilbs tjbsb e`ds j`vb `d `rrkw pridtbh kd tjbl tk idhim`tb tjb hirbmtikd ke tjb `ireckw `t tjb mkrrbmt pkc`rity. Yku Yku l`y dkt w`dt tk lkudt tjb s`lb kch e`d `a`id, jkwbvbr, obm`usb `d `ttr`mtivb kppkrtudity is `v`ic`ocb tk rbpc`mb it witj ` dbw `dh obttbr kdb, i.b., tblpbr`turb-mkdtrkccbh, quibtbr `dh/kr witj rb`c (lbt`c) o`cc ob`ridas. ]umj `d (idbxpbdsivb) upar`hb is surb tk bcilid`tb lumj ke tjb `pp`ccida dkisb prk-

trb`tlbdt. Ekr bxtr` eud, put ` c`rab sjbbt ke wjitb p`pbr kd ykur hbsg. Qb ekudh (`lkda ktjbr oits obst cbet udlbdtikdbh) j`irs, oits ke p`pbr, orb`h mrulos, mjkmkc`tb spridgcbs, mia`rbttb `sj `dh tko`mmk. Kdcy ie yku `rb rb`ccy sbrikus `okut mcb`dida tjb gbyok`rh, yku l`y w`dt tk t`gb it `p`rt `dh rblkvb b`mj `dh  bvbry ekrbiad p`rtimcb bdmkudtbrbh  tjbrbid. Xjis l`y ob trimgy jkwbvbr `s sklb ckw-mkst gbyok`rhs mkdt`id ` sidacb, vbry er`aicb mirmuit ok`rh.

Xjb lkditkr   Qjbd it mklbs tk mcb`di da, tjb VM lkditkr is ` sbp`r`tb stkry. Xjbrb `rb ` dulobr ke risgs tk ob t`gbd idtk `mmkudt obekrb kpbdida `dy  VM hispc`y. Xjb l`id h`dabrs `rb tjb jiaj M_X (pimturb tuob vkct`ab, ilpcksikd ke tjb M_X, `dh upsbttida tjb (hbcim`tb) pimturb abklbtry `hnustlbdts. Xjb udh`udtbh `lkda yku l`y j`vb ` ckkg `t Eiau Eiaurb rb : wjimj sjkws typim`c hust ouich-up spkts> `rkudh tjb M_X jiaj-vkct`ab mkddbmtkr, tjb jiaj-vkct`ab m`ab, `dh tjb pimturb mkdtrkcs `t tjb bhab ke tjb VMO (kd lkhbrd lkditkrs, tjbsb mkdtrkcs `rb usu`ccy hiait`c `dh eittbh `t tjb erkdt sihb). Mcb`dida

 v`  v`ri`ocb pk pkwbr su suppcy 6”?8 U, 0 @ kr ? @

ihb`c ekr tjb sl`cc wkrgsjkp 

Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug  HB]IAD

Xjb o`sim sbtup ke ` pkwbr skurmb is e`ircy silpcb‘sbb Eiaurb 0. Xjb `ctbrd`tida vkct`ab `v`ic`ocb `t tjb sbmkdh`ry ke tjb l`ids tr`dsekrlbr is mkdvbrtbh idtk ` hirbmt vkct`ab oy euccw`vb rbmtieibr orihab O 0. Xjb cbvbc ke  tjb hirbmt vkct`ab is r`isbh oy twk p`r`ccbc-mkddbmtbh eibch-beebmt tr`dsistkrs, X0 `dh X?, ckm`tbh obtwbbd tjb dba`tivb kutput tbrlid`c `dh arkudh. Xjb tr`dsistkrs `rb hrivbd oy twk mkdtrkc mirmuits o`sbh kd kpbr`tikd`c `lpcieibrs `lpcieibrs ” kp `lps ” IM IM0 `dh IM?. Xjbsb mirmuits mkdtidukuscy mklp`rb tjb kutput vkct`ab `dh tjb kutput murrbdt witj prbsbt w`dtbh v`cubs. Id mkdtr`st tk usu`c pkwbr suppcy hbsiads, tjb EBXs `rb dkt `rr`dabh `s skurmb ekcckwbrs. Xjis is ` hbciobr`tb mjkimb idtbdhbh tk s`vb bdbray. Xjis  obmklbs mcb`r mcb`r wjbd it is rb`cizbh rb`cizbh tj`t tjb pktbdti`c `t tjb a`tb ke tjb tr`dsistkrs dbbhs dbbhs tk ob `okut 5 U jiajbr tj`d tj`d tj`t `t tjb skurmb. Id tjb prbsbdt hbsiad, tjis is beebmtbh oy hrivida tjb a`tb witj rbebrbdmb tk tjb idtbrd`c b`rtj ke tjb pkwbr udit `dh dkt witj rbebrbdmb tk tjb pksitivb kutput r`ic `s is usu`c. @d `uxici`ry `uxici`ry vkct`ab ke +9 U ekr tjb mkdtrkc mirmuits is prkvihbh oy rbauc`tkr IM=. Xjis vkct`ab `csk eudmtikds `s rbebrbdmb pktbdti`c> tjb w`dtbh v`cubs

 Eiaurb 0. Mirmuit hi`ar`l ke tjb v`ri`ocb pkwbr suppcy. suppcy. Xjb kutput vkct`ab is sbt witj V0  `dh tjb kutput murrbdt  cilit witj V ? . Hiait`c vkctlbtbr `dh `llbtbr lkhucbs l`y   ob mkddbmtbh tk +U `dh ”U, `dh +I `dh ”I, rbspbmtivbcy. rbspbmtivbcy.

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 Eiaurb ?. Xjb hbsiad ke tjb pridtbh-mirmuit pridtbh-mirmuit ok`rh `cckws it tk ob lkudtbh   objidh `dh id p`r`ccbc witj tjb erkdt p`dbc ke tjb bdmcksurb.

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Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug  V`rts cist _bsistkrs> _0 < 0 g ℥ _?, _ 8 < 85.8 g℥, 0% _=, _ 5 < ?18 g℥, 0% _2 < =.9 g℥ _1 < 02 g℥ (0 @ vbrsikd)7 :.? g ℥ (? @ vbrsik vbrsikd) d) _:, _ 9, _ 08 < 8.1 g℥ _06, _00 < ??6 ℥ _0?, _0= < 0 ℥, 2 Q _02 < =.= g℥, 0 Q _05, _01 < =.= g℥ _0:, _?6 < ?? g℥ _09 < ?.1 g℥ _?0, _?= < 0.6? g ℥, 0% _??, _?8 < 066 g℥, 0% V0, V ? < 0 g ℥ cidb`r pktbdtiklbtbr pktbdtiklbtbr

murrbdt tjrkuaj _5 `dh `dy cb`g`ab ke  tjb EBXs `dh sk, id e`mt, hbtbrlidbs tjb lidilul kutput vkct`ab. M`p`mitkrs M0 `dh M? ilprkvb tjb st`oicity ke tjb mirmuit `dh its pbrekrl`dmb `t suhhbd v`ri`tikds id ck`h.  U K C X L B X B _ ]

@DH

 @ L L B X B _ ]

]bvbr`c pktbdti`c hivihbrs (_ 0:”_?8) `rb prkvihbh kd tjb pridtbh-mirmuit ok`rh tk bd`ocb hiait`c lb`surida idstrulbdts tk ob mkddbmtbh. Hivihbr _ ”_ is idtbdhbh ekr mur-

M`p`mitkrs> M0, M =”M5, M06 < 6.0 6.0 ²E M? < 066 ²E, 86 U, r`hi`c M1, M : < 0666 ²E, ²E, 5= U (0 @ vbrsikd)7 ??66 ²E, ²E, 5= U (? @ vbrsikd) M9 < 066 ²E, ²E, 05 U, U, r`hi`c M00 < 06 ²E, 5= U ]blimkdhumtkrs> O0 < O:6M==66/??66 rbmtieibr H0, H= < O@X:2 H?, H8 < CBH, rbh, jiaj beeimibdmy H2, H5 < 0D8660 H1 < zbdbr hikhb 2.5 U, 866 lQ X0, X ? < ORG822-066@ kr ORG065-26] (Vjicips ]blimkdhumtkrs) ” sbb tbxt Idtbar`tbh mirmuits> IM0, IM? < XCM?10MV

ucbs witj `d IM erkl tjb 1065 e`licy hk dkt lbbt tjis rbquirblbdt `dh tjbsb lust, tjbrbekrb, ob aivbd ` sbp`r`tb suppcy su ppcy.. Xjbrb `rb, jkwbvbr, hiait`c lkhucbs tj`t m`d ob usbh witj tjb `ih ke ` sl`cc idtbar`c vkct`ab mkdvbrtbr. Xjb spbmieim`tikd ke tjbsb idv`ri`ocy st`tbs blpj`tim`ccy tj`t tjby hk dkt dbbh `d `uxici`ry vkct`ab. Id `cc ktjbr m`sbs, it lust ob `ssulbh tj`t tjb lkhucb dbbhs `d `uxici`ry vkct`ab. MKD]X_RMXIKD

IM= < 1:69 Lismbcc`dbkus> G 0 < l`ids bdtry witj idtbar`c kd/kee  switmj `dh 6.05 @ sckw-ockw eusb Xr0 < l`ids tr`dsekrlbr, tr`dsekrlbr, ?8 U, 0.?2 @ (0 @ vbrsikd) kr ?8 U, ?.2 @ (? @ vbrvbrsikd) jb`t sidg (ekr X0-X?)> 0.? G Q”0 ? kee mj`ssis skmgbt, =.2 ll bdmcksurb :6”066Ñ?66Ñ0:6 0:6 ll (0 @ vbrsikd) kr 066”0?6 066”0?6 Ñ?66Ñ0:6 ll (? @ vbrsikd) vbrsikd) VMO krhbr dk. 9:66?8 (sbb (sbb _b`hbrs ]brvimbs tkw`rhs tjb bdh ke tjis issub) kptikd`c> idstrulbdts ekr lb`surida tjb kutput vkct`ab `dh kutput murrbdt ” sbb tbxt

jkcbs id tjb bdmcksurb, oktj `okvb `dh udhbrdb`tj tjb jb`t sidg. Mkdsihbr`tikd sjkuch ob aivbd tk tjb usb ke ` sl`cc e`d, obm`usb tjb idsihb ke tjb sl`cc bdmcksurb abts vbry jkt. ]t`dh`rh h`rh 0? U VM e`ds rud wbcc wbcc kd 9 U (`dh `rb tjbd `csk quibtbr). It is, ke mkursb, pkssiocb tk prkvihb prkvihb ` 0? U cidb witj tjb `ih ke `d `hhitikd`c 1:0? vkct`ab rbauc`tkr. It is `hvis`ocb tk usb ` l`ids bdtry witj idtbar`c eusb lkudtbh `t tjb o`mg  ke tjb bdmcksurb. Xjis gbbps tjb prbsbdmb ke l`ids vkct`ab idsihb tjb udit

Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug  tjb vkct`ab `t tjb tbst pkidts idhim`tbh id Eiaurb 0 witj ` hiait`c hiait`c vkctlbtbr. vkctlbtbr. Dktb tj`t tjb v`cubs id tjb vkct`ab rbauc`tikd sbmtikd o`sbh kd IM0 rbebr tk `d idput vkct`ab ke ?: U, `d kutput vkct`ab ke ?8 U `dh dk ck`h. Xjksb Xjksb id tjb murrbdt rbauc`tikd sbmtikd o`sbh kd IM? `dh `rkudh tjb tr`dsistkrs rbebr tk `d idput vkct`ab ke ?: U, `d kutput vkct`ab ke ?6 U, `dh ` ck`h ke 0 @. Xjb mirmuit hkbs dkt rbquirb sbttida  up kr m`cior`tikd, out `etbr vbrieim`tikd ke tjb tbst vkct`abs, it sjkuch ob `smbr-

t`idbh tj`t tjb kutput kutput vkct`ab is ?8 U `dh tj`t `d `d kutput murrbdt murrbdt ke 0 @ kr ? @, hbpbdhida hbpbdhida kd tjb vbrsikd, m`d ob `tt`idbh. @csk, mjbmg tj`t tjb kutput vkct`ab m`d ob rbhumbh rbhumbh tk db`rcy db`rcy 6 U witj V0. @ v`cub ke 6.?”6.= 6.?”6.= U is `mmbpt`ocb, out out ie  tjb kutput vkct`ab m`ddkt ob rbhumbh tk obckw 0 U, tjb r`tiks _=>_8 `dh _5>_? `rb dkt bqu`c. Xjis l`y ob rblbhibh oy sjudtida _? kr _8 witj ` rbsistkr ke  `okut `okut 0 L℥ (tjb prbmisb v`cub dbbhs tk  ob `smbrt`idb `smbrt`idbh h oy tri`c `dh brrkr) udtic udtic

ORG sbribs eibch-beebmt tr`dsistkrs

L`dy rb`hbrs wicc ob e`lici`r witj tjb OR^  `dh  `dh I_E  typbs ke eibchbeebmt tr`dsistkr, out tjb ORG  sbribs  sbribs usbh usbh id tjb prbsbdt prbsbdt pkwbr pkwbr sup pcy is dkt (ybt) sk wbcc-gdkwd. Xjb ORG  sbribs  sbribs mklprisbs mklprisbs ` dulobr dulobr ke vbrsikd vbrsikds s pbrlittida pbrlittida bvbr  bvbr  c`rabr vkct`abs `dh murrbdts. Xjb ORG822-066@ usbh id tjb pkwbr  udit, ekr idst`dmb, m`d j`dhcb vkct`abs up tk 066 U. @ dktbwkrtjy   prkpbrty ke tjis EBX  is  is its ckw tjbrl`c rbsist`dmb rbsist`dmb ke 0.? G Q  ”0. Xjis

tjb kutput vkct`ab is ` lidilul. Id m`sb ke tjb vkct`ab lkhucb mkddbmtbh tk +U `dh ”U, tjb lbtbr l`y sjkw ` vkct`ab tj`t is dkt tjbrb. Xjb kdcy pkssiocb rb`skd ekr tjis is `d `pp`rbdt idbqu`city id tjb r`tiks _??>_?? `dh _?8>_?=, wjimj l`y j`ppbd bvbd ie rbsistkrs witj ` 0% tkcbr`dmb `rb usbh. Xjb brrkr l`y ob br`him`tbh oy sjudtida _ ?0 kr _?= witj ` rbsistkr rbsistkr ke `okut 066 g ℥ (tjb prbmisb v`cub dbbhs tk ob `smbrt`idbh oy tri`c `dh brrkr). W9:66?8\

mkursb, tjbkrbtim`c v`cubs (mkkcida wkuch j`vb tk ob pbrebmt), out   id pr`mtim b, witj ` j b`t sidg ke 0.? G Q  ”0 , t jb tr`dsi stkr wkuch   ob `ocb tk hissip`tb 5?.2 Q `t ` ∅X ke 026 ¶ ,  , wjimj is ` ckt. Dbvbrtjbcbss, tk pc`y s`eb, tjb hissip`tikd id tjb pkwbr suppcy is hivihbh kvbr twk tr`dsistkrs. Xjb ORG065-26], ` sk-m`ccbh XKVEBX  erkl tjb s`lb sbribs,  l`y `csk ob usbh. Xjis hbvimb is lkrb bxpbdsivb out j`s sklb  spbmi`c prkpbrtibs. I t j`s twk `hhit ikd`c pids> kdb ekr ` prktbmtikd suppcy idput `dh tjb ktjbr ekr ` ec`a kutput. Qjbd ` suppcy  vkct`ab is `ppcibh tk tjb prktbmtikd suppcy idput, tjb hbvimb wicc   `utk-prktbmt itsbce `a`idst vkct`abs jiajbr tj`d 26 U. Q jbd tj`t   j`ppbds, tjb tr`dsistkr mkdhumts sciajtcy, wjimj is dkt dbmbss`r icy ` akkh tjida id ` pkwbr u dit. It wicc switmj i tsbce k ee wjbd its tblpbr`turb risbs `okvb 026 ¶M, wjimj is ` wkrtjwjicb e`micity id  ` pkwbr suppcy. Xjb ec`a kutput idhim`tbs wjbd ` prktbmtikd mirmuit is bd`ocbh. Xjis mirmuit is his`ocbh oy oribecy switmjida kee tjb suppcy vkct `ab `t tjb prktbmtikd suppcy idput. Oktj typbs ke EBX  l`y ob u sbh kd tjb prid tbh-mirmuit ok`rh. Xjb prktbmtikd suppcy idput pid ke tjb ORG065-26] is tjbd `utk l`tim`ccy cidgbh tk tjb +9 U r`ic prkvihbh oy IM =. Xjb ec`a kutput 

O`c`dmbh/udo`c`dmbh mkdvbrtbrs ekr `uhik siad`cs  ekr jiaj-bdh `ppcim`tikds

Id tjb Pubst Ekr Pu`city, ` qu`si-lbt`pjysim`c `mtivity zbst-

Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug  rbsistkrs witj ` tkcbr`dmb ke 6.0 pbr mbdt kr obttbr.

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 ocb mkllkd-lkhb mkllkd-lkhb rbnbmtikd. rbnbmtikd. Xjksb ke  yku wjk `rb idtbrbstbh id tjb mjibe  tbmjdim`c spbms ke tjb ]]L?08? wicc dk hkuot eidh tjis lkdtj’s H`t`sjbbt p`abs ke p`rtimuc`r idtbrbst.

 Eiaurb 0. Mirmui t hi` ar`l ke tjb udo`c `dmbh-tk-o`c`dmbh  mkdvbrtbr o`sbh kd tjb ]]L?08? erkl

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idst`ccbh wjimj t`gbs tjb siad`c erkl tjb ‚idput’ pid tk tjb mbdtrb pid. Xjis is tjb skcutikd wb `hkptbh. Xjb kutput is `csk silpcb silpcb>> pid : ke  tjb ]]L?08? suppcibs idpj`sb (+) kutput siad`c, wjicb pid 0 suppcibs tjb idvbrtbh (”) siad`c. ]idmb oktj kutputs `rb ck`hbh witj ` =60- ℥ rbsistkr tk arkudh, `d kutput ilpbh`dmb ke  `okut 566 ℥ is mrb`tbh. Xjb ]]L?08? is prktbmtbh `a`idst p`r`sitim siad`cs `rrivida oy w`y ke tjb suppcy cidbs. Xjis is `mjibvbh oy mkddbmtida bcblbdt`ry _M eictbr dbtwkrgs mklprisida ke _=-M0-M? `dh _8-M=-M8 tk tjb rbspbmtivb suppcy pids ke tjb ]]L?08?. Xjb kutput ke tjb mirmuit suppcibs `d `uhik siad`c wjimj sjkuch  ob wkrtjy wkrtjy ke tjb vbry vbry obst jklb-orbw jklb-orbw `uhik prknbmts. @ eid`c wkrh kr twk `okut tjb pkwbr suppcy> `ctjkuaj ` °0? U syllbtrim`c suppcy wicc ob eidb id l`dy m`sbs, wb rbmkllbdh usida °02 U `s sjkwd id tjb mirmuit hi`ar`l obm`usb tj`t v`cub rbsucts id `d ilprkvbh

 Eiaurb =. Mkppbr tr`mg  tr` mg   c`ykut `dh mklpkdbdt  lkudtida pc`d ke tjb  pridtbh mirmuit ok`rh  ok`r h  hbsiadbh ekr twk o`c `dmbh-tk-udo`c`d mbh  mkdvbrtbrs `dh twk udo`c`dmbh-tk-o`c `dmbh mkdvbrtbrs (ok`rh `v`ic`ocb rb`hy l`hb tjrkuaj tjb  _b`hbrs ]brvimbs).

Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug  MKLVKDBDX] CI]X

Vridtbh mirmuit ok`rh> krhbr mkhb 9:66?5-0. O`c`dmbh-tk-udo`c`dmbh mkdvbrtbr _bsistkrs> _0,_? < ?=g℥?? 0% _= < 0L℥ _8 < 5:6℥ _2,_5 < 066℥ V0 < 0g℥ prbsbt vbrtim`c V? < 06g℥ cka`ritjlim pktbdtiklbtbr (l`y ob rbpc`mbh oy nulpbr) M`p`mitkrs> M0 < ??pE M?,M8,M5,M1 < 066dE M=,M2 < 066 ²E ?2U r`hi`c M:,M9 < 81 ²E ?2U r`hi`c ]blimkdhumtkrs> IM0 < ]]L?080 (@d`cka Hbvimbs) IM? < DB22=8 (Vjicips ]blimkdhumtkrs)

Rdo`c`dmbh-tk-o`c`dmbh mkdvbrtbr _bsistkrs> _0,_? < =60℥ 0% _=,_8 < 066℥ V0 < 06g℥ cka`ritjlim pkt (kr  nulpbr) M`p`mitkrs> M0,M= < 066 ²E ?2U r`hi`c

mkdvbrtbr, it l`y ob rbpc`mbh oy wirb cidgs. Xjis w`s `csk hkdb kd kur prktktypb. Dktb, jkwbvbr, tj`t tjb skurmb ilpbh`dmb j`s tk ob pbrebmtcy mkdtrkccbh, `s tjb sciajtbst ilo`c`dmb ke  tjb skurmb rbsist`dmb wicc rbhumb tjb `mjibv`ocb ML_ v`cub. Ekr bx`lpcb, ` hieebrbdmb ke nust 2 ℥ is pudisjbh witj ` ML_ idmrb`sb idmrb`sb ke dk cbss tj`d ?6 hO. Xjb kutput siad`c ke tjb ]]L?080 is `ppcibh tk `d DB22=8 vkct`ab ekcckwbr oy w`y ke ` 06-g ℥ prbsbt. Xjb (ckw-ilpbh`dmb) kutput ke tjb DB22=8 sjkuch ob `ocb tk hrivb `clkst `dy prb`lpcieibr idput. Xjb rbl`rgs kd tjb suppcy eictbrida ke tjb ]]L?08? `csk `ppcy tk tjb ]]L?080. Ie usbh, tjb ML_ eidb-tudida prbsbt j`s tk ob `hnustbh witj tjb `ih ke ` hieebrbdti`c idput siad`c. Qj`t obttbr w`y tk abdbr`tb sumj ` siad`c tj`d usb tjb ]]L?08?; @ppcy ` 26-Jz, 066-lU siad`c tk tjb idput ke tjb ?08?. Mkddbmt its kutput siad`c tk tjb ?080. Dbxt, twb`g V0 ekr tjb sl`ccbst pkssiocb siad`c `t tjb kutput. Xjis sbttida mkrrbspkdhs tk tjb obst pkssiocb ML_. Xjksb ke yku wjk hk dkt j`vb `d ksmiccksmkpb (kr `mmbss tk kdb) l`y rbpc`mb tjb 0-g ℥ prbsbt oy twk wirb cidgs, `s lbdtikdbh b`rcibr. Ie yku m`d abt jkch ke twk ?=.?-g ℥ rbsistkrs witj ` tkcbr`dmb ke 6.0%, dk `hnustlbdt sjkuch ob dbmbss`ry.

pkidts tk ob l`hb jbrb `rb tk kosbrvb tjb pkc`rity ke tjb bcbmtrkcytim m`p`mitkrs `dh tjb kribdt`tikd ke tjb idtbar`tbh mirmuits wjbd tjby `rb idsbrtbh idtk tjbir skmgbts. @csk ob surb dkt tk lix up tjb twk :-pid idtbar`tbh mirmuits kd tjb o`c`dmbh-tk-udo`c`dmbh mkdvbrtbr ok`rh. Xjb c`rab udbtmjbh mkppbr `rb`s kd tjb ok`rhs `mts `s arkudh pc`dbs wjimj jbcp tk l`gb tjb mirmuits illudb tk dkisb `dh ktjbr str`y siad`cs. J`vida eidisjbh tjb mkdstrumtikd ke  tjb mkdvbrtbr ok`rhs yku l`y lkudt tjbl id sl`cc okxbs, `dh wirb tjbl up tk tjb bxtbrd`c p`rts. Xjb idput `dh kutput mkddbmtkrs l`y ob lidi-HID typbs ke wjimj kdcy tjrbb pids `rb usbh. Xjb udo`c`dmbh-tk-o`c`dmbh mkdvbrtbr is obst ckm`tbh mcksb tk tjb siad`c skurmb. Its mklpcblbdt, tjb o`c`dmbh-tk-udo`c`dmbh mkdvbrtbr, wicc typim`ccy ob idst`ccbh db`r tjb ‚rbmbivbr’. Dktb tjb mkddbmtikds> tjb kutputs ke tjb udo`c`dmbh-tk-o`c`dmbh udo`c`dmbh-tk-o`c`dmbh mkdvbrtbr `rb tjb lirrkr-il`ab ke tjb idputs ke tjb o`c`dmbh-tk-udo`c`dmbh mkdvbrtbr. Xjb mirmuits sjkuch eudmtikd spktkd. Xjb pjktkar`pj id Eiaurb 8 sjkuch `cckw yku tk mklp`rb ykur kwd beekrts `t ouichida tjb mirmuits witj tjksb ke  kur bdaidbbrida c`okr`tkry. Id p`rtimu-

idtrkhumtikd tk hiait`c siad`c prkmbssida V`rt = ” Hiait`c o`dhp`ss eictbrs  0=

 @etbr c`st lkdtj’s hismkursb kd tjb mklput`tikd ke erbqubdmy spbmtr`, tj`t gdkwcbhab is usbh id tjis,

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Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug  id tjb kutput siad`c ke `d EL rbmbivbr (`v`ic`ocb kd tjb MH-_KL `s ` eicb). DKI]B

@ D @ CY ] I ]

C K Q  - V @ ] ]

KE

08

@ 

E I CX B _ 

Dkw ekr bxpbrilbdt ZCV5.]VV, wjimj siluc`tbs tjb sbtup sjkwd id Eiaurb urb 02. ]iad`c abdbr`tkr DKI]B0.BZB prkvihbs wjitb dkisb, wjimj is `ppcibh tk ` silpcb ckw-p`ss eictbr. Xjb idput siad`c `dh kutput siad`c `rb `d`cysbh witj spbmtrul `d`cysbr ]VBM0. Xjb rbsuct is sjkwd id Eiaurb 05. HE X

@DH

EE X

Xjb `cakritjl tj`t mklputbs tjb spbmtrul erkl tjb s`lpcbh v`cubs is m`ccbh ` Hismrbtb Ekuribr Xr`dsekrl (HEX). Xjb E`st Ekuribr Xr`dsekrl (EEX) is ` lbtjkh ekr m`rryida kut tjb HEX mklput`tikds r`pihcy `dh beebmtivbcy. Xjb dulobr ke luctipcim`tikds m`rribh kut witj oktj tr`dsekrls is aivbd obckw ekr tjrbb v`cubs ke d, tj`t is, tjb dul obr ke s`lpcida pkidts. pkidts. Id tjb t`ocb, m is tjb e`mtkr idhim`tida jkw lumj e`stbr ` mklput`tikd mklput`tikd witj witj `d EEX is tj`d kdb witj ` HEX. d

05 0?: 8695

HEX ?25 05 =:8 05 111 ?05

EEX 58 :95 89 02?

9:6602 - = - 0?

t`c sidb w`vb abdbr`tkr tk ob rb`cizbh erkl wjimj, witj sklb lkhieim`tikds, ` o`dhp`ss eictbr l`y ob hbrivbh. Bdtbr tjbsb v`cubs idtk tjb uppbr cidb> p < mksϒ  q < sidϒ  mg  < mksg ϒ  ϒ  sg  < sidg ϒ

m

8 0: =80

Ie ϒ < ?φ e  /  e s, mg  `dh sg  `rb tjb s`lpcbh v`cubs ke, rbspbmtivbcy, ` mksiduskih`c `dh ` siduskih`c siad`c ke erbqubdmy  e  tj`t is s`lpcbh `t ` r`tb  e 

 Eiaurb 08. Xwk lkrsb (tbcb ar`pj) siad`cs `clkst suo lbrabh id dkisb.

`dh mksidb bqu`tikds, wb kot`id mg +0 +0 < pmg ”qsg  sg +0 +0 < qmg +psg 

Xjis lb`ds tj`t kdmb p`r`lbtbrs p `dh q j`vb obbd hbmihbh, tjb v`cubs ke  mg +0 +0 `dh sg +0 +0 m`d ob mklputbh oy ekur luctipcim`tikds, kdb `hhitikd `dh kdb suotr`mtikd erkl tjb v`cubs ke `dh

01

prkar`l sid6 7 usbs hks,ar`pj,mrt 7

{$I ]IACIO.V@]} v`r g>idt 7 e6,sm`cb>eck`t 7 p,q,mg,sg,mg[dbw,sg[dbw>eck`t p,q,mg,sg,mg[dbw,sg[dbw> eck`t 7 obaid st`rt(’sid-w`vb-abdbr`tkr’) st`rt(’sid-w`vb-abdbr`tk r’) 7 ds`lpcbs><06666 7 sbt[p`r[ckda(‚Sd<’,ds`lpcbs) 7 es><06 e6><066 6 7 sbt[p sbt[p`r[ `r[rb` rb`c(‚ c(‚Se6 Se6<’, <’,e6) e6) 7 sm`cb><266 7 sbt[p`r[rb`c(‚Ssm`cb<’,sm`cb) 7 kut[e ut[ed> d><’ <’s sid0. id0.w w`v’ `v’ 7 sbt sbt[p [p` `r[st r[str rida( ida(‚S ‚Sku kut t<’,k <’,ku ut[ed t[ed) ) 7 kpbd[kut(kut[ed) 7 p><0 7 sg><6 7 ekr g><0 tk ds`lpcbs hk obaid kutput(sm`cb*mg) 7 mg[dbw>
 Eiaurb 01. Vrkar`l ekr hiait`ccy abdbr`tida `  siduskih`c  siduskih`c siad`c.

sg . Xjis m`d ob hkdb vbry r`pihcy `dh is rb`hicy prkar`llbh kd ` siad`c prkmbsskr. Ekr bx`lpcb, prkar`llida  ke ` silpcb ksmicc`tkr `s id prkar`l ]ID6.V@] (kr (kr .BZB) is mjich’s pc`y. Xjb cistida is aivbd id Eiaurb 01. Xjb prkar`l abdbr`tbs ` siduskih`c siad`c (Z]ID0.]VV), wjimj is hispc`ybh id Eiaurb 0:. Xk st`rt tjb ksmicc`tkr, st`rt v`cubs m6 `dh s6 lust ob bdtbrbh `s rbcbv`dt, sidmb tjbsb hbtbrlidb tjb pj`sb `dh `lpcituhb ke tjb siad`c. @ctjkuaj sk e`r l`ttbrs j`vb dkt  obbd vbry mklpcim`tbh, wb j`vb `crb`hy siluc`tbh `d udh`lpbh rbskd`dt mirmuit. Id tjis, tjb v`cub mg  rbprbsbdts, s`y, tjb v`cub ke tjb murrbdt tjrkuaj tjb idhumtkr, `dh sg  tjb v`cub ke tjb pktbdti`c `mrkss tjb m`p`mitkr. Qb j`vb mklb vbry mcksb tk ` h`lpbh rbskd`dt mirmuit `s sjkwd id Eiau Eiaurb rb 09. Id tjb m`sb ke ` h`lpbh ksmicc`tikd, tjb v`cubs witjid summbssivb s`lpcida idtbrv`cs rbhumb oy ` e`mtkr r, tj`t is, tjb h`lpida e`mtkr 30. Mkdsbqubdtcy, tjb mklput`tikd idstrumtikd lust idmcuhb ` luctipcim`tikd oy r«0. Lkrbkvbr, tk bxmitb tjb rbskd`dt mirmuit, tjb idstrumtikd lust `csk

 Eiaurb 0:. @ mkdst`dt sidu skih`c siad`c (uppbr murvb)  `dh ` hbm`yida kdb.

Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug  idmcuhb `d idput siad`c ug . Xjb rbsuctida bqu`tikds `rb> mg +0 +0 < r(pmg ”qsg )+ug  sg +0 +0 < r(qmg +psg )

Xjis rbprbsbdts ` silpcb o`dhp`ss eictbr `dh `csk ekrls tjb o`sis ke tjb `sskmi`tbh prkar`l ]IDEIC0.V@] V@] (kr .BZB). Xk tbst tj`t tjis is rb`ccy ` o`dhp`ss eudmtikd, ` sidacb pucsb is usbh `s idput siad`c `dh tjb kutput ke tjb eictbr kosbrvbh. Ie `cc is wbcc, tjis sjkuch ob ` h`lpbh ksmicc`tikd, mkdstitutida  Z]ID0.]VV `s sjkwd oy tjb ckwbr murvb id Eiaurb 0:. Xjis is `d bxpkdbdti`ccy bxpkdbdti`ccy h`lpbh w`vbekrl abdbr`tbh oy tjb  o`dhp`  o`dhp`ss ss eict eictbr br,, tj`t tj`t is, is, tjb tjb rbskd rbskd`dt `dt mirmuit. Bxpbrilbdt ZO@DHV0.]VV bd`ocbs ` swbbp siad`c tk ob p`ssbh tjrkuaj tjb eictbr. @a`id, v`rikus v`cubs ke  e 6 `dh r l`y ob usbh7 p`rtimuc`rcy idtbrbstida  `rb tjb v`cubs r < 6.27 r < 6.97 r < 6.997 r < 6.9997 `dh r < 6.9999. @d udusu`c `spbmt ke tjb eictbr is tj`t it mklputbs dkt kdcy tjb mksiduskih`c, out `csk tjb siduskih`c, ksmicc`tikd. Xjis l`y ob idvbrtbh tk kot`id mg +? +? < o0mg +0 +0+o?mg +ug 

wjimj yibchs witj tjb `ih ke tjb skm`ccbh eictbr mkbeeimibdt>

09 R

t

t

R

9:6602 - = - 01

 Eiaurb 09. @ h`lpbh `dh `d udh`lpbh ksmicc`tkr mirmuit  `dh `sskmi`tbh ksmicc`tikds. ksmicc`tikds.

siad`cs. @ o`dhp`ss eictbr bd`ocbs kdb ke tjbsb siad`cs tk ob bdj`dmbh siadiaim`dtcy. Hbtbmtikd ke tjb siad`c l`y  ob beebmtbh beebmtbh `utkl`tim`c `utkl`tim`ccy cy witj bxpbribxpbrilbdt ZLK_]B=.]VV, wjimj p`ssbs siad`c LK_]B=.Q@U tjrkuaj twk o`dhp`ss eictbrs witj mbdtrb erbqubdmibs ke 166 Jz `dh 0866 Jz rbspbmtivbcy. rbspbmtivbcy. Xjb twk sbp`r`tbh siad`cs `rb mcb`rcy rbmkadiz`ocb ?6 id Eia

_bebrbdmbs Bcbmtrkdim Eictbr Hbsiad J`dhokkg, I]OD 6 61 6168=8 0, oy @rtjur O. Qicci`ls `dh  Erbh N. X`yckr7 LmAr`w-Jicc, 09:: Hiait`c @uhik ]iad`c Vrkmbssida, I]OD 6  810 91??5 5, oy Rhk ^õczbr, ^õczbr, Nkjd Qicby  & ]kds, 0991.

Hiait`c @uhik Ork`hm`sti tid da(H@O @O)) _`h `hii k pr prk kar `llb `llbs s wi tj MH qu`c u`cii ty 

Xjb Bur Burk k pb ` d Rdik Rdik d’s Burbg`* 081 H@O Vrknbmt is tjb kdcy hiait`c `uhik ork`hm`stida

Uisit kur Qbo Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwk rch.mkl pusbrvb.mkl/j kl bp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug  Rdikd, out is dkw obida obida ` mmbptbh mmbptbh oy l`d y mkudtribs kutsihb kutsihb Burkpb. Rd cigb cigb EL tr`dslissikds, tr`dslissikds, H@O h kbs dkt sueebr erkl lucti-p`tj beebmts. Xjb l`d ue` mturbrs `dh rbsb`rmj kra`diz`tikds tj`t tkkg p`rt id tjb Burbg` 081 081 hbvbckpl bdt prknbmt `sskmi`tbh tjblsbcvbs id 0992 idtk tjb BurkH@O Ekrul tk prklktb H@O tbmjdkckay id Burkpb `dh tk hbvbckp tjb ekrl`c st`dh`rhs ekr B081. Out idtbrbs idtbrbstt w `s sjkw d ` csk csk erkl kutsihb Burkpb `dh sk tjb BurkH@O Ekrul obm`lb tjb QkrchH@O Ekrul b`rcy c`st yb`r. Xjb tw k lkst ilpkrt`d t stbps tkw `rh tjb rb`ciz`tikd rb`ciz`tikd ke H@O wbrb tjb h bvbckplbdt ke LR ]IM@L ]IM@L (L`sg(L`sgida Rd ivbrs`c ivbrs`c ]uoo`dh Idtbar`tbh Mkh ida @dh Luctipcbx Luctipcbxida) ida) ekr siad` siad` c bdmkhida `dh `d iddkv`tivb lkhuc`tikd tbmjdiqub m`ccbh m`ccbh MK EHL (Mkh (Mkh bh Krtjkakd `c Erbqubdmy Erbqubdmy Hivisikd Hivisikd LuctiLuctipcbxida). Id tjb p`st, tjb c`rab c`rab o`dhw ihtj rbquirbh rbquirbh tk h iaitizb iaitizb `uh ik siad` siad` cs prbprbvbdtbh tjb usb ke hiait`c ork`hm`stida tbmjdiqubs, out tjb LR ]IM@L ]IM@L bdmkhida lbtjkh `cckws ` siadieim`dt siadieim`dt rbhumtikd id oit r`tbs r`tbs w itjkut `eebmtida `eebmtida tj b `uhik qu`city. It usbs irrbcbv`dmb `dh rbhudh`dmy rbhumtikd oy usida mbrt`id psymjk `mkustim prkpbrtibs ke ju l`d jb`rida. Mkdsbqubdtcy, jiaj `uhik

E i a u r b 0 . Xj Xj b L R ] IM IM @ L t b m j d i q u b u s b s   p s y m j k ` m k u s t i m b e eb eb m t s t k r b h u m b t j b h ` t `   r`tb ke H@O tr`dslissikds.

0 ]kudh cbvbc  (hO) :6

`oskcutb jb`rida tjrbsjkch

56

lidil`c `uhiocb eibch tjrbsjkch

`hhitikd`c skudhs dkt `uhiocb

86

?6

6 6.6?

6.62

6.0

6.?

6.2

0

?

Vitmj (gJz)

sidacb sidacb H@O mj`ddbc (0 (0.2 LJz o`dh w ihtj) w itjkut rbsuctida rbsuctida id idtbrebridtbrebrbdmb. Id mkdnudmtikd w itj ` sidacbsidacb-erberbqubdmy dbtw krg, ` ockmg ockmg ke `t cb`st six six st`tikds pbr mkudtry m`d ob ork`hm`st d`tikdw ihb vi` tjb s`lb H@O mj`dd mj`dd bc. bc. Oy usida kdb kr lkrb `hhitikd`c H@O mj`ddbcs, it is pkssiocb tk prkvihb eurtjbr ockmgs ke st`tikds ekr rbaikd`c `dh ckm`c prkar`llbs. Id tjbkry, H@O bd`ocbs tjrbb tilbs `s l`d y st`tikds `s

2

06

?6 9:6601 - 20

idekrl`tikd `okut tjb r`hik prkar`llb. Id `h hitikd tk, kr idstb`h idstb`h ke, r`hik r`hik prkar`llbs, tjb tr`dsp`rbdt ` dh ecb ecbxxiocb ioc b tr`dslissikd tr`dslissikd p`tj kpbds tjb w `y ekr l`dy dbw `dh iddkv`tivb sbrvi sbrvimb mbs> s> erkl tbxt `dh pimturb idekrl`tikd tk tjb tr`dslissikd ke lkvida pimturbs kr bvbd tbcbvisi tbcbvisikd kd prkar`ll bs bs,, w jimj l`y ob rbmbivbh rbmbivbh id ` m`r kr tr`id. L`dy bcbmtrkdims mklp`dibs `rb

X` oc b 0

]pbm iei ieim`tikd m`tikd k e H@O H@O m kh ida w itj LR]IM@L  LR]IM@L 

@u h i k l k h b s

lkdk   stbrbk  twk-mj`ddbc  lucti-mj`ddbc (LR]IM@L (LR]IM@L surrkudh )  ]` l p c i d a e r b q u b d m y 8: gJz   Ckwbr s`lpcida s`lpcida erbqubdmy* (C] (C]E) E) ?8 gJz  Xr ` d s l i ttb h @E r ` d a b 6 J z tk ? 6 . ? 2 g J z   Qitj C ]E* 6 J z tk 0 0 . ? 2 g J z   _b s k c u ti k d k e VM L s ia d ` c u p tk ? ? o i t/ s ` l p cb cb   @u h i k o i t r ` t b = ? g o it / s b m ( l k d k ) tk = : 8 g o i t/ s b m Qitj C ]E ]E* : g oi oi t/ sb sb m ( lk lk dk dk ) tk 05 05 6 g oi oi t/ sb sb m H u r ` ti k d ke ke ` u h ik ik er er ` l b ? 8 ls ls , b q ui uiv` c b d t tk 00 00 2 ? VM L s` s` l pc pc b s   Qitj C ]E* 8: ls  

( s tb r b k ) id 0 8 s tb p s   ( st st b rb rb k) k) i d 0 8 s t b ps ps  

* J`cvi J`cvida da tjb s`lp cida erbqubdmy h urida tr`dslissikd tr`dslissikd bdj`dmb s tjb `uhik q u`cit u`cityy `t ckw oit r`tbs ke `okut =?”58 goit/sbm. Xjiss is ke p`rtimuc`r idtbrbst Xji idtbrbst id spkgbd-wkrh p rkar`llbs, sum j `s dbwsm `sts `sts.. Kwida tk tjb hkuo cbh h ur`ti ur`tikd kd ke tjb `uhik  er`lb, kdcy j`ce tjb oit r`tb is `v`ic`ocb `v`ic`ocb ekr Vrkar`l lb @sskm i`tbh H`t` (V@H) (V@H) sbrvimbs. Ktjbr `ppcim`ti `ppcim`tikds kds ke LR]I LR]IM@L M@L m klprisb>  • @s t r ` H i a i t ` c _ ` h i k ( @H _ )   • M `o `o cb cb `d `d h ss` ` tb tb cccc itit b tb cb cb vi vis ik ik d (H (H UO UO , H ir ir bm bm tX tXU id tj tj b R] R]@)   • H uo uo o id id a ob o b tw tw b bb b d r ` h ik ik st s t` ti k ds ds kv k vb r tb cb cb pj p j kd kd b/ b/ I] I]H D cici d bs bs   • L uc uc ti l b h i` i` ` p pc pc i m ` `ttik ds ds i d VM s   • Bc b m tr tr k di di m id id tb tb re re` m b s ek r s ku ku dh dh p rk rk m bs bs si si d a i d m kl kl p ut ut b rs rs  

Uisit kur Qbo Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwk rch.mkl pusbrvb.mkl/j kl bp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug 

X`ocb = 

Erbqu bdm y r`dabs `v`ic`ocb `v`ic`ocb ekr H@O 

O `d `d h I

81 1” ”5 : L J z7 z7 p rb rb vi vik u sc scy us us bh bh e kr kr tb tb cb cb vi vi si si kd kd o rk rk ` `h h m `s `s ts ts (? (? ”8 m j `d `d db db cs cs ) ` dh dh l k o icicb m k l lu lu di di m `t `ti kd kd s7 s7 m`d `mm kll kh `tb 0? H@O H@O ockm gs (?@”8H) 

O`dh O`d h III III

018” 018”?=6 ?=6 LJz7 LJz7 prb prbvvikus ikuscy cy usbh usbh ekr ekr tbcb tbcbvvisik isikd d ork`hm` ork`hm`st stss (2” (2”0? mj` mj`ddb ddbcs cs)) `dh `dh lkoicb lkoicb mklludim` mklludim`ti tikds kds7  7  m`d `mm kll kh `tb =? H@O H@O ockm gs (2@”0?H) 

O`dh O`dh III III

?=6” ?=6”?86 ?86 LJz7 LJz7 prb prbvvikusc ikuscyy usbh usbh ekr ekr lkoicb lkoicb `dh `dh lici licit` t`ry ry mklludim` mklludim`ttikds ikds*7 *7 m`d m`d `mmkllkh` `mmkllkh`tb tb six six ockmgs  ockmgs  (0 =@”0= E) 

C-o ` dh dh

08 82 2? ?” ”0 8 85 51 1.. 2 L J z7 z7 p rb rb vi vi ku ku sc sc y u sb sb h ek ek r l k o icic b ` d dh h eeiixb h m k l l ud ud im im ` titik d s br br vi vi m bs bs 7 m ` d ` m m kl kl l k h `t `tb   didb o ckm gs (C@”CI) 

Xjb H@O ockm gs `rb ihbdtieibh ihbdtieibh oy tjb dulo br ke tjb p rbvikus rbvikus XU mj`ddbc `dh ` cbttbr. cbttbr. Ekr Ekr idst`dmb, sidmb ekur H @O ockm gs  m`d ob `mmkl lkh`tbh id b`mj ekrlbr XU XU mj`ddbc, tjb ekur ekur ockmgs rbpc`mida XU Mj`ddbc 0? `rb ihbdtieibh ihbdtieibh oy 0?@, 0?O, 0?M `dh 0?H. * Xjbsb erbqubdm ibs `rb `pp`rbdtcy sticc sticc usbh oy tjb licit`ry id Er`dmb, Er`dmb, sidm b it is eb`rbh eb`rbh tjbrb tj`t tjb idtrkhum tikd ke  H@O mk uch idtbrebrb idtbrebrb witj Erbdmj Erbdmj hbebdmb m klludim`tikds.

r`tb, H@O, tj`dgs tk LR]IM@L, m`d tr`dslit up tk ?6 `uh ik siad` siad` cs (w (w itjkut `h hitikd` c sbrvimbs sbrvimbs)) w itjkut ckss ke `uh ik qu`city. LR]IM@L LR]IM@L w` s hbvbckpbh udhbr tjb Burkpb`d Burbg` Iditi`tivb oy tjb Idstitutb ke _`h ik Xbmjdkcka y (I_X) id Lud imj, Abrl `d y, Vjicips id tjb Dbtjbrc`dhs, `dh MM BXX BXX, ` Erbdmj rbsb`rmj mbdt rb. LR]IM@L is o`sbh o`sbh kd spbmi`c spbmi`c `cakritjls, ritjls, wj imj imj `rb ekudhbh kd tw k

lkhuc`tbh (`lpcituhb, erbqubdmy kr pj` sb sb)) w itj tjb `uhik idekrl`tikd. Xjb H@O systbl usbs mkhbh krtjkakd`c erbqubdmy hivisikd lkhuc`tikd (MK (MK EHL), w jbrboy ` arkup ke prkar`llbs `rb luctipcbxbh idtk ` sidacb ork`hm`st mj`ddbc. @ctjkuaj tjis rbqu rbqu irb irbss ` rbc`tivbcy rbc`tivbcy w ihb o`dh w ihtj, tjb mkdmbpt `cckw `cckw s tjb usb ke ` sidacb si dacb erbqubdmy d btw krg (]E (]ED) D) w itj ` dulobr ke idtbrcb`vbh p`r`ccbc prk-

m`d mkd t`id obtw bbd 09? 09? `d h 02= 02=5 krtjkakd `c m`rribrs m`rribrs,, hbpbdhida kd tjb lkh b ke tr`dsliss tr`dslissikd ikd `dh tjb erbqubdmy o`dh. @ sidacb sidacb tbcbvisi tbcbvisikd kd mj`dd bc, 1 LJz w ihb, m`d mkdt`id ekur H @O ockmgs, ockmgs, w jimj lb`ds tj` t id pr`mtimb pr`mtimb ` sidacb sidacb tbcbvisikd prkar`llb m`d ob rbpc`mbh oy ?8 stbr stbrbk bk `uh ik prkar`ll bs `dh ` dul obr ke hia it`c sbrvimbs. sbrvimbs. Xjb Xjb mkloidbh idekrl`tikd (prkar`llbs `dh

:6M=? O@]IM mkdtrkc mklputbr V`rt ?> ?> mkdstr mkdstrumt umtikd ikd `dh tbstid tbstida  a  Obm`usb ke tjbir hkuocb-sihbh c`ykuts, tjb pridtbh mirmuit ok`rhs `rb prko`ocy hieeimuct tk rbprkhumb witj jkooyist tkkcs. Xj`t’s wjy wb `hvisb tk ouy tjbl rb`hy-l`hb tjrkuaj kur _b`hbrs ]brvimbs, kr `s p`rt ke ` git erkl ` git suppcibr. Vkpuc`tida  tjb ok`rhs is dkt cigbcy tk m`usb prkocbls `s `cc idtbar`tbh mirmuits `rb idsbrtbh id skmgbts. Xjb lkst hieeimuct p`rt is prko`ocy tjb eittida ke  tjb pidjb`hbrs wjimj bd`ocb tjb twk  ok`rhs tk ob `ssbl ocbh id id ‚s`dhwimj ‚s`dhwimj’’ e`sj-

M02

MKLVKDBDX] CI]X

0

     5      M      I

     1      M I

M06

Z0 J?

M1

     0         ?      6      6      6      :      9

M?

@

M0=

M`p`mitkrs> M0,M? < ??pE M=-M5,M0=,M08,M02 < 066dE M1-M00 < 06 ²E 05U r`hi`c

Krhbr mkhbs ekr `v`ic`ocb prkhumts>

M0

G8

M9

_bsistkr> _0 < :g℥?

Lismbcc`dbkus> G0 < ?6-w`y ]IC pidjb`hbr witj ckda pids (Eismjbr (Eismjbr ]C2 025 ?6 A) Z0 < 00.629?LJz qu`rtz mryst`c NV0 < =-w`y pidjb`hbr w. nulpbr G?,G= < 08-w`y ]IC pidjb`hbr witj ckda pids (Eismjbr (Eismjbr ]C2 025 08 A) G8 < 9-w`y suo-H skmgbt (ebl`cb), VMO lkudt, `dacbh pids.

M= M00

L`id mklputbr ok`rh

]blimkdhumtkrs> IM0 < :6M=? IM? < 18JM21= IM= < 5??25 _@L IM8 < ?1?25 (O@]IM BV_KL, 9:526=-0) IM2 < ?10?: IM5 < 18JM66 IM1 < L@Z?=?

M:

     0      J

O

@< ?158/?10?: O< ?1?25

M08

NV0

     0      M G0      I

M5

M2

     2      M      I

     8      M      I

     =      M      I

     ?      M      I

      0        _

M0? M8      =      J

J8

G=

G?

M1

?

     0      J

J00

      1       :       9       6      0       ?       =       8      8      8      2      2      2      2        _        _        _        _        _        _        _

       =        =        9       6      0       ? _        ?       =       =       = _=8       2        _        _        _        _        =        _

]0

       5        :       1        6       1        9       0       0       2       5       0       :       2       2        H       H       H       _       H       H       H       _       _

     =      M      I

      0        ?        M

J06

M2

      0        V        N

M00

IM9

       5       0        M

M=

_8

IM06        =       0        M

9:666?-?

M08

M02

Z0

_5 M:

       6        ?        M

       :        9       0       0        _       _

IM2

       9       :      1       0      0      0        M        M        M

      0       ?       =        6      0       ?       =      1       5      2      8        6       0      0      0      0      0      0      0      0       8      8      8      8        H        H        H        _        _        _        _        _        _        _        _        H

M?8

IM5

6

IM1

M9

       9       6      0       ?       =      8      2       5       2       5       5       5       5       5       5       5        _        _        _        _        _        _        _        _

      1       :       9       6      0       ?       =        5       5       5      1      1      1      1        _        _        _        _        _        _        _

      8       1        _ G=

J0?

      1       5        =       =        _        _

IM:

_1

G2

G5

G1

M0

G9   G 06

G00

V0

G08

G02

G05

J0=

M5

V?        5      1       :       9        =        =       =       =       =        H        H        H        HH2        _       =        H

       :        9        6       0        ?        =       8       2        ?        ?        =        =        =        =        =        =        H        H        H        H        H        H        H        H

G0=

G01

G0:

G09

VQL

      8      2       2      2        _        _

_9

G0?

M?

G0

_:        6       0        ?        =       8       2        5       1        ?        ?        ?        ?        ?        ?        ?        ?        H        H        H        H        H        H        H        H

G:

     ?      0      M      I

G? M0?

       ?        =       8       2        5       1        :        9       0       0       0       0       0       0       0       0        H        H        H        H        H        H        H        H

      8       8 H

IM0

M??

G8

J?

IM?

       =        ?        M

IM00

     8      M      I

M8

BKM

       6      0       ?       =      8      2       5      1       :        ?       ?       ?       ?       ?       ?       ?       ?       ?        _        _        _        _        _        _        _        _        _

       :       9       6      0       ?       =      8      2       5        =       =      8      8      8      8      8      8      8        _        _        _        _        _        _        _        _        _

      2        _

       6       0        M       8       0        ?        H        _        _

G?6

G?0

G??

G?=

G?8

       ?       0        H       H

G ?2

     X J2

X       6      0      ?      =      8      2      5 X        0       ?       =       8       2       5       1       :        U      0      ?      =      8 X        0       ? X         U      0      6      6  .      0  .        U       U        ?      0     I      ?      I      =      I      8      I      2      I      5      I      1      I      :      9      0      0      0      0      0      0      0       8      I      I      I      I       0        6       8       2      I      I        K        K      I      I      I      I      I      I      I        K        K       K        K       K        K       K        K       ?      X      I      X      0      0       ?       0        X        X      I        @        @      H     H      H     H      H      H      H      H      H      H      H      H      H      H      H      H        H        H        H        H        H        H        H        H     +      @      @      @      @      V      V     +     +     +

     5      J

*LM]-20(tl) O@]IM U0.0 _B@HY 4 sjkuch `ppb`r kd tjb hispc`y. Kd  obida pkwbrbh up, tjb MVR mjbmgs tjb sizb ke tjb `v`ic`ocb _@L (lblkry

ida (kdcy id tjb eucc vbrsikd) ke LM]20O@]IM prkar`ls. It `csk mklprisbs `d LM]20-O@]IM cidb bhitkr `dh `cckws `dy @]MII wkrh prkmbsskr tk ob blobhhbh. @ sj`rbw`rb vbrsikd ke tjis

09,?66 09,?66 oits/s (tjb jiajbst jiajbst spbbh hbpbdhs hbpbdhs kd tjb sbri`c m`ocb), : h`t`  oits, dk p`rity, 0 stkp oit. ]bcbmt> Eckw mkdtrkc> dkdb. Rdhbr ]bttidas , Xbxt Xr`dsebr, bd`ocb tjb kptikds Cidb `t `

tud`tbcy, tjis smrbbd wicc dkt tbcc yku tk wjimj MKL pkrt tjb lkusb is mkddbmtbh, sk sklb bxpbrilbdtida l`y ob id krhbr ie yku m`d’t tbcc erkl tjb c`obcs `t tjb rb`r ke tjb mklputbr. Ie ` lkhbl is idst`ccbh kd ykur mklputbr, tjb Qiz`rh is dkt st`rtbh. Id tj`t m`sb, sbcbmt hirbmt tk MKL idstb`h ke  ‚Wlkhbl typb\’. Xjb  Lkhbls Mkdtrkc V`dbc wicc tjbd `csk rbvb`c tjb lkusb mkddbmtikd (usb Hi`adkstims ). Kdmb tjb MKL pkrt j`s obbd sbcbmtbh, ` widhkw `ppb`rs sjkwida  tjb pkrt sbttidas. Xjb rbquirbh mklludim`tikd p`r`lbtbrs `rb ihbdtim`c witj tjksb ekr Qidhkws Qidhkws =.0 (sbb `okvb). Xjb  @hv`dmbh  outtkd id tjis widhkw is dkt rbcbv`dt tk kur `ppcim`tikd. Kdmb tjb mkddbmtikd witj tjb O@]IM mklputbr j`s obbd hbeidbh, `cc rbcbv`dt sbttida `rb rbm`ccbh silpcy vi` tjb Eicb/Kpbd lbdu. Dkw, sbcbmt Vrkpbrtibs erkl tjb Eicb lbdu, tjbd tjb ]bttidas t`o. Mjbmg   @D]I Xbrlid`c Bluc`tikd. Vrbss tjb  @]MII ]btup ]btup outtkd, `dh `dh bdtbr ‚266’ ‚266’ ekr ekr @ctjkuaj ` v`cub ke 866 ls Cidb Hbc`y. @ctjkuaj `csk wkrgbh hurida kur c`o tbsts, sl`ccbr v`cubs `rb okudh tk m`usb prkocbls witj tjb tkgbdizida ke rbc`tivbcy ckda O@]IM cidbs. Rdekrtud`tbcy JypbrXbrlid`c hkbs dkt `cckw tjb h`t` bxmj`dab tk ob sydmjrkdizbh oy ` spbmieim mj`r`mtbr sbqubdmb (cigb tjb

 o

=  `

m

h 

ikdiz`tikd mirmuit hk dba`tivbcy mj`rabh ikds  ilprkvb tjb qu`city ke cieb; 

Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug  H8

 Eiaurb 0. Xjb ksmicc`tkry vkct`ab is r`isbh   oy Ñ56 oy tr`dsekrlbr Xr0 . @etbr tjb sbmkdh`ry vkct`ab j`s  obbd rbmtieibh `dh  hkuocbh, ` hirbmt vkct `ab ke `okut = gU is  `v`ic`ocb.

0

_2 0L

OY169

_5

=gU 

0L

M1

0d ?666U

M5

0d ?666U

H=

_1 0L

OY169

6' 

_: 0L

X_0

BXH?9

e`mt tj`t ` tjudhbrstkrl hrivbs `cc hust p`rtimcbs erkl tjb `ir, sk tjb `ir is ‚mcb`dbr’). Xjb rbvbrsb m`d `csk ob sbbd id Lbhitbrr`db`d mkudtribs wjbrb sklb pbkpcb ebbc dbrvkus kr hbprbssbh wjbd tjb listr`c (mkch dkrtjbrcy kr dkrtjwbstbrcy widh) kr tjb Eõjd (w`rl hry widh kd tjb imb sihb ke  lkudt`ids) ockws. Xjbsb wb`tjbr mkdhitikds erbqubdtcy (out dkt `cw`ys) ak j`dh id j`dh witj jiaj mkdmbdtr`tikds ke pksitivbcy mj`rabh ikds. Xjb pbkpcb wjk `ppb`r tk ob sbdsitivb tk tjb ilo`c`dmb ke ikds s`y tj`t tjby ebbc tjb beebmt dkt kdcy kut ke hkkrs out `csk idhkkrs. Xjbrb `rb pbkpcb wjk l`idt`id tj`t mbrt`id ouichidas bxuhb ` ‚o`h `ir’. @a`id, tjbrb is dk ilp`rti`c bvihbdmb ekr tjbsb sbds`tikds. V K ]] IO C B

_ BL BH IB ]

R M2 066d H0

H?

=6U 266lQ

R

=6U 266lQ

R

0?...02U

H5

_9 =9 ℥

_0        9         g        =

X0

0D8660

_= M0

M=

06d

06d

_06

       9         g        =

       1         g        ?

L0

X? M:

M9

06² ?2U

066d

L OM 285O

     ℥        6        9        =

_?

M?

M8

  81d

81d

     ℥        6        9        =

_8

OM 285O

H2 0?U 966lQ

9:6605 - 00

it is pkssiocb tk ikdizb tjb `ir `dh sk prkhumb dba`tivbcy mj`rabh ikds. Id tjb prbsbdt mirmuit, tjb eibch is prk-

p`rtimcbs id tjb `ir is `ppcibh id sklb idhustribs tk rblkvb skkt erkl slkgb

V`rts cist _bsistkrs>

_0, _= < =.9 =.9 g℥ _?, _8 < =96 ℥ _2”_: < 0 L℥, 0.5 0.5 gU h.m. h.m. _9 < =9 ℥ _06 < ?.1 g℥

?

 + J?

+

6

0?U 6 H2

_1

L0

_: J0

M:

M9

M5        6        9        0        _        _

H5

       =        H

_?

X0        0        _

M?

       0        H

X_0

M0 M2

M`p`mitkrs> M0, M= < 6.60 ²E, ²E, lbt`ccizbh pkcybstbr (LGX) M?, M8 < 6.681 ²E, ²E, lbt`ccizbh pkcybstbr (LGX) M2 < 6.0 ²E, ²E, lbt`ccizbh pkcybstbr (LGX) M5, M1 < 6.660 6.660 ²E, ? gU h.m. h.m. M: < 06 ²E, ²E, ?2 U, r`hi`c M9 < 6.0 ²E, ²E, jiaj-st`oicity

M=

       8        _

M8        ?        H

Lismbcc`dbkus> L0 < lidi`turb e`d, 0? U, U, 966 lQ, lQ, 86Ñ86Ñ06.2 06.2 ll BXH?9 ekrlbr witj D?1 mkrbs Bd`lbccbh mkppbr wirb `s hbsmriobh id tjb tbxt. Vc`stim bdmcksurb, b.a., Okpc` B8=6

       2        _

X?

J8

J=

_=   t  d   b    l   a   b    ]   )   M   (    0    -    5    0     6     6     :9 9:6605-0

   -    5    0     6     6     :9   t  d   b    l   a   b    ]   )   M   (    0

]blimkdhumtkrs> H0, H ? < zbdbr zbdbr hikhb, hikhb, =6 U, 266 lQ H=, H 8 < jiaj-vkct`ab sicimkd hikhbs, b.a., Xypb OY169 (Vjicips Mklpkdbdts) H2 < CBH, rbh, jiaj beeimibdmy H5 < 0D8660 X0, X ? < OM285O

       5        _

       1        M

H8

Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug 

8

`a`idst wrkda pkc`rity. E`d L0 prkvihbs obttbr hispbrsikd ke tjb bxiabdt bcbmtrkds. ]bribs rbsistkr _9 bdsurbs tj`t tjb e`d hkbs dkt l`gb tkk lumj dkisb wjicb sticc hispc`mida  sueeimibdt `ir. `ir. Xjb mirmuit l`y ob pkwbrbh vi` `

 obtwbbd  obtwbbd tjb bcbmt bcbmtrkhb rkhbss lust ob ? ll.

 Eiaurb 8. Vjktkar`pj ke tjb mkl pcbtbh prktktypb. Xjb m`p`mitkrs usbh id tjb M5  `dh M1  pksitikds  `rb e`ircy sl`cc `dh kmmupy kdcy   j`ce ke tjb `v`ic`ocb sp`mb ekr tjbl kd tjb ok`rh.

X _ @ D ] E K _ L B _ 

Rdekrtud`tbcy, tr`dsekrlbr tr`dsekr lbr Xr0 m`ddkt  ob purmj`s purmj`sbh bh rb`hy rb`hy-l`h -l`hb. b. It is wkudh wkudh kd ` Xypb BXH?9 ekrlbr wjimj mkdt`ids twk B-sj`pbh Xypb D?1 mkrbs‘

turds `dh skchbr tjb wirb, witjkut muttida it, tk tjb mbdtrb pid (06). Dbxt, c`y tjb rbl`idida sbvbd turds id tjb s`lb

IM tbstbr V`rt 0> mirmui mirmuitt hbs hbsmri mripti ptikd  kd  `dh mkdstrumtikd  Id tjb N`du`ry 099: issub wb prklisbh ` eucc-ockwd `dh tbstbh vbrsikd ke tjb IM Xbstbr, mklpcbtb witj VMO c`ykuts `dh ` rb`hy-prkar`llbh A@C `dh BV_KL. L`dy ke yku wicc j`vb b`abrcy ckkgbh ekrw`rh tk tjb prbsbdt `rtimcb, wjimj, wb jkpb, civbs up tk bxpbmt`tikd. Xjb IM tbstbr is ` e`ircy mklpcbx prknbmt, `dh `d idtbrbstida mkloid`tikd ke lixbh-lkhb (`d`ckaub/hiait`c) bcbmtrkdims kd tjb kdb j`dh, `dh sketw`rb (limrkprkmbsskr `s wbcc `s VMjkstbh), kd tjb ktjbr. Xjb IM tbstbr is m`p`ocb ke wkrgida id st`dh-`ckdb lkhb, i.b., `dy mkddbmtikd tk ` VM is bdtirbcy kptikd`c. Xjb st`dh`rh vbrsikd ke tjb tbstbr is m`p`ocb ke tbstida `cc IMs cistbh id X`ocb 0. @ dulobr ke sketw`rb uticitibs `rb `v`ic`ocb wjimj `cckw

Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug 

@rkudh tjb HRX Cbt’s st`rt witj ` ckkg `t tjb bcbmtrkdims `rkudh tjb ^IE skmgbt, pksitikd IM0?. @cc idput pids ke tjb HRX idsbrtbh id tjb zbrk-idsbrtikd ekrmb skmgbt l`y ob puccbh tk tjb ckaim jiaj (J) kr ckaim ckw (C) cbvbc usida murrbdt cilitida rbsistkrs `dh `pprkpri`tb mkdtrkc cbvbcs `t tjb kutputs ke twk ^:6VIK I/K ockmgs, IM? `dh IM8. Xjb kutput st`tbs ke tjb HRX l`y ob idtbrrka`tbh vi` tjb s`lb VIKs ekr suosbqubdt bv`cu`tikd oy tjb MVR (IM=). Xjb pkwbr suppcy pids ke HRXs witj 08, 05, 0:, 0:, ?6, ?? `dh `dh ?8 pids l`y ob mkddbmtbh tk arkudh kr ` murrbdt-cilitbh suppcy vkct`ab vi` OM5=9/OM586 switmjida tr`dsistkrs. Xjbsb `rb mkdtrkccbh oy kutputs kd mkudtbr m`sm`hb IM0-IM9. Qjicb tjb VIKs bd`ocb tjb bx`mt ckaim st`tbs ke tjb HRX kutputs tk ob mjbmgbh (i.b., 6 kr 0), pkrts V0, V8 `dh V2 ke tjb :6M2=2 `rb usbh tk hbtbmt wjimj HRX pids rbprbsbdt ` jiaj ilpbh`dmb (jiaj-^). HRX pkwbr suppcy Xjb vkct`ab skurmb usbh tk pkwbr tjb HRX is ouict `rkudh qu`h kp`lp IM5. It suppcibs `d `mmur`tbcy rbauc`tbh vkct`ab ke 2.? U, `dh its kutput murrbdt is cilitbh cilitbh tk `okut 6.? @. Xjb kutput murrbdt is mkdvbrtbh idtk ` prkpkr-

:6M2=2 MVR vi` its @D6 (`d`ckaub) idput. Xjb murrbdt-sbdsb rbsistkrs `rb _98 `dh _92. Xjb kutput vkct`ab is 2.? U r`tjbr r`tjbr tj`d 2.6 2.6 U (tjb typim`c suppcy vkct`ab ke `cc XXC IMs) id krhbr tk mklpbds`tb tjb mkccbmtkr-blittbr hrkp ke tjb OM586 tr`dsistkrs wjbd tjby `rb switmjbh kd. Ckaim mirmuitry `dh eirlw`rb BV_KL Xjb mkdtrkc prkar`l ke tjb IM tbstbr `dh tjb tbst vbmtkrs ekr tjb IMs tj`t l`y ob tbstbh `rb mkdt`idbh id ` sidacb ?1M20? BV_KL, wjimj l`y ob kot`idbh rb`hy-prkar`llbh erkl tjb Vuocisjbrs udhbr krhbr mkhb 9:5261-0. 9:5261-0. C`rabr (=?-pid) BV_KLs cigb tjb ?1M6?6 kr ?1M6?0 l`y `csk ob usbh id tjis hbsiad. Ekr tjb ?1M6?0 BV_KL,  nulpbr NV0 j`s tk ob sbt tk tjb @01 pksitikd. Lkrb `okut tjis id dbxt lkdtj’s mkdmcuhida idst`clbdt. Xjb sbcbmtikd obtwbbd tjb 58-gOytb o`dgs id tjb BV_KL is `mmklpcisjbh oy kutputs O5 `dh O1 ke IM?. Xjbsb cidbs `rb `ppcibh tk A@C IM2, wjimj mkdt`ids ckaim tk mkdtrkc tjb @05 `dh @01 `hhrbss cidbs ke BV_KL IM1. O`sim`ccy, O`sim`ccy, wjbd ` ?:-pid BV_KL is usbh, NV0 is sbt tk tjb obvbccbh bhab pksitikd (‚@’). Qjbd ` =?-pid BV_KL is usbh, tjb @01 siad`c is rbquirbh, sk NV0 is sbt tk tjb ktjbr pksitikd. Xjb :6M2=2 MVR ruds `t ` mckmg  spbbh ke 0? LJz. Xjb MVR hkbs hkbs dkt

ke its idstrumtikds `dh h`t` erkl tjb systbl BV_KL. Dkdb tjb cbss, it hirbmtcy mkdtrkcs tjb CM hispc`y `dh ` gbyok`rh witj witj 5 gbys. Xjb A@C, IM2, ckkgs `etbr tjb `hhrbss hbmkhida, `dh `csk abdbr`tbs tjb VJI siad`c ekr tjb ^:6VIKs, `s wbcc `s ktjbr bssbdti`c mkdtrkc siad`cs id tjb mirmuit. Xjb A@C, cigb tjb BV_KL, is suppcibh rb`hy-prkar`llbh oy tjb Vuocisjbrs, tjb krhbr 9:5265-0. mkhb is 9:5265-0. Xjb rb`skd ekr usida tjb ^:6VIK tk mkdtrkc `dh lkditkr tjb HRX idputs `dh kutputs is tj`t tjis mjip is tjb kdcy wihbcy `v`ic`ocb 05-oit p`r`ccbc pkrt IM ke wjimj `cc pkrt cidb hirbmtikds `rb idhivihu`ccy mkdtrkcc`ocb, wjicb tjb kutput hrivbrs ekr `cc pkrt cidbs mkdsist ke pusj-pucc mirmuits. Rsbr I/K Xjb systbl idtbr`mts witj tjb usbr vi` ` sl`cc gbyok`rh (mirmuit hi`ar`l id Eiaurb Eiaurb ?), `d CBH, CBH, H5, `dh `dh `d CMH CMH (ciquih mryst`c hispc`y). Xjb CMH is ` abdbr`c-purpksb typb witj ? ↘05 mj`r`mtbrs, kptikd`ccy witj o`mg-ciajtida. Its mkdtr`st is `hnust`ocb witj prbsbt V0. Xjb CBH ciajts tk idekrl tjb usbr tj`t tjb HRX is obida pkwbrbh `dh sjkuch dkt ob rblkvbh erkl tjb ^IE skmgbt. @d _]?=? sbri`c idtbre`mb, tr`hitikd`ccy hbsiadbh `rkudh tjb L@Z?=?,

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Vkwbr suppcy Xjb kd-ok`rh 2-vkct pkwbr suppcy ekr tjb IM tbstbr is o`sbh kd ` sidacb 1:62 =-pid vkct`ab rbauc`tkr (IM00). @ sl`cc dba`tivb vkct`ab is mrb`tbh l`idcy ekr kchbr CMHs oy ` stb`cbr hikhb (H2)  obtwbbd tjb dba`tivb cidb ke tjb udrbauc`tbh idput vkct`ab `dh tjb mirmuit arkudh. Xjis dba`tivb vkct`ab prkvihbs ` prkpbr r`dab ekr tjb CMH mkdtr`st sbttida, V0. Xjb mirmuit l`y ob pkwbrbh oy `d idbxpbdsivb l`ids `h`ptkr witj `d kutput vkct`ab vkct`ab obtwbbd obtwbbd 9 UHM `dh 02 UHM. O`ttbry O`ttbry pkwbrida is `csk `csk pkssiocb. Xjb udrbauc`tbh vkct`ab is `csk `ppcibh tk tjb HRX suppcy hismussbh `okvb. Xjb murrbdt mkdsulptikd ke tjb mirmuit wicc wicc ob ke tjb krhbr ke 026 l@.

MKD]X_RMXIKD @s yku m`d sbb erkl tjb pjktkar`pjs kd tjis `rtimcb `dh tjb `rtwkrg id Eiaurb =, tjb pridtbh mirmuit ok`rh hbsiadbh ekr tjb IM tbstbr is hbdsbcy pkpuc`tbh. Xjb ok`rh obida hkuocbsihbh `dh tjrkuaj-pc`tbh, prkhumtikd witj jkooyists tkkcs wicc ob `clkst ilpkssiocb, jbdmb kur rbmkllbdh`tikd tk ouy it rb`hy-l`hb tjrkuaj kur _b`hbrs ]brvimbs kr kdb ke tjb git suppcibrs `hvbrtisida id tjis l`a`zidb. _blblobr, summbsseuc mkdstrumtikd `clkst bdtirbcy hbpbdhs kd

 Eiaurb ?. _]?=? mkd dbmtikd hi`ar`l `dh  mirmuit hi`ar`l ke tjb  gbyok`rh.

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 Eiaurb =. Mkppbr tr`mg c`ykuts `dh mklpkdbdt kvbrc`ys (`mtu`c sizb) ke tjb hkuocb-sihbh, tjrkuaj-pc`tbh pridtbh mirmuit ok`rh.

Itbls `v`ic`ocb erkl tjb Vuocisjbrs> VMO, hisg, A@C `dh BV_KL7 sbt, krhbr mkhb 9:66?9-M. VMO kdcy, krhbr mkhb 9:66?9-0. A@C 05U: kdcy, kdcy, krhbr mkhb 9:5265-0. BV_KL ?1M20? kdcy, krhbr mkhb 9:5261-0. Hisg kdcy, krhbr mkhb 9:5608-0.

9:66?9-0

Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug 

Gbyok`rh Xjis is ` silpcbr `dh sl`ccbr ok`rh wjimj sjkuch dkt prbsbdt `dy hieeimucty. @ctjkuaj ` mkddbmtkr (G2) is idhim`tbh kd tjb kvbrc`y, tjb :-w`y ec`tm`ocb obtwbbd tjb gbyok`rh VMO `dh tjb l`id ok`rh l`y ob skchbrbh hirbmtcy tk tjb spkts `t tjb skchbr sihb. Kdb sbp`r`tb wirb is usbh tk mkdtrkc tjb CBH, H5. It akbs tk ` skchbr pid l`rgbh ‚CBH’ kd tjb l`id ok`rh.

8

 Eiaurb 8. Xjb CMH is  lkudtbh `t ` sc`dt  `dacb ke `okut 02 hbarbbs `t tjb skchbr  sihb ke tjb ok`rh.

Xj`t mkdmcuhbs tjb mkdstrumtikd ke tjb VMOs. Dkw’s ` akkh tilb tk rbvibw ykur wkrg sk e`r. @dy oc`t`dt brrkrs;

XB]XIDA Qitj tjb IMs sticc w`itida tk ob idsbrtbh id tjb rbspbmtivb skmgbts, mkddbmt-up tjb idput vkct`ab `dh rud ` quimg  mjbmg kd tjb prbsbdmb ke tjb 2-vkct suppcy vkct`ab `t tjb rbcbv`dt pids ke  `cc IM skmgbts. ]witmj kee `dh idsbrt tjb CL=?8 (IM5). Mkddbmt tjb HLL tk arkudh `dh tjb tkp wirb ke _50, switmj kd `a`id `dh `hnust V? ekr ` rb`hida rb`hida ke 2.? U. ]witmj kee `dh m`rbeuccy idsbrt `cc IMs. Dktb tjbir kribdt`tikds kd tjb  ok`rh! ]witmj kd `a`id. Xjb CMH sjkuch rb`h IM Xbstbr 0>Xbst 

kdcy tjksb tbst vbmtkrs `rb usbh tj`t j`vb tjb ADH `dh Umm pids `t tjb s`lb pksitikds. Xjb ADH/Umm pid bdtry is kptikd`c. Dbxt, yku m`d sbcbmt tjb cior`ribs tj`t j`vb tk ob sm`ddbh. =. _btbst IM> kdmb `d IM j`s obbd tbstbh kr ihbdtieibh, it l`y ob tbstbh `a`id witjkut j`vida tk pimg it erkl

:. _blktb Lkhb> mkddbmt ` VM tk tjb _]?=? idtbre`mb `dh hboua tbst vbmtkrs usida tjb HK] prkar`l XUMJG.BZB. Xjb up/hd gbys `rb usbh tk smrkcc kdb itbl up kr hkwd. Xjb up?/hd? gbys hk tjb s`lb, out tjbd eivb itbls `t ` tilb. Xjb Bdt gby is usbh tk mkdeirl `

bcbmtrkdims kd-cidb sblimkdhumtkr kvbrvibws Xjb Mjip Hirbmtkry is prko`ocy tjb c`rabst idhbpbdhbdt IM kvbrvibw kd tjb Idtbrdbt. It m`d ob ekudh `t www.xs8`cc.dc/  ~a`dswing/mjiphir/  mjiphir.jtl. Xjis sitb, mkdstrumtbh `dh l`idt`idbh oy  N``p v`d A`d A`dswi swing  ng  erkl tjb Dbtjbrc`dhs, mkdt`ids idekrl`tikd kd l`dy sblimkdhumtkrs, witj spbmi`c blpj`sis kd IM usbh id mklputbr tbmjdkckay. Xjb mkccbmtikd arkws bvbry h`y, `s `dykdb is idvitbh tk mkdtrioutb rbcb-

mirmuits, l`idcy lblkry mjips. ]blihbx `csk suppcibs h`t` kd VM lktjbr ok`rhs,  ok`r hs, `s wbcc wbcc `s `s idekrl idekrl`tik `tikd d kd l`d l`d-ue`mturbrs `dh tjb c`tbst dbws kd lblkry tbmjdkckay. Xjb sb`rmj bdaidb kd tjis sitb prkvihbs yku witj ` sb`rmj systbl o`sbh kd dulobr, eudmtikd, l`due`mturbr `dh gbywkrh. Ekr tjb tilb obida, tjb sb`rmj sbrvimb is keebrbh erbb ke mj`rab. Xjis wicc ob mj`dabh tk ` p`ih-up sbrvimb sjkrtcy. Xjb IM kvbrvibw l`y `csk ob okuajt kd MH-_KL. Ie ykur mjibe idtbrbst is id prkmbsskrs, tjbd tjb Mjipcist (bidstbid.bt.tuhbcet.dc/  ~keebrl`d/mjipcist.jtlc ) is mbrt`idcy wkrtj ` visit. Xjis sitb mkdt`ids ` jbety kvbrvibw ke MVRs `dh mkprkmbsskrs. Eid`ccy, ie yku `rb ckkgida ekr h`t` kd histrioutkrs, rbprbsbdt`tivbs, sbrvimbs `dh sblimkdhumtkr l`due`mturbrs id tjb bcbmtrkdims idhustry, tjb `hhrbss tk ak tk is www.bcbmtrko`sb.mkl wjimj t`gbs yku tk tjb sitb rud oy

Mkrrbmtikds & Rph`tbs  ]ilpcb Bcbmtrkdim Lbtrkdklb

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Eb o r u` u` r y 0 9 9 : ‘ 9 : 6 6 6 5 - 0

M8 9:6665-0

X0

Xjb VMO `rtwkrg ekr tjis prknbmt  w`s dkt prkpbrcy rbprkhumbh oy  kur il`ab sbttbr. Xjb mkrrbmt  hr`widas `rb aivbd jbrb.

H= M=

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M9

M1

X=       8        _

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Eboru`ry 099:, p`ab 9. Qb `pkckaizb ekr ` ebw brrkrs id  tjb eid`c idst`clbdt ke tjb ‚yku  m`d Qid tjis l`adieimbdt prizb’  mkdtbst kd p`ab 9 ke kur Eboru-  Eboru-  `ry 099: issub. @t tjb riajt-j`dh  okttkl ke tjis p`ab it is st`tbh>  ‚... tjb mkrrbmt `dswbr tk q ubs-  tikd = `dh stimg ...’7 ...’7 tjis sjkuch  sjkuch  j`vb rb`h> ‚... tjb mkrrbmt `dswbr  t k q u bs b s t i k d 8 . . .’.’ . @c @c s k , t j b   lkdtjs k d tjb ekur stimgbrs wbrb  idmkrrbmt> tjby sjkuch j`vb rb`h  ‚Eboru`ry 099:’ (Ikdiz`tikd mir- 

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Vrizb Mkdtbst

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ec`sjida orkkmj kptkbcbmtrkdims id pkmgbt ekrl`t 

Xjis is tjb tjirh `dh c`st id ` sbribs ke  tjrbb lidi`turb hbsiads ekr obaiddbrs id bcbmtrkdims. B`mj ke tjb hbsiads is pkwb pkwbrb rbh h oy ` = U citjiul l`da`dbsb hikxihb dkd-

Uisit kur Qbo sitb `t jttp>//kurwkrch.mklpusbrvb.mkl/jklbp`abs/bcbgtkr[ug   Eiaurb 0. Xjb usb ke  twk mkudtbrs bd`ocbs  ` mklpcbtbcy r`dhkl  ciajt p`ttbrd tk ob kot`idbh.

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Xjb orkkmj mirmuit is obst ouict kd tjb pridtbh-mirmuit ok`rh sjkwd id Eiaurb ?, wjimj is, jkwbvbr, dkt `v`ic`ocb rb`hy l`hb. Mklpcbtida tjb ok`rh m`ddkt ob silpcbr. silpcbr. ]t`rt witj tjb p`ssivb mklpkdbdts (rbsistkrs, m`p`mitkrs), ekcckwbh  oy tjb IMs `dh CBHs. Xjb usb ke IM    =    H

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Xkt`c j`rlkdim histkrtikd vs erbqubdmy

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L`xilul kutput swida vs. erbqubdmy

Eudmtikd`c ockmg hi`ar`l

Hyd`lim idtbrlkhuc`tikd histkrtikd vs erbqubdmy

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Kutput ]jkrtbh tk Arkudh

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Dktbs 0 Kutput mkll kd-l khb keesbt vkct`ab m`d ob rblkvbh rblkvbh oy idsbrtida hm ockmgida m`p`mitkrs id tjb sbdsb cidbs. ]bb  ]bb  @ppcim`tikds Idekrl`tikd.

Idput Ukct`ab _`dab Au`r`dt Au`r`dtbbh bbh oy ML_ tbst.

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