Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 – Dragana Vasilijević – 080304, 09
GRAMATIKA ZA USMENI ISPIT IZ ENGLESKOG JEZIKA 1) Vrste Vrste reči reči – Part Partss of spee speech ch
Imenice – Noun Glagol – Pronoun Pridev – Adjective Prisvojni pridev – Possessive adjective o Prilog – Adverb o Odnosni prilozi – Relative adverbs (when and where) Prilozi za vreme – Adverbs of frequency o Broj – Number o Redni broj – Ordinal number o Osnovni broj – Cardinal number Član – Article Određeni član – Definite article (the) o o Neodređeni član – Indefinite article (a) Zamenica – Pronoun Lična zamenica – Personal pronoun o Personal pronoun for subject (I…) Personal pronoun for object (Me…) o Prisvojna zamenica – Possessive pronoun o Povratna zamenica – Reflexive pronoun (myself) Upitna zamenica – Interrogative pronoun (who, what?) o Odnosna zamenica – Relative pronoun (who, which, that) o o Neodređena zamenica – Indefinite pronoun (someone) Opšta zamenica – Universal pronoun (everywhere, everybody) o Odrična zamenica – Negative pronoun (no one) o Pokazna zamenica – Demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those) o
2) Vremena: Tenses – prepoznavanje prepoznavanje i transformacije iz jednog u drugo
Present Simple: I do Present Continuous (Progressive): I am doing Present Perfect: I have done Present Perfect Progressive: I have been doing Past Simple: I did Past Progressive: I was doing Past Perfect: I had done Past Perfect Progressive: I had been doing Future simple: I will do Future Progressive: I will be doing 1
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 – Dragana Vasilijević – 080304, 09
3) Vrste zavisnih rečenica – Types of clauses 1) Relative clauses:
Defining (restrictive): DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative pronouns Subject Who / that Object Whom / who / that Possessive Whose Subject Which / that Object Which / that Possessive Whose (animals), of which Relative adverbs When, where
Persons Things
Primer: This is the house, the roof of which burnt down. Contact clause (without relative pronoun): The man (whom) she married is very poor.
Non – defining
Type Person Thing Possessive Prepositional
NON – DEFINING CLAUSES Subject Object Who Whom Which Which Whose Whose / Preposition + whom / which Relative adverb: where
It can be left out. It always has coma. Paris is the town where he was born. This is Paris, where he was born.
Coordinate
It reffers to a clause. It is introduced by – which only. Primer: The curtain fell down, which made everyone laugh.
2) Temporal (time) clauses: Vremenske rečenice: Prepoznavanje po smislu i rečima tipa when... 2
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 – Dragana Vasilijević – 080304, 09
3) Conditional clauses: Uslovne rečenice – prepoznavanje i pretvaranje iz jednog kondicionala u drugi
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES Type 1 : real
Type 2 : hypothetical
Type 3 : a situation in the past that cannot be changed
If + present simple If + present progressive
Future simple Present simple Imperative Can, may + bare infinitive
If + past simple If + past progressive
Would + present infinitive Could + present infinitive Should + present infinitive Might + present infinitive
If + past perfect If + past perfect progressive
Would + perfect infinitive Could + perfect infinitive Should + perfect infinitive Might + have + past participle
Unless = if ... not Unless ne trpi negativan glagol: unless you go – if you don’t go On conditiona that: provided, providing, so long as, as long as
4) Purpose clauses: No change of subject a) With infinitive: I went to the store to buy bread. b) So as to, in order to: In order to obtain a citizenship foreigners have to pass a test Change of subject a) Infinitive with double – object verbs: I sent him to buy some bread. b) So that: I will leave her a message, so that she will know where we are.
5) Concession clauses: Prepoznavanje (dopusne rečenice) but, although perhaps, even if on the other hand, while although, inspite although + clause in spite of/dispite + noun or gerund
6) Adverbial clauses of degree: Nisu obavezne, ali su poželjne
So + adjective 3
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 – Dragana Vasilijević – 080304, 09
Such + countable nouns: such a nice man Such + uncountable nouns: such bad milk So much + uncountable nouns So many + countable nouns
4) Članovi – Articles SRPSKI Određeni Neodređeni Nulti
ENGLESKI Definite Indefinite Zero
OZNAKA The A /
Osnovna pravila (basic rules): Ako posle imenice ide relative clause – pre nje ide član Ako posle imenice ide of – pre nje ide član We use THE: - for superlatives - for rivers, oceans, seas, countryside, mountain chanes - The United States - The Hague - the first - the young, the old - families
5) Izražavanje želje (Subjunctive: I wish/If only) In these sentences we use the past simple for the present and future and the past perfect tense for the past.
Wishes: I wish/If only I lived in France. Indirect speech: She wished she lived in France. Regrets: I wish/If only I had had the chance of going to university. Indirect speech: He wished he had had the chance of going to university. He regreted that he had not had the chance of going to university. Complaints: The conditional tense (would + infinitive) I wish you would look where you’re going. Indirect speech: to wish/to complain She wished that he would look where he was going.She complained that he didn’t look where he was going.She complained about him not looking where he was going.
6) Causative have/get – Uzročno i iskustveno have
4
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 – Dragana Vasilijević – 080304, 09 HAVE GET + OBJECT + THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF THE MAIN VERB
We use it for: a) What we arrange others to do for us: We have had our gate painted. b) Unfortunate experiences: He had his leg broken. 7) Modalni glagoli – Modal verbs: prepoznavanje i upotreba u recenici
Ability Can – could – general ability in present Could – general ability in the past Be able to – particular ability Orders Must, Have to – u neupravnom govoru: had to Prohibition Mustn’t – u neupravnom govoru: wasn’t to, weren’t to Advice Should, ought to – general advice (should have done, qught to have done) Had better, had better not – immediate suggestion Permision Can, could, may, might (poređani po formalnosti) May – might, can – could No obligation Needn’t Didn’t need to – prošlo vreme – radnja nije urađena Didn’t have to – prošlo vreme – radnja je urađena, a nije trebalo Possibility Modal Modal
Sadašnjost Present infinitive (bare infinitive) Prošlost
Could, may, might
Perfect infinitive
Can, could, may, might
Deduction (logical conclusion) Must – positive conclusions Can’t, couldn’t – negative conclusions Glagoli se ne mogu menjati. o
Modals are always followed by infinitive 5
Trajna sadašnjost Progressive infinitive
Trajna prošlost Perfect progressive infinitive
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 – Dragana Vasilijević – 080304, 09 o
U indiektnom govoru can do – could do, could do – could do o
Infinitivi i kondicionali se ne menjaju.
8) Gerund i present participle ( glagolska imenica i sadašnji particip) Gerund is a word that functions as a noun. It is derived by adding ‘–ing’ to the end of a verb (jog), e.g. “Jogging is a good way of exercising”. A present participle is formed by adding ‘-ing’ to the verb, as in ‘reading’., e.g. “He may be reading the newspaper now”.
A gerund is used: · as the subject of the sentence. Example: Waiting for a bus can take a long time. · as the object of a verb. Example: “Will you stop crying?” · as a verbal noun, i.e. as a verb doing the work of a noun. Example: Her scolding frightened her children. · after a verb. Example: The gate needs repainting. · after “busy”. Example: She is busy cooking for dinner. · with a preposition. Example: We are tired after walking for two hours. · after a phrasal verb. Example: If we carry on working, we can complete it today. A present participle is used: · immediately after a subject to which it refers. Example: People driving in the rain have to drive carefully. · after a verb. Example: He went fishing with his friends. · after a noun. It tells us what a person or thing is doing. Example: She heard them talking about her. Example: I saw a rock rolling down the hill. · as an adjective. Example: That twinkling star is much brighter than the rest. · to show that a person is doing two things at the same time. Example: He is sitting outside the house, watching people pass by. · to form the continuous tense. Example: He is washing his car. · when one action is followed by another. Example: Walking on the beach, he threw a ball to his friend.
9) Infinitives NAZIV
FORMA 6
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 – Dragana Vasilijević – 080304, 09 Full infinitive (to infinitive) Present infinitive (bare infinitive) Present Progressive infinitive Perfect infinitive Perfect progressive infinitive
10)
To do Do Be doing Have done Have been doing
Genitives
Saxon genitive: Nouns in singular + ’s Nouns in plural + ’ Two people sharing one thing (who have one thing in common): John and Mary’s son Both of them have one: John’s and Mary’s car Irregular plural + ’s A personal name ending with s + ’ Norman genitive: Of + noun Double genitive: Combination of two genitives (a friend of Mary’s) 11) Poređenje prideva i priloga: Comparison of adjectives and
adverbs Razlika između prideva i priloga je u tome što prilozi u komparativu nemaju the. Stepeni poređenja (degrees of comparison) - positive - comparative - superlative Vrste poređenja (types of comparison) - synthetic (adding suffixes – er, -est) - analytic (adding more, the most) - irregular (adjectives: good, bad, little, much, many, far, old adverbs: well, badly, little, much/many, far)
12)
Direktan i indirektan govor: prepoznavanje i pretvaranje
When we make changes? Kada je uvodni glagol u prošlom vremenu
Tense changes: Present simple – past simple Present progressive – past progressive Present perfect – past perfect Present perfect progressive – past perfect progressive Past simple – past perfect Past progressive – past perfect progressive Past perfect and past perfect progresive stay the same 7
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 – Dragana Vasilijević – 080304, 09
Am/is/are going to – was/were going to Will – would Can – could May – might Drugi i treći kondicional, infinitivi i subjunctive se ne menjaju!
Time and place changes: Today – that day Yesterday – the day before, the previous day Tomorrow – the day after, the next day, the following day Now – then Tonight – that evening Last week – the week before, the previous week Next week – the week after, the next week, the following week Here – there This – that These – those Ago – before
Statements We introduce them by say and tell. No change in word order. Orders They are introduced by tell and orded. Bare infinitive changes into to infinitive. Requests They are introduced by ask. U direktnom govoru stoji please. Bare infinitive changes into to infinitive. Questions They are introduced by ask, want to know, wonder. The word order changes (prvo subjekat, pa ostalo). Pitanja koja nemaju upitnu reč se uvode sa if i whether.
13)
Aktiv i pasiv (Active and passive voice)
We form the passive voice by making the object subject; we use the auxiliary verb TO BE in the tense of the main verb and the past participle of the main verb.
TENSE Present simple Present progressive Present perfect Past simple Past progressive Past perfect Future simple Going to future Modals
ACTIVE Make(s) Am/is/are making Have/has made Made Was/were making Had made Will make Am/is/are going to make Could make/must have
8
PASSIVE Am/is/are made Am/is/are being made Have/has been made Was/were made Was/were being made Had been made Will be made Am/is/are going to be made Could be made/must have
Izborni engleski jezik, I godina, nivo: B2 – Dragana Vasilijević – 080304, 09
Infinitive
made To make
been made To be made
Double object verbs He gave me some money. – I was given some money. – Some money was given to me. Lista najčešćih: Give, lend, make, offer, owe, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, write
14)
Frazalni glagoli (Phrasal verbs) - prepoznavanje
15) Zbunjujući glagoli: Confusing Verbs:
Lie – lay – lain – lying – ležati, neprelazan (intransitive) Lay – laid – laid – laying – položiti, prelazan (transitive) Lie – lied – lied – lying – lagati
Regular Verb TRANSITIVE - needs an object VERB FORMS: raise - raised - raised raising TO RAISE = to lift something, to elevate, to bring to maturity, to increase, to set upright by lifting or building Terry raised her hand to wave at her friend. My grandmother raised cotton. I'm raising some tomatoes. The store always raises prices.
Irregular Verb INTRANSITIVE - no object VERB FORMS: rise - rose - risen rising TO RISE = to move upward (without assistance) to move upright from a lying, kneeling, or sitting position to return from death
Hot air balloons rise. Frank's rising from the sofa. The sun has already risen this morning. Zombies rise from the dead in horror movies!
9
