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Tgavodmaturl spgdolag

Ojfodg           

Egjgrlaotà suaal sgavodmaturl s gavodmaturl jga poljm igfotgrrljgm……………………………………….…….. igfotgrrljgm……………………………………….……..…ple.8 …ple.8 Egjgrlaotà suaal sgavodmaturl s gavodmaturl jga poljm hlslag………….…………………………………………………ple.<0 hlslag………….…………………………………………………ple.<0 Egjgrlaotà suaal sgavodmaturl s gavodmaturl jga poljm imjtljm……….. imjtljm………..…………..……………………..…………..ple.80 …………..……………………..…………..ple.80 Egjgrlaotà suaal sgavodmaturl sgavodmaturl jga poljm suhlapojm……………………..… suhlapojm……………………..………... ……........................ .....................…ple.4> …ple.4> Ttmrol g smstgjohoaotà fgaal sgavodmaturl…………..…………… sgavodmaturl…………..………………………………………………..…………ple.63 …………………………………..…………ple.63 Cujzomjg fga hmsdm… hmsdm…..…………………………………………………………………………………………..…… ..…………………………………………………………………………………………..……ple.65 ple.65 Oa tleaom tleaom slatulrom…………………………………………………………….……………………………….………… slatulrom…………………………………………………………….……………………………….…………ple.7 ple.76 6 Sovlostodl cmrgstlag…………………………………………………………………… cmrgstlag…………………………………………………………………………………………..………… ……………………..…………ple.77 ple.77 Xoihmsdnoigjto g oihmsdnoigjto………………………………………………………………………….. oihmsdnoigjto…………………………………………………………………………..… ….ple.38 Tgavodmaturl fgaag spgdog gsmtodng…………………………………………………………………………..… gsmtodng…………………………………………………………………………..…..ple.35 ..ple.35 Gagigjto fo sgavodmaturl urhljl…………………………………………………………………………..…… urhljl…………………………………………………………………………..……..ple.5< ..ple.5< Clttg fl rodm

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O poljo (m clsdg) fo vgegtlzomjg oj Otlaol 

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Poljm igfotgrrljgm igfotgrrljgm (Alurgtui) m Alurgtui igfom g crgffm (clsdol Igsm-Igfotgrrljgl Igsm-Igfotgrrljgl fo \ugzga) m Alurgtui dlafm (clsdol Vgrim-igfotgrrljgl Vgrim-igfotgrrljgl fo \ugzga) Poljm hlslag (clsdol dmaaojlrg g paljozolrol) ( Dlstljgtui) m Dlstljgtui crgffm (\ugrdus-Voaol-Ldgr fo Tdnioft) m Dlstljgtui dlafm (clsdol smprl igfotgrrljgl fo \ugzga)

Tgrog paljozolrol fo Mzgjfl (poljurl plfljl) Poljm imjtljm Clegtui (Cleus-lhogs fo Tdnioft) m Podgtui hlssm Poljm suhlapojm (Podgtui) m Podgtui supgromrg (Alrox-Pojus dgihrl fo Tdnioft) m Podgtui ojcgromrg ( Podgl lhogs fo Tdnioft) m

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Egjgrlaotà suaal sgavodmaturl jga poljm igfotgrrljgm    

Lspgtto daoiltodo2 daoil dlafm-lrofm g al fospmjohoaotà ofrodl î oa projdoplag clttmrg aoiotljtg. Lspgtto vgegtlzomjlao2 mrozzmjtg fgaag sdagrmcoaag sgiprgvgrfo, spgdog lflttltg lf ujl imfgstl fospmjohoaotà ofrodl g spgssm fo agjtm lddrgsdoigjtm. lddrgsdoigjtm. Ojcaugjzg ljtrmpodng2 rofuzomjg fgaal dmipmjgjtg cmrgstlag cmrgstlag fmvutm l plsdmam, ojdgjfo dmj imfocodng fgaal dmipmsozomjg spgdocodl g strutturlag. Cojlaotà2 focgsl fga sumam, dmjsgrvlzomjg g ioeaomrligjtm fgeao lspgtto jlturlaostodo g plgsleeostodo. Al prmfuzomjg agejmsl meeo î fo sgdmjflrol oipmrtljzl g dmiujqug dmjdgjtrltl prgvlagjtgigjtg prgvlagjtgigjtg jgo dgfuo.

Poljm igfotgrrljgm 

\ugrdg sgiprgvgrfo m m

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Pojo igfotgrrljgo igfotgrrljgo m m m m

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\ugrdus oagx2 oa agddom \ugrdus suhgr2 al suengrl Pojus pojgl2 oa pojm fmigstodm Pojus pojlstgr2 oa pojm ilrottoim Pojus nlagpgjsos2 oa pojm f‟Lagppm Pojus hrutol2 oa pojm hruzom

Ilddnol igfotgrrljgl

— Agddom \ugrdus oagx — Tpgdog lf lrglag dorduiigfotgrrljgm dorduiigfotgrrljgm (oj Otlaol dordl 380.000 nl fgo qulao 865.000 nl oj Tlrfgejl g <83.000 oj Vmsdljl). Jgaal pgjosmal Ohgrodl g oj jmrf Lcrodl trmvolim \. oagx g \. rmtujfocmaol



















To dmaamdl sol jga Alurgtui dlafm dng, smprlttuttm, jga Alurgtui crgffm, dmj crgqugjto trlsergssomjo jga Dlstljgtui dlafm.

Î al sdagrmcoaal igjm tgrimcoal (î prgsgjtg suaal dmstl ltaljtodl crljdgsg g oj Ilrmddm supgrl o 8000 i fo qumtl), gf î al poÿ rgsostgjtg la egam (ag cmeaog rgsostmjm cojm l dordl — dordl —<7 <7 °D, oa dlihom cojm l —87 —87 ° D gf matrg). matrg). Vrmvl a‟mttoim dmj pomeeg ljjug pomeeg ljjug fo laigjm 570->00 ii gf î ojfoccgrgjtg la suhstrltm. Oj Otlaol î prgsgjtg aujem ag dmstg, jgaag osmag (fmvg puø slaorg cojm l <000 i fo qumtl) gf oj ladujg zmjg pgjojsualro ojtgrjg (gs. Wihrol). Tmjm prgsgjto ljdng poddmao lrglao foseoujto jga jmrf Otlaol (aleno amihlrfo, dmaao Gueljgo, gdd.) dmig rgaotto fmpm a‟uatoil ealdolzomjg. Puø gssgrg dmjsofgrltl ujl spgdog tmaagrljtg a‟mihrl, oj quljtm drgsdg smffoscldgjtgigjtg smffoscldgjtgigjtg ljdng smttm dmpgrturl, cojm l rleeoujegrg oa poljm fmiojljtg. Al dnomil gsgrdotl ujl gagvltl dmpgrturl g, oj lssgjzl fo fosturho, î spgdog dng tgjfg l cmrilrg hmsdno puro. L dmjcgril fo doø, so smttmaojgl dng laam stltm eomvljoag spgssm o dgfuo fo agddom so prgsgjtljm iosto dmj latrg spgdog igfotgrrljgg igfotgrrljgg prgjfgjfm oa jmig fo ‑dgfuo igfotgrrljgo’ m ‑ cmrtgto ’. ’. Jgaag Jgaag clso poÿ lfuatg ojvgdg tgjfg l prgvlagrg jgttligjtg suaag latrg spgdog. Al dlpldotà pmaamjocgrl î gagvltl, ljdng fmpm ojdgjfo.

Egstomjg Lttulaigjtg so rotrmvljm cmrilzomjo fo agddom laam stltm fo lrhustgto dmig cmrilzomjo fgerlfltg fgcojotg ‑ilddnog fo agddom’, agddom’, fo dgfum (poÿ m igjm ojvgddnoltm) g, oj pmdno dlso, fo custlol. Lrhustgto2 pmpmaligjto fgerlflto oj duo jmj î pmssohoag pgjslrg l cmrig c mrig fo trlttligjtm

dmjvgjogjto lo cojo gdmjmiodo m gvmautovo. Latgzzl l 80 ljjo fo gtà 1 7 i; j dgpplog/nl 1 670-700. To dmjsoeaol quojfo oa ropmsm dmaturlag. Dgfuo2 uj tgipm imatm utoaozzlto pgr prmfurrg dlrhmjg m agejl fl lrfgrg (dmj (dmj turjo fo <0-<3 <0 -<3 ljjo

gf lddrgsdoigjto igfo fo 8-6 i 4/nl/yr), meeo fo oipmrtljzl gdmjmiodl jmj sgiprg soejocodltovl. Prmaujeligjtm fgo turjo (cojm l 40-60 40-60 ljjo gf ljdng matrg), mvvgrm dmjvgrsomjg laa‟latm custm lttuljfm pgromfodo forlfligjto dng nljjm ljdng am sdmpm fo rofurrg oa rosdnom fo ojdgjfom. Jgo tgrrgjo cgrtoao, al dmjvgrsomjg l dgfum dmipmstm pmtrghhg clvmrorg al rojjmvlzomjg jlturlag fl sgig, il jmj lpplrg dmjvgjogjtg fla pmv lppaodltovm, lppaodltovm, sg jmj qulamrl so ojtgjfl mttgjgrg enoljfl fl plsdmam.



















— Tuengrl \ugrdus suhgr — Tpgdog lf lrglag igfotgrrljgm mddofgjtlag g suaal dmstl ltaljtodl oj Pmrtmelaam g Ilrmddm, poÿ aoiotltm smprlttuttm vgrsm mrogjtg mrogjtg rospgttm l qugaam fga agddom (oj Otlaol <3>.000 nl fgo qulao qu lao <4?.000 oj Tlrfgejl g <7.000 oj Todoaol). Gsostmjm ojmatrg cmrig fo trljsozomjg dmig \. drgjltl ( 9 \. psgufmsuhgr), spgdog cmrsg ohrofm trl \. suhgr g \. dgrros prgsgjtg laam stltm spmrlfodm ljdng oj vlrog rgeomjo fgaa‟Otlaol sgttgjtromjlag, trl ag qulao oa Pogimjtg, Aoeurol, Amihlrfol, Vrgjtojm gf Gioaol Xmilejl. Al suengrl prgsgjtl ujl jmtgvmag vlrolhoaotà imrcmameodl, jmjdnï ujl smttmspgdog mddofgjtlaos l ilturlzomjg hogjjlag fgaag enoljfg. To dmaamdl jga Alurgtui igfom, dmj pmdng trlsergssomjo jgaal smttmzmjl dlafl g crgffl.

Î spgdog poÿ tgrimcoal rospgttm la agddom g puø rgsostgrg igeaom fo qugst‟uatoim laa‟lrofotà. Vrmvl a‟mttoim oj lihogjto dmj laigjm dmj laigjm 300-500 ii ljjuo fo pomeeol. Prgfoaoeg sumao fl rmddg soaodgg, l rglzomjg ldofl m suhldofl, puø drgsdgrg ljdng su sumao fl rmddg dlrhmjltodng, dlrhmjltodng, purdnï fgdladocodlto. Î spgdog gaomcoal, dng gsgrdotl ujl imfgstl dmpgrturl, nl ujl humjl rgsostgjzl la cumdm erlzog laal dmrtgddol ojspgssotl gf nl ujl fosdrgtl dlpldotà pmaamjocgrl. Oj Otlaol so rotrmvl smprlttuttm aujem tuttl al dmstl torrgjodl g jgaag osmag ileeomro. Î rlrl oj Aoeurol gf oj Pueaol. Al suengrl so trmvl dmig dmipmjgjtg fgaal ilddnol, m, poÿ crgqugjtgigjtg, crgqugjtgigjtg, laam stltm dmatovltm pgr al prmfuzomjg fga suengrm, oj pmpmaligjto fo fovgrsm lspgttm g dmjsostgjzl oj rgalzomjg ljdng laal prgsgjzl gf laa‟ojtgjsotà laa‟ojtgjsotà fga plsdmam. Oj Vmsdljl smjm prgsgjto dgfuo dmipmsto l suengrl smprl agddom.

Egstomjg Al egstomjg fo qugstg cmrilzomjo roeulrfl gssgjzolaigjtg al dmatovlzomjg pgr al rlddmatl fga suengrm. Ag suengrgtg rovgstmjm uj jmtgvmag ojtgrgssg ljdng fla pmv gstgtodm-plgsleeostodm gstgtodm-plgsleeostodm g stmrodm-dmaturlag. A‟lhhljfmjm fgaal dmaturl sgihrl jgeltovm jgo roeulrfo fgaal roeulrfo fgaal smprlvvovgjzl fgaal



















Dgjjo suaal rlddmatl fga suengrm

\uljfm al poljtl nl uj‟gtà fo <7-80 <7 -80 ljjo vogjg rglaozzltl al proil p roil rlddmatl fga suengrm, fgttl ljdng fgilsdnolturl. Fl qugstl proil rlddmatl so mttogjg oa suengrm ilsdnom (m vgreojg m suengrmjg), lflttm smprlttuttm laal ildojlturl, pgr rodlvlrjg erljualtm pgr a‟gfoaozol, pgr osmaljto tgrimldustodo g pgr pljjgaao. Fmpm mejo rlddmatl m fgdmrtodl, al suengrl oipogel ~ ?-<8 ljjo pgr roegjgrlrg al dmrtgddol, gf oa suengrm prmfmttm oj sgeuotm î fgttm cgiiojl m egjtoag; gssm so prgsgjtl ileeomrigjtg aosdom, dmiplttm, ageegrm, galstodm g oipgriglhoag rospgttm la suengrm ilsdnom gf î quojfo imatm poÿ lflttm laag alvmrlzomjo.

\ugrdus trmbljl — Crlejm \ugrdol sgiofgdoful fmvg ag cmeaog roiljemjm suaal poljtl furljtg a‟ojvgrjm g dlfmjm mrilo dlfmjm mrilo fossgddltg oj proilvgrl, quljfm spujtljm o jumvo egrimeao. Prgsgjtg oj Hlsoaodltl, Pueaol, Hladljo, Vurdnol gf osmag mrogjtlao fga Igfotgrrljgm. Prgcgrosdg tgrrgjo dladlrgo, spgssm oj dmjsmdolzomjg dmj agddom, rmvgrgaal g dgrrm.

\ugrdus dmddocgrl dmddocgrl - \ugrdol spojmsl Î ujl qugrdol sgiprgvgrfg l pmrtligjtm lrhmrgm m lrhustovm, latl oj egjgrg 8-7 i il dng, oj dmjfozomjo clvmrgvmao, puø rleeoujegrg eao > i. A„lrglag fgaal qugrdol fgaal qugrdol spojmsl so gstgjfg aujem ag dmstg fo tuttm oa hldojm fga Igfotgrrljgm. Sgegtl jga Alurgtui dlafm, cojm lo 670-700 i fo qumtl. Î uj dmipmjgjtg fgaal ilddnol igfotgrrljgl. Oj Otlaol î prgsgjtg oj tuttg ag rgeomjo igrofomjlao, lf gddgzomjg fgaal Dlipljol. Jga
\ugrdus dlaaoprojms dlaaoprojms - \ugrdol fo Plagstojl Poljtl l pmrtligjtm lrhustovm-lrhmrgm, uj tgipm grl dmjsofgrltl spgdog l sï stljtg, mrl vogjg ojvgdg dmjsofgrltl uj imrcmtopm plrtodmalrigjtg xgrmcoam fgaal spgdog \. dmddocgrl. Oj Otlaol î prgsgjtg oj Pueaol, Hlsoaodltl g Todoaol. Î prgsgjtg jga Hldojm fga I gfotgrrljgm g jgaa‟Lsol suf mddofgjtlag. Xospgttm laal \. dmddocgrl puø rleeoujegrg latgzzg ileeomro (cojm l <7-<> i) g prgsgjtl enoljfg fo foligtrm poÿ gagvltm (: 8 di).



















Pojus pojgl — Pojm fmigstodm Tpgdog lf lrglag dorduiigfotgrrljgm, fo fuhhom ojfoegjltm oj Otlaol, oj vlro plgso spgssm ojtrmfmttl l aovgaam dmaturlag pgr al prmfuzomjg fo agejm (dljtogrostodl jlvlag) g fo pojmao. To rotogjg mroeojlrom fo lrgg dmj daoil fo trljsozomjg trl qugaam ltaljtodm g qugaam igfotgrrljgm. P. pojgl, pur prgsgjtljfm ujl dgrtl vlrolhoaotà pgr ladujo dlrlttgro dmig al prgfospmsozomjg laal prmfuzomjg fo pojmao, jmj smjm stltg ljdmrl lddgrtltg rlzzg egmerlcodng. Î prgsgjtg jga Alurgtui g jga Dlstljgtui dlafm dmj uj tmtlag fo dordl 63.000 nl oj Otlaol fgo qulao <<.000 nl oj Vmsdljl g <8.300 nl oj Tlrfgejl. Î spgdog imatm gaomcoal, il igjm rustodl fgeao latro pojo igfotgrrljgo. Oj Otlaol î stltl foccusl dmj o roihmsdnoigjto oj tuttg ag zmjg dmstogrg, smprlttuttm oj Vmsdljl, Alzom, Tlrfgejl g Todoaol (cojm l 500 i fo qumtl), smjm prgsgjto ljdng judago jgaa‟latm Lfroltodm (Xlvgjjl), oj dmjfozomjo lihogjtlao ilreojlao pgr al spgdog. Vrmvl a‟mttoim daoiltodm oj lrgg dmj ujl pomvmsotà fo laigjm >00 ii ljjuo, prgfoaoeg tgrrgjo fgrovljto fl rmddg soaodgg g jgdgssotl fo imatm splzom pgr gspljfgrg al dnomil. Eao leno nljjm ujl dutodmal rgaltovligjtg smttoag g pgrtljtm pmssmjm gssgrg poÿ cldoaigjtg fljjgeeoltg flaa‟lgrmsma ilrojm (tljtm ilrojm (tljtm poÿ sg ojquojltm fl tgjsomlttovo). Al rojjmvlzomjg jlturlag î oj egjgrg foccodmatmsl ljdng fmpm a‟ojdgjfom. a‟ojd gjfom.

Egstomjg Pojgtg aotmrljgg fo ojtgrgssg plgsleeostodm2 dmstotuzomjg fo clsdg prmtgttovg jgo roeulrfo

fgaa‟lgrmsma ilrojm, gvgjtulag forlfligjtm fgaag altocmeaog dng tgjfmjm l dmipgtgrg dmj oa pojm. Oipoljtm lrtocodolag fl lttulrso ljdng su fmsso lrtocodolao jga dlsm soljm prgsgjto ojcoatrlzomjo fo ldqul slailstrl oj clafl. Pojgtg fl pojmao 2 fgjsotà cojlag fo 50-<>0 poljtg/nl, trlttltg l tleaom rlsm dmj rojjmvlzomjg

lrtocodolag (turjm fo <00-<80 ljjo). Pmssohoaotà fo rglaozzlrg strutturg fosgtljgocmrio fosgtljgocmrio pgr gvotlrg tleaoltg l rlsm. Pojgtg pgr al prmfuzomjg agejmsl 2 foccusg smprlttuttm oj Tplejl, trlttltg l tleaom rlsm dmj turjo fo

30->0 ljjo g rojjmvlzomjg lrtocodolag pmstodopltl. pmstodopltl.

— Pojm ilrottoim Pojus pojlstgr — Tpgdog l foccusomjg mddofgjtlag, poÿ ltaljtodl dng topodligjtg igfotgrrljgl. Am trmvolim suaal dmstl torrgjodl cojm oj Vmsdljl, oj





















Ag fovgrsg prmvgjogjzg prgsgjtljm ujl jmtgvmag vlrolhoaotà pgr quljtm roeulrfl vlro dlrlttgro, qulao al rgsostgjzl la crgffm, al cmril fga custm, gdd. To dmaamdl fla Alurgtui crgffm laal smttmzmjl dlafl fga Dlstljgtui , tgig a‟lrofotà oj quljtm fmtltm fo uj lpplrltm rlfodlag lpplrltm rlfodlag pmdm prmcmjfm (jgaag stlzomjo lrofg sgihrl poÿ sgjsohoag leao lttlddno plrlssotlro). Î oa igjm tgrimcoam fgo dmsoffgtto ‑pojo igfotgrrljgo’ (jgaa‟Otlaol pgjojsualrg pgjojsualrg lrrovl cojm l 700-500 700 -500 i s.a.i.). Prgfoaoeg tgrrgjo sdomato, l rglzomjg ldofl m suhldofl, prmvgjogjto fl rmddg soaodgg. Oj Otlaol î prgsgjtg laam stltm spmjtljgm oj Aoeurol, sua aotmrlag tmsdljm, oj Tlrfgejl (judago splrso) g oj Pljtgaagrol. Oj ujl rostrgttl lrgl fgaal plrtg suf-mrogjtlag fga Pogimjtg, la dmjcojg dmj al Aoeurol, smjm prgsgjto pojgtg imatm prmssoig l qugaag fgaal zmjl fo Tlssgaam (TS), qugst‟uatoig qugst‟uatoig sodurligjtg jlturlao. Pgr o roihmsdnoigjto ag prmvgjogjzg poÿ ojtgrgssljto pgr oa jmstrm plgsg smjm qugaag aoeuro, tmsdljg, dmrsg g prmvgjzlao. Î spgdog gaomcoal g rustodl, dmj dlrlttgrostodng fo spgdog pomjogrl , dlpldg fo dmamjozzlrg tgrrgjo pmvgro. Prgsgjtl uj lpplrltm rlfodlag supgrcodolag. Î poÿ rgsostgjtg fga pojm fmigstodm laa‟lgrmsma ilrojm, pgrtljtm î stltm spgssm utoaozzltm dmig clsdol fo prmtgzomjg vgrsm oa ilrg. To rojjmvl cldoaigjtg fmpm a‟ojdgjfom sg ag poljtg smjm lfgeultligjtg smjm lfgeultligjtg prmvvostg fo sgig. Oa pojm ilrottoim î spgdog lf lddrgsdoigjtm lddrgsdoigjtm rgaltovligjtg rlpofm g vogjg spgssm oipogeltm (smprlttuttm oj Crljdol, Pmrtmelaam, gdd.) pgr al dmstotuzomjg fo oipoljto lrtocodolao l sdmpm prmfuttovm.

Egstomjg • Vleao suddgssovo2 dmj ojtgjsotà fga tleaom fo sgigjtlzomjg plro la 30-50%. Pgr dmjsgjtorg a‟lccgrilzomjg fgaal rojjmvlzomjg jlturlag î oipmrtljtg prmdgfgrg tgipgstovligjtg tgipgstovligjtg laal roimzomjg fgo pmrtlsgio. • Vleaom l hudng2 dmj hudng lipog <,7-8 <,7-8 a‟latgzzl fgaag poljtg. • Vleaom rlsm2 jgo pmpmaligjto lrtocodolao l sdmpm prmfuttovm, dmj turjo fo 70-30 ljjo g rojjmvlzomjg lrtocodolag pmstodopltl. • Vleaom l sdgatl2 trlfozomjlaigjtg lppaodltm oj Vmsdljl gf oj Aoeurol, su prmprogtà provltg, lssmdoltm lssmdoltm laal rlddmatl fgaa‟grodl g laa‟oipogem fga agejlig fo poddmag foigjsomjo dmig foigjsomjo dmig lssmrtoigjtm fl iojogrl m latrm. Î foccodoag mttgjgrg rojjmvlzomjg jlturlag. Al egstomjg fo qugsto hmsdno fgvg tgjgrg dmjtm fgaal sdlrsl stlhoaotà fgaag poljtg, fmvutl laa‟lpplrltm rlfodlag supgrcodolag g supgrcodolag g fga tgipgrligjtm gaomcoam fgaal spgdog. Jgo hmsdno l rojjmvlzomjg jlturlag smjm jgdgsslro mppmrtujo scmaaligjto (8-6). Jgaag pgrtodlog g jgaag custlog fo



















Foccgrgjzg trl P. pojgl g P. pojlstgr Pojus pojgl

Pojus pojlstgr

Pojus nlagpgjsos — Pojm f‟Lagppm Tpgdog lf lrglag dorduiigfotgrrljgm. dorduiigfotgrrljgm. Am so rotrmvl laam stltm ojfoegjm flaag dmstg igrofomjlao fgaal Tplejl g



















Î spgdog foccusl smprlttuttm jga Alurgtui dlafm g igfom. Tpoddltligjtg gaomcoal, imatm rgsostgjtg laal soddotà g sgjsohoag la crgffm , so rojjmvl imatm hgjg fmpm eao ojdgjfo oj rgalzomjg lo dmjo sgrmtojo dmjo sgrmtojo dng so fosdnoufmjm dmipagtligjtg dmj oa dlamrg fgeao ojdgjfo. Jmj prgsgjtl plrtodmalro gsoegjzg gflcodng, drgsdg hgjg ljdng su rmddg dladlrgg dmiplttg g tgig smam o tgrrgjo imatm lreoaamso. Tmppmrtl hgjg a‟lgrmsma ilrojm (sg jmj ojquojltm) jmj ojquojltm) gf î quojfo spgdog pomjogrl lflttlhoag laag lrgg dmstogrg poÿ dlafg fga jmstrm plgsg. Î stltl crgqugjtgigjtg crgqugjtgigjtg oipogeltl jga igrofomjg pgr oa roihmsdnoigjtm fo tgrrgjo fgerlflto jgaal zmjl fga Alurgtui.

Egstomjg Pgr mttgjgrg al rojjmvlzomjg jlturlag so pmssmjm lppaodlrg o tleao suddgssovo dmj cmrtg ojtgjsotà fga tleaom fosgigjtlzomjg m oa tleaom l hudng. Vlavmatl oa cumdm prgsdrottm puø clvmrorg al rojjmvlzomjg. Oa turjm î oj egjgrg fo 70-30 70- 30 ljjo, matrg o qulao a‟lddrgsdoigjtm puø fgdrgsdgrg soejocodltovligjtg. Jgaag stlzomjo poÿ cgrtoao puø cmrjorg lddrgsdoigjto lddrgsdoigjto ojtgrgssljto (≧ lo (≧ lo <0 i4/nl/yr). Oa agejm î fo imfgstl qulaotà (ljdng oj rgalzomjg laal cmril fga custm lsslo dmjtmrtl) gf î lflttm pgr uso ojfustrolao m, la ilssoim, pgr clagejligrol c lagejligrol ljfljtg. ljfljtg. Lttulaigjtg a‟ojtgrgssg a‟ojtgrgssg pgr qugstm pojm roeulrfl prgvlagjtgigjtg prgvlagjtgigjtg al prmtgzomjg fga sumam gf oa plgsleeom.

Pojus hrutol — Pojm hruzom Jltovm fga igfotgrrljgm mrogjtlag (flaal Ergdol laal Egmreol) g, jlturlaozzltm oj Otlaol, oj Dlalhrol g Pueaol. Pgr oa agejlig î plrtodmalrigjtg ojtgrgssljtg al ssp. gaflrodl fo mroeojg lsoltodl igfom mrogjtlag, dmj ujl fosdrgtl cmril fga custm g fgaal dnomil gf ujl poÿ gagvltl rgsostgjzl la crgffm. Gsostg ljdng uj ohrofm jlturlag trl P. hrutol g P. nlagpgjsos dng nl foimstrltm uj humj voemrg vgegtltovm oj plrdgaag spgroigjtlao uhodltg oj Vmsdljl.



















Egjgrlaotà suaal sgavodmaturl jga poljm hlslag    

Lspgtto daoiltodo2 fospmjohoaotà ofrodl igjm aoiotljtg rospgttm la poljm igfotgrrljgm. Lspgtto vgegtlzomjlao2 mrozzmjtg fgaag altocmeaog gaomcoag. Ojcaugjzg ljtrmpodng2 cmrtg rofuzomjg fgaal dmipmjgjtg cmrgstlag dmj imfocodng fgaal dmipmsozomjg spgdocodl g strutturlag. Cojlaotà2 focgsl fga sumam, dmjsgrvlzomjg g ioeaomrligjtm fgeao lspgtto jlturlaostodo g plgsleeostodo. Al prmfuzomjg agejmsl î dmjdgjtrltl prgvlagjtgigjtg prgvlagjtgigjtg jgo dgfuo.

Projdoplao qugrdg dlfudocmeaog m sgio-fgdofug otlaoljg (Tup. tmt. dordl 8.000.000 nl) 



Tuhegjgrg \ugrdus m

\ugrdus rmhur2 al clrjol

m

\ugrdus pgtrlgl2 oa rmvgrg

m

\ugrdus puhgsdgjs2 al rmvgrgaal

m

\ugrdus crlojgttm2 oa clrjgttm

Tuhegjgrg Dgrros m

\ugrdus dgrros2 oa dgrrm

m

\ugrdus trmbljl2 oa crlejm

m

\ugrdus ildrmagpos2 al vlaamjgl

m

\ugrdus drgjltl2 al dgrrm-suengrl

— Clrjol \ugrdus rmhur — Mddupl ujl vlstossoil lrgl dng vl fla Pmrtmelaam laal Xussol g fla suf fgaal Tdljfojlvol laal Dlalhrol, cojm oj Dludlsm. Al clrjol î al poÿ dmjtojgjtlag trl ag qugrdg dlfudocmeaog otlaoljg, gsoeg imatm dlamrg gstovm il smppmrtl hgjg oa crgffm ojvgrjlag. Oj Otlaol 8?.000 nl fgo qulao <0.000 nl oj Amihlrfol 6000 nl jga Alzom g 4300 nl oj Pogimjtg. Î trl ag qugrdg poÿ gaomcoag g oj jlturl cmril dmpgrturg rlfg. Vopodl fgaag poljurg laauvomjlao dmj sumam prmcmjfm. Tpgdog igsm-oermcoal g smppmrtl cojm l <00 eomrjo fo smiigrsomjg fgaag rlfodo pgr vol fgaa‟lpplrltm rlfodlag supgrcodolag. rlfodlag supgrcodolag. Î



















\ugrdus pgtrlgl — Xmvgrg Nl uj‟lrglag poÿ aoiotltm dng so cgril laal Pmamjol. Î pgrampoÿ dmjdgjtrltm oj Gurmpl dgjtrlag. Oj Otlaol ojcltto am trmvolim smam jga dgjtrm-jmrf. Î ujl spgdog l daoil suhltaljtodm , poÿ susdgttohoag fgaal clrjol laag egaltg tlrfovg, il igjm tgrimcoal pmtgjfm dmsá slaorg ileeomrigjtg fo qumtl, rleeoujegjfm ljdng o <700 i s.a.i. Oj Otlaol 7?.000 nl fgo qulao 84.000 oj Pogimjtg g 3000 nl oj Amihlrfol g Vmsdljl. Î spgdog gaomcoal, il igjm fgaal clrjol. Nl uj lpplrltm rlfodlag cottmjljtg g prmcmjfm, oj erlfm fo gaufgrg a‟lrofotà. Î a‟lrofotà. Î ujl spgdog igsmcoal dng jmj tmaagrl al smiigrsomjg. Prgfoaoeg o tgrrgjo ldofo g suhldofo, smppmrtl ljdng sumao supgrcodolao supgrcodolao g slssmso. To ohrofl dmj clrjol g rmvgrgaal. Î prgsgjtg spmrlfodligjtg oj hmsdno fo poljurl g dmaaojlro, oj purgzzl î rgageltl oj pmdno hmsdno rgaotto fo imjtlejl. Jga jmrf Otlaol oa sum lrglag î stltm imatm rofmttm pgr alsdolr pmstm la dlstlejm.

Vopo fo pmpmaligjto p mpmaligjto 

\ugrdgtm fo clrjol2 cmrilzomjg fo gdmtmjm trl lihogjtg ldqultodm g tgrrgstrg amdlaozzltm



aujem oa dmrsm fgo projdoplao couio, oj dmjfozomjo fo clafl supgrcodolag g pgromfodl smiigrsomjg (cojm l 8 igso/yr). Oa dlrpojm î lssgjtg, î crgqugjtg al prgsgjzl fgaa‟maim dlipgstrg, mjtljm jgrm, pomppm holjdm g pomppm jgrm, mrjogaam, plfm ( P. plfus). Jgaag cmrilzomjo rlfg î spgssm prgsgjtg ujl dmpgrturl lrhustovl imatm cottl (pruejmam, aoeustrm, holjdmspojm, gtd.). Crgqugjtgigjtg oa qugrdgtm î stltm smstotuotm fl pomppgto spgdolaozzlto. \ugrdm-dlrpojgtm paljozolag2 dmj pmssohoag prgsgjzl fo maim dlipgstrg, mjtljm jgrm,





















Ojtgrvgjto prmpmsto smjm2 l) Iljtgjoigjtm fo uj smprlssumam imjmpaljm l dmpgrturl dmail dmj tleao suddgssovo l eruppo fo 870-400 i8 (ladujo lutmro prmpmjemjm a‟laaleligjtm fo trltto fo hmsdm gf oa smiimvoigjtm fgeao strlto supgromro fga sumam pgr luigjtlrg al dmipgtotovotà fgaal clrjol rospgttm la dlrpojm). h) Iljtgjoigjtm fo uj smprlssumam poÿ rlfm rospgttm la prgdgfgjtg (custlol dnolrl) l strutturl fosgtljgl, fosgtljgl, dmj dordl <70-870 smeegtto dmj F: <5,7 di, dmj E fl <0 l <7 i 8/nl g dmj prmvvoeomjo fl <40 l 870 i4/nl (tlao vlamro smjm poÿ hlsso rospgttm l qugaao prgsgjto oj imato qugrdm-dlrpojgto fgaal poljurl plfljl). Oj gjtrliho o dlso, oj iljdljzl fo rojjmvlzomjg jlturlag puø gssgrg jgdgsslrom rodmrrgrg l sgiojg m l poljtleomjo fo clrjol. Jgo qugrdgto fo clrjol smjm prmpmjohoao imfgaao dmaturlao ojtgrigfo rospgttm lo fug smprl ojfodlto, dng jmj clvmrosdljm gddgssovligjtg gddgssovligjtg am strltm lrhustovm fo mstldmam laal rojjmvlzomjg fo clrjol. Jgo qugrdm-dlrpojgto dmaaojlro (fmvg al rojjmvlzomjg fgaal clrjol î spgssm poÿ legvmag rospgttm l qugaao paljozolao) g jgo qugrdgto fo rmvgrg (su sumao cgrtoao gf oj humjg dmjfozomjo dmaturlao) ladujo lutmro prmpmjemjm ujl sgavodmaturl fo qulaotà sgdmjfm a‟oipmstlzomjg svozzgrl m qugaal q ugaal crljdgsg. -Oipmstlzomjg svozzgrl2  

Vleaom fo rojjmvlzomjg l hudng su tleaoltg fo F98N (dmj poljtleomjg oj dlsm fo iljdltl m agjtl rojjmvlzomjg). Clsg fo gfudlzomjg (cojm l 80 ljjo) lspmrtljfm smam ag poljtg ilacmriltg (forlfligjto mejo 7-> ljjo)



















Î cruelag dng so lflttl ljdng l sumao supgrcodolao lreoaamso m rmddomso, vgegtl prgvlagjtgigjtg su sumao dlrhmjltodo. To ohrofl dmj clrjol g rmvgrg. Jgaag lrgg poÿ cgrtoao î stltl smstotuotl flo voejgto. Jgaa‟Otlaol jmrfmddofgjtlag jmrfmddofgjtlag al so rotrmvl suo vgrsljto poÿ dlafo fgaag vlaao lapojg dmjtojgjtlao g jgaag lrgg dmaaojlro. Î smeegttl leao ojdgjfo cmrgstlao ljdng pgrdnï iljtogjg ag cmeaog sgddng suo rlio pgr tuttm a‟ojvgrjm ( a‟ojvgrjm (spgdog sgiofgdoful).

\ugrdus dgrros — Dgrrm Lrglag igjm vlstm dng dmiprgjfg Otlaol, Hladljo g dmstg fgaal Vurdnol. Oa dgrrm jmj smppmrtl jï o crgffo gddgssovo oj ojvgrjm, jï ag tgipgrlturg imatm gagvltg g al soddotà gstovl (gjtrl imatm tlrfo oj vgegtlzomjg). Oj Otlaol dordl >>0.000 nl fo duo oj Pogimjtg 5800 nl. Î ujl spgdog gsoegjtg fl pmv ofrodm, ofrodm, gsoeg tgrrgjo crgsdno g prmcmjfo, prgvlagjtgigjtg prgvlagjtgigjtg ldofo m suhldofo, il oj prgsgjzl fo ujl humjl fospmjohoaotà ofrodl tmaagrl ljdng o tgrrgjo lreoaamso. Î gaomcoal, dmj uj lddrgsdoigjtm eomvljoag imatm vgamdg. Tmprlttuttm jgaa‟Otlaol dgjtrmdgjtrm smstotuotm fla dlstlejm. Am so rotrmvl dmiujqug jgaag latg igrofomjlag oa dgrrm î stltm plrzolaigjtg smstotuotm



















Egstomjg Pgr o qugrdgto fo rmvgrgaal (meeo emvgrjlto l dgfum sgipaodg iltrodojltm m l dgfum dmipmstm)2  



Iljtgjoigjtm fga dgfum sgipaodg iltrodojltm m fga dgfum dmipmstm jgaag sotulzomjo mvg doø î pmssohoag g dmjvgjogjtg. Dmjvgrsomjg fga dgfum sgipaodg m fga dgfum dmipmstm dmip mstm laa‟latm custm. Puø gssgrg jgdgsslrom uj pgromfm fo lttgsl, oj quljtm ag poljtg fl roalsdolrg (>00-<000/nl) fmvrljjm lvgrg uj foligtrm fo laigjm <0-<8 di gf latgzzl fo <8-<7 i. Xoalsdom fga hmsdm laa‟gvmauzomjg jlturlag jgaag stlzomjo poÿ pmvgrg g/m igjm cldoaigjtg lddgssohoao.

Pgr o qugrdgto fo dgrrm (dgfuo m custlog)2  



Iljtgjoigjtm fga dgfum mvg qugstm î pmssohoag g dmjvgjogjtg. Dmjvgrsomjg fga dgfum laal custlol. Gvgjtulag pgromfm fo lttgsl (cojm lf ujl gtà fgo pmaamjo plro l dordl <,7 vmatg oa turjm dmjsugtufojlrom), dmjsugtufojlrom), gaoiojlzomjg fga poljm fmiojltm g roalsdom fo <-8 pmaamjo/dgpplol dmj suddgssovo forlfligjto. Jgaag custlog tleao l hudng m tleao suddgssovo l poddmag supgrcodo g forlfligjto mejo <7 ljjo.

Latrg qugrdg fo ojtgrgssg jlturlaostodm prgsgjto oj O tlaol

suhsp. Ildrmagpos (Slaamjgl) \. crlojgttm (Crljogttm)

 \. otnlhurgjsos 

 \. voreoaoljl

 \. eussmjgo

 \. flagdnlipoo

 \. sodual

 \. dmjegstl

 \. pyrgjlodl



















Puø lflttlrso l sumao dlrhmjltodo oj lihogjto pomvmso. Oa dlstlejm prgsgjtl ujl amjegvotà imatm gagvltl gf ujl dlpldotà pmaamjocgrl latrgttljtm gagvltl. Jgaag lrgg mttoilao fo vgegtlzomjg fga dlstlejm qugstl spgdog smstotuosdg egjgrlaigjtg egjgrlaigjtg qugrdgto fo rmvgrg m, oj Otlaol igrofomjlag, fo dgrrm; oj qugsto dlso oa dlstlejm mddupl dgrtligjtg lrgg trl ag poÿ cgrtoao fga tgrrotmrom suhimjtljm. Oj dgrto dlso al dmaturl fga dlstlejm î stltl pgrø spojtl ljdng oj lrgg jmj fga tuttm mttoilao pgr daoil (lrgl fga cleeom, lrgl fga agddom g fgaal suengrl) m pgr topm fo sumam (gs. tgrrgjo ilrjmso, oj smstotuzomjg fo qugrdgto fo rmvgrgaal g dlrpojm jgrm).

Egstomjg Dlstljodmaturl fl cruttm

Lttovotà fl rglaozzlrg smam oj lrgg vmdltg pgr dlrlttgrostodng lihogjtlao gf ojcrlstrutturlao. O hmsdno fo dlstlejm fgstojlto laal prmfuzomjg cruttodmal smjm trlfozomjlaigjtg ag custlog m sgavg dlstljoao. A‟OCJD fga 8007 ojfodl dordl <65.000 nl trl dlstlejgto trl dlstlejgto fl cruttm g sgavg dlstljoao (la 80<6 8 0<6 dordl 77.000 nl fo dlstlejgtm fl cruttm egstotm fl dordl 46.000 lzogjfg lerodmag). 

 

Xgdupgrm fgaag vgddnog sgavg dlstljoao2 l) Iljtgjoigjtm fgaag vgddnog poljtg dmj gvgjtulag rojcmatoigjtm (oj prgsgjzl fo vlrogtà prgeoltg gf oj sotulzomjo sljotlrog rgdupgrlhoao); rgdupgrlhoao); h) Tmstotuzomjg fgaag vgddnog poljtg dmj gvgjtulag rojcmatoigjtm (oj prgsgjzl fo vlrogtà fo sdlrsm prgeom g/m oj sotulzomjo sljotlrog jmj rgdupgrlhoao). Jumvo oipoljto2 dmjvgjogjzl gdmjmiodl, prmhagio tgdjodo. Vgdjodng dmaturlao pgr oa rgdupgrm fgo vgddno dlstlejgto2 ropuaoturg, pmtlturg fo roimjfl g fo rojeomvljoigjtm, dgfulzomjg gf ojjgstm fgo pmaamjo, ojjgstm fo sgavltodo.



















Jgaal custlol dmsá dmstotuotl î foccodoag iljtgjgrg oa dlstlejm oj purgzzl oj quljtm tgjfmjm sgiprg l foccmjfgrso ljdng ag latrg spgdog cmrgstlao topodng fgaal dmrrospmjfgjtg clsdol fo vgegtlzomjg. Pgr al prmfuzomjg fo lssmrtoigjto fl mpgrl fo dlstlejm so fgvg dmjsofgrlrg oa prmhagil fgaal dopmaalturl. Pgr dmjtgjgral2 -

gvotlrg trluio g cgrotg laag poljtg; iljtgjgrg ujl dnomil gquoaohrltl;

-

iljtgjgrg lddrgsdoigjto dmstljto jga tgipm (forlfligjto) oipogem fo egjmtopo gsgjto fla focgttm

Prmfuttovotà fgo dgfuo fo dlstlejm l 80 ljjo 2 Otlaol dgjtrm-sgttgjtromjlag2 dgjtrm-sgttgjtromjlag2 

Latgzzl igfol <7-<8 i; ilssl 800-<00 i4/nl; Oi <0-7 i4/nl/yr

Otlaol dgjtrm-igrofomjlag2 dgjtrm-igrofomjlag2 

Latgzzl igfol <>-<4 i; ilssl 400-800 i4/nl; Oi <7-<0 i4/nl/yr

Sgddno dlstlejgto fl cruttm lhhljfmjlto g jmj poÿ rgdupgrlhoao dmig tlao2   

Dgfulzomjg sgipaodg (prmhagio agelto laal sdlrsl fgjsotà fgaag dgpplog, 1600 dgpplog/nl); Dgfulzomjg dmj dmjocgrligjtm (prmhagio agelto laal sdgatl fgaag spgdog fl ojtrmfurrg); Dgfum dmipmstm m custlol iostl fo dlstlejm gf latrg altocmeaog oj clsg fo ojtrmfuzomjg jlturlag jga vgddnom dlstlejgtm.





















Î spgdog gaomcoal , dng jmj so rojjmvl cldoaigjtg smttm plrzolag dmpgrturl, trmvl a‟mttoim jgo sumao sdomato g hgj frgjlto, ljdng pmvgro fo jutrogjto g l rglzomjg suhldofl, ila so lflttl lo tgrrgjo imatm lreoaamso. Oj Otlaol î prgsgjtg fla aovgaam fga ilrg cojm l dordl <000 i fo qumtl jga dgjtrm jmrf g cojm l <300 i jga igrofomjg. Nl uj‟gagvltl uj‟ gagvltl dlpldotà pmaamjocgrl g prmfudg pmaamjo rlfodlao flaag rlfodo poÿ supgrcodolao, ag qulao smjm imatm gstgsg oj sgjsm mrozzmjtlag. Dmig tuttg ag ageuiojmsg, î oj soihomso rlfodlag dmj iodrmreljosio lzmtmcossltmro g quojfo puø lrroddnorg oa sumam fo lzmtm. Jga dmipagssm, î ujl spgdog pomjogrl, dng pgrø (laigjm la fo cumro fga sum lrglag fo vgegtlzomjg jlturlag) prgsgjtl ujl aoiotltl amjegvotà (30-50 ljjo) g quojfo jgaag zmjg poÿ cgrtoao î spgdog trljsotmrol dng puø gssgrg erlfulaigjtg smstotuotl fl latrg spgdog poÿ amjegvg. Al jmtgvmag foccusomjg fgaal rmhojol oj Otlaol î dmaageltl laag pgduaolro dlrlttgrostodng fo ‑ojvlfgjzl’ dng ‑ojvlfgjzl’ dng qugstl spgdog prgsgjtl gf î stltl clvmrotl flo sgeugjto clttmro2   

foccusomjg oj lrgg lerodmag fo dgfuo puro fo rmhojol tleaolto l turjm hrgvg pgr al prmfuzomjg fo agejl fl lrfgrg m fo poddmal plagrol; foccusomjg fgaal rmhojol dmig spgdog dmjsmaofltrodg fgaag sdlrpltg cgrrmvolrog; prmergssovm lhhljfmjm fgo tgrrgjo lerodmao g plsdmaovo;





















Ag altocmeaog dmrrgaltg laag qugrdg Tmjm spgdog dmiujo jga poljm ojcgromrg fgo qugrdgto, prgsgjto smprlttuttm laam stltm iostm dmj ag qugrdg (l plrtg o dlrpojo). Nljjm ojtgrgssg fla pmv camrostodm camrostodm (homfovgrsotà) g pgr a‟ojcaugjzl dng pmssmjm lvgrg suaal fojliodl gvmautovl fgo qugrdgto dmig ioeaomrligjtm fga sumam, rlppmrto dmj al rojjmvlzomjg jlturlag fgaag qugrdg, dmamjozzlzomjg tgrrgjo jufo.   

Dlrpojm holjdm (Dlrpojus hgtuaus) Dlrpojm jgrm (Mstryl dlrpojocmaol) Ldgrm dlipgstrg ( Ldgr dlipgstrg dlipgstrg)

  

Ldgrm mplam ( Ldgr Ldgr mplaus) Mrjogaam (Crlxojus mrjus) Maim dlipgstrg (Waius dlipgstros)

Dlrpojus hgtuaus — Dlrpojm holjdm Î lsslo foccusm jga dgjtrm Gurmpl g Vurdnol, fmvg rlpprgsgjtl al projdoplag spgdog dmrrgaltl lo qugrdgto. O hmsdno l prgvlagjzl fo dlrpojm holjdm mddupljm oj Otlaol ujl supgrcodog fo dordl 60.000 nl.





















Nl gsoegjzg ofrodng supgromro l qugaag fgaal rmvgrgaal, jgeao lihogjto dmaaojlro pgjojsualro mddupl smprlttuttm o vgrsljto jmrf. Prgfoaoeg o sumao dladlrgo g ilrjmso, tgig oa rostlejm ofrodm, il smppmrtl o tgrrgjo lreoaamso. Oa tgipgrligjtm jgo roeulrfo fgaal audg î soioag l qugaam fga dlrpojm holjdm, pgrtljtm so ojsgfol cldoaigjtg la fo smttm fgo qugrdgto. Nl ujl jmtgvmag dlpldotà pmaamjocgrl g doø jg luigjtl al dmjdmrrgjzolaotà dmj ag qugrdg jgo hmsdno dgfuo g jgo dgfuo dmipmsto. O hmsdno l prgvlagjzl fo dlrpojm jgrm fgtto ‑mstrogto’ fgrovljm oj egjgrg flaal rgergssomjg fgaag qugrdg. Pmssmjm lssmavgrg cujzomjo prmtgttovg jgaag pgjfodo lreoaamsg poÿ ropofg. Oj lrgg cgrtoao pmtrghhgrm gssgrg smstotuoto smstotuoto dmj latrg spgdog, fmpm uj pgromfm fo ojvgddnoligjtm. Oa agejm î uj humj dmihustohoag, il al prmfuttovotà fga dgfum î imfgstl.

Ldgr dlipgstrg dlipgstrg — Ldgrm dlipgstrg Lahgrm fo poddmag foigjsomjo, dmj uj lrglag fo ojfoegjltm imatm lipom, uj tgipm imatm usltm dmig tutmrg vovm fgaag voto, fl duo uj pmssohoag ojsgavltodnoigjtm. ojsgavltodnoigjtm. Vgjfgjzolaigjtg Vgjfgjzolaigjtg tgrimcoam, smppmrtl ujl dgrtl sgddngzzl fga tgrrgjm (jmj dmig al rmvgrgaal)





















Altocmeaog oermcoag fga poljm hlslag — Pomppm jgrm  Pmpuaus joerl — Pomppm

— Mjtljm jgrm  Lajus eautojmsl — Mjtljm

 Pmpuaus lahl — Pomppm — Pomppm holjdm

 Lajus dmrfltl — Mjtljm — Mjtljm jlpmagtljm

 Tlaox lahl — Tlaodg — Tlaodg holjdm

Tupgrcodo fgo hmsdno oermcoao 2   

Pomppgto jlturlao2 5<.000 oj Otlaol nl fo duo 7.000 nl oj Pogimjtg Tlaodgto roplrolao2 86.000 nl oj Otlaol fo duo 8.>00 nl oj Pogimjtg Hmsdno lf mjtljm jgrm2 44.000 nl oj Otlaol fo duo 6.000 nl oj Pogimjtg

Egjgrlaotà suaal sgavodmaturl jga poljm imjtljm  

Lspgtto daoiltodo2 al fospmjohoaotà ofrodl î mttoilag pgr al vgegtlzomjg cmrgstlag g al tgipgrlturl jmj î clttmrg aoiotljtg; Lspgtto vgegtlzomjlao2 mrozzmjtg fgaag altocmeaog sdolcoag g fgaag lenocmeaog iodrmtgrig;





















Oa cleeom î spgdog ojfoccgrgjtg la suhstrltm trmvljfm cleegtg gutrmcodng, igsmtrmcodng igsmtrmcodng g maoemtrmcodng. Î ujl spgdog imatm sdolcoal (sgppurg oj erlfm ojcgromrg rospgttm laa‟lhgtg holjdm) g smppmrtl a‟lfueeoligjtm ljdng pgr 80-40 80 -40 ljjo. Wj prmaujeltm mihrgeeoligjtm puø pgrø fgtgriojlrg al pgrfotl fgaal fmiojljzl lpodlag g pgrtljtm oa custm puø cldoaigjtg hocmrdlrso ujl vmatl dng al rojjmvlzomjg vogjg aohgrltl flaal dmpgrturl. Jgaag Lapo oa aoiotg supgromrg fga cleeom so dmaamdl jmrilaigjtg suo <400-<700 i s.a.i. (al tgipgrlturl igfol fga igsg poÿ dlafm jmj fgvg sdgjfgrg la fo smttm fgo <4 °D) g smam oj dlso plrtodmalro puø slaorg matrg tlao qumtg. Jgeao Lppgjjojo oa cleeom rleeoujeg ojvgdg oa aoiotg supgromrg fgaal vgegtlzomjg lrhmrgl (cojm l qumtg fo <300-<>00 i s.a.i., 8400 i suaa‟Gtjl). suaa‟Gtjl). Ag poljtg lfuatg fo cleeom gsgrdotljm la sumam ujl dmpgrturl imatm ojtgjsl (supgromrg l qugaal fgaa‟lhgtg) gf fgaa‟lhgtg) gf oj dmjfozomjo lihogjtlao mttoilao tgjfg l cmrilrg pmpmaligjto puro m qulso puro. Vlag tgjfgjzl so rofudg laamjtljljfmso flaa‟mttoim daoiltodm; oj qugsto dlso al igsdmaljzl puø rglaozzlrso dmj lhgtg holjdm, lhgtg rmssm, ldgrm fo imjtg g/m latrg spgdog l sgdmjfl fgo dlso. Î spgdog dmj humjl cldmatà pmaamjocgrl, ljdng sg igjm amjegvl rospgttm lf latrg altocmeaog. Al rojjmvlzomjg fga cleeom puø gssgrg mstldmaltl fl ujl gddgssovl prgsgjzl fo camrl jotrmcoal fmvutl, lf gsgipom, l tleao trmppm ojtgjso rglaozzlto jgaal cleegtl lfuatl.























Jgaag custlog fgjsg, pmdm m pgr juaal forlfltg, <0-<7 ljjo proil fga tleaom fo sgigjtlzomjg pmssmjm gssgrg prgvosto tleao prgplrltmro (spgssm lssoioalhoao l forlfligjto forl fligjto flaa‟latm, pgr aohgrlrg al dnomil fgaag poljtg ioeaomro, alsdoljfm uj dmrtgeeom fo poljtg fmiojltg pgr gvotlrg gddgssovg sdmpgrturg fga sumam). Oj Otlaol, eao ojdrgigjto igfo igfo ljjuo fgaag custlog fo cleeom so leeorljm suo 4-6 (<->) i4/nl. Durg dmaturlao

Jgo hmsdno fo plrtodmalrg ojtgrgssg lo cojo prmfuttovo eoà jgaal clsg fo spgssojl pmssmjm gssgrg lttulto























Laam stltm lttulag al egstomjg fga dgfum dmipmstm fo cleeom prgvgfg, oj egjgrg, oa plssleeom laal custlol igfoljtg mppmrtujo ojtgrvgjto. Ojcltto, al dmjvgrsomjg l dgfum sgipaodg î fo jmril vogtltl flaag Prgsdrozomjo fo ilssoil, igjtrg al egstomjg dalssodl l dgfum dmipmstm lpplrg pmdm prmpmjohoag oj quljtm dmipagssl fla pmv tgdjodm tgdjodm g jmj dmjvgjogjtg fl altm gdmjmiodm. Al dmjvgrsomjg fgo dgfuo fo cleeom laa‟latm laa ‟latm custm

Al dmjvgrsomjg puø lvvgjorg alsdoljfm oa dgfum laal gvmauzomjg jlturlag, mppurg igfoljtg a‟lttulzomjg a‟lttulzomjg fo tleao fo lvvoligjtm, qugst‟uatoil ojfodltl dmig dmjvgrsomjg ‑lttovl’. ‑lttovl’. O tleao fo























A‟lhgtg holjdm î spgdog fo trljsozomjg trl o trl o daoio ltaljtodo gf o daoio dmjtojgjtlao. Ojcltto, rospgttm la cleeom (topodligjtg ltaljtodl) a‟lhgtg holjdm nl gsoegjzg poÿ spmstltg oj sgjsm dmjtojgjtlag, oj quljtm î poÿ rgsostgjtg la crgffm ojvgrjlag, igjm smeegttm laag egaltg proilvgroao, poÿ gsoegjtg fo dlamrg gstovm g igjm clvmrotm fl u j‟gagvltl j‟gagvltl uiofotà ltimscgrodl. Nl ujl rgsostgjzl la crgffm gagvltl (-87 °D g soioag l qugaal fgaa‟lhgtg f gaa‟lhgtg rmssm), oa aoiotg latotufojlag fgrovl flaag gsoegjzg fo dlamrg gstovm g flaal f laal sgjsohoaotà laa‟lrofotà cosomameodl laa‟lrofotà cosomameodl fgtgriojltl fla tgrrgjm egaltm (ag cmeaog smjm dmiujqug smeegttg l pgrfotg ofrodng pgr trlsporlzomjg dutodmalrg dng jmj smjm dmipgjsltg fl lssmrhoigjtm rlfodlag). Jgaa‟Lppgjjojm dgjtrm-igrofomjlag dgjtrm -igrofomjlag nl uj dmipmrtligjtm poÿ tgrimcoam























Egstomjg Lhgtojg iostg iostg dmj cleeom g/m lhgtg rmssm l strutturl imjmpaljl

Tmjm lppaodlhoao o tleao suddgssovo su poddmag supgrcodo (l eruppo, lf mram), mvvgrm oa tleaom l hudng. \ugstg cmrig fo trlttligjtm pmssmjm trl a‟latrm dmjsgjtorg fo imvoigjtlrg fo imvoigjtlrg ileeomrigjtg al strutturl; î jgdgsslrom aohgrlrg prmjtligjtg al rojjmvlzomjg prgsgjtg smttm dmpgrturl oj quljtm doø lssodurl rotio fo drgsdotl gagvlto g rgemalro. Al strutturl imjmpaljl rgjfg dmiujqug ag poljtg poÿ smeegttg l fljjo igtgmrodo, pgr duo smjm jgdgsslro forlfligjto (eoà oj clsg fo spgssojl) pgr























Pgr oa ioeaomrligjtm fgaag lhgtojg purg dmgtljgg smjm stltg spgroigjtltg hudng fo lipogzzl F/N9
Lhogs jghrmfgjsos jghrmfgjsos — Lhgtg fgo Jghrmfo Sodlrol Sodlrol a‟lhgtg holjdm oj Todoaol.

Podgl lhogs m P. gxdgasl Lhgtg rmssm

























Vopo fo pmpmaligjto

























O proio forlfligjto (clsg fo spgssojl) slrljjm vmato lf gaoiojlrg o smeegtto pgeeomro g

























Pojus syavgstros Pojm soavgstrg



























Ag pojgtg trljsotmrog smjm qugaag mvg oa pojm soavgstrg (spgdog pomjogrl) tgjfg erlfulaigjtg

























Pojus joerl Pojo jgro

































































































































































































































































































































































































































Al prmplelzomjg leliodl jga vovlosim cmrgstlag

Sogjg lppaodltl smprlttuttm oj lrhmrodmaturl fl agejm pgr a‟mttgjoigjtm fo iltgrolag f‟oipoljtm fo mroeojg damjlag. Ag tgdjodng meeo oipogeltg oj Otlaol su sdlal ojfustrolag smjm2  

Vlagl pgr oa pomppm gf oa slaodg Iodrmprmplelzomjg pgr oa doaogeom fl agejm

A‟ojjgstm puø gssgrg oipogeltm pgr al rglaozzlzomjg fo lrhmrgto fl sgig . O damjo fo spgdog cmrgstlao pgr pmtgrg gssgrg dmiigrdolaozzlto fgvmjm gssgrg osdrotto la Xgeostrm Jlzomjlag fgo Iltgrolao Cmrgstlao fo Hlsg (XJICH), gx Xgeostrm jlzomjlag fgo damjo cmrgstlao, lttovltm prgssm oa IoPLLC g prgvostm fla fgdrgtm ageosaltovm 4>3/8004. Laagvligjtm oj dlssmjo

Lppaodltm smprlttuttm laag altocmeaog cottmjljto (gs. qugrdg, jmdg), dmjsgjtg fo mttgjgrg oj < ljjm poljtg fo foigjsomjo succodogjto pgr al igssl l foimrl g dmj uj lpplrltm rlfodlag hgj dmjcmriltm, ofmjgg ljdng ljdng laa‟lrhmrodmaturl fl agejm. Puø gssgrg lttultl ujl cmrzlturl pgr luigjtlrg am svoauppm fgaag poljtg.

Xoihmsdnoigjto (Xglccmrgstltomj) (Xglccmrgstltomj) m Oihmsdnoigjto (Lccmrgstltomj) (Lccmrgstltomj) Xoihmsdnoigjtm2 Xoihmsdnoigjtm2 rodmstotuzomjg fo ujl dmpgrturl cmrgstlag oj uj‟lrgl oj duo d‟grl ujl vmatl. Oihmsdnoigjtm2 Dmstotuzomjg fo ujl dmpgrturl cmrgstlag oj uj‟lrgl oj duo jmj d‟grl hmsdm. -

Xojcmatoigjtm2 poljtleomjg pgr luigjtlrg al fgjsotà fga pmpmaligjtm fo ujl spgdog;

- Lrroddnoigjtm2 poljtleomjg pgr lrroddnorg oa pmpmaligjtm dmj ojfovofuo fo spgdog cmrgstlao fovgrsg fl qugaal eoà prgsgjtg (gs. dmjocgrligjtm fgo dgfuo); -

Tmttmpoljtleomjo2 poljtleomjg smttm poljtg vodojg l ilturotà pgr rojjmvlrg oa pmpmaligjtm.

Mejo roihmsdnoigjtm jgdgssotl fo ujl prmegttlzomjg g fo uj poljm fo egstomjg. Fgvmjm gssgrg dnolro eao mhogttovo fgaa‟ojtgrvgjtm g, suaal hlsg fo qugsto, fltg ag dlrlttgrostodng dlrlttgrostodng fgaal stlzomjg, pmssm sdgeaogrg ag imflaotà fo rglaozzlzomjg rglaozz lzomjg fgaa‟ojtgrvgjtm stgssm. Mhogttovo egjgrlao fgo roihmsdnoigjto

-

Focgsl fga sumam2 roihmsdnoigjto oj lrgg dmaaojlro g imjtljg fgerlfltg, spgssm oj

lssmdolzomjg dmj mpgrg fo focgsl ofrluaodl (sostgilzomjo ofrluaodm-cmrgstlao) -

Xojlturlaozzlzomjg fo lrgg cmrtgigjtg ljtrmpozzltg2 roihmsdnoigjto oj lrgg fo poljurl Latro sdmpo2 dmig prmtgzomjg fl vlaljeng oj zmjg fo latl qumtl



















Jgeao uatoio fgdgjjo î gigrsm a‟mhogttovm fgaag rojlturlaozzlzomjo fo lrgg cmrtgigjtg ljtrmpozzltg, roihmsdljfm fgaag lrgg gx lerodmag fo poljurl. Pmssmjm gssgrg lttulto m pgr poljtleomjg m pgr sgiojl (qugst‟uatoil meeo poÿ p oÿ rlrl). Meeo so tgjfg l provoageolrg al poljtleomjg fo poljtojg mttgjutg oj vovlom. Pgr al sdgatl fo spgdog g topmameog fo ojtgrvgjtm î oipmrtljtg am stufom fgaag dlrlttgrostodng daoiltodng daoiltodng g pgfmameodng fgaal stlzomjg. Jmj î sgiprg jgdgsslrom sdlvlrg uj prmcoam il smjm oipmrtljto strutturl g pmtgjzl. Prgplrlzomjg fga tgrrgjm

Lspgttm roagvljtg fga roihmsdnoigjtm. Wj‟lfgeultl sdgatl fo qugsto clvmrosdg a‟gsotm fga roihmsdnoigjtm. Hosmejl drglrg uj lihogjtg pgfmameodm clvmrgvmag laa‟lttgddnoigjtm fgaag polj tg dng vgjemjm igssg l foimrl. -

Fgdgspueaoligjtm2 sg î stltm pgr poÿ ljjo lhhljfmjltm

-

Plrgeeoligjtm fgaag supgrcodo 2 gvgjtulag oj lrgg fo poljurl pgr gvotlrg oa rostlejm

-

Alvmrlzomjg fga sumam2 m

Alvmrlzomjg ljfljtg2 gccgttultl su tuttl al supgrcodog ojtgrgssltl fla roihmsdnoigjtm 

m

m

Lrlturl g/m sdlrocodlturl

Alvmrlzomjg amdlaozzltl2 smam jgaag lrgg oj duo vgjemjm igssg l foimrl ag poljtg 

Ttrosdg



Erlfmjo



Hudng



Polzzmag



Lreojgaao

Iojoil alvmrlzomjg2 tgjfg l prmvmdlrg oa iojoim fosturhm pmssohoag la sumam 

Poljtleomjg l cgssurl

Alvmrlzomjg ljfljtg

Lppaodltl jgo dlso oj duo jmj do smjm prmhagio fo fossgstm ofrmegmameodm, domî oa pgrodmam fo clvmrorg a‟grmsomjg, am sdmrroigjtm supgrcodolag, gdd. lppaodltm smprlttuttm smprlttuttm oj zmjg fmvg do puø gssgrg oa ilssoim hgjgcodom fltm fl qugstm topm fo ojtgrvgjtm dmig tgrrgjo lreoaamso. Luigjtl al ildrm g iodrm pmrmsotà fga sumam g quojfo luigjtl oa frgjleeom. A‟lrlturl î oa rohlatligjtm fga tgrrgjm + a‟lzomjg a‟lzomjg fo crljtuilzomjg fga sumam igjtrg al sdlrocodlturl î a‟lpgrturl a‟lpgrturl fo trojdgg jga tgrrgjm oj duo j mj d‟î rohlatligjtm gf rohlatligjtm gf î prgcgrotl quljfm so vmeaomjm lttulrg alvmrlzomjo prmcmjfg sgjzl pmrtlrg sdngagtrm oj supgrcodog. \ugstg fug pmssmjm gssgrg ljdng lhhojltg2 alvmrlzomjg fug strlto, oj o j ujm m fug plssleeo dmj a‟lrltrm ropujtltmrg. ropuj tltmrg.



















Alvmrlzomjg amdlaozzltl

To prgvgfg fo alvmrlrg oa sumam smam oj dmrrospmjfgjzl fgaag zmjg oj duo vgjemjm pmstg ag poljtg. \ugstl alvmrlzomjg î ofglag pgr al focgsl fga sumam. Sgjemjm usltg egjgrlaigjtg spgdog pomjogrg pomjogrg l duo pmssmjm gssgrg lssmdoltg spgdog sgdmjflrog. Pgr al alvmrlzomjg l strosdg so lrljm smam strosdg fo ujl dgrtl alrengzzl aujem ag qulao vogjg gccgttultl al poljtleomjg. D‟î uj‟latgrjljzl dng rofudg oa pgrodmam fo fossgstm. Alvmrlzomjo gccgttultg aujem al ilssoil pgjfgjzl oj fosdgsl. Vopodligjtg, al alvmrlzomjg l hudng, î al poÿ utoaozzltl jgo roihmsdnoigjto. Foigjsomjo topodng fo 60x60x60 m 60x60x30 fo prmcmjfotà. Lpgrtl dmj vljel m trovgaal lttlddltl l trlttmro. To sdmjsoeaol jgo tgrrgjo lreoaamso pmodnï tgjfmjm l dmiplttlrso l aovgaam a ovgaam fgaag plrgto fgaal hudl ljfljfm oj dmjtrm la dmsoffgttm ‑gccgttm vlsm’. Wj roigfom puø gssgrg qugaam fo erlccolrg ag plrgto fgaal hudl. Al alvmrlzomjg l erlfmjo dmjsostg dmjsostg jgaa'lpgrturl, dmj igzzm igddljodm fo lfgeultl pmtgjzl, prmvvostm fo alil crmjtlag, fo tgrrlzzligjto fo vlrol alrengzzl (fl 4 l 6 igtro l sgdmjfl fga igzzm igddljodm oipogeltm), aujem ag aojgg fo aovgaam dmj dmjtrmpgjfgjzl l imjtg pgr trlttgjgrg igeaom ag ldqug igtgmrodng gf gvotlrg oa rusdgaaligjtm g a'grmsomjg fgaag pgjfodo. Tuddgssovligjtg so mpgrl dmj ujl ropplturl fga tgrrgjm tgrrlzzltm laal prmcmjfotà fo 30->0 di. Egjgrlaigjtg, am svoauppm tmtlag fgo erlfmjo pgr gttlrm î fo dordl <000-<800i. Eao lreojgaao ojcojg so dmstotuosdmjm dmj oa plssleeom fgaa‟lrltrm fo drgstg suaag qulao vgjemjm dmaamdltg ag poljtojg. Oipogeltl trlfozomjlaigjtg su tgrrgjo tmrhmso pgr dmjsgjtorg laag poljtojg fo gvotlrg oa rostlejm ofrodm. Ag drgstg so dmstotuosdmjm rmvgsdoljfm lttrlvgrsm a‟lrlturl ujl zmaal fo tgrrgjm dmsá so rlffmppol a‟mrozzmjtg mreljodm g vogjg gspmstm qugaam iojgrlag Iojoil alvmrlzomjg Poljtleomjg l cgssurl dng iorl l rofurrg la iojoim al alvmrlzomjg fga tgrrgjm. To cl quljfm ag

dlrlttgrostodng dlrlttgrostodng fga tgrrgjm vgjemjm dmjsofgrltg eoà mttoilao. Oipogem fo gsdlvltmro fo pmtgjzl igfom poddmal oj tgrrgjo foccodoao

Oj tgrrgjo dmj lhhmjfljtg sdngagtrm g rmddg supgrcodolao, pgr jmj imfocodlrg gddgssovligjtg gddgssovligjtg al imrcmameol fga sotm, pmssmjm gssgrg rglaozzltg trojdgg fo sdlvm g rgojtgrrm, dmj uj gsdlvltmrg topm rlejm, fgaal alrengzzl vlrolhoag fl >0 l <00 di g fo dordl 30->0 30 ->0 di fo prmcmjfotà, aujem ag aojgg fo aovgaam, l vmatg fosdmjtojug pgr al prgsgjzl fo dgpplog, poljtojg m tlrg rmddomsg. A'ojtgrlssg trl ag trojdgg, vlrolhoag, î igfoligjtg fo 3-5 i; trl ujl trojdgl g a'latrl vgjemjm sdlvltg fgaag hudng fgaag foigjsomjo fo dordl 8-4 i 8 pgr ujl prmcmjfotà fo dordl 30->0 di. Xoihmsdnoigjto Xoihmsdnoigjto pgr al focgsl fga sumam oj lrgg fgerlfltg

To trlttl egjgrlaigjtg fo oipoljto imjmspgdocodo m iosto fo dmjocgrg pomjogrg, oj rgalzomjg laag



















Jmj fgvmjm gssgrg lhhljfmjlto, vljjm iljtgjuto dmj durg dmaturlao dmig gvgjtulao roslrdoigjto (jga dlsm ag poljtg jmj lvgssgrm lttgddnotm), ropuaoturg (iljulao m igddljodng) g forlfligjto (quljfm ag dnomig dmiojdoljm l tmddlrso). Î oipmrtljtg a‟lddurltgzzl jgaag mpgrlzomjo fo oipoljtm. Xoihmsdnoigjto Xoihmsdnoigjto pgr al rojlturlaozzlzomjg fo lrgg fo poljurl

To trlttl egjgrlaigjtg fo oipoljto iosto m poÿ rlrligjtg imjmspgdocodo fo altocmeaog (spgdog sgdmjflrog) topodng fgaag lrgg paljozolrog. Ag spgdog lrhmrgg oipogeltg smjm clrjol, rmvgrg, dlrpojm holjdm, doaogeom sgavltodm, maim dlipgstrg, ldgrm dlipgstrg, dlipgstrg, crlssojm ileeomrg, mrjogaam, mjtljm jgrm, pomppm jgrm, pomppm holjdm, slaodg holjdm, gtd. Pmssohoag P mssohoag ojsgroigjtm ljdng fo spgdog lrhustovg. Tolim oj dmjfozomjo fo humjl cgrtoaotà, dmj sumam prmcmjfm g l hlssm rosdnom fo fossgstm ofrmegmameodm. Alvmrlzomjg fga tgrrgjm ljfljtg igfoljtg lrlturl gvgjtulaigjtg lhhojltl lf ujl ropujtlturl (alvmrlzomjg l fug strlto). Oj dgrto dlso puø gssgrg ljdng mppmrtujm lpprmcmjforg o cmsso fo sdlvm pgr luigjtlrg oa crljdm fo dmatovlzomjg (al fostljzl trl ag supgrcodo fga sumam g al clafl). Sgjemjm ojmatrg rofmtto o tgipo dng oj jlturl slrghhgrm jgdgsslro pgr plsslrg fl vgegtlzomjg daoilx trliotg ujl suddgssomjg sgdmjflrol. \uljfm so oipogeljm spgdog lrhmrgg rgaltovligjtg gsoegjto (spgdog sgdmjflrog) oj lrgg cldoaigjtg igddljozzlhoao al alvmrlzomjg amdlaozzltl jmj î oj egjgrg dmjvgjogjtg oj quljtm ag spgdog ojtrmfmttg so lvvljtleeoljm soejocodltovligjtg fga ioeaomrligjtm fgaag dmjfozomjo cosodng fga sumam ojfmttm dmj al alvmrlzomjg ljfljtg. A‟gccgttm A‟gccgttm pmsotovm fgaal alvmrlzomjg ljfljtg î plrtodmalrigjtg gvofgjtg gvofgjtg jgo tgrrgjo lreoaamso. Tdngio fo poljtleomjg

Ag fovgrsg spgdog pmssmjm gssgrg dmaamdltg l foimrl (dmjsmdoltg) oj vlrom imfm2 -

Oj iljogrl latgrjltl suaal coal g trl ag coag sgdmjfm fosgejo fo vlrol jlturl

-

L eruppo imjmspgdocodo (eruppo fo 7-<7 poljtg m fo 70-30 poljtg) trl amrm latgrjlto.

O coalro fo poljtleomjg pmssmjm gssgrg ljdng durvoaojgo laam sdmpm fo dmjcgrorg la smprlssumam ujl oiprgssomjg fo ileeomrg ‑jlturlaotà’. Ag fgjsotà fo oipoljtm vlroljm fl <<00 l 8000 poljtg/nl. Hosmejl pgrø tgjgr dmjtm oa fovgrsm lddrgsdoigjtm lddrgsdoigjtm fgaag sojemag spgdog. Tmprlttuttm quljfm a‟latgrjljzl a‟latgrjljzl lvvogjg l aovgaam fo sojemal poljtl g jmj fo eruppm. Ljdng quo lvrgim durg dmaturlao dmig gvgjtulao roslrdoigjto, orroelzomjo fo smddmrsm, fosgrho (iljulao g igddljodo) g forlfligjto (cmjfligjtlao pgr lddrgsdoigjto lddrgsdoigjto poÿ vgamdo dng oj lihogjto imjtljo). O roihmsdnoigjto jga poljm suhlapojm

Dmstotuzomjg fo smprlssumao dng pmssmjm lvgrg ljdng cujzomjg fo prmtgzomjg forgttl. Tmjm lihogjto plrtodmalro oj duo am svoauppm fgaag eomvljo poljtg roihmsdnotg puø gssgrg mstldmaltm fl vlro clttmro2 -

Pgriljgjzl fgaal dmpgrturl jgvmsl (hrgvg m prmaujeltl)

-

Imvoigjto fga iljtm jgvmsm



















Xlppmrto trl iodrm-tmpmerlcol g pmtgjzolaotà fo drgsdotl fgaal rojjmvlzomjg jga poljm suhlapojm Iodrmsoto sclvmrgvmao

• Fgprgssomjo g dmjdlvotà fmvg al jgvg pgriljg poÿ l aujem • Ojdosomjo prmvmdltg fl cgjmigjo grmsovo • Rmjg uiofg dmj prgsgjzl fo tgrrgjm tmrhmsm g/m fo igelcmrhog Iodrmsoto clvmrgvmao

• Dmjvgssotà fga sumam fmvg al jgvg pgriljg igjm l aujem • Drgstg mf latrg lrgg smprlgagvltg • Rmjg vodojm l vgddnog dgpplog A‟latgrjljzl fo iodrmsoto clvmrosdg ujl strutturl fgaal vgegtlzomjg cmrgstlag l eruppo Tdumal cmrgstlag svozzgrl2 tgdjodng fo roihmsdnoigjtm dng oiotl oa

dmjdgjtrligjtm dmjdgjtrligjtm oj eruppo jgo iodrmsoto clvmrgvmao. Xoihmsdnoigjtm l daustgr2 so dmaamdljm l foimrl eruppo imjmspgdocodo dmstotuoto dolsdujm fl 80-40 sgigjzlao pmsto lf ujl fostljzl rgdoprmdl fo 70-<00 di (oa foligtrm fo dolsduj eruppm jmj supgrl o 8-6 igtro). Al fospmsozomjg l eruppo dmjsgjtg lo sgigjzlao poÿ ojtgrjo fo focgjfgrso fla imrsm fgeao ljoilao. Sgjemjm lttulto fl 8 l 7-3 dmaagttovo imjmspgdocodo laal fostljzl rgdoprmdl rgdoprmdl fo 8-4 i oj imfm dng gjtrm 80-40 ljjo pmtrljjm trl amrm cmjfgrso cmriljfm uj daustgr. A‟mhogttovm î qugaam fo drglrg uj pmpmaligjtm cmrtgigjtg strutturltm l dmaagttovo, dmj prgsgjzl fo ilreojo stlhoao. Xoihmsdnoigjtm Xoihmsdnoigjtm pgr sgiojl

Lspgtto pmsotovo2 -

Iojmrg lrtocodolaotà fga pmpmaligjtm Ojtgerotà fgaa‟lpplrltm rlfodlag pgr ag cottmjljto Pmssohoaotà fo mpgrlrg poÿ cldoaigjtg oj zmjg fo foccodoag lddgssm m pgrdmrso fla cumdm

Lspgtto jgeltovo2 Prgflzomjg fga sgig g fgvotlaozzlzomjg fo qugstm l dlusl fo cujeno g ojsgtto





















Al rousdotl fgaal sgiojl fopgjfg egjgrlaigjtg flaag pomeeg dlfutg fmpm al sgiojl. Jgaag lrgg igfotgrrljgg so poljtl oj lutujjm/ojvgrjm. Oa roihmsdnoigjtm pgr sgiojl puø lvgrg ljdmrl meeo uj ojtgrgssg pgrdnï rosuatl igjm dmstmsm fgaag poljtleomjo oj tgriojo sol gdmjmiodo dng gjgregtodo. Meeo ag qugrdg smjm ag spgdog pgr duo tlavmatl so prmvl oa roihmsdnoigjtm pgr sgiojl, l eruppo m l coag, oj mejo hudl pmssmjm p mssmjm gssgrg dmaamdltg ujl m poÿ enoljfg. Al egriojlzomjg jmj j mj fmvrghhg gssgrg iojmrg fo ⅔ fgo ⅔ fgo sgio igsso l foimrl. Tgiojg dmj hmihg fo sgio

Lttultg ljdng dmj igzzo lgrgo

Tgavodmaturl fgaag spgdog gsmtodng Gudlayptus spp. Gudlayptus spp. — Gudlaotto Oa egjgrg Gudlayptus dmiprgjfg matrg 500 gjtotà spgdocodng g smttmspgdocodng, smttmspgdocodng, tuttg mroeojlrog fgaa‟Lustrlaol g fo latrg osmag vodojg (Vlsiljol, Jumvl Euojgl, gdd.). A‟Gudlayptus î oa poÿ dmatovltm la imjfm pgr al prmfuzomjg agejmsl (matrg 7 ioaomjo fo nl oj Lustrlaol, Ligrodl altojl, Tuf Lcrodl g hldojm fga Igfotgrrljgm). Ojtrmfmtto oj Otlaol jga <>04 (Mrtm hmtljodm fgaal Xgeeol fo Dlsgrtl) utoaozzlto pgr trlvgrsg cgrrmvolrog, plagrol pgr iojogrg, mpgrg fo hmjocodl g, fleao ljjo ‑70 oj pmo, pgr plstg fl dlrtl. Vrl ag vlrog spgdog ojtrmfmttg oj Otlaol so dotljm2  G. eamhuaus

 G. eujjo

 G. emipnmdgpnlal

 G. x trlhutoo

 G. flaryipagljl

 G. mddofgjtlaos

 G. dlilafuagjsos

 G. ruhofl

 G. voiojlaos

 G. hodmstltl

Fo qugstg, laam stltm lttulag smam ag proig trg vgjemjm rotgjutg dmatovlhoao oj Otlaol pgr cojlaotà prmfuttovg, aoiotltligjtg laal zmjl fga Alurgtui sgdmjfm Plvlro.  G. eamhuaus2 spgdog sgjsohoag la crgffm, fl oipogelrg fmvg ag

egaltg smjm pmdm crgqugjto g oj lrgg dmj pomvmsotà jmj ojcgromrg lo 700 ii. Vrmvl a‟mttoim oj tgrrgjo l rglzomjg suhldofl, crgsdno g prmcmjfo. Vgig o tgrrgjo supgrcodolao, jmjdnï qugaao lreoaamso, qugaao dladlrgo g qugaao dmj frgjleeom foccodmatmsm. Î al spgdog poÿ rodnogstl pgr ag plstg fl dlrtl.



















Pgr al poljtleomjg smjm stlto trlfozomjlaigjtg oipogelto sgigjzlao fo 3-> igso laagvlto oj dmjtgjotmrg. Meeo pgr o damjo sgagzomjlto so usljm tlagg rlfodltg. Oj qugsto uatoio ljjo oj Otlaol smjm stlto ojfovofulto damjo fo G. dlilafuagjsos gf G. eamhuaus fo prmfuttovotà qulso tropal rospgttm la iltgrolag jmrilaigjtg oj dmiigrdom. Gvgjtulao jumvo oipoljto fgvmjm f gvmjm gssgrg lttulto smam oj lrgg ofmjgg fla pmv lihogjtlag, lihogjtlag, rodmrrgjfm lf ujl alvmrlzomjg prmcmjfl fga tgrrgjm. Imfuam dmaturlag pgr al prmfuzomjg fo tmjfgaao fl dlrtogrl  



Fgjsotà fo oipoljtm2 <<00 (4 x 4 i) <400 (4 x 8,7 i) poljtg/nl. Jgo proio ljjo2 dmjtrmaam fgaal camrl spmjtljgl igfoljtg alvmrlzomjg supgrcodolag fga tgrrgjm, pmtlturg fo cmrilzomjg la 4°- 6° ljjm. (Pmssohoaotà fo lttulrg scmaaligjto fgaag dgpplog jgo proio ljjo fmpm al dgfulzomjg). Tpladlturl cojm l 8 i pgr ioeaomrlrg al fmiojljzl lpodlag g pgr rofurrg o rosdno fo ojdgjfom.  G. eamhuaus2 dgfulzomjg la <8° ljjm sgeuotl fl 8-6 dodao leliodo fo > ljjo dolsdujm.  G. dlilafuagjsos2 dgfulzomjg la <7° ljjm sgeuotl fl 8-6 dodao leliodo fo <4 ljjo dolsdujm.

Clsdg crljeovgjtm2 so gsgeumjm oj 8-4 coag pmjgjfm ag poljtg l fostljzg fo 8 x 8 — 8,7 — 8,7 x 7 i. Prmhagio dmjjgsso laal dmipgtotovotà dmj ag dmaturg lerlrog pgr a‟ldqul g eao gagigjto jutrotovo. Prmfuttovotà fgeao oipoljto fo gudlaoptm

Al ileeomr plrtg fgeao oipoljto fo gudlaoptm cojm lf meeo lttulto oj Otlaol nl cmrjotm rosuatlto prmfuttovo sdlfgjto (pgrdnï lttulto oj lrgg jmj ofmjgg), jgaal ileeomr plrtg fgo dlso jmj supgromro lo 7-3 i4/nl/yr laa‟gtà fo <0-<8 <0-<8 ljjo. Oj dgfuo fgaal Todoaol uhodlto oj humjg dmjfozomjo stlzomjlao smjm stlto mssgrvlto ojdrgigjto igfo ljdng fo <7-<3 i4/nl/yr. Oj lahgrltg crljeovgjtm uhodltg oj lrgg plrtodmalrigjtg crgsdng g cgrtoao fgaa‟Otlaol igrofomjlag smjm stlto iosurlto ojdrgigjto ljdng supgromro lo 87-40 i 4/nl/yr. Jgaa‟Ligrodl igrofomjlag, dmj damjo sgagzomjlto, vgjemjm rleeoujtg prmfuttovotà ljdng supgromro supgromro lo 60-70 i4/nl/yr laa‟gtà fo 7-3 7-3 ljjo g doø tgstoimjol ag pmtgjzolaotà fo qugstl spgdog. Wsm fga agejm2 plstg fl dlrtl g pljjgaao (tmjfgaao dmj foligtrm : 4 di). A‟oipogem pgr plagrol î

mrilo oj fosusm. Eao lssmrtoigjto fo gudlaoptm prmfmtto oj Otlaol spgssm smjm pmdm ofmjgo dmig agejm fl alvmrm l dlusl fgaal prgsgjzl fo focgtto (cmrto tgjsomjo ojtgrjg, jgrvmsotà, gagvlto rotoro).



















Oj Otlaol trmvl ag ioeaomro dmjfozomjo vgegtltovg flaal smttmzmjl crgffl fga Dlstljgtui laal smttmzmjl dlafl fga Clegtui. Ag pomeeg fgvmjm gssgrg laigjm fo >70 ii dmj jmj igjm fo <00 ii jga pgromfm gstovm. Vgig Vgig a‟lrofotà (smprlttuttm jgaal clsg eomvljoag), ag lrgg vgjtmsg (gs. drojlao), gf î sgjsohoag laag egaltg tlrfovg gf lo fljjo fl jgvg pgsljtg. O ioeaomro lddrgsdoigjto lddrgsdoigjto so nljjm jgo tgrrgjo prmcmjfo, sdomato g hgj frgjlto, l rglzomjg ldofl m suhldofl. Oj prltodl p rltodl so trlttl fgo igfgsoio sumao mvg vgegtl hgjg oa dlstlejm. Ag prmvgjogjzg dng, sgdmjfm ladujo lutmro, smjm poÿ lflttg lo jmstro lihogjto smjm2  

Pgr ag rgeomjo suhlapojg mddofgjtlao2 Hrotosn Dmauihol g Ulsnojetmj; Pgr a‟Lppgjjojm a‟Lppgjjojm dgjtrm-sgttgjtromjlag2 Ulsnojetmj, Mrgemj, Dlaocmrjol.

Pgr a‟oipoljtm so utoaozzljm trlpoljto fo 6 ljjo (8T+8V) l rlfodg jufl m trlpoljto fo 8 ljjo (


Dodam hrgvg pgr al prmfuzomjg fo iltgrolag fo poddmag foigjsomjo (fl dlrtogrl m latrm)2

fgjsotà ojozolao fgcojotovg fo <300-8000 poljtg/nl — poljtg/nl — gvgjtulao gvgjtulao spladlturg fga custm cojm l 8 i fo latgzzl — latgzzl — tleaom tleaom rlsm l 40-47 ljjo. Imfuam lflttm pgr ojvgstoigjto su erljfo supgrcodo. Pmssohoao prmhagio agelto la m imfgstm vlamrg fgeao lssmrtoigjto prmfmtto gf laal sdlrsl galstodotà fga imfgaam dmaturlag. Dodam igfom pgr al prmfuzomjg fo lssmrtoigjto fl sgel2 fgjsotà ojozolao fo <000-<<00 poljtg/nl — poljtg/nl — forlfligjto forlfligjto l <7-80; 87-40; 47-60; 67-70 ljjo fo gtà fga smprlssumam — smprlssumam — tleaom tleaom rlsm l 30 ljjo, dmj 400-470 poljtg/nl. Oa proim forlfligjtm puø gssgrg lttultm dmj drotgro egmigtrodo m iosto, eao latro dmj drotgro sgagttovo, ojfovofuljfm ag poljtg dljfofltg dng lrrovgrljjm laal cojg fga turjm. m Imfuam lflttm pgr lzogjfg igfom-erljfo, dmjsgjtg ujl dgrtl dmjtojuotà fgaag utoaozzlzomjo g fo dmjdgjtrlrg suo smeegtto ioeaomro ag pmtgjzolaotà p mtgjzolaotà fgaal stlzomjg.

Drotgro dmaturlao pgr ioeaomrlrg ioeaomrlrg al qulaotà fga agejm fl sgel fo fmuealsol

A‟ojtgjsotà A‟ojtgjsotà fgo forlfligjto puø gssgrg rgemaltl suaal hlsg fo uj T% (ojfodg fo Nlrt Hgdkoje9 f/Nfmi*<00) ojtmrjm l <5-


















Lssmrtoigjto   

Fl sgel F: 87-40 di, A: 400 di Fl oihlaaleeom F: <6-80 di, A: <80di Fl dlrtogrl F: <0 di, A: 800 di

Lvvgrsotà   

Ilrdouio rlfodlao fl N. ljjmsui; Fgcmeaolzomjo fmvutg l cujeno (P. elugiljjoo elugiljjoo g X. psgufmtsuelg) Fgcmeaolzomjo fmvutg lf lcofo ( Eoaagttggaal dmmagy g E. dmwgjo ). ).

Latrg dmjocgrg gsmtodng utoaozzltg oj Otlaol pgr a‟lrhmrodmaturl fl agejm To trlttl smprlttuttm fo fug pojo ligrodljo, oa pojm rlfoltm gf oa pojm strmhm, spgroigjtlto oj Otlaol, su sdlal poÿ m igjm vlstl, lo cojo fgaal prmfuzomjg agejmsl jgaal sgdmjfl igtà fga sgdmam sdmrsm gf mrilo smstljzolaigjtg lhhljfmjltg oj rgalzomjg l clttmro gdmameodo (gsoegjzg daoiltodng g/m pgfmameodng imatm spgdocodng) gf gdmjmiodo (imfgstl rodnogstl fl plrtg fga igrdltm). Meeo jgeao oipoljto fo qugstg spgdog smjm spgssm prgvosto ojtgrvgjto fo rojlturlaozzlzomjg.

Pojus rlfoltl — Pojm rlfoltl m Pojm ojsoejg Pojm l trg leno mroeojlrom fo lrgg dmstogrg rostrgttg fgaal Dlaocmrjol (a‟lrglag jlturlag dmprg dordl >000 nl), pmtgjzolaigjtg dmatovlhoag jga Alurgtui crgffm, î lflttltm l daoio mdgljodo dmj gagvltl uiofotà fgaa‟lrol. Î oa pojm poÿ dmatovltm la imjfm (dordl 4.5 ioaomjo fo nl smprlttuttm oj Jumvl Rgaljfl, Doag, Lustrlaol, Tplejl) gf î al sgdmjfl spgdog dmatovltl la imjfm pgr al prmfuzomjg agejmsl fmpm eao gudlaopto. Oa pojm rlfoltm î ujl dmjocgrl l rlpofl drgsdotl, dmj uj agejm l hlssm dmjtgjutm oj rgsojl. Oj Jumvl Rgaljfl î gstgsligjtg dmatovltm dmatovltm dmj turjo fo dordl 8> ljjo pgr al prmfuzomjg fo agejlig fl mpgrl. Poljtg fo dordl 80 ljjo (fgrovltg fl forlfligjto m fl dmaturg fgfodltg) pmssmjm gssgrg utoaozzltg pgr lssmrtoigjto fl dlrtogrl. Prmfuzomjg agejmsl  

Oj Dlalhrol2 <8-


















Pojus strmhus — Pojm strmhm Pojm l dojqug leno mroeojlrom fgaa‟Ligrodl sgttgjtromjlag, zmjl fgo erljfo aleno, pmtgjzolaigjtg dmatovlhoag jgaal zmjl fga Clegtui su suhstrlto ldofo g suhldofo (Prglapo pogimjtgso g amihlrfg) fmvg puø iljocgstlrg rlpofo lddrgsdoigjto. Oa agejm fga pojm strmhm î mttoim pgr dlrtogrl. Puø gssgrg usltm pgr lrrgfligjtm fo ojtgrjo g imhoao, scmeaoltm pgr mttgjgrg dmipgjslto m trljdoltm. Prmfuzomjg agejmsl    

Oj Pogimjtg g Amihlrfol >-<< i 4/nl/yr l <8-<> ljjo Oj Amihlrfol 3,7-80,> i4/nl/yr l 80-87 ljjo Oj Sgjgtm (Hgaaujgsg) ?-<7 i 4/nl/yr l <7 ljjo Oj Dlalhrol (Tgrrg) <6,? i 4/nl/yr l 88 ljjo

Lvvgrsotà   

Fljjo fl F. spagjfofgaal, ag duo alrvg, sdlvljm elaagrog jga trmjdm Lttlddno fo rueeojg vgsdodmamsl (Drmjlrtoui rohodmal), Ilrdouio rlfodlao fl P. dldtmrui, Lrioaalrol gf N. ljjmsui.

Gagigjto fo sgavodmaturl urhljl Ag lahgrlturg oj lihogjtg urhljm pmssmjm svmaegrg imatgpaodo cujzomjo2 -

Cujzomjg gstgtodl (g psodmameodl); Mihrgeeoligjtm g quojfo iotoelzomjg fgo dlamro gstovo; Lttgjulzomjg fgo ruimro fgtgriojlto fla trlccodm m fl lttovotà prmfuttovg; Coatrleeom fgaag pmavgro; Hlrrogrl vosovl (lf gs. pgr jlsdmjfgrg ojgstgtosio fga plgsleeom).

Vrl qugstg cujzomjo, ujl m ladujg pmssmjm prgvlagrg suaag latrg g pgrtljtm fgvmjm gssgrg lttgjtligjtg dmjsofgrltg dmjsofgrltg oj clsg prmegttulag g egstomjlag. Vrl o projdoplao prmhagio agelto laal prmegttlzomjg gf laal egstomjg fgaag lahgrlturg urhljg so dotljm2





















-

Vgssoturl2 slhhol g aoim dmj igjm fga 60% 60 % fo lreoaal (18iodrmigtro) pN2 trl 6 g > Dmjtgjutm fo pogtrg2 igjm fga 40% oj pgsm sgddm g pogtrg fo foigjsomjo ojcgromro l 70 ii Latrm2 provm fo sgio fo grhg, rlfodo fo grhg pgrgjjo, rlimsdgaao g latrm iltgrolag GD2 smttm l 8 iT/di Dmjtgjutm fo igtlaao pgsljto2 smttm oa vlamrg aoiotg GGD

Ag spgdog prgsdgatg fmvrljjm gssgrg2 -

Fo tleaol lfgeultl laam splzom gpoegm gf opmegm fospmjohoag; Xgsostgjto laag topmameog gf lo aovgaao fo ojquojligjtm amdlaigjtg prgsgjto; Gsgjto fl ilalttog erlvo g foccodoaigjtg dmjtrmaalhoao; Oj erlfm fo drgsdgrg sgjzl a‟lppaodlzomjg fo ojtgrvgjto dmaturlao imatm crgqugjto; Dmipltohoao dmj al m ag cujzomjo prgvlagjto lssgejltg laa‟lahgrlturl laa‟lahgrlturl (purligjtg gstgtodl, fo mihrgeeoligjtm, fo hlrrogrl vosovl, gdd.).

Pmssolim trmvlrg2  Lahgro fo <° erljfgzzl, N ilx : 40 i (: <> i) gs. Paltljus mddofgjtlaos, \ugrdus rmhur  Lahgro fo 8° erljfgzzl, N ilx 87-40 i (<0-<> i) gs. Ldgr psgufmpaltljus, psgufmpaltljus, Lgsduaus

noppmdlstljui  Lahgro fo 4° erljfgzzl, N ilx 80-87 i (1 <0 i) gs. Tmrhus luduplrol, \ugrdus puhgsdgjs  Poddmao lahgro N ilx 1 <0 i gs. Alhurjui ljleyrmofgs, Dgrdos soaoqulstrui



















Dordmjcgrgjzl trmjdm/tleaol

F zmaal (di)

j° trlpoljto

<6 — <3

70

8

<3 — <>

77

4

<> — 80

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Al foigjsomjg fgaal zmaal î dmrrgaltl laal tleaol fgaa‟lahgrm gf la juigrm fo trlpoljto. Al smal foigjsomjg fgaal zmaal oj cujzomjg fgaa‟latgzzl jmj î soejocodltovl. soejocodltovl. Pgr lahgrlturg fo altocmeaog o rlppmrto smjm qugaao gagjdlto oj tlhgaal.

Al poljtleomjg fgeao lahgro mrjligjtlao

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Prgfospmsozomjg fgaal hudl m fgaal cmssl fo oipoljtm Igssl l foimrl fo gsgipalro dmj pljg fo tgrrl Dmjdoilzomjg

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Prgfospmsozomjg fo oipoljtm orroeum pgr ojtgrvgjto fo smddmrsm Prgfospmsozomjg fo smstgejo Gvgjtulag prgfospmsozomjg fo prmtgzomjo

Fmppom coalrg lahgrltm2 alrengzzl strlflag ioj. 86 i dmj mrogjtligjtm jmrf-suf Eao ojtgrvgjto dmaturlao fmvrljjm gssgrg rovmato l2 -

Clvmrorg a‟lttgddnoigjtm a‟lttgddnoigjtm fgaag poljtg fmpm al igssl l foimrl (orroelzomjo fo smddmrsm, prmtgzomjo flo fljjo lddofgjtlao g flo vljflaosio, gdd.); Dmjcgrorg laag poljtg ujl imrcmameol fga custm g fgaal dnomil lfgeultl laag cujzomjo prgvostg (pmtlturl fo cmrilzomjg) g stlhoag jga tgipm (pmtlturl fo iljtgjoigjtm).



















Ojtgrvgjto fo prmtgzomjg2

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Plrtg gpoegl2 prmtgzomjg fga custm dmj strutturg oj agejm gf gvgjtulao agelturg fgo rlio Plrtg opmegl2 roalsdom fo lrgg fo rospgttm (r9 <,7-8i <,7 -8i matrg al prmogzomjg fgaal dnomil), latroigjto dmstotuzomjg fo ujm strltm fo sumam lgrltm proil fga ropmrtm fo sumam; prmtgzomjg fga dmstopligjtm dmj ujm strltm fo domttmao sua qulag lppmeeolrg tlvmag fo agejm m polstrg igtlaaodng pgr oa plssleeom fgaag ilddnojg; gsgduzomjg fo sdlvo l iljm g cmjflzomjo fosdmjtojug oj prmssoiotà fo poljtg; prgplrlzomjg fgaag poljtg pgr sdlvo fo aujel furltl.

Eao ojvgjtlro fgaag lahgrlturg

Pgr oa dmjtrmaam fgaam stltm fgaag f gaag poljtg (smprlttuttm lo cojo fgaal sodurgzzl puhhaodl) g pgr al prmerliilzomjg fgeao ojtgrvgjto fo egstomjg, smjm utoao eao ojvgjtlro fgaag lahgrlturg (m ojvgjtlro fga vgrfg urhljm), dng pmssmjm gssgrg lttulto dmj vlrog igtmfmameog g vlro aovgaao fo fgttleaom. Eao ojvgjtlro vgjemjm jmrilaigjtg rgfltto su hlsg dmiujlag g smjm dmstotuoto gssgjzolaigjtg gssgjzolaigjtg fl ujl u jl fgsdrozomjg fgaag sojemag lahgrlturg (uhodlzomjg, spgdog, juigrm g foigjsomjo fgaag poljtg, stltm sljotlrom, vlautlzomjg fgaag dmjfozomjo stltodng, SVL gdd.) suaal hlsg fgaal qulag puø gssgrg fgcojotl ujl sdlal fo promrotà fgeao ojtgrvgjto dmaturlao (rgoipoljto, pmtlturg, gvgjtulao ojtgrvgjto, gdd.). Tpgssm smjm rgfltto su hlsg ojcmriltozzltl, pgr rgjfgrao poÿ cldoaigjtg dmjsuatlhoao gf leeomrjlhoao jga tgipm. SVL — Sosula Vrgg Lssgssigjt

Gslig vosovm fgaal poljtl pgr ojfovofulrg gvgjtulao ljmilaog strutturlao (sojtmio) ojfodltovg fo dmjfozomjo ojtgrjg oj erlfm fo prgeoufodlrg oj iljogrl poÿ m igjm erlvg al rgsostgjzl igddljodl fgaal poljtl l smaagdotlzomjo gstgrjg (gs. prgsgjzl fo dlrog). Laa‟gslig vosovm pmssmjm pmo sgeuorg



















Xgsostmerlpn

To vgrocodl oa rlppmrtm t/r, fmvg r î oa rleeom fgaal poljtl jgaal sgzomjg dmjsofgrltl g t î al pmrzomjg fo rleeom oj duo oa agejm î sljm. Oa vlamrg fo t/r 9 0,4 î dmjsofgrltm oa aoiotg la fo smttm fga qulag ag prmhlhoaotà fo dlfutl fgaa'lahgrm smjm imatm gagvltg g so fgvg stlhoaorg sg î pmssohoag igttgrg oj sodurgzzl a'gsgipalrg m sg î jgdgsslrom a'lhhlttoigjtm. Matrg la smam rlppmrtm t/r oa tgdjodm roagvltmrg fgvg tgjgrg dmjtm ljdng fo latro plrligtro g fo latro lspgtto roeulrfljto al dnomil, al pmsozomjg fgaal poljtl, al prgsgjzl fo latro lahgro, gdd. Vmimerlcol smjodl

To gccgttul ujl vgrl g prmprol tmimerlcol fgaal sgzomjg fgaal poljtl dng so smspgttl lhhol fgaag fgerlflzomjo soejocodltovg. Am struigjtm î dmstotuotm fl uj sgt fo sgjsmro (fl > l <8), dng vgjemjm pmsozomjlto jgo pujto strltgeodo lttmrjm laal zmjl dng so vumag ojflelrg. Mejo sgjsmrg î dmjjgssm lf uj dnomfm (0.> — (0.> — < ii), oa qulag pgrigttg oa dmjtlttm dmj oa agejm. A‟mjfl smjodl vogjg egjgrltl egj grltl iljulaigjtg lttrlvgrsm lttrlvgrsm uj ilrtgaam dmaageltm la imfuam g la dnomfm. O fovgrso sgjsmro iosurljm oa tgipm fo trlsiossomjg fgaa‟mjfl smjodl; flo fl o tgipo fo trlsiossomjg g flaal f laal fostljzl trl o sgjsmro, vgjemjm dladmaltg ag vgamdotà lpplrgjto fgaa‟mjfl smjodl. Î ojmatrg pmssohoag fgtgriojlrg oa rlppmrtm t/r. O flto vgjemjm rgeostrlto gf galhmrlto dmj lppmsoto smctwlrg2 -

Rmjg jgrg g ilrrmjo 2 agejm sljm Rmjg hau, vomal m holjdng2 agejm imatm dlroltm m dlvotà.

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