DESARROLLO DE UNA APLICACIÓN WEB PARA LA GESTIÓN DE VENTAS EN LA EMPRESA “JPINVERSIONES GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES S.A.C”

H[Bmtlqsbfmls J`fag` Ulcnmf`fjbls S-G-C

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ELEBCGUFQBG8 Lsul uqgaghf lsuç qlg`bxgef cfm l` lsd|lqxf el ufefs `fs bmuljqgmuls el` {qlslmul jq|{f egef {fq l` c|g` ls{lqgofs w|l slg |mg l~cl`lmul j|ïg {gqg l` a|lm lmulmeboblmuf ugmuf el` g`|omf cfof el` oglsuqfGsbobsof lsul ogulqbg` lsug qlg`bxgef cfm ufef l` cgqb÷f r qls{luf ngcbg m|lsuqfs {qfdlsfqls el SBSLUgoabâm ls elebcgef g m|lsuqfs {geqls {fq sf{fqugq `fs eïgs r `gs nfqgs w|l |ub`bxçagofs {gqg qlg`bxgq`f-




































GJQGELCBOBLMUFS Lm {qbolq `|jgq jqgcbgs g Ebfs ufef {felqfsf {fq lsul qljg`f w|l mfs ng egef w|l ls `g cg{gcbege el g{qlmelq r cqlclq sgalofs w|l e|qgmul ufeg m|lsuqg tbeg â` ng lsugef gulmuf r {lmeblmul el m|lsuqfs {gsfs r `fjqfs w|l sbm s| almebcbóm mf n|ablslm sbef {fsba`ls- M|lsuqfs lsu|ebfs r `g qlg`bxgcbóm el lsul {qfrlcuf mf sfm `g l~cl{cbóm â` ng lsugef sblo{ql {qlslmul gr|eçmefmfs lm `fs ofolmufs e|qfs lm cgeg ogulqbg cgeg l~golm cgeg uqgaghf j|bçmefmfs r eçmefmfs `g sgabe|qïg {gqg s|{lqgq ufef l~bufsgolmul- [fq lsuf r {fq o|cngs almebcbfmls oçs jqgcbgs Sl÷fqG m|lsuqgs dgob`bgs {fq s| {gcblmcbg g{frf cfmdbgmxg r sfaql ufef {fq l` gofq w|l sblo{ql mfs ngm egef[fq øùbof r mf olmfs bo{fqugmul `fs gjqgelcboblmufs g m|lsuqfs u|ufqls {fqw|l sbm s| g{fqugcbóm mf n|abâqgofs cfmslj|bef lsul qls|ùgef- Jqgcbgs {fq fdqlclqmfs s| ublo{f r ebs{fsbcbóm {fq s|s cfqqlccbfmls olhfqgs r sfaql ufef {fq ogqcgqmfs l` cgobmf {gqg ulqobmgq cfm â~buf lsul {qfrlcuf-




































BMUQFE\CCBÓM Nfr lm eïg `g {qlslmcbg el G{`bcgcbfmls Zla ls cgeg tlx oçs |s|g` l bmc`|sf {gqg `g jqgm ogrfqïg el lo{qlsgs r lmubegels w|l s|obmbsuqgm {qfe|cufs r slqtbcbfs ls |mg mlclsbege el {qbolq mbtl` rg slg {gqg ltbugq slq els{`gxgefs {fq s| cfo{lulmcbg f cfm l` çmbof el fdqlclq olhfqls r f{fqu|mfs slqtbcbfs g s|s c`blmulsLm `g lo{qlsg ‐H[Bmtlqsbfmls J`fag` Ulcnmf`fjbls S-G-C‟  `gs d|mcbfmls f{lqgcbfmg`ls sl qlg`bxgm el ogmlqg ogm|g` r `g gulmcbóm g `fs c`blmuls mf ls bmolebgug ls {fq l``f `g {qf{|lsug el elsgqqf``gq |mg g{`bcgcbóm zla w|l g uqgtâs el c|g`w|blq ub{f el mgtljgefq el bmulqmlu gcu|g`bxg `fs egufs gògclmgefs lm |m slqtbefq qlofuf el ug` ogmlqg w|l sl `fjqg g|olmugq `g ldbcblmcbg r ldbcgcbg lm `g jlsubóm el `fs {lebefsLm ug` slmubef l` {qlslmul {qfrlcuf açsbcgolmul cfmsbsul lm |m sbsulog el tlmugs l` c|g` uqgaghg ulmblmef cfo|mbcgcbóm lmuql |m slqtbefq zla |m slqtbefq el agsl el egufs r `fs |s|gqbfs w|l {|lelm slq {c ‒s f `g{uf{s cfmlcugegs g `g qle f g uqgtâs el BmulqmluL` sbsulog geloçs c|lmug cfm |m oóe|`f el slj|qbege l` c|g` ublml cfof fahlubtf lsuga`lclq |mg d`l~bab`bege {gqg `g cqlgcbóm el ebdlqlmuls mbtl`ls el |s|gqbf ebcnf ofe|`f ugoabâm bmc`|rl gsbjmgcbóm el {lqobsfs el gcclsf g `fs ebdlqlmuls {|mufs el slqtbcbf elqlcnfs sfaql uga`gs lmuql fuqfs-




































Bmebcl [QLSLMUGCBÓM [QLSLMUGCBÓM ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7

ELEBCGUFQBG ELEBCGUFQBG --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1

GJQGELCBOBLMUFS GJQGELCBOBLMUFS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3

BMUQFE\CCBFM BMUQFE\CCBFM --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5

7-/ CG[ÏU\@F B8 JLMLQG@BEGELS EL@ [QFRLCUF 7-7- Sbu|gcbóm [qfa`loçubcg ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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7-1- Gmulclelmuls ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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7-3- [qfa`log ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2

7-5- Nb{óulsbs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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7-<- Fahlubtfs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

71

7-4- H|subdbcgcbóm ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

73

1-/ CG[ÏU\@F BB8 ELSCQB[CBFM EL @G BMSUBU\CBÓM 1-7- Ogqcf Qldlqlmcbg` ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

75

1-7-7- Tbsbóm el `g Bmsubu|cbóm -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

75

1-7-1- Obsbóm el `g Bmsubu|cbóm ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

75

1-7-3- Gmç`bsbs DFEG ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -

75

1-7-5- Lsuq|cu|qg Fqjçmbcg ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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3-/ CG[ÏU\@F BBB8 D\MEGOLMUFS ULFQBCFS 3-7- Gqw|bulcu|qg C`blmul&Slqtbefq ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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3-1- Sbsulog Jlsufq el Agsl el Egufs ----------------------------------------------------------

17

3-3- Nlqqgoblmugs el Elsgqqf``f ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11

5-/ CG[BU\@F BT8 OLUFEF@FJÏG <-/ CG[BU\@F T8 ELSGQQF@@F EL @G G[@BCGCBÓM 4-/ CG[BU\@F TB8 LTG@\GCBFM EL@ [QFRLCUF :-/ CG[BU\@F TBB8 CFMC@\SBFMLS R QLCFOLMEGCBFMLS 4-7- Cfmc`|sbfmls ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

23

4-1- Qlcfolmegcbfmls ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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QLDLQLMCBGS ABA@BFJQGDBCGS OGM\G@ EL \S\GQBF




































Bmebcl el Dbj|qgs Dbj|qg 7- Lsuq|cu|qg Fqjçmbcg ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7

Dbj|qg 1- Gqw|bulcu|qg C`blmul Slqtbefq ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

72

Dbj|qg 3- Gqw|bulcu|qg el 3 Cg{gs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Dbj|qg 5- Gcufqls el` Mljfcbf ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Dbj|qg <- Uqgaghgefqls el` Mljfcbf ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Dbj|qg 4- Cgsfs el \sf el` Mljfcbf ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14

Dbj|qg :- Ebgjqgog J`fag` el` Mljfcbf ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Dbj|qg >- Ebgjqgog el Gcufqls el` Sbsulog ------------------------------------------------------------

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Dbj|qg 2- Ebgjqgog el Cgsfs el \sf el` Sbsulog .[qbmcb{g`ls" -----------------------------

12

Dbj|qg 7;- Ebgjqgog el Cgsfs el \sf el` \s|gqbf -------------------------------------------------

3;

Dbj|qg 77- Ebgjqgog J`fag` el Cgsfs el \sf el` Geobmbsuqgefq --------------------------

3;

Dbj|qg 77-7- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Slj|qbege --------------------------------------------

37

Dbj|qg 77-7-7- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Dfqo|`gqbf ----------------------------------------

37

Dbj|qg 77-7-1- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq \s|gqbfs -------------------------------------------

31

Dbj|qg 77-7-3- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq @fcg` el \s|gqbf ------------------------------

31

Dbj|qg 77-7-5- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq [lqdb` el \s|gqbf ------------------------------

33

Dbj|qg 77-7-<- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Ub{f el \s|gqbf --------------------------------

33

Dbj|qg 77-1- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Geobmbsuqgcbfm ------------------------------------

35

Dbj|qg 77-1-7- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Lo{`lgefs ----------------------------------------

35

Dbj|qg 77-1-1- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Jlsubfmgq C`blmuls -------------------------------------------------------

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Dbj|qg 77-1-3- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Geobmbsuqgcbfm ---------------------------------

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Dbj|qg 77-1-5- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Lsugef Cbtb` --------------------------------------

34

Dbj|qg 71- Ebgjqgog J`fag` el Cgsfs el \sf el` G|~b`bgq ------------------------------------

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Dbj|qg 71-7- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Af`lug ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Dbj|qg 71-1- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Ub{f el Cgoabf -----------------------------------

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Dbj|qg 71-3- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Dgcu|qg -------------------------------------------------

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Dbj|qg 73- Ebgjqgog J`fag` el Cgsfs el \sf el` Cghlqf ---------------------------------------

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Dbj|qg 75- Ebgjqgog J`fag` el Cgsfs el \sf el` F{lqgefq ----------------------------------

32

Dbj|qg 75-7- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq Gulmcbóm el [lebefs ----------------------------

32

Dbj|qg 75-1- Ebgjqgog el C\SVJlsubfmgq J|ïg el Qlobsbóm --------------------------------

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7-/ CG[ÏU\@F B8 JLMLQG@BEGELS EL@ [QFRLCUF 7-7-/ SBU\GCBÓM [QFA@LOÇUBCG Gcu|gòlmul `g lo{qlsg ‐H[Bmtlqsbfmls J`fag` Ulcnmf`fjbls S-G-C‟  ng tlmbef

l~{lqbolmugmef |m ofelqgef cqlcboblmuf r g|olmuf el s| {gqubcb{gcbóm lm l` olqcgef el tlmugs qldlqlmul g lw|b{fs el cóo{|uf w|l ng sbjmbdbcgef |m cblquf g|olmuf el` tf`|olm el tlmugs- [fq `f w|l c|lmug cfm efs `fcg`ls {gqg `g tlmug el {qfe|cufs `fs c|g`ls sfm fdlqugefs g` {øa`bcf lm jlmlqg`@g lo{qlsg gef`lcl el |m sbsulog gelc|gef w|l `l {lqobug ogmlhgq r cfmuqf`gq `fs {qls|{|lsufs r&f {qfe|cufs gsï cfof `fs slj|boblmufs el `fs {qfclsfs@fs cfmuqf`ls ogm|g`ls cfm `fs w|l gcu|gòlmul sl ogmlhg `g qfugcbóm el {qfe|cufs {lqobulm w|l o|cnfs el lsufs ``lj|lm gjfugqsl sbm ulmlq cfmfcboblmuf gmubcb{gef sfaql l` sufci lm gògcâm `f c|g` jlmlqg |m qluqgsf lm `g lmuqljg el `fs {qfe|cufs sf`bcbugefs {fq l` c`blmulL` qljbsuqf el `gs af`lugs r&f dgcu|qgs sl qlg`bxgm el ogmlqg ogm|g` r elofqgm |m g{qf~bogef el 1 g 7; obm|ufs sljøm slg `g cgmubege el {qfe|cufs w|l l` c`blmul gew|blql sfaql ufef lm `fs ofolmufs el ogrfq gd`|lmcbg[gqg egq gjb`bege r olhfqgq l` ublo{f el l`gafqgcbóm el af`lugs r&f dgcu|qgs l` {lqsfmg` el` çqlg el tlmugs mf ls{lcbdbcg elug``gegolmul `g elscqb{cbóm el `fs {qfe|cufs w|l sl tlmelm sbmf sf`f cf`fcgm l` tg`fq ufug` g cgmcl`gq {fq `f w|l `g elscqb{cbóm el 1 f oçs {qfe|cufs mf ls {qlcbsg r cfmdbga`l-




































7-1-/ GMULCLELMULS @g ofubtgcbóm {fq elsgqqf``gq |m sbsulog lm l` c|g` slg {fsba`l lo{`lgq`f tïg zla r gsï g{qftlcngq `gs tlmughgs w|l lsul ub{f el ulcmf`fjïg fdqlcl {gqg sf`tlmugq `gs bmldbcblmcbgs el elulqobmgegs gcubtbegels, lsubo|`ó l` bmulqâs {fq l` ‐Elsgqqf``f el |m

sbsulog {gqg `g jlsubóm el tlmugs g uqgtâs el Bmulqmlu‟Nfr lm eïg `g ogrfqïg el `gs lo{qlsgs {qfe|cufqgs cfolqcbg`ls r el slqtbcbf w|l ogmlhgm tlmugs cghg r gògcâm c|lmugm cfm |m sbsulog el g{`bcgcbfmls bmdfqoçubcgs {gqg ``ltgq ogrfq cfmuqf` el lsufs- Jlmlqgòlmul `fs sbsulogs bmc`|rlm oóe|`fs el sg`begs lmuqgegs uqgs`gefs ufog el {lebefs l~bsulmcbgs luc- Geloçs lsufs sbsulogs {|lelm lmcfmuqgqsl bo{`lolmugefs lm goablmuls c`blmul & slqtbefq- Lsul ub{f el sbsulogs g{fqugm o|cngs tlmughgs lm cfo{gqgcbóm g `fs sbsulogs cfo{`lugolmul ogm|g`ls rg w|l g|ufogubxgm jqgm cgmubege el `fs {qfclsfs {gqg |m olhfq cfmuqf` cfof `f sfm8 clmuqg`bxgcbóm el `g bmdfqogcbóm {lebefs cç`c|`f el cfsufs jlmlqgcbóm el cfms|ùgs r ql{fquls lmuql fuqfsL` {qfrlcuf {qlulmel g{`bcgq `gs tlmughgs el `g ulcmf`fjïg zla el ug` ogmlqg w|l l` Geobmbsuqgefq {|leg gcclelq g `fs ebdlqlmuls oóe|`fs el` sbsulog elsel c|g`w|blq {gqul el` o|mef lm w|l sl lmc|lmuql-




































7-3-/ [QFA@LOG8 [`gmlgoblmuf el` [qfa`log8 ¶Cóof sl jlmlqg `gs tlmugs6 ¶Ogmlhgm |m qljbsuqf el c`blmuls6 ¶Cóof sl ogmlhg `fs {lebefs el` c`blmul6 ¶Cóof sl qlg`bxg l` cfmuqf` el {qfe|cufs el gògcâm6 ¶Ogmlhgm |mg agsl el egufs el `fs {qfe|cufs w|l g``ï tlmelm6 ¶Cóof sl qlg`bxg `g cfmugab`bege lm lsug lo{qlsg6 ¶Cgeg w|l ublo{f sl qlg`bxgm `fs ql{fquls el` oftboblmuf el `g lo{qlsg6

Elscqb{cbóm el` [qfa`log @g lo{qlsg ‐H[ Bmtlqsbfmls J`fag` Ulcnmf`fjbls S-G-C‟  sl lmc|lmuqg cfmscblmul el `g mlclsbege el ``ltgq g cgaf |m olhfq l` cfmuqf` el qljbsuqf el tlmugs rg w|l sl qlg`bxg el ogmlqg ogm|g` r jlmlqg |mg cgmubege el gqcnbtfs el egufs {fq gulmelq r mf sl qlg`bxg cfm qg{belx `f c|g` jlmlqg {âqebeg el ublo{f sfaql ufef lm `g aøsw|leg el |m {lebef {fq c`blmul ugoabâm sl qlw|blql ``ltgq |m olhfq cfmuqf` el bmtlmugqbfs cfof sfm lmuqgeg r sg`beg el {qfe|cufs el gògcâm rg rg w|l `g dgùg el bmdfqogcbóm el `fs sufcis el {qfe|cufs jlmlqg |m qluqgsf lm `g lmuqljg el {lebefs r o|cngs tlcls cg|sg of`lsubg ngcbg m|lsuqfs c`blmuls r `f w|l ls `g dgcu|qgcbóm ugoabâm sl qlg`bxg el ogmlqg ogm|g` r lsuç l~{|lsuf g o|cnfs lqqfqls el bmjqlsf el qljbsuqf9 sfaql ufef el cç`c|`fs `f w|l jlmlqg o|cngs tlcls {âqebegs el ublo{f cfof el ebmlqf-




































7-5-/ NB[FULSBS8 Nb{óulsbs Jlmlqg` L` {qlslmul {qfrlcuf {qlulmel olhfqgq `gs {qfa`loçubcgs w|l sl s|scbugm lm `g lo{qlsg ‐H[Bmtlqsbfmls J`fag` Ulcnmf`fjbls S-G-C-‟ Mfsfuqfs cfof lw|b{f el

elsgqqf``f el `fs Sbsulogs Bmdfqoçubcfs {`gmulgofs |mg nb{óulsbs w|l {lqobug ltg`|gq `g cfmdbgab`bege r g{fqugq gùlqmgubtgs {gqg olhfqgq s| f{lqgubtbege[qbolqf sl qlg`bxgqç |m ebgjmósubcf r sl faulmeqç l` mbtl` el ldbcblmcbg el `fs {qfclsfs lm `gs çqlgs el bmulqâsSlj|mef sl qlg`bxgqç l` ofel`f el` mljfcbf {gqg belmubdbcgq `gs d|mcbfmls {qbmcb{g`ls g g|ufogubxgqUlqclqf sl elsgqqf``gqç |m sbsulog bmuljqgef cfo{|lsuf {fq `fs oóe|`fs el Cfo{ Cf o{qq gs  cghg Gògcâm Gògcâm r Cfmugab`bege Cfmugab`bege-- .Dgcu|qgcbó .Dgcu|qgcbóm"m"\mg tlx bo{`lolmugefs `fs oóe|`fs m|ltgolmul sl qlg`bxgqç |mg ltg`|gcbóm el` mbtl` el `g ldbcblmcbg el `fs {qfclsfs {gqg tlq c|çmuf sl ng olhfqgef f lm c|gmuf ng sbef l` bo{gcuf el` sbsulog bmuljqgef w|l sl ng bo{`lolmugef lm ugmuf lm Cfo{qgs cghg gògcâm r cfmugab`bege-

Nb{óulsbs Ls{lcïdbcg @g bmtlsubjgcbóm el `fs {qfclsfs el `fs Sbsulogs Bmdfqoçubcfs {lqobul elulqobmgq s| cfmdbgab`bege-




































Ub{f el Bmtlsubjgcbóm g- El gc|lqef g `fs fahlubtfs, ls açsbcg  {fqw|l l` uqgaghf dbmg`bxg g mbtl` el qlcfolmegcbfmls `g g{`bcgcbóm el{lmel el `g ebqlccbóm el` Nfs{bug` r el `fs |s|gqbfs el` Sbsuloga- El gc|lqef g `fs ldlcufs, ls elscqb{ubtg {fqw|l sl o|lsuqgm `fs qls|ùgefs ug` cfof sfm qlg`bxgefsc- El gc|lqef g `fs qls|ùgefs, ls {qf{fsbubtg  {fqw|l sl {qf{fmlm gùlqmgubtgs el sf`|cbóm g `fs {qfa`logs elulcugefs olebgmul `g g|ebufqïg-

Uâcmbcgs el Qlcf`lccbóm el Egufs Lmuqltbsugs G uqgtâs el `g lmuqltbsug {|ebofs sgalq lm |mg dfqog ls{lcïdbcg `g {qfa`loçubcg el `g lo{qlsg u|tbofs tgqbgs lmuqltbsugs cfm l` Jlqlmul Jlmlqg` el `g lo{qlsg {gqg qlcf{b`gq egufs gsï {felq gmg`bxgq r egq |mg sf`|cbóm g` {qfa`log w|l sl lsugag jlmlqgmef elmuqf el `g lo{qlsg- Mfsfuqfs cfof jq|{f lmcgqjgef el` {qfrlcuf bmtlsubjgofs r dfqo|`gofs {qlj|mugs g `gs {lqsfmgs cg{gcls el g{fqugqmfs egufs el bmulqâs lsuga`lcblmef |m ebç`fjf golmf cfm `fs uqgaghgefqls el ebcng lo{qlsg egmef `g cfmdbgab`bege mlclsgqbg {gqg |mg a|lmg bmtlsubjgcbóm r w|l slg `g nlqqgoblmug øub` {gqg l` elsgqqf``f el` sbsulog-






































7-<-/ FAHLUBTFS Fahlubtf Jlmlqg` Elsgqqf``gq |mg g{`bcgcbóm zla w|l {lqobug olhfqgq `g jlsubóm el tlmugs lm `g lo{qlsg ‐H[ Bmtlqsbfmls J`fag` Ulcnmf`fjbls S-G-C‟-

Fahlubtfs Ls{lcïdbcfs 

Belmubdbcgq `gs mlclsbegels el` c`blmul el gc|lqef g s|s qlw|lqboblmufs-

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@`ltgq |m olhfq cfmuqf` el `fs {lebefs el` c`blmul-

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\ub`bxgq |mg agsl el egufs w|l mfs {lqobug ogmlhgq `g bmdfqogcbóm el `g lo{qlsg-



Aqbmegq g `fs c`blmuls |mg qç{beg gulmcbóm g` ofolmuf el qlg`bxgq s|s {lebefs {gqg qle|cbq sbjmbdbcgubtgolmul l` ublo{f el ls{lqg-

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Qlg`bxgq |m gmç`bsbs gelc|gef {gqg cfmuqf`gq r qle|cbq l` qblsjf el {âqebeg el ebmlqf {fq `g og`g Slj|qbege-

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Obmbobxgq lqqfqls el fqufjqgdïg g` mf cfo{qlmelq `g `luqg uqgmscqbug g `g nfqg el jlmlqgq |mg af`lug r&f dgcu|qg-

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Elsgqqf``gq |mg bmulqdgx zla {gqg w|l l` geobmbsuqgefq el `g lo{qlsg {|leg gcclelq




































7-4-/ H\SUBDBCGCBÓM \mfs el `fs {qbmcb{g`ls ofubtfs el `g cqlgcbóm el` {qlslmul {qfrlcuf ls sbsulogubxgq `fs ebtlqsfs {qfclsfs ogm|g`ls r {lqobubq g` geobmbsuqgefq el `g lo{qlsg ‐H[Bmtlqsbfmls J`fag` Ulcnmf`fjbls S-G-C ‟, ulmlq |m ogrfq cfmuqf` el cgeg |mf el `fs ebdlqlmuls oóe|`fs r&f {|mufs el slqtbcbfLs {fq l``f w|l lm lsul {qfrlcuf sl {qlulmel g|ufogubxgq l` uqgaghf ogm|g` el `g lo{qlsg lm |m olmfq ublo{f cfm olmfq cgmubege el lqqfqls r |ub`bxgmef cfm ldbcblmcbg g` {lqsfmg` {gqg obmfqgq `g cgqjg el uqgaghf el` lmcgqjgef el ``ltgq l` cfmuqf` el `fs {lebefs jlmlqgefsCfm l` elsgqqf``f el `g g{`bcgcbóm Zla sl {feqïgm faulmlq egufs qlg`ls r l~gcufs el `g bmdfqogcbóm bmjqlsgeg {fq l` |s|gqbf `fs obsofs w|l olebgmul `g zla slqçm gògclmgefs lm `g agsl el egufs el` sbsulog el tlmugs `f w|l {lqobubqç cfmfclq `fs ql{fquls bmolebgugolmul els{|âs el w|l `g bmdfqogcbóm slg jqgageg ltbugmef gsï l` ublo{f w|l ufog l` {qfclsf el` cfmuqf` el {qfe|cufs tlmebefs r l` jgsuf lcfmóobcf f el ublo{f el` {lqsfmg` w|l `f tg g qlg`bxgq-




































1-/ CG[BU\@F BB8 ELSCQB[CBÓM EL @G BMSUBU\CBÓM 1-7 Ogqcf Qldlqlmcbg` H[Bmtlqsbfmls J`fag` Ulcnmf`fjbls S-G-C ls |mg lo{qlsg {lq|gmg ls{lcbg`bxgeg lm aqbmegq sf`|cbfmls bmdfqoçubcgs cfm go{`bg l~{lqblmcbg lm l` olqcgef bmdfqoçubcfM|lsuqg lo{qlsg c|lmug cfm |m sugdd el {qfdlsbfmg`ls gùgolmul cg`bdbcgefs lm cgeg |mg el s|s çqlgs gsbobsof jfxg el efs `fcg`ls ebqbjbefs g `g tlmug el cfo{fmlmuls r s|obmbsuqfs bmdfqoçubcfsM|lsuqf {|muf el olqcgef sfm gw|l``fs c`blmuls r&f lo{qlsgs w|l a|scgm `g oçs gùg cg`bege lm `fs {qfe|cufs w|l `l aqbmegm s|s {qftllefqls- Lsug ls `g qgxóm {fq `g c|g` m|lsuqg gulmcbóm ls {lqsfmg`bxgeg {gqg cgeg |mf el m|lsuqfs c`blmuls cfm |mg ql{qlslmugmul el tlmugs sblo{ql g s| slqtbcbf agsl w|l mfs {lqobul {fsbcbfmgqmfs cgeg eïg lm l` olqcgef cfof `ïelqls lm slqtbcbf-

1-7-7 Tbsbóm el `g Bmsubu|cbóm Cfmtlqubqmfs lm |mg lo{qlsg `ïelq r `g oçs cfmdbga`l lm tlmugs el lw|b{fs bmdfqoçubcfs g mbtl` mgcbfmg` l bmulqmgcbfmg` egmef |m a|lm slqtbcbf el cg`bege g ufefs m|lsuqfs






































Gùg cqlebab`bege r cfmdbgab`bege {fq {gqul el m|lsuqfs c`blmuls lm `fs slqtbcbfs r&f {qfe|cufs w|l aqbmeg `g lo{qlsg-



Ogrfq bmtlqsbóm cg{bug` el `fs sfcbfs `g c|g` jlmlqg cqlcboblmuf-

F{fqu|mbegels 

@g m|ltg cfmsubu|cbóm el `g lo{qlsg fdqlclqç m|ltgs f{fqu|mbegels el mljfcbfs l bmtlqsbóm-



[gqubcb{gq lm `bcbugcbfmls {øa`bcgs r {qbtgegs-



G`bgmxg cfm {qftllefqls {fulmcbg`ls r fuqgs lo{qlsgs-



Elsgqqf``f el |m sbsulog el cfms|ùgs f {qfdfqogs tïg zla {lqobubqç guqglq oçs c`blmuls r&f lo{qlsgs-

Elab`begels 

Aghf qlmeboblmuf lm `g mljfcbgcbóm cfm {qftllefqls r&f c`blmuls-



L` slcufq el mljfcbf ls el o|cng cfo{lulmcbg lm l` olqcgef-



Dgùg el cfmuqf` l bmgelc|geg fqjgmbxgcbóm el `fs lo{`lgefs-



Dgùg el elsgqqf``f l bo{`lolmugcbóm el {`gmls lsuqguâjbcfs w|l elulqobmlm `g cfqqlcug fc|{gcbóm `gafqg` elmuqf el `g lo{qlsg-




































cfmdfqogm `g sfcblege lsw|logubxgegs lmuql `fs cfo{fmlmuls lmcgqjgefs el c|o{`bq `fs fahlubtfs ldbcblmulolmul@g sfcblege cfmdfqogeg {fq `fs sfcbfs ls el dfqog d|mcbfmg` {fqw|l sl ebtbel l` uqgaghf uq gaghf g qlg`bxgqsl lm ugqlgs sljøm d|mcbfmls ls{lcïdbcgs cfm l` fahlubtf el c|o{`bq cfm `gs olugs {qf{|lsugs ug`ls cfof8 {qfe|ccbóm cfolqcbg`bxgcbóm dbmgmxgs cfmugab`bege slqtbcbf r GeobmbsuqgcbfmL` gjlmul {qbmcb{g` el `g lo{qlsg ls l` Jlqlmul Jlmlqg` l` w|l cffqebmg ufegs `gs gcubtbegels g qlg`bxgqsl cfm s| lw|b{f el cf`gafqgefqls-

JLQLMUL

GSLSFQ

SLCQLUGQBG






































3-/ CG[ÏU\@F BBB8 D\MEGOLMUFS ULFQBCFS 3-7- Gqw|bulcu|qg C`blmul & Slqtbefq Ls |m ofel`f el g{`bcgcbóm ebsuqba|beg w|l {lqobul g `fs |s|gqbfs dbmg`ls faulmlq gcclsf g `g bmdfqogcbóm el dfqog uqgms{gqlmul gøm lm lmufqmfs o|ùb{`gugdfqog- \m sbsulog c`blmul&slqtbefq ls |m sbsulog el bmdfqogcbóm agsgef lm `gs sbj|blmuls cgqgculqïsubcgs8

Slqtbcbfs8 Dgcb`bug `g cf`gafqgcbóm el {qfclsfs w|l sl lhlc|ugm lm ebdlqlmuls oçw|bmgs g uqgtâs el bmulqcgoabfs el slqtbcbfs- @fs {qfclsfs el `fs slqtbefqls {qftllm `fs slqtbcbfs `fs c`blmuls `fs cfms|olm-

Qlc|qsfs cfo{gqubefs8 @fs slqtbefqls {|lelm slq bmtfcgefs cfmc|qqlmulolmul {fq `fs




































Lscg`gab`bege8 @gs g{`bcgcbfmls agsgegs lm c`blmuls&slqtbefqls sfm dçcbòlmul lscg`ga`ls- Ngr efs ub{fs el lscg`gab`bege8

Lscg`gef tlqubcg`8 @fs sbsulogs {|lelm cqlclq {fq |m bmcqlolmuf el` møolqf el c`blmuls r slqtbefqls lm fuqgs {g`gaqgs sl {|lel olhfqgq `gs cgqgculqïsubcgs el` slqtbefq f gjqljgq oøùb{`ls slqtbefqls-

Lscg`gef nfqbxfmug`8 @fs slqtbefqls {|lelm elscfo{fmlqsl lm jq|{fs el slqtbefqls w|l fdqlxcgm slqtbcbfs elsgcf{`gefs oçs ls{lcïdbcfs- f lm ufef cgsf sl {|lelm gjqljgq oçs lsugcbfmls el uqgaghf gcubtgs sbm gdlcugq sbjmbdbcgubtgolmul l` qlmeboblmuf-

Bmuljqbege8 @g bmdfqogcbóm ls geobmbsuqgeg {fq l` slqtbefq el dfqog |mbdbcgeg egmef




































‡ [qfclsgq `g `ójbcg el `g g{`bcgcbóm r ngclq tg`begcbfmls `fcg`ls‡ Jlmlqgq qlw|lqboblmufs el agsls el egufs‡ Qlcbabq qls|ùgefs el` slqtbefq‡ Dfqogulgq qls|ùgefs-

Slqtbefq8 Ls l` {qfclsf lmcgqjgef el gulmelq g oøùb{`ls c`blmuls w|l ngclm {lubcbfmls el g`jøm qlc|qsf geobmbsuqgef {fq â` sl `l cfmfcl cfm l` uâqobmf agci/lme- L` slqtbefq mfqogòlmul ogmlhg ufegs `gs d|mcbfmls ql`gcbfmgegs cfm `g ogrfqïg el `gs qlj`gs el` mljfcbf r `fs qlc|qsfs el egufs- @gs d|mcbfmls w|l ``ltg g cgaf l` {qfclsf slqtbefq sl qls|olm lm `fs sbj|blmuls {|mufs8 ‡ Gcl{ugq `fs qlw|lqboblmufs el agsls el egufs w|l ngclm `fs c`blmuls-




































Cg{g el [qlslmugcbóm @g cg{g el {qlslmugcbóm ls `g lmcgqjgeg el ogmlhgq `g bmulqdgx el` |s|gqbf mf sf`f cfmuqf`gmef `g cg{u|qg r {qlslmugcbóm el `fs egufs sbmf ugoabâm qlcbablmef `fs ltlmufs gccbfmgefs {fq `fs |s|gqbfs g uqgtâs el `g bmulqdgx- Lsug cg{g sl cfo|mbcg ømbcgolmul cfm `g cg{g el `ójbcg el mljfcbfs-

Cg{g el Mljfcbf @g cg{g el `ójbcg el mljfcbfs ublml `g qls{fmsgab`bege el ogmlhgq `g d|mcbfmg`bege el` sbsulog bo{`lolmugmef g uqgtâs el fahlufs el mljfcbf `gs qlj`gs w|l elalm c|o{`bqslLsug cg{g sl cfo|mbcg cfm `g cg{g el {qlslmugcbóm {gqg qlcbabq `gs {lubcbfmls r {qlslmugq `fs- El` obsof ofef sl cfo|mbcg cfm `g cg{g el agsl el egufs {gqg gògclmgq r&f qlc|{lqgq bmdfqogcbóm-




































SLQTBEFQ ZLA

@BMCL

SLQTBEFQ EL AE

BMULQMLU

UFCGCNL






































3-3- Nlqqgoblmugs el Elsgqqf``f Obcqfsfdu Tbs|g` Su|ebf -MLU 1;;> Obcqfsfdu Tbs|g` Su|ebf ls |m lmufqmf el elsgqqf``f bmuljqgef ``gogef ugoabâm BEL .Bmuljqgule Eltl`f{olmu Lmtbqfmolmu" {gqg sbsulogs f{lqgubtfs Zbmefzs- Sf{fqug tgqbfs `lmj|ghls el {qfjqgogcbóm ug`ls cfof8 Tbs|g` C)) Tbs|g` C# Tbs|g` H#




































Obcqfsfdu -MLU Dqgolzfqi 3-< Obcqfsfdu -MLU Dqgolzfqi 3-< cfoabmg `g ldbcgcbg el `gs G[B el -MLU Dqgolzfqi 1-; r 3-; cfm m|ltgs ulcmf`fjïgs {gqg cqlgq g{`bcgcbfmls w|l fdqlclm bmulqdgcls el |s|gqbf guqgcubtgs {qfuljlm `g bmdfqogcbóm el belmubege {lqsfmg` el `fs c`blmuls {lqobulm |mg cfo|mbcgcbóm slj|qg sbm {qfa`logs r {qf{fqcbfmgm `g cg{gcbege el ofel`gq ebtlqsfs {qfclsfs el mljfcbf-




































5-/ CG[BU\@F BT8 OLUFEF@FJÏG Elscqb{cbóm Jlmlqg` el` Mljfcbf Gcufqls el` Mljfcbf




































Uqgaghgefqls el` Mljfcbf 7- Elscqb{cbóm Aqltl C|gmef olmcbfmgofs g `fs uqgaghgefqls el` mljfcbf mfs qldlqbofs g gw|l``fs w|l ublmlm ql`gcbóm ebqlcug cfm |mg elulqobmgeg `gafq elmuqf el ufefs `fs {qfclsfs el` mljfcbf-




































Lmubegels el` Mljfcbf 7- Elscqb{cbóm Aqltl Sl qldblql g `g efc|olmugcbóm r fahlufs w|l cfmublmlm bmdfqogcbóm ql`ltgmul {gqg l` Sbsulog el` Mljfcbf-





















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































gtbsf ‐Qljbsuqf l`bobmgef sgubsdgcufqbgolmul‟ lm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg Fqelm el [lebefD`|hfs gùlqmgubtfs8 Mf ngr L~cl{cbfmls8 Mf ngr

Ls{lcbdbcgcbóm el cgsf el \sf8 Jlsubfmgq Gògcâm Mfoaql el Cgsf el \sf8 C\SVJlsubfmgq Gògclm Gcufqls8 Geobmbsuqgefq F{lqgefq Elscqb{cbóm8 L` gcufq els{|âs el qljbsuqgqsl lm l` sbsulog olebgmul l` |s|gqbf r `g cfmuqgsl÷g {|lelm bmtfcgq l` cgsf el |sf el` sbsulog C\SVJlsubfmgq Gògcâm l` gcufq {feqç lmuqljgq {lebefs jlsubfmgq [qfe|cufs Cfms|ùgs el J|ïg el qlobsbóm [qlcfmebcbfmls8  L` gcufq ngrg bmjqlsgef cfqqlcugolmul g` sbsulog olebgmul l` mfoaql el |s|gqbf r `g cfmuqgsl÷g r ulmjg l` {lqobsf el GògcâmL` gcufq ngrg sl`lccbfmgef `g {lsug÷g el Gògcâm r l`bhg `g f{cbóm ‐ Bmjqlsf  Gògcâm‟ el `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg[fsu cfmebcbfmls8  Lm cgsf el ngalqsl afqqgef `fs {qfe|cufs w|l l` c`blmul ng sf`bcbugef `fs egufs el` {qfe|cuf w|legm gògclmgefs lm `g agsl el egufs Lm cgsf el ngalqsl qlg`bxgef |mg ofebdbcgcbóm el `fs {qfe|cufs w|l qlcbâm bmjqlsgm g` gògcâm w|legm gògclmgefs lm `g agsl el egufs Lm cgsf el ngalqsl qlg`bxgef `g e|{`bcbege el |m {qfe|cuf lm l` sbsulog ebcnf {qfe|cuf w|leg l`bobmgef el el `g agsl el egufs el` el` sbsulogD`|hf Açsbcf el ltlmufs8 <2- L` sbsulog o|lsuqg `g bmulqdgx ‐Jlsubfmgq [qfe|cuf‟ cfm `fs cqbulqbfs el aøsw|leg w|l sfm `fs cgo{fs8 cóebjf ofel`f ogqcg mfoaql el {qfe|cuf cguljfqïg geloçs el `gs f{cbfmls a|scgq cqlgq lebugq r l`bobmgq {qfe|cufs sljøm slg l` cqbulqbf el `g lo{qlsg4;- L` gcufq sf`bcbug Cqlgq [qfe|cuf4;-7 L` Hldl el Gògcâm sf`bcbug ‐M|ltf‟ lm `g bmulqdgx Jlsubóm el {qfe|cufs4;-1 L` sbsulog o|lsuqg `g bmulqdgx ‐cqlgq {qfe|cuf‟9 `fs cgo{fs el egufs mlclsgqbfs g bmuqfe|cbq9 sfm8 cóebjf .g|ufjlmlqgef" el{lmelmcbg fqelm \Q@ mbtl` elscqb{cbóm bcfmf4;-3 L` Hldl el Gògcâm sl`lccbfmg Aøsw|leg el [qfe|cufs {fq Cguljfqïg .{gquls r {blxgs {lqbdâqbcfs r gcclsfqbfs" sl`lccbfmgq `fs cgo{fs mlclsgqbfs r {|`sg l` afuóm ‐J|gqegq‟ f ablm cgmcl`gq qljbsuqf qljbsuqf {|`sgmef l` l` afuóm ‐Clqqgq‟4;-5 L` sbsulog qlufqmg `bsug el ub{f el {qfe|cuf lm agsl g `g cguljfqïg4;-< [fq øùbof, sb sl j|gqeg qljbsuqf l` sbsulog o|lsuqg olmsghl el gtbsf ‐M|ltf {qfe|cuf sl jqgaó cfqqlcugolmul‟ lm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg `bsug [çjbmgs zla




































47-1L` gcufq bmuqfe|cl bmuqfe|cl l` cóebjf el{lmelmcbg mbtl` fqelm fqelm f elscqb{cbóm r qlg`bxg `g aøsw|leg g uqgtâs el` afuóm ‐A|scgq‟ ‐A|scgq‟ lm `g bmulqdgx Jlsubóm el [qfe|cufs[qfe|cufs47-3L` sbsulog o|lsuqg |m `bsugef el {qfe|cufs r s|s egufs ebs{fmba`ls lm `g agsl el egufs el `g bmulqdgx Jlsubóm el {qfe|cufs41 L` gcufq {qlsbfmg ‐lebugq‟ lm l` {qfe|cuf w|l elslg ofebdbcgq43 L` sbsulog o|lsuqg `g bmulqdgx Lebugq [qfe|cuf L` hldl el Gògcâm ofebdbcg `fs egufs el` {qfe|cuf sljøm cqbulqbf `|ljf sl`lccbfmg jqgagq45 L` sbsulog j|gqeg `fs egufs ofebdbcgefs r jlmlqg |m olmsghl ‐Gcu|g`bxgcbóm Cfo{`lugeg‟D`|hfs gùlqmgubtfs8 7- Lm l` {|muf <27-7- Lm l` {|muf <2 el` cqlgq {qfe|cuf c|gmef l` |s|gqbf sl`lccbfmg j|gqegq sbm ngalq ``lmgef ufefs `fs cgo{fs qlw|lqbef l` sbsulog o|lsuqg |m olmsghl el lqqfq ‐Dgùg ``lmgq Cgo{fs‟ r `f qlufqmg g `g bmulqdgx Cqlgq [qfe|cuf7-7- Lm l` {|muf 4;-3 Sb sl lebugq {qfe|cuf r l`bobmgq {qfe|cuf l` hldl el gògcâm {qlsbfmg a|scgq sbm bmjqlsgq |m cqbulqbf el aøsw|leg, l` sbsulog ofsuqgqç lm `g uga`g ufefs `fs {qfe|cufs bmjqlsgefs ngsug l` ofolmuf-

7-1- Lm l` {|muf 4;-5 Lm l` {|muf 4;-5 el l`bobmgq {qfe|cuf, c|gmef l` |s|gqbf sl`lccbfmg l`bobmgq sbm ngalq sl`lccbfmgef l` {qfe|cuf, l` sbsulog o|lsuqg |m olmsghl el lqqfq ‐Dgùg sl`lccbfmgq {qfe|cuf g l`bobmgq r `f qlufqmg g `g bmulqdgx l`bobmgq l`bobmgq {qfe|cuf-

L~cl{cbfmls8 Mf ngr

Ls{lcbdbcgcbóm el cgsf el \sf8 Jlsubfmgq Cghg Mfoaql el Cgsf el \sf8 C\SVJlsubfmgq Cghg Gcufqls8 Geobmbsuqgefq G|~b`bgq Elscqb{cbóm8 L` gcufq els{|âs el qljbsuqgqsl lm l` sbsulog olebgmul l` |s|gqbf r `g cfmuqgsl÷g {|lelm bmtfcgq l` cgsf el |sf el` sbsulog C\SVJlsubfmgq Cghg l` gcufq {feqç G{lqu|qgq Cghg Clqqgq Cghg oftboblmuf el Cghg Cghg cgmcl`gq [lebefs cfof qlg`bxgq dbùqf el aøsw|leg el {lebefs {fq {gjgq[qlcfmebcbfmls8  

L` gcufq ngrg bmjqlsgef cfqqlcugolmul g` sbsulog olebgmul l` mfoaql el |s|gqbf r `g cfmuqgsl÷g r ulmjg l` {lqobsf el Jlsubfmgq CghgL` gcufq ngrg sl`lccbfmgef `g {lsug÷g el Cghg r l`bhg `g f{cbóm ‐G{lqu|qg Cghg‟ el `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg-

[fsu cfmebcbfmls8  Lm cgsf el mf ngalqsl g{lqu|qgef `g cghg l` Gcufq mf {feqç ldlcu ldlcu|gq |gq mbmjøm cfaqf mb lobubq dgcu|qg-




































D`|hf Açsbcf el ltlmufs8 4<- L` sbsulog o|lsuqg `g bmulqdgx ‐Jlsubfmgq Cghg‟ cfm `fs cqbulqbfs el8 G{lqu|qg el Cghg Oftboblmufs el Cghg r Cblqql el Cghg4<- 7 L` gcufq sf`bcbug G{lqu|qg Cghg4<-1L` gcufq elal lscgmlgq {qfe|cuf4<-3L` S|{lqtbsfq el cghg elal g|ufqbxgq l` lscgmlf el m|ltf4<- 5L` \s|gqbf sl `bobug g l`ljbq l` {gjf el cfmuqg lmuqljg .Ldlcubtf" elal cgmcl`gq cfm ofmlegs f cfm ab``luls44- L` sbsulog qlufqmg `bsugef {qfe|cufs g cfo{qgq cfm `fs {qlcbfs |mbugqbfs r l` ofmuf dbmg` g {gjgqg- @g cghg elt|l`tl l` cgoabfa- [fq øùbof, sb sl j|gqeg qljbsuqf l` sbsulog o|lsuqg olmsghl el gtbsf ‐ Cfmdbqogq `g bo{qlsbóm el` qlcbaf f Dgcu|qg {fq `g cfo{qg el ebcnfs {qfe|cufsc- @g cghg els{bel g` |s|gqbf-

D`|hfs gùlqmgubtfs8 7- Lm l` {|muf 4<7-7- Lm l` {|muf 44 @g cghg cfo{q|lag l` ub{f el cgoabf lm cgsf el w|l l` |s|gqbf {gj|l cfm ab``luls lm eó`gqls7-7- Lm l` {|muf 4<-5 Sb l` |s|gqbf elslg {gjgq cfm ab``luls r els{|âs cfm ofmlegs `g cghg elalqç el bmdfqogq g` |s|gqbf el {gjgq {qbolqf cfm ofmlegs r els{|âs cfm ab``luls-

7-1- Lm l` {|muf 44 L` sbsulog g|ufqbxg l` {gjf el g`jøm {qfe|cufLm cgsf w|l l` sbsulog sl a`fw|l, l` s|{lqtbsfq el egq g|ufqbxgcbóm g cghg {gqg {felq tf`tlq g lscgmlgq fuqfs {qfe|cufs sljøm `g {f`ïubcg el `g lo{qlsg-

L~cl{cbfmls8 Mf ngr




































<-/ CG[BU\@F T8 ELSGQQF@@F EL @G G[@BCGCBFM Lsuçmegq el cqlgcbóm el uga`gs [qldbhf8 UO UC UE

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Uga`gs Oglsuqgs Uga`gs Cgalclqgs Uga`gs Elug``l

Lsuçmegq el cqlgcbóm el cgo{fs y7 f 1 `luqg.s" el` mfoaql el `g uga`g} VyUb{f el Egufs}VyElscqb{cbóm el` Cgo{f}

Gml~f8 Ub{f el Egufs8 M8 M|oâqbcfs Elcbog`ls qlg`ls bmu `fmj ,․ T8 Tgqcngq tgqcngq1 MTgqcngq --E8 Egul Egulubol ---

Elscqb{cbóm el Lmubegels UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS CTVMVcfoVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` cfo{qfagmul el tlmugCTVMVlseVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m lsugefCTVMVuecVbe Cfebjf el ub{f el efc|olmufCTVMVfquVbe UCVcfo{qfagmul Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |mg fqelm el uqgaghfTlmug CTVMV{|sVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m {|muf el slqtbcbfCTVMVc`bVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m c`blmulCTVMVlo{Vbe




































CTVMVofmVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m ub{f el ofmlegCTVMVofm[gjfVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m ofmuf el {gjfCTVEVcfoVdlcng Dlcng el` cfo{qfagmul el tlmugCTVTVcfoVslqblEfc|olmuf Møolqf el slqbl el` cfo{qfagmul el tlmugCTVTVcfoVm|olqfEfc|olmuf M|olqf el efc|olmufCTVTVcfoVefc|olmufTlmug Efc|olmuf el TlmugCTVEVcfoVdlcngLobsbfm Dlcng el lobsbóm el` cfo{qfagmul el tlmugCTVEVcfoVdlcngCgmcl`gcbfm Dlcng el cgmcl`gcbóm el` cfo{qfagmul el tlmugCTVMVcfoVcgmubege Cgmubege el gquïc|`f g cfo{qgqCTVMVcfoVtg`fqTlmug Tg`fq el tlmugCTVMVcfoVelsc|lmuf Elsc|lmuf el` gquïc|`fCTVMVcfoVtg`fqBo{fmba`l Tg`fq CTVMVcfoVbjt BJT el` ofmuf ufug` g {gjgqCTVMVcfoVtlmugMlug Ofmuf ufug` g {gjgqCTVMVcfoVbo{qlsbfm Bo{qlsbóm el cfo{qfagmulCTVMVcfoVub{fCgoabf Ub{f el cgoabfCTVMVcfoV{gjfC|lmug [gjf el c|lmug el cfo{qfagmulCTVMVcfoVt|lùf[gjf T|lùf el cfo{qfagmulCTVMVcfoVsgèfEl|eg Sgèf El|eg el cfo{qfagmul-






































CTVTVcfoVj|bgQlobsbfm Cfo{qfagmul el J|bgCTVTVcfoVfaslqtgcbfm Faslqtgcbóm el J|bgCTVMVcfoVcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gCTVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el` cfo{qfagmul el tlmugCTVMVcfoVlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el` cfo{qfagmul el tlmug-

UGA@G

UCVefc|olmuf Oftboblmuf

UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[C ELSCQB[CBÓM BÓM EL CGO[FS EOVMVefoVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` oftboblmuf el |m efc|olmufEOVMVuboVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m ub{f el oftboblmufEOVTVefoVelscqb{cbfm Elscqb{cbfmEOVTVefoVsbj`g Sbj`g el` efc|olmufEOVMVefoVcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gEOVMVefoVlsugefQljbsuqf LsugefEOVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf-

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[C ELSCQB[CBÓM BÓM EL CGO[FS FUVMVfquVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |mg fqelm el uqgaghf-




































Efobcb`bfFUVEVfquVdlcngLmuqljg Dlcng el lmuqljg el |mg fqelm el uqgaghfFUVEVfquVnfqgLmuqljg Nfqg el lmuqljg el |mg fqelm el uqgaghfFUVMVfquVd`lulEfobcb`bf D`lul el efobcb`bfFUVMVfquVelsc|lmuf Elsc|lmufFUVMVfquVofmufUfug` Ofmuf ufug`FUVMVfquV{gjfC|lmug [gjf el c|lmugFUVMVfquVt|lùf[gjf T|lùf el {gjfFUVMVfuqVufug`[gjf Ufug` {gjfFUVMVfuqVcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gFUVMVfquVlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el |mg fqelm el uqgaghf FUVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el |mg fqelm el uqgaghfFUVEVlsugef Lsugef el fqelm-

UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[C ELSCQB[CBÓM BÓM EL CGO[FS ECVMVeluVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` elug``l el |m cfo{qfagmulECVMVcfoVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` cfo{qfagmul el tlmug-




































Lsugu|s el` elug``l el |m cfo{qfagmulECVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el` elug``l el |m cfo{qfagmulECVMVCfeGògclm Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m gògcâmECVMVcfeGqubc|`f Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m gquïc|`fECVMV\mbegeOlebeg \mbege el olebegECVMVfelV{qlcbfCfsufSf`ls [qlcbf el cfsuf lm sf`lsECVMVfelV{qlcbfCfsufEf`gqls [qlcbf el cfsuf lm eó`gqlsECVMVfelVbo{fqulSf`ls Bo{fqul lm sf`lsECVMVfelVbo{fqulEf`gqls Bo{fqul lm ef`gqls-

UGA@G

UEVelug``l Efc|olmuf

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[C ELSCQB[CBÓM BÓM EL CGO[FS EOVMVeleVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` elug``l el |m efc|olmufEOVMVefoVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` oftboblmuf el |m efc|olmufEOVTVeleVelscqb{cbfm Elscqb{cbfm el` elug``l el |m efc|olmufEOVTVeleVsbj`g Gaqltbgu|qg f sbj`g el` elug``l el |m efc|olmufEOVMVeleVcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gEOVMVeleVlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el` elug``l el |m efc|olmuf-




































EDVMVeldVcgmubege Cgmubege el |m gquïc|`f g cfo{qgq f tlmelqEDVMVeldV{qlcbf [qlcbfEDVMVeldVbo{fqul Bo{fqul el dgcu|qgEDVMVeldVelsc|lmuf Elsc|lmufEDVMVeldVufug` Ufug` el elug``lEDVTVeldVfaslqtgcbfm Faslqtgcbóm el` elug``l el |mg dgcu|qgEDVMVeldVcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gEDVMVeldVlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el` elug``l el |mg dgcu|qgEDVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el` elug``l el |mg dgcu|qgEDVMVCfeGògclm Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m gògcâm-

UGA@G

UEVfqelm

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS FEVMVfelVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` elug``l el |mg fqelmFEVMVfquVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |mg fqelm el uqgaghfFEVMVfelVcgmubege CgmubegeFEVMVfelVelsc|lmuf Elsc|lmufFEVMVfelVcql\s|gqbf




































\mbege OlebegFEVMVfelV{qlcbfCfsufSf`ls [qlcbf el cfsuf lm sf`lsFEVMVfelV{qlcbfCfsufEf`gqls [qlcbf el cfsuf lm eó`gqlsFEVMVfelVbo{fqulSf`ls Bo{fqul lm sf`lsFEVMVfelVbo{fqulEf`gqls Bo{fqul lm ef`gqls-

UGA@G

UEV ub{f\s|gqbf FahSbs

UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[C ELSCQB[CBÓM BÓM EL CGO[FS U\FSVMVu|fVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` ub{f el |s|gqbf el` fahluf el` sbsulogU\FSVMVub|Vbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` oftboblmuf el |m efc|olmufU\FSVMVfasVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` fahluf el` sbsulogU\FSVMVu|fVgcubtf GcubtgefU\FSVMVu|fVcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gU\FSVMVu|fVlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugef el qljbsuqfU\FSVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf-

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[C ELSCQB[CBÓM BÓM EL CGO[FS \CVMV|scVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el `g c`gtl el |m |s|gqbf\CVMV|s|Vbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m |s|gqbf-






































Dlcng el qljbsuqf el `g c`gtl el |m |s|gqbf-

UGA@G

UEV |s|gqbf [|mufSlqtbcbf

UGA@G

UOVGògclm

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[C ELSCQB[CBÓM BÓM EL CGO[FS \[SVMV|{sVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` {|muf el slqtbcbf el |m |s|gqbf\[SVMV|s|Vbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m |s|gqbf\[SVMV{|sVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m {|muf el slqtbcbf\[SVMV{|sVcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`g\[SVMV{|sVlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el` {|muf el slqtbcbf el |m |s|gqbf\[SVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el` {|muf el slqtbcbf el |m |s|gqbf-

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS G@VMVCfeGògclm Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m gògcâmG@VTVElscqb{cbfmGògclm Mfoaql f elscqb{cbóm el` gògcâmG@VMVD`gjLsugef Lsugu|s el` gògcâm-




































GCVMVUb{fCgoabfEf`gqls Ub{f el cgoabf el ebmlqf lm eó`gqlsGCVMVD`gjSbu|gcbfm Sbu|gcbómGCVMVDlcngCblqql Dlcng el cblqqg el |mg cghg g{lqu|qgegGCVEVDlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el |mg cghgGCVTV\s|gqbf Mfoaql el |s|gqbf el |mg cghgGCVMVD`gjLsugef Lsugu|s el |mg cghg g{lqu|qgeg-

UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS GVMVcfeGqubc|`f Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` gquïc|`fGVTVmfoGqubc|`f Mfoaql f elscqb{cbóm el` gquïc|`f GVTVCfe@bmlg Cfebjf el `ïmlgGVTVCfeS|a@bmlg Cfebjf el s|a `ïmlgGVTVCfeBJT




































[qlcbf el cfsuf lm eó`gqls el |m gquïc|`fGVMV[qlcbfCfsufL|qfs [qlcbf el cfsuf lm l|qfs el |m gquïc|`fGVMVUb{fGqubc|`f Ub{f el gqubc|`fGVMVCfeGògclm Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m gògcâmGVMVDg`jCfobsbfmga`l Cfobsbfmga`lGVMV[fqclmughlCfobsbfmCfmugef [fqclmughl el cfobsbóm g` cfmugef {fq tlmug el |m gquïc|`fGVMV[fqclmughlCfobsbfmCqlebuf [fqclmughl el cfobsbóm el cqâebuf {fq tlmug el |m gquïc|`fGVTVCfebjfAgqqg Cóebjf el agqqg el |m gquïc|`fGVTVQ|ugDfuf Q|ug el `g dfufjqgdïg el` gquïc|`fGVMVD`gjLsugef Lsugu|s el` gquïc|`fGVTV\s|gqbf Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m |s|gqbfGVEVDlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el |m gquïc|`f-




































UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS CLVMVcloVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` cgqjf el` lo{`lgefCLVTVcloVelscqb{cbfm Elscqb{cbóm el` ub{f el cgqjf el` lo{`lgefCLVMVcloVcql\s|gqbf UOVcgqjfLo{`lgef \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gCLVMVcloVlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el` ub{f el cgqjf el` lo{`lgefCLVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el` cgqjf el` lo{`lgef-

UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS CVMVc`bVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m c`blmulCVMVuebVbe Cóebjf el` ub{f el efc|olmuf el belmubege el` c`blmulCVMV|abVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el `g |abcgcbóm jlfjqçdbcg el` c`blmulCVMVofmVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m ub{f el ofmlegCVTVc`bVm|olqfEfcBel M|olqf el efc|olmuf el belmubege el` c`blmul-




































UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS CVMVcfmVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |mg cfmebcbómCVTVcfmVelscqb{cbfm Elscqb{cbóm el` ub{f el cfmebcbómCVMVcfmVcql\s|gqbf UOVcfmebcbfm \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gCVMVcfmVlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el` ub{f el cfmebcbóm UOVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el |mg cfmebcbóm-

UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS LVMVlo{Vbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` lo{`lgefLVMVlsuVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` lsugef cbtb` el |mg {lqsfmgLVMVuebVbe Cóebjf el` ub{f el efc|olmuf el belmubege el` lo{`lgefLVMVcloVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` cgqjf el` lo{`lgefLVMV|abVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el `g |abcgcbóm jlfjqçdbcg el` lo{`lgef-






































LVEVlo{VdlcngBmjqlsf Dlcng el bmjqlsf `gafqg` el` lo{`lgefLVEVlo{VdlcngSg`beg Dlcng el sg`beg `gafqg` el` lo{`lgefLVTVlo{Vdfuf Dfufjqgdïg el |m lo{`lgefLVMVlo{Vsg`gqbf Sg`gqbf el` lo{`lgefLVMVlo{Vcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gLVMVlo{VlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el` lo{`lgefLVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el` lo{`lgef-




































UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS LOVMVlsoVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` lsugef el |m oftboblmufLOVTVlsoVelscqb{cbfm Elscqb{cbóm el` lsugef el |m oftboblmufLOVMVlsoVcql\s|gqbf UOVlsugefOftboblmuf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gLOVMVlsoVlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el` lsugef el |m oftboblmufLOVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el` lsugef el |m oftboblmuf-

UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS LFVMVlsfVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` lsugef el |mg fqelm-




































UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS j|qVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el `g j|ïg el qlobsbómlseVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m lsugefl sugef{|sVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m {|muf el slqtbcbfuebVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` ub{f el efc|olmuf el belmubege el |mg {lqsfmgj|qVdlcng Dlcng el |mg j|ïg el qlobsbómj|qVdlcngSg`beg Dlcng el sg`beg el |mg j|ïg el qlobsbómj|qVslqblEfc|olmuf Slqbl el efc|olmuf-




































j|qV{`gcgUqgms{fqul [`gcg el` tlnïc|`f el uqgms{fqulj|qVclqubdbcgefUqgms{fqul Clqubdbcgef el` Uqgms{fqulj|qV`bclmcbgUqgms{fqul @bclmcbg el cfme|cbq el` cnfdlq f uqgms{fqubsugj|qV{lsfUfug` [lsf ufug` el` gquïc|`fj|qVcfsufUqgs`gef Cfsuf el uqgs`gef el` gquïc|`fj|qVfaslqtgcbfm Faslqtgcbóm el` uqgms{fqul f gqubc|`fj|qVcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gj|qVcqlDlcng




































UOVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el `g ofmleg-

UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS FSVMVfasVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` fahluf el` sbsulogFSVMVfasVel{lmelmcbg El{lmelmcbg el` fahluf el` sbsulogFSVMVfasVmbtl` Mbtl` el` fahluf el` sbsulogFSVMVfasVfqelm Fqelm el` fahluf el` sbsulogFSVTVfasVelscqb{cbfm Elscqb{cbóm el` fahluf el` sbsulogUOVfahlufSbsulog FSVTVfasV|q` \Q@ el` fahluf el` sbsulog-






































[SVTV{|sVul`ldfmf Møolqf el ul`âdfmf el |m {|muf el slqtbcbf[SVTV{|sVdg~ Møolqf el dg~ el |m {|muf el slqtbcbf[SVMV{|sVcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`g[SVMV{|sVlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el |m {|muf el slqtbcbf-




































UCVMVubcV{qlcbfCfo{qg [qlcbf el cfo{qg lm sf`ls el |m ub{f el cgoabfUCVMVubcV{qlcbfTlmug [qlcbf el tlmug lm sf`ls el |m ub{f el cgoabfUCVEVubcVdlcng Dlcng lm w|l sl qlg`bxó |m ub{f el cgoabf el ebmlqfUCVMVubcVcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`gUCVMVubcVlsugefQljbsuqf




































UOVEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el |m ub{f el oftboblmuf-

UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS U[VMVub{Vbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el |m ub{f ub {f el {lqsfmgU[VTVub{Velscqb{cbfm Elscqb{cbóm el |m ub{f el {lqsfmg-




































UGA@G

MFOAQL R ELSCQB[CBÓM EL CGO[FS \VMV|abVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el `g |abcgcbóm jlfjqçdbcg\VMVel{Vbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` el{gqugolmuf\VMV{qftVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el `g {qftbmcbg\VMVebsuVbe Cóebjf el belmubdbcgcbóm el` ebsuqbuf-




































\VEV|s|Vdlcng Dlcng el cqlgcbóm el` |s|gqbf\VMV|s|Vcql\s|gqbf \s|gqbf w|l cqlg l` qljbsuqf el `g uga`g\VMV|s|VlsugefQljbsuqf Lsugu|s el` |s|gqbf\VEVdlcQljbsuqf Dlcng el qljbsuqf el` |s|gqbf-










































































H[Bmtlqsbfmls J`fag` Ulcnmf`fjbls S-G-C 

Almldbcbfs elqbtgefs el` g|olmuf lm `g cg{gcbege el gògclmgoblmuf-
















































































































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Tlmugs – Ub{f el Cgoabf Lm lsul {qfclsf sl {feqç qlg`bxgq ogmulmboblmuf lm c|gmuf g` ub{f el cgoabf ofmlugqbf {gqg l` eó`gq .%" w|l sl cfubxg gcu|gòlmul f {gqg `g lo{qlsg- Lm lsug {gmug``g {|lel gjqljgq l` ub{f el cgoabf ebgqbgolmul sb d|lqg l` cgsf-

[gqg [gqg gjqljg gjqljgqq |m |m m|lt m|ltff ub{f ub{f el cgoabf cgoabf {qlsb {qlsbfmg fmgqq cfm cfm |m |m c`bc c`bc lm l` Afuó Afuómm Gjqljg Gjqljgqq  lm slj|beg slj|beg sl els{`bljg |mg {gmug``g ebmgobcg Gjqljgq Qljbsuqf Qljbsuqf cfo{`lugq `fs cgo{fs mlclsgqbfs w|l sfm8 {qlcbf {qlcbf el cfo{qg r {qlcbf el tlmug dbmgòlmul ngclofs c`bc lm l` afuóm J|gqegq r l` sbsulog lobubqç |m olmsghl bmebcgmef w|l l` m|ltf qljbsuqf sl jqgaó sgubsdgufqbgolmulLm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg jqçdbcg ub{f el cgoabf sl {feqç qlg`bxgq `gs d|mcbfmls el A|scgq cfo{`lugmef `f cgo{fs ebs{fmba`ls {gqg qlg`bxgq `g aøsw|leg r {|`sgmef l` afuñm A|scgq, ugoablm {felofs lebugq f ofebdbcgq l` ub{f el cgoabf g uqgtls el` afufm

Lebugq r {fq øùbof {gqg l`bobmgq l` ub{f el cgoabf sl`lccbfmgofs |mg db`g el `g `bsug el `bmlgs el ub{f el cgoabf ebs{fmba`ls r {|`sgofs l` afuóm L`bobmgq l` sbsulog lobubqç lobubqç |m olmsghl el cfmdbqogcbóm cfmdbqogcbóm ‐ Lsug slj|qf slj|qf w|l elslg l`bobmgq‟ { gqg cfmdbqogq {|`sgofs l` afuóm Gcl{ugq f ablm {gqg cgmcl`gq {|`sgofs l` afuóm Cgmcl`gq-




































Tlmugs – Dgcu|qg @gs dgcu|qgs sl cqlgm el gc|lqef g `g tlmug el `fs {qfe|cufs {fq c`blmul `fs c|g`ls {|lelm slq lo{qlsgs r&f {lqsfmg mgu|qg`-

[gqg jlmlqgq |mg dgcu|qg Lm lsul {qfclsf sl {feqç jlmlqgq |mg dgcu|qg {gqg l``f bmjqlsgofs g` olmø Tlmugs r sl`lccbfmgofs l` s|aolmø el ulqclq fqelm Dgcu|qg, @|ljf el bmjqlsgq mfs tgofs g `g f{cbóm M|ltf r mfs ofsuqgqg ofsuqgqg `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg jlmlqgq dgcu|qg cfo{`lugofs `fs egufs mlclsgqbfs w|l sfm8 cóebjf l` {lebef olebgmul |m dbùqf el aøsw|leg l` c`blmul olebgmul |m dbùqf el aøsw|leg cfo{`lugq l` elug``l el dgcu|qg sl sl`lccbfmg l` [qfe|cuf olebgmul |m dbùqf el aøsw|leg gsï obsof sl g|ufjlmlqg `gs f{cbfmls el |mbege el olebeg {qlcbf lm sf`ls cfof lm eó`gqls eó`gqls el` {qfe|cuf {fq |ùbof |ùbof cf`fcgq `g cgmubege g` {qlsbfmgq l` afuóm Gjqljgq lm elug``l el el dgcu|qg sl ofsuqgqç |m `bsugef el `ïmlgs el {qfe|cufs efmel elug``gm.Mqf- el {lebef cgmubege {qfe|cuf {qfe|cuf {qlcbf lm sf`ls {qlcbf lm eó`gqls bo{fqul lm sf`ls bo{fqul lm eó`gqls r afuóm l`bobmgq "[fq øùbof cfm `fs egufs el `gs `ïmlgs el {lebef w|l cfmu|tblqg l` obsof sl {feqç tbs|g`bxgq l` Mqf- el qljbsuqfs s|a/ufug` ufug` {gjf BJT r ufug` mluf `fs c|g`ls sfm g|ufjlmlqgefs- [fq øùbof {gqg {felq jqgagq jqgagq `g dgcu|qg sl sl`lccbfmg l` afuóm Jqgagq lmuql fuqgs d|mcbfmls sl {feqç cgmcl`gq w|l ul {lqobubqç tf`tlq g `g bmuldgx jqçdbcg fqelm el {lebef g uqgtâs el` afuóm Cgmcl`gq jlmlqgq m|ltf {lebef {lebef g uqgtâs el` afuóm M|ltf r {fq |ùbof bo{qbobq g uqgtâs el` afuóm Bo{qbobq-

[gqg A|scgq |mg fqelm el tlmug Lm lsul {qfclsf sl {feqç qlg`bxgq `g aøsw|leg el dgcu|qgs {gqg l``f bmjqlsgofs g` olmø Tlmugs r sl`lccbfmgofs l` s|aolmø el {qbolq fqelm Dgcu|qg, @|ljf el bmjqlsgq mfs tgofs g `g f{cbóm A|scgq lm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg cfms|ùgq dgcu|qg efmel sl ofsuqgqg |m `bsugef el `ïmlgs dgcu|qgs rg jlmlqgefs jlmlqgefs gnfqg sb elslgofs tbs|g`bxgq `gs dgcu|qgs {fq `fs cgo{fs el dbùqf el aøsw|leg aøsw|leg w|l sfm8 M|olqf M|olqf el efc|olmuf c`blmul {fq {fq |m dbùqf el aøsw|leg dlcng el dgcu|qg ofmleg r lsugef {gqg qlg`bxgq `g aøsw|leg sf`f cfo{`lugofs `fs cgo{fs r `l egofs `g f{cbóm A|scgq r mfs eltf`tlqç `g `bsug el dgcu|qgs sl`lccbfmgefs efmel sl qld`lhg8 cóebjf el {lebef dlcng m|olqf el dgcu|qg c`blmul cfmebcbóm ofmleg ufug` {gjf sgèf lsugef afuóm tlq elug``l r afuóm gm|`gq -









































































@g C|gqug f{cbóm el` olmø {qbmcb{g` ls l` oóe|`f Cghg `g c|g` c|lmug cfm cbmcf s|aolmøs {gqg ulmlq gcclsf g `gs f{cbfmls el c|g`w|blq s|aolmø {qbolqf sl`lccbfml lm l` olmø {qbmcb{g` `g f{cbóm Cghg, `|ljf {feqç sl`lccbfmgq c|g`w|blq s|aolmø ebs{fmba`l w|l sfm8 G{lqu|qg & Clqqgq Cghg Oftboblmuf el Cghg Bmjqlsf el Cghg Ljqlsf el Cghg r [gjf el [lebefs- Cfof sl o|lsuqg lm `g sbj|blmul dbj|qg db j|qg 2-

Cghg / G{lqu|qgq & Clqqgq Cghg Lsul {qfclsf {lqobubqç g{lqu|qgq `g Cghg {gqg l``f tgofs g` Olmø Cghg r sl`lccbfmgofs l` s|aolmø el {qbolq fqelm G{lqu|qgq & Clqqgq CghgLm `g bmulqdgx bmulqdgx jqçdbcg g{lqu|qg cghg {qfclelq g{lqu|qgq cghg {gqg l``f mfs tgofs g `g f{cbóm Cgqjg Ogm|g` w|l mfs ``ltg g `g bmulqdgx w|l {lqobul cfo{`lugq `fs cgo{fs el sgèf bmbcbg` r {qfclelq g g{lqu|qgq `g cghg g uqgtls el` afuóm G{lqu|qgq l` sbsulog elt|l`tl |m olmsghl efmel sl ls{lcbdbcg w|l sl g{lqu|qf cfqqlcugolmul `g cghgLm lsul oóe|`f el Cghg s|aolmø G{lqu|qg Cghg ls bo{fqugmul w|l sl g{lqu|qg gmuls el qlg`bxgq c|g`w|blq oftboblmuf lm cgsf mf sl ngrg g{lqu|qgef {qbolqf r elslg qlg`bxgq g`jøm oftboblmuf el jlsubóm el tlmugs mf `l {lqobubqç r `g sgèqç |m olmsghl bmebcgmef w|l slg g{lqu|qgef-







































































Cghg / Oftboblmufs el Cghg \mg tlx w|l lsuâ g{lqu|qgeg `g Cghg rg {|lel qlg`bxgq c|g`w|blq oftboblmuf el tlmug lm `g lo{qlsgLsul {qfclsf {lqobubqç tlq `fs oftboblmufs qlg`bxgefs {gqg l``f tgofs g` olmø Cghg r sl`lccbfmgofs l` s|aolmø lm slj|mef fqelm Oftboblmufs el CghgLm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg oftboblmuf el cghg {felofs bq g f{cbóm A|scgq r tbs|g`bxgq ufefs `fs oftboblmufs qlg`bxgofs {fq dlcngs sb w|lqlofs ngclq |m dbùqf {fq dlcng ls{lcbdbcg {qfclelofs g cfo{`lugq `fs cgo{fs mlclsgqbfs el el a|sw|leg r tf`tlq g {qlsbfmgq l` afuóm A|scgq, efmel sl ofuqgqç lm elug``l |mg `bsug lm `bmlg el oftboblmufs efmel sl tbs|g`bxg .cfebjf {|muf slqtbcbf dlcng el g{lqu|qg sgèf bmbcbg` lm sf`ls sgèf bmbcbg` lm eó`gqls dlcng el cblqql l` afufm tlq elug``l r l` afuóm G{lqu|qgq "-




































Lm `g f{cbóm tlq elug``l mfs ofsuqgqç `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg cblqql el Cghg efmel sl tbs|g`bxgqç `fs oftboblmufs jlmlqg`ls qlg`bxgefs {fq eïg eïg efmel sl elug``g `fs dbùqfs el el aøsw|leg elug``l el bmjqlsf elug``l el ljqlsf ufug`ls {fq øùbof |mg faslqtgcbóm-




































Cghg / Bmjqlsf el Cghg Lsul {qfclsf {lqobubqç tlq `fs bmjqlsfs el cghg qlg`bxgefs {gqg l``f tgofs g` olmø Cghg r sl`lccbfmgofs l` s|aolmø lm ulqclq fqelm Bmjqlsf el CghgLm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg bmjqlsf el cghg sl {feqç qlg`bxgq dbùqfs el a|sw|leg g uqgtâs el `fs cgo{fs8 Cóebjf Ofmleg Dlcng r {|`sgmef l` afuóm A|scgq efmel sl tbs|g`bxgqç Ufug` jlmlqg` el bmjqlsf- Gsbobsof {felofs jlmlqgq |m m|ltf bmjqlsf g uqgtâs el` afuóm M|ltf efmel mfs o|lsuqg `g bmulqdgx jqgdbcg bmjqlsgq m|ltf bmjqlsf efmel sl cfo{`lug cfo{`lug `fs cgo{fs mlclsgqbfs r sl {qfclel g j|gqegq g uqgtâs el` afuóm Jqgagq-






































Cghg / Ljqlsf el Cghg Lsul {qfclsf {lqobubqç tlq `fs bmjqlsfs el cghg qlg`bxgefs {gqg l``f tgofs g` olmø Cghg r sl`lccbfmgofs l` s|aolmø lm c|gquf fqelm Ljqlsf el CghgLm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg Ljqlsf el cghg sl {feqç qlg`bxgq dbùqfs el aøsw|leg g uqgtâs el `fs cgo{fs8 Cóebjf Ofmleg Dlcng r {|`sgmef l` afuóm A|scgq efmel sl tbs|g`bxgqç Ufug` jlmlqg` el Ljqlsf-

Lm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg Ljqlsf el el cghg {felofs jlmlqgq |m m|ltf Ljqlsf g uqgtâs el`




































Cghg/ [gjf el [lebefs [lebefs Lsul {qfclsf {lqobubqç cgmcl`gq `fs {lebefs lm lsugef {lmeblmul {gqg l``f tgofs g` olmø Cghg r sl`lccbfmgofs l` s|aolmø lm w|bmuf fqelm [gjf el [lebefsLm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg {gjgq {gjgq {lebefs {gqg {qfclelq {qfclelq {gjgq |m {lebef sl qlg`bxg |m dbùqf el aøsw|leg cfo{`lugmef `fs cgo{fs mlclsgqbfs r {|`sgmef l` afuóm A|scgq |mg tlx w|l mfs o|lsuqg o|lsuqg |m `bsugef el `bmlgs el {lebefs el{lmeblmuls el{lmeblmuls efmel sl tbs|g`bxg `f sbj|blmul8 Cfebjf dlcng c`blmul ofmleg ufug` {gjf lsugef ub{f el efc|olmuf l` afuóm Bo{qbobq r l` afuóm




































[gjgq - Sl sl`lccbfmg |mg db`g el` {lebef {lmeblmul sb sl {qlsbfmg l` afuóm [gjgq efmel mfs o|lsuqg `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg bmjqlsf el cghg efmel sl cfo{`lug `fs cgo{fs mlclsgqbfs r sl {qfclel g j|gqegq bmjqlsf g uqgtâs el` afuóm Jqgagq, ugoablm sl {feqç cgmcl`gq g uqgtâs el` afuóm Cgmcl`gq-




































@g W|bmug f{cbóm el` olmø {qbmcb{g` ls l` oóe|`f Gògcâm `g c|g` c|lmug cfm uqls s|aolmøs {gqg ulmlq gcclsf g` {qfclsf el c|g`w|blq s|aolmø {qbolqf sl`lccbfml lm l` olmø {qbmcb{g` `g f{cbóm Gògcâm, `|ljf {feqç sl`lccbfmgq c|g`w|blq s|aolmø ebs{fmba`l w|l sfm8 sfm8 Gulmcbóm el [lebefs J|ïg el qlobsbóm r Jlsubóm el [qfe|cufs[qfe|cufsCfof sl o|lsuqg lm `g sbj|blmul dbj|qg 7;-

Gògcâm – Gulmelq [lebef Lm lsul {qfclsf sl {feqç gulmelq {lebef lm lsugef cgmcl`gef {gqg l``f tgofs g` olmø Gògcâm r sl`lccbfmgofs l` s|aolmø lm {qbolq fqelm Gulmelq [lebefLm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg gulmelq {lebefs {gqg {qfclelq gulmelq |m {lebef elsel l` ofe|`f gògclm sl qlg`bxg |m dbùqf el aøsw|leg cfo{`lugmef `fs cgo{fs mlclsgqbfs r {|`sgmef l` afuóm A|scgq |mg tlx w|l mfs o|lsuqg |m `bsugef el `bmlgs el {lebefs cgmcl`gefs efmel sl tbs|g`bxg `f sbj|blmul8 sbj|blmul8 Cfebjf dlcng c`blmul ofmleg lsugef ub{f el efc|olmuf l` afuóm r l` afuóm Bo{qbobq - Sl sl`lccbfmg |mg db`g el` {lebef cgmcl`gef r sl {qlsbfmg l` afuóm Gulmelq efmel mfs o|lsuqg `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg jlmlqgq j|ïg el qlobsbóm efmel sl cfo{`lug `fs cgo{fs mlclsgqbfs w|l sfm8 dlcng m|olqf el efc|olmuf efc|olmuf {gqubeg ``ljgeg egufs el` elsubmgugqbf .mfoaql el` elsubmgugqbf Q|c efobcb`bf r efc|olmuf el belmubege" elug``l el {qfe|cufs.|m `bsug el {qfe|cufs els{gcngefs lm l` c|g` elug``g8 Cgmubegeg [qfe|cuf |mbege gògclm " Mqf el qljbsuqfs g|ufjlmlqgef j|ïg bmulqmg faslqtgcbóm r egufs el uqgms{fqubsugs.Mfoaql el` uqgms{fqubsug efobcb`bf el uqgms{fqul Q\C ogqcg el uqgms{fqul {`gcg el uqgms{fqul clqubdbcgef el uqgms{fqul r `bclmcbg el uqgms{fqul" r sl {qfclel g j|gqegq j|gqegq j|ïg el qlobsbóm g uqgtâs el` afuóm Jqgagq, ugoablm sl {feqç cgmcl`gq g uqgtâs el` afuóm Cgmcl`gq f {fq øùbof gm|`gq g uqgtâs el` afuóm L`bobmgq-









































































Gògcâm / J|ïg el Qlobsbóm Lm lsul {qfclsf sl {feqç cfms|ùgq r jlmlqgq j|ïg el qlobsbóm {gqg l``f tgofs g` olmø Gògcâm r sl`lccbfmgofs l` s|aolmø lm slj|mef fqelm J|ïg el QlobsbómLm `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg cfms|ùgs el j|ïg el qlobsbóm {gqg cfms|ùgq |m j|ïg el qlobsbóm {qfclelofs g ngclq |m dbùqf el aøsw|leg g uqgtâs el `fs sbj|blmuls cgo{fs8 [gqg cfms|ùgq cfo{`lugq l` cóebjf m|olqf el j|ïg j|ïg qlobsbóm f ngcblmef |m cnlci lm `g f{cbóm dlcng efmel {feqç sl`lccbfmgq |mg dlcng ls{lcïdbcg r `|ljf {gqg qlg`bxgq `g aøsw|leg {qlsbfmgofs l` afuóm A|scgq r l` sbsulog elt|l`tl |m g`bsug el {lebefs lm lsugef gulmebefs f lmuqljgefsLm cgsf mf ngr cfms|ùgs {lmeblmuls lmufmcls `l sgèqç |m olmsghl ‐Mf ngr Egufs {gqg Ofsuqgq‟-




































Gògcâm – Jlsubóm [qfe|cufs Lm lsul {qfclsf sl {feqç a|scgq jqgagq lebugq r l`bobmgq {qfe|cufs {gqg l``f tgofs g` olmø Gògcâm r sl`lccbfmgofs l` s|aolmø lm ulqclq fqelm Jlsubóm [qfe|cufsLm bmulqdgx jqçdbcg `bsug el {qfe|cufs sl {feqç A|scgq `fs {qfe|cufs ngcblmef c`bc lm l` afuó afuómm  `g `g c|g c|g`` `l of ofsu suqg qgqç qç |mg |mg `bs `bsug ug el ufef ufefss `fs `fs {qfe {qfe|c |cuf ufss ebs ebs{f {fmb mba` a`ls ls el lsg lsg slel Gjqljgq |m m|ltf {qfe|cuf ofebdbcgq `fs egufs el |m {qfe|cuf l~bsulmul j|gqegq r gcu|g`bxgq egufs el `fs {qfe|cufs[gqg gjqljgq |m m|ltf {qfe|cuf {qlsbfmgofs l` afuóm M|ltf r mfs ofsuqgqç `g bmulqdgx jqçdbcg gquïc|`fs efmel sl cfo{`lugqç `fs cgo{fs mlclsgqbfs els{|âs el ngalq ``lmgef cgeg |mg el `gs cgsb``gs {qlsbfml l` afuóm Jqgagq {gqg w|l `fs {qfe|cufs slgm j|gqegefs r gògclmgefs lm `g agsl el egufs[gqg ofebdbcgq |m {qfe|cuf l~bsulmul sl`lccbfml l` {qfe|cuf el `g `bsug el `ïmlgs el {qfe|cufs {qlsbfml l` afuóm Lebugq r g|ufoçubcgolmul sl `l ngab`bugqçm `fs egufs el` {qfe|cuf sl`lccbfmgef qlg`bcl `fs cgoabfs mlclsgqbfs r {qlsbfml l` afuóm Jqgagq







































































@g Sl~ug r øùbog f{cbóm el` olmø {qbmcb{g` ls l` oóe|`f Ql{fquls `g c|g` c|lmug cfm efs s|aolmøs {gqg ulmlq gcclsf g` {qfclsf { qfclsf el c|g`w|blq s|aolmø {qbolqf sl`lccbfml lm l` olmø {qbmcb{g` `g f{cbóm Ql{fquls, `|ljf sl`lccbfml cgeg |mg el `gs efs f{cbfmls el` s|aolmø `gs c|g`ls sfm8 Tlmugs {fq Af`lugs r&f Tlmugs {fq Dgcu|qgs- Cfof sl o|lsuqg lm `g sbj|blmul dbj|qg 77-

Ql{fquls – Tlmugs {fq Af`lugs Lm lsug f{cbóm el` s|aolmø |sule {feqç qlg`bxgq l` ql{fqul el af`lugs {fq dlcng sl`lccbfmgq l` `fcg` lm `g c|g` sl ng qlg`bxgef `g tlmug slj|begolmul egq c`bc lm l` afuóm JlmlqgqSl ldlcuøg `g bo{qlsbóm el` ql{fqul j|gqeçmefsl lm |mg cgq{lug {qlefobmgeg el ql{fquls-




































Ql{fquls – Tlmugs {fq Dgcu|qgs Lm lsug f{cbóm el` s|aolmø |sule {feqç qlg`bxgq l` ql{fqul el cfo{qfagmul el tlmugs .Dgcu|qg" {fq dlcng sl`lccbfmgq l` `fcg` lm `g c|g` sl ng qlg`bxgef `g tlmug slj|begolmul egq c`bc lm l` afuóm JlmlqgqSl ldlcuøg `g bo{qlsbóm el` ql{fqul j|gqeçmefsl lm |mg cgq{lug {qlefobmgeg el ql{fquls-






































Ql{fquls – Tlmugs el C`blmuls Lm lsul ql{fqul sl o|lsuqg |m `bsugef el c`blmuls efc|olmuf cfm w|l qlg`bxó `g cfo{qg cgmubege el tlmugs ofmuf ufug` {gjgef {fq cgeg c`blmul lm qgmjf el |m g÷f `fcg` cfqqls{fmeblmul r l` ofmuf ufug` el `g tlmug el ufefs `fs ` fs c`blmuls[gsfs {gqg Jlmlqgq Ql{fqul el C`blmuls8 @g bmdfqogcbóm el` ql{fqul el `fs c`blmuls sljøm `f ls{lcbdbw|l-







































































Ql{fquls – [qfe|cufs Tlmebefs Lm lsul ql{fqul sl o|lsuqg l` elug``l el `fs {qfe|cufs tlmebefs[gsfs {gqg Jlmlqgq Ql{fqul el [qfe|cufs Tlmebefs8 @g bmdfqogcbóm el` ql{fqul el {qfe|cufs tlmebefs sljøm `f ls{lcbdbw|lSb elslg w|l lm l` ql{fqul sl bmc`|rgm `gs dlcngs el el {lebef ngclq c`bc lm  slj|begolmul ublml `g f{cbóm el sl`lccbfmgq `g slel el `g c|g` w|blql ngclq l` ql{fqul c|geqf w|l sl sl÷g`g lm `g sbj|blmul bogjlm8




































DESARROLLO DE UNA APLICACIÓN WEB PARA LA GESTIÓN DE VENTAS EN LA EMPRESA “JPINVERSIONES GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES S.A.C”

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