SUMÁRIO
1. INTRODUÇÃO
2
2. OBJETIVO 3 3. DESE DESENV NVOL OLV VIMEN IMENTO TO
4
3.1 CONSTITUI CONSTITUIÇÃO ÇÃO DA MAT MATÉRIA ÉRIA 4 3.2 3.2 EST ESTADO DOS S FÍSIC ÍSICOS OS 5 3.3 ESTADO ESTADO SÓLIDO 5 3.4 ESTADO LÍQUIDO
3.5 ESTADO !ASOSO
"
3.# $LASMA
1%
3. CONDE CONDENSA NSADO DO DE BOSE& BOSE&EIN EINSTE STEN N 13
3." CO CONDENSADOS FE FERMI'NICOS
15
3.(SU (SU$ERFLUIDO DE DE $O $OLARITON
1#
3.1% FLUIDO FLUIDOS S SU$ERC SU$ERCRÍT RÍTICO ICOS S 1 3.11 MATÉRIA MATÉRIA DE DE QUAR)S 1" 3.12 NOVO ESTADO DA MATÉRIA2% 3.13 SU$ERFLUIDOS 3.14 SU$ERSÓLIDOS
21 21
3.15 3.15 COLÓID COLÓIDE E 22 3.1#NEUTRONIO
23
3.1 $LASMA QUAR)&!LUON 4. CONCLUSÃO
2#
5. REFE REFER* R*NC NCIA IAS S
2 2
1. INT INTRODU RODUÇÃ ÇÃO O
24
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<,,807;7/,.7.+,/+/=3V<)L40E <,,8PPP./;?67:+.7?/6/7&0//7+0 <,,8PPP. /;?67:+.7?/6/7&0//7+0+;7+6&&6,+&?/6/7 +;7+6&&6,+&?/6/7 <,,88,.6:/6<+.;,+/+;+?:+0?&0;/6/+&?+:&6&+:6& &0/,/;<;<+&&070/&1%"25##
2. OBJETIVO 2
M+,-/+ - ,0 0 , +66+ 708+ 68+9. Q0+:0 7/6+ 0 ,;<+ =/6,>;7/+ ?@6/7+ 0 +: - +,-/+. T0 0 =/6, ; 0;/6 7;<7/ +;/?6,+&6 7 +,-/+ 0 ;/+. R?&6 + 0+:0 :;, 0 +86;, +66+ 708 :0+ ; 68+9 ?+ 8+, 0+ +:/+ ,/+ + 708+ 0 :0+ ; 68+9 6 8 6;,/ / 0 ,7+G - 786,+ 8 H, H,6 6 0 0 7;? 7;? 6, 6, + ++ + 66 8 8/,/, 0 0 6,+ 6,+ ?@6/ ?@6/7 7 + +,+,-/ /+ + 6+ 6+ ?/; ?/;/ /. . A +,+,-/ /+ + ; ;+: +: ;, ;, - +660 +660;, ;, 6,0 6,0 8:+ 8:+ 0@/7+ 0 - + 7/>;7/+ 0 6 /7+ + 6,0+ ,+;, + 786/9 7 + ,+;6?+9 + +,+,-/ /+. +. O6 6,+ 6,+ 66 ?@6/ ?@6/7 766 + +,+,-/ /+ + 8 8 6 6 / /?/7 ?/7+ +6 6 ?0;9 ?0;9 + +/ +/+9 +9 + ,8 ,8 +, +,0 0+ + 86 866 6 0 0 / / 87+ 0+ +:,+9 ;+ :/+9 ;, 6 H,6 0 + 78. KH 0/,+6 /670666 6 0+;,6 6,+6 + +,-/+ =/6, 8- +6 66 +/6 880:+6 +,0+:;, 6 0 + +,-/+ 6;, , ,>6 6,+6 6:/ :@0/ +66. M+6
<,,807;7/,.7.+,/+/=3V<)L40E <,,8PPP./;?67:+.7?/6/7&0//7+0 <,,8PPP. /;?67:+.7?/6/7&0//7+0+;7+6&&6,+&?/6/7 +;7+6&&6,+&?/6/7 <,,88,.6:/6<+.;,+/+;+?:+0?&0;/6/+&?+:&6&+:6& &0/,/;<;<+&&070/&1%"25##
2. OBJETIVO 2
O 86;, ,++:< , 8 ,/ 7;<7/;, 6 8/;7/8+/6 6,+6 + +,-/+ 7 6 6,+6 /;,/H/6 866//:/,+; + 78;6 +6 +/+96 ;, +6 /;,+96 :70:+6 +6 88/+6 ?;,6 +,-/+ 0+; /?;,6 6,+6 ?@6/76.
3. DESE DESENV NVOL OLV VIMEN IMENTO TO 3
3.1 CONSTITUIÇÃO DA MATÉRIA M+,-/+ - ?/;/+ 8:+ 7/>;7/+ 7 ,0 +0/: 0 , +66+ 708+ :0+ ; 68+9. U+ 89 ://,++ +,-/+ 7 ; corpo. Q0+; 6, 78 - ,+;6?+ 86,+;&6 + ,/;+ 06 7 ; objeto. A 8//+ //+ 6 + 6,0,0+ +
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
3.2 ESTADOS FÍSICOS
4
O , E6,+ F@6/7 6 ? + 6,+ ++9 0 6 ;7;,+ 0+ +,-/+ 0 8 6 7:+66/?/7++ 7 6:/+ :@0/+ 0 +66+. A6 ?+66 ++9 8; + +/+9 + ,8+,0+ 866 8/6 7;? +/+9 ;/+ 7H 0 +0;, 0 09 ;+ +/,+9 +6 :-70:+6 0 78 + +,-/+ 8; 66+ ?+ 0+ +/ 0 ; /?/7+9 60 ++;. E;,,+;, +6 ,+;6?+96 ?@6/7+6 ; +:,+ + /;,/+ +6 606,[;7/+6. <,,8PPP.6.7.7;,06?606,+;7/+681.8<8 R066: J<; B. Q0@/7+ !+: V:. 1 F:, R/7+ F0;+;,6 + Q0@/7+
3.3 ESTADO SÓLIDO
U 78 6:/ +86;,+ ?+ :0 ?/;/6 8660/ 0+ 88/+ ;/;++ // 0 - +/H: 7;? 6:/. C86 6:/6 +86;,+ 0+ ?/;/9 60+ ?+ 80 60+6 :-70:+6 6, 0/, 8=/+6 0+6 +6 0,+6 0 866//:/,+ 0+ +,+9 +6,+;, /;,;6+ ;, :+6 F/0+ 1.1. A ?9+ +,+,/+ ;, :+6 ?+ 7 0 78 6:/ 8660+ +8;+6 0 /;, /+,/. A +//+ 6 6:/6 +86;,+ 0+ 6,0,0+ ?/;/+ 7<+++ 6,0,0+ 7/6,+:/;+ F/0+ 1.2. A:0;6 6:/6 ; 8660 6,0,0+ 7/6,+:/;+ ?/;/+ 0 6+ +6 8+,@70:+6 6, +08++6 ?+ 6;++ 6; ;, 7:+66/?/7+ 6:/ 7 +?. F/0+ 1.3 C + ,8+,0+ 6,H :+7/;++ 7 + +/,+9 :70:+ 0+;, +/ + ,8+,0+ +/ + +/,+9 6 H,6 :-70:+6 0 6:/ 8+66+ + 67/:+ ,; + 86/9 0 6 ;7;,+ ,+- 7<+++ 8;, 0/:@/. C++7,@6,/7+ 6 6:/6 \$660 ?+, ?/;/ 6/6,>;7/+ ?+9
5
\ $660 +/=@66/+ 7866//:/+ \ $660 +:,+ ;6/+ \ N 6 ?:0/6 \ D/?0;&6 0/, ++6+;, 8 0,6 6:/6 <,,8PPP./?.0?6.]:/:+?+6.<, 1435 <,,8PPP.0;07+7+.7?/6/7+?+66&+,/+.<, <,,8PPP.=8:/7+,/0.7CFQ(&E6,0,0+&6&6:/6.8<8 <,,86PPP.8+66//,.7+0/3324#1(+0:+&?7+6& /;,:70:+6&&6&6,+6&?/6/76&+&+,/+
F/0+ 1.1 R86;,+9 + 8=//+ +6 :-70:+6 0 6:/. <,,88:6?/6/7+0//7+.:68,.7.
F/0+ 1.2 R86;,+9 + 6,0,0+ 7/6,+:/;+ N+C:. <,,8PPP./;?67:+.70//7+6,0,0+&7/6,+:/;+
6
F/0+ 1.3 R86;,+9 + 6,0,0+ 0 +,/+: +? <,,8PPP.+6/:67:+.70//7+&/&6:/&0&:/0/.<, 3.4 ESTADO LÍQUIDO O 6,+ :@0/ - /;,/H/ ;, 6:/ +66. N: +6 :-70:+6 6, +/6 6:,+6 6 /;,+ +/6 0 ; 6,+ 6:/ F/0+ 1.4. O6 786 ; 6,+ :@0/ ; +;,- 0+ ?+ ?/;/+ +6 +,+ + ?+ 7/8/;, 0 6 7;,- 8/6 +6 :-70:+6 6:/+ 0+6 6 +6 0,+6. N+ 608?@7/ 8:+;+ </;,+: + +,-/+ 0+; 6,+ :@0/ ,+- 6 +;,- ;+ ?+ 8:+;+ </;,+:. A6 88/+6 0 :@0/ 6 /676/+ 7866 ,;6 608?/7/+: +8+9. C++7,@6,/7+6 6 :@0/6 \ N 8660 ?+, ?/;/ \ $660 +/=+ 7866//:/+ +/ 0 + 6 6:/6 \ $660 +:,+ ;6/+ ; 0 + 6 6:/6 \ S ?:0/6 \ D/?0;&6 +,+-6 0,6 :@0/6 \ $660 ++; 8+,/7+;, 6;+ \ A6 8+,@70:+6 8660 :/+ 8++ /;,+9 ;+6 ,>6 /;66. <,,8PPP.+6/:67:+.70//7+:/0/6.<,
7
<,,86PPP.8+66//,.7+0/3324#1(+0:+&?7+6& /;,:70:+6&&6&6,+6&?/6/76&+&+,/+
F/0+ 1.4 R86;,+9 + 8=//+ +6 :-70:+6 0 :@0/. <,,88:6?/6/7+0//7+.:68,.7.
3.5 ESTADO GASOSO O 6,+ +66 6 7++7,/+ 8: ?+, + +,-/+ 6,H 0/, =8+;/+ 0/,+6 6 ; 86 87>&:+ /60+:;,. N 6,+ +66 + /;,;6/+ + ?9+ 80:6 6H 68 608/ + 76 ,;+; 6, 6,+ ?@6/7 +/H: :+9 + 60+ ?+ + 60 :0 F/0+ 1.5. N 6,+ +66 +6 :-70:+6 6 +/6 :/;, 0 ; 6,+ :@0/ 6, 0/, +/6 /6,+;,6 0+6 +6 0,+6 0 ; 6,+ 6:/ 0 :@0/ 6 /;,+ ,+6 +6 /96. O H6 8660/ 0+ 88/+ 68 7;6,/,0/ 0+ /6,0+ <>;+. C++7,@6,/7+6 6 +66 \N 8660 ?+, ?/;/ \ $660 +:,+ 7866//:/+ \ $660 +/=+ ;6/+ \ S ?:0/6 \ D/?0;&6 +8/+;, +,+-6 0,6 +66 \ $660 ++; =,+;, 6;+ 8
\ A6 8+,@70:+6 &6 7 :/+ 8++ /;,+9 ;+6 ,>6 /;66
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F/0+ 1.5 R86;,+9 + 8=//+ +6 :-70:+6 0 H6. <,,88:6?/6/7+0//7+.:68,.7.
3.6 LASMA O 8:+6+ - ?+ 0+; 0+ 606,[;7/+ ; 6,+ +66 +07/+ +,- +,/;/ 0 +: , :+ ,8+,0+ 0 ?+ 7 0 + +/,+9 ,-/7+ :70:+ 608 + ;/+ :/+9 0 +;,- 6 :-,;6 /,+ ;7: H,. O6 :-,;6 +7++ ^6:,+;&6_ + 606,[;7/+ ,;+&6 0+ +66+ /6? :,/7+;, ;0,+ ?++ 8 :-,;6 ;7:6 /667/+6 F/0+ 1.#. 9
O 8:+6+ - 0 7;0, :-,/7 68;; ?,;, + 7+86 :,+;-,/76 ?+; 6,0,0+6 ,+/6 7 ?/:+;,6 +/6 7+++6 08:+6G 6; 0 /66 ; 7 7 6 +66. É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10
F/0+ 1. A0+ B+: <,,8PPP.+6/:67:+.70//7+8:+6+0,&6,+& +,/+.<, O6 8:+6+6 6 +6 8/;7/8+:;, +,+-6 H/6 87666 /;/+9. A +//+ 6,6 87666 - 7:/6/;+:. D8;; + ;+,0+ + 7:/6 8 0 ; 7 + /;/+9 H, 0 :-70:+ ;0,+. $++ 0 H6 ,8+,0+ +:,+ 60?/7/;, +6 7:/66 ,-/7+6 ;, 6 H,6 ?0;9 60+6 +:,@66/+6 ;/+6 7/;-,/7+6 / /;/+ +:0;6 :6. U 0 +/6 :-,;6 0 6, ;+:;, :/+6 + H, /,+6 + ;7: 6 `,+6` H, 7;, H6 ;0+ / ; 7=/6, :-,;6 :/6 @;6 7H,/;6 H,6 ;0,6 ?+; 8:+6+. A ,/++ :-,; H, 7 8:+ +69 ;/+ =866+ :-,;&:, V. E 7;/96 ;+/6 7++ :;, 0@/7 , 60 88/ ; 8,;6 :-,;6 7;60;,;, 0+ ?9+ :,6,H,/7+ 7++7,@6,/7+ 0 +/ ,/;+ + 0+;,/+ ;/+ 0/+ 8++ `++;7+` 7, :-,; H,. F0;,;, 60 +: ;/;+ ;/+ /;/+9 6 ? ;/+ ;766H/+ 8++ ++;7+ ?/;/,/+;, 0 :-,; +/6 =,; 0 6? ;6 +,+9 8: ;7: 60 H, /6:+ +66 ; 6,+ ?0;+;,+:. 11
Q0+; +076 0 H6 0 +,/;/6 7 67++6 :-,/7+6 +6 7:/66 ;, 6 :-,;6 6 H,6 ;0,6 8 6 :H6,/7+6 0 /;:H6,/7+6 A6 7:/66 :H6,/7+6 7 ; =/6, 0+ 7;6+9 + 0+;,/+ /;, + ;/+ :-,;. N66 8766 ; 7 / ;/+9. JH +6 7:/66 /;:H6,/7+6 7 ; ,+ 0 8+, + ;/+ 7/;-,/7+ :-,; - ,+;6?/+ 8++ H, 0 :-70:+ ;0,+ 6 0 6, 6 6:0 /0+:;, 8++ +;, + 0+;,/+ /;,. C 60:,+ + ;/+ - +6/+ 8: H, 0 :-70:+ ;0,+ 7+6/;+; 6+:,6 0[;,/76 6 :-,;6 ;+6 7+++6 ;/+ + :,6?+. D8;; + ;/+ ,+;6?/+ 8: 7<0 H, 8H +6 ,+;,+ ;/+ 0 6,+ ,/;+H 8 6 /0+:+ + ?9+ 7 0 6 8,;6 +,+ :-,;G : ;, `80:+H` 8++ ?+ H, 0+; 0/:@/ :,6,H,/7. O7 ;, /;/+9 H, 6 7;, ;0+ 8+,@70:+ 86/,/+;, 7+++ & 7H,/; & 6 :-,;6 ?/7+ 7/70:+; :/;, 8: 8@,. A 0,/:/+9 8:+6+ - +: +/6 70 0 6 /+/;+ +,0+:;, ;7;,+6 6,+ 8:+6+ :[8++6 ?:067;,6 7,+6 + 8:+6+ ;+6 ,:+6 ,:/66. <,,8++/;+:.:68,.7.2%1%118:+6+&&0+,&6,+&?/6/7& +.<,:
3. CONDENSADO DE BOSE&EINSTEIN
A 7;;6+9 B6&E/;6,/; - 0 ?;; ; 0+: 6 6;6 0 ?+ 0+ 606,[;7/+ 0 H6 6;6 7; 8++ ; 6,+ ;/+ 0 6,+ 0[;,/7 70. A 7++7,@6,/7+ 707/+: 6 7;;6+6 B6&E/;6,/; BEC - 0 +6 0/,+6 8+,6 0 78 6/6,+ ;+ ; 6 6 78,+ 7 0 , +6 6 ,;+ ,. S0+6 /;,/+6 6 ?0; 0 6 ;,:+9+ ,+: ?+ 0 + 60+ /;//0+:/+ 12
78:,+;, 8/+. O6 H,6 7;;6+ 7 6 :/6 + 7[;/7+ 0[;,/7+. Á,6 H6 + ,8+,0+ +/;, &6 + 77+ 1%%% < 6 6+7:+6 /+ 0 + ,8+,0+ 7+/. O6 H,6 ;+/6 ;+ ,8+,0+ +,/;/+ 1%% ;) ; 7;;6+ &6 + 77+ +:0;6 76. O6 6;6 8+,@70:+6 0 8660 68/; /?;, 12 0+; 7;/7/;+6 + 0+ ,8+,0+ 8=/+ +6:0, +,/; +/6 +/= 6,+ 0[;,/7 ;66+6 7;/96 6 ?/,6 0[;,/76 8 6 /60+:/+6 67+:+ +7678/7+. A ?+9 6,+ ;+ ?+6 - ;/;++ C;;6+9 B6& E/;6,/; CBE / + ?+, 0 ?/ /;/7/+:;, 8/6,+ 8 A:, E/;6,/; 1(25 06+; 8++ /6, +6 +66 ,/7+6 7;,/+6 ; ,++:< 7/;,/6,+ N+,< B6. <,,8PPP.+6/:67:+.7?/6/7+&7;;6+&6/;6,/;.<, <,,8PPP.6?/6/7+..?8?1(a11.8? <,,867/;7/+6,7;:/+.70/;,&6,+&+,/+&7;;6+& 6&/;6,/; <,,8PPP..?+868.8,+0=/:/612%%6,0&&7;;6+7+&& 6&/;6,/;&06+;&+&,/+&&7+8&/ b D +7 7 8/;7@8/ + /;7,+ K/6; + 86/9 0 H, 6,H c/6,/0@+d 8 0+ /6,[;7/+ + 78/;, ;+ ,-/7 7... B:/ e ,8+,0+ +/;, 6, 78/;, - 77+ 1%%%% 6 ; 0 + /6,[;7/+ ;, 6 H,6. I6, 6/;/?/7+ 0 +6 ;+6 +,-/+ 6 H,6 /;//0+/6 6, 67:+7/;++6 0 H6 - 67/, 8:+ 6,+,@6,/7+ 7:H66/7+ 0 M+=P::&B:,+;;. e /+ 0 H6 +?7 6,+ /6,/0/9 +:++ ;,0+:;, ;7/+ + 8+ /;,/+ 6 H,6 /;//0+/6 78,+;, H6 0+ +/7+:;, 8+66+ + 6 67/, 8: ,/8 6,+,@6,/7+ 0[;,/7+ 67,+ 1(24 8 B6 E/;6,/;. A 6,+,@6,/7+ B6&E/;6,/; +0;,+ +6,/7+;, + 8+/:/+ ;7;,+ +/6 0 0 H, ; 6 6,+ 86 8;6+ 0 ;+ 13
;+ +,-/+ H6 B6 +6 ;+6 6 H,6 /;//0+/6 67/:+ 0;@66;. O 60:,+ - + 7;;6+9 B6&E/;6,/; 0 + 708+9 +7678/7+ 6,+ ?0;+;,+: H6. A /6,/0/9 ;6/+ 7;;6+ 86;,++ 8 0+ ;/7+ ;+ +7678/7+ 7 +8:/,0 ?+6 ?/;/+6 =+,+;, 7 ;+ ;+ 0 7+8 7:H66/7. A ,+;6/9 0 6,+ 7 ;+6 +,-/+ 6;++6 8++ 0 6,+ 7 0+ ;+ +7678/7+ 7;, 8 6 78+++ ,+;6/9 ;, + :0 /;7;, + :0 7;, :+6. A 6+9 7;;6+ 8/,/0 ?+, ,6,+ 78,+;, ;0:+,/ + +,-/+ 67+:+ +7678/7+. A ?/0+ 60/;, 60+ ,/+ 8: 08 f. ),,: 1((5 6,+ 8+ /;,?>;7/+ 0 60:,+ 7<0 /6 7;;6+6 B6&E/;6,/; ;6, 7+6 23N+. A 6:<+;9+ 7 8+ 6+ ;+ 608?@7/ + H0+ 0+; 0+6 ;+6 7/70:+6 /;,? +; / + 0 8+ 7 H=/6 @;/6 ?/;/6 7?. ?/0+ + //,+ ; /=+ /+6 6 + =/6,>;7/+ + ;+ /+;, BEC. A:0+6 +6 88/+6 BEC ?+ 6++6 ;0,6 6/6,+6 0+ 0 + 608?:0/ 6++ ;+ ?+6 :@0/+ 4K 8 )+8/,+ 1(3 +66/ 7 + 6087;0,//+ 6++ 8 O;;6 1(11 6 +;/?6,+96 ,+;6/96 ,/8 + 7;;6+9 B6&E/;6,/;. <,,87?,7.7//.?7.0:.8,$RISMA7+8/,0:67+8/,0:30:2,8/75.8< A6 88/+6 BEC 6 + 608?:0/ 0 67+;, 6 +,/,. O 7;;6+ , 0+ // 7:,/+ 0 c8,d 6 87666 /;,+9 8+,@70:+ + 8+,@70:+ 68;6H/6 8:+ /676/+ ?:0/+ 0 6/6,>;7/+ + ?:0= + 0+: 60:,+ + 608?:0/ 7;;6+ B6 E/6,;. Q0+; 6 H,6 6 6?/+ :6 8+66+ + 6 78,+ +/6 7 ;+6 ;6 7 8+,@70:+6. S ? 6?/+6 60?/7/;, 60+6 ;+6 6 =8+; 79+ + 6 68. E66 8766 - 6//:+ + +8 6 7;;6+; 0+ ,+8+ 0+; 0 :@0/ - ?/. A H0+ 6 +700:+ ?+; 0+ ,+ gH0+ 0 0 7;;6+. O 6 +7;,7 7 6 H,6 +6 ;6, 7+6 6 +6 ;+6 0 6 ?0;. O6 7;;6+6 14
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3." CONDENSADOS FERMI'NICOS
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3.! SUERFLUIDO DE OLARITONS
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19
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21
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22
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5. REFER7NCIAS
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