DISPARA TUS NOTAS EN MEDICINA Por qué fallas y cómo volver a brillar
1
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MÓDULO 1 . CAMBIO DE MENTALIDAD Lección 1. ¿Por qué estudias como estudias? ¿Cuándo apareció tu forma de estudiar? Lección 2. Hoja de trabajo: análisis de tu forma de estudiar en Medicina Lección 3. ¿Qué es un examen para ti? Lección 4. Cómo introducir nuevos métodos de estudio
1. ¿Por qué estudias como estudias? Detente un momento y escribe en la casilla c asilla de abajo qué razón ha saltado en tu mente como respuesta a esta pregunta. Si no se te ocurre nada, te pongo como ejemplo lo que yo me decía a mí m isma el primer cuatrimestre de Medicina: “Es que es así como estudia todo el mundo”
Tu respuesta:
Aunque tu forma de estudiar parezca idéntica a la de otras personas, porque todos haceís lo mismo (leer varias var ias veces, subrayar, hacer algún esquema cuando el tema es complejo, etc), en realidad existen diferencias en la forma de procesar la información a través de estos métodos, y esas diferencias explican que los resultados en los exámenes sean muy variables. ¿Cuándo apareció tu forma de estudiar? Yo empecé a hacer exámenes escritos cuando tenía 8 años de edad y cursaba 2º curso de Educación General Básica (EGB). El curso anterior había memorizado la tabla de multiplicar, y mi profesora nos ponía en fila junto a su mesa y nos hacía recitar la tabla en cuestión, uno detrás de otro. Escuchando al niño que iba delante conseguí memorizar in extremis algún número que no recordaba de las tablas más difíciles (las de los números altos). ¿Cuándo empezaste a hacer exámenes escritos?
¿Cómo estudiabas en casa el día anterior? (recitando en voz alta, leyendo en silencio una y
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Tu forma de aprender a estudiar y a repasar para los pequeños exámenes o “controles” del
colegio explica muchas cosas acerca de tu forma actual de estudiar como adulto. adulto . Antes de los 10 años yo era un desastre. Tengo en la memoria un día concreto con el libro de Cálculo, leía la definición de “plano inclinado” y me aburría soberanamente. Debía de tener unos 8 años. Me largué a jugar y el libro se quedó abierto sobre la cama hasta la noche. Cuando volví a verlo, me pegué un buen susto y lo cerré corriendo. Recuerdo también con 8 años un examen lleno de divisiones; tenía que marcar cuáles eran “exactas” y cuáles “enteras”. Recuerdo mirar a la ventana del aula y luego otra vez a la hoja de examen y no tener ni idea de qué me estaban pidiendo. Y contestar al azar, puramente al azar. Ya sabes, un 50% de posibilidades de acertar en cada pregunta. No me fue mal… Con 9 años mi letra era un caos y mis deberes llegaban incompletos a la profesora, que mandó aviso a mi madre y le pidió que me supervisaran más por las tardes. Así que mi madre empezó a perseguirme para que terminase toda la tarea antes de poder salir a la calle. Oía las voces alegres de los niños jugando y yo tenía que hacer ejercicios gramaticales o leer sobre las partes de una flor, cosas que no me interesaban nada. Lo que me gustaba era jugar y leer libros de aventuras. A los 10 años, en 5º de EGB, todo cambió: me hice unas amigas muy estudiosas que competían entre sí por ver quién sacaba la mejor nota. Me gustó el desafío y me aficioné a estudiar. Era como la película de acción perfecta. Un “malo”, el profesor. Un desafío aterrador, el examen semanal. Unos perfectos competidores, mis amigas. ¿Métodos de engaño? Fingir que habías estudiado poco. Estrategias para el éxito: unos esquemas cada vez mejores. m ejores. El desenlace de la película: el día de entrega de notas. Podía acabar bien si sacabas unas décimas más que el resto; o mal, si sacabas menos. ¡Pura adrenalina! Los primeros esquemas que aprendí a hacer eran cuadros sinópticos, también llamados “de llaves”, como este ejemplo: Antera Estambre Pistilo
Filamento Estigma Estilo Ovario Ovulo
Partes de la flor
Pétalo Sépalo
Estilo
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bolígrafos, los cuadernos, el olor a libro nuevo, empecé a interesarme i nteresarme de verdad por Ciencias, Lengua, Física, Química… incluso por compartir con otros y ayudarles a estudiar. Me convertí en una estudiante brillante y conseguí muy buenas notas que me permitieron entrar en Medicina, mi sueño desde los 15 años de edad. Entonces llegaron los exámenes de Medicina.
¿Qué sientes ahora mismo cuando piensas en ti como estudiante? Cuando llegas a la carrera y te enfrentas a los primeros exámenes, todo es nuevo. Has tenido varios profesores en cada asignatura. El vocabulario médico es novedoso y se calcula que en los dos primeros años de Medicina el estudiante debe aprender 10.000 términos nuevos. La cantidad de materia que debes estudiar para cada examen aumenta mucho con respecto a Secundaria. Si normalmente los exámenes nos causan nerviosismo y temor, en los primeros exámenes de Medicina la ansiedad se multiplica. Si obtienes una mala calificación, puede que surjan pensamientos negativos sobre ti. Cuando esos pensamientos repercuten en causar excesiva ansiedad, puede que sea tarde. YA TE LOS CREES. Te crees torpe, o vaga, o poco estudioso, o cosas peores: “soy lo peor”, “no valgo para esto” “soy un fraude”
¿Qué frases te dices a ti mismo cuando te sale mal un examen?
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Hoja de trabajo: análisis de tu forma de estudiar en Medicina
CLASES ¿Asistes a las clases? Sí No ESTUDIO PERSONAL ¿Qué material usas? Mis apuntes Diapositivas de clase Comisiones/apuntes de otros compañeros Libros ¿Cómo trabajas con el material de estudio? Sólo subrayado Esquemas de todo Resúmenes de todo Completo diapositivas/apuntes REPASO PARA EXÁMENES ¿Con cuánto tiempo de antelación empiezas? Desde principio de semestre Varias semanas antes Varios días antes Técnica principal de repaso Releer texto original esquemas/resúmenes Releer esquemas/resúmenes
¿Usas flashcards? Sí No/¿qué es eso? ¿Usas mnemotecnias por sistema? Sí No
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3. ¿Qué es un examen para ti? Anota a continuación qué emociones y sensaciones aparecen cuando piensas en los exámenes en general o en el examen más cercano que tengas en el horizonte. Dale un valor entre 1 y 10. Miedo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ansiedad
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Rabia/ira
1
2
3
4
5
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7
8
9
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Ilusión
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Interés
1
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3
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8
9
10
Diversión
1
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3
4
5
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7
8
9
10
Exámenes como herramienta de control formativo f ormativo Los primeros registros escritos sobre enseñanza médica datan de la época de Hipócrates. Entonces se aprendía observando a un maestro y no existía una estructura docente ni un plan de estudios predeterminado. Imagina que aprendes a practicar la Medicina de esta forma, acompañando a un médico en su trabajo diario y recibiendo gradualmente encargos más importantes hasta que pudieras independizarte. Es fácil imaginar que era un método fiable y abarcable para aquella época, dada la tecnología médica existente, pero formaríamos muy pocos médicos cada año con este sistema. ¡Los antiguos chinos son los culpables! Según cuenta la historia, los chinos inventaron los exámenes en el siglo VII a.C. Los estudiantes eran encerrados en pequeñas celdas con un colchón co lchón y un orinal, y pasaban varios días contestando un examen escrito. Eran muy m uy competitivos, ya que hay evidencias de algún examen con 450.000 aspirantes a tan sólo 600 diplomas. Dicen que algunos aspirantes fallecían y entonces los envolvían en esteras y los arrojaban al otro lado de las murallas del complejo de exámenes (http://www.semana.com/educacion/articulo/historia-de-losexamenes-por-que-se-hacen/482393). ¿Qué permiten los exámenes reglados desde hace siglos, y también en el momento actual? Formar actual? Formar miles de médicos todos los años con un conocimiento mínimo exigible para quien tendrá la responsabilidad y el privilegio de atender enfermos y procurar la recuperación de su salud. Es decir, es una herramienta barata y masiva que masiva que permite controlar el conocimiento adquirido por decenas, centenares o incluso inc luso miles de estudiantes en pocos días y con c on escasos medios. Por tanto, seguirán existiendo durante mucho tiempo, sobre todo en su versión “tipo
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adecuada para medir ciertos conocimientos médicos. Pero esta discusión va más allá de lo que este curso intenta abarcar. Los exámenes escritos estarán siempre con nosotros, y sólo aspiro a que entiendas cómo funcionan y cómo influyen en nuestro ánimo, ánimo , para que desarrolles tu máxima capacidad a la hora de enfrentarte a ellos. Volvamos a recordar qué anotaste en la siguiente pregunta: ¿Qué frases te dices a ti mismo cuando te sale mal un examen?
Así es como influyen en tu ánimo.
Condicionamiento desde Primaria Cuando somos niños, un examen es casi c asi el único estímulo externo que nos empuja a estudiar sobre cuestiones que nos importan más bien poco o nada. Divisiones con decimales, figuras geométricas, cuerpos celestes o el Imperio Romano, nada de esto resulta demasiado atractivo al lado de la televisión, Netflix, los juegos en la tablet, las muñecas, bicicletas, patines o piscinas en verano. Por tanto, el examen es esa amenaza que invocan tus profesores, y que secundan tus padres cuando padres cuando estás a los 10 años en tu cuarto, sentado a la mesa con el libro abierto y sin estudiar, distrayéndote con los lápices de colores o con una mosca volando.
Son muchos años oyendo “¡Vas a suspender el examen! ¡Estudia ya!”, junto a la cara de enfado de tus progenitores. Pronto asocias el examen a caras de malestar, de preocupación, y de amenazas de castigo. Tiempo después, cuando ya eres un buen estudiante, los exámenes siguen produciéndote temor y miedo a fracasar, aunque a unque ya te hayas convertido en un experto en prepararlos y superarlos. Tienes tus métodos de estudio, refinados durante años de colegio e instituto, y confías ciegamente en ellos. De hecho, te llevan a conseguir entrar en la Facultad
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De las siguientes, selecciona qué frases has llegado a pensar en relación con los exámenes
⃝
“Nunca seré capaz de aprobar”
⃝
“Nunca seré capaz de sacar buena nota”
⃝
“Con profesores tan malos, es imposible que me salga bien”
⃝
“Con compañeros tan empollones y tan egoístas, egoí stas, que no comparten , es imposible sacar la nota que merezco”
⃝
“Debería pensar en cambiar de carrera, c arrera, no puedo con Medicina”
⃝
“No valgo para médico”
⃝
………………..
⃝
………………..
Las frases elegidas y las nuevas que hayas plasmado en el cuadro anterior representan tu manera de racionalizar tus experiencias con los exámenes. Esa racionalización es simplemente tu interpretación de los hechos. hechos . Como interpretación, interpretación, es imperfecta, y lo malo viene cuando tomas esa interpretación de los hechos como verdad absoluta.
¿Quieres que te diga qué interpretación doy yo, como profesora de Medicina, a vuestros resultados en un examen? Tu calificación en el examen representa cuántas preguntas supiste contestar sobre una materia determinada un día determinado en un contexto concreto. Full stop. Es decir, tu calificación no es tu persona. Tu calificación no es un i ndicador de tu disciplina. No es indicador de tu interés definitivo en mi asignatura. No es mi opinión sobre ti como estudiante. No es la opinión del Catedrático sobre ti como persona. No es un indicador de cómo va a ser tu futuro en la carrera. Tampoco indica cuán bueno serás como médico.
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Es decir, tienen claro que “ese” partido partido ha ido mal por “ciertas” razones razones y expresan la necesidad de “analizar” las las causas y corregir los fallos para el siguiente torneo. Sin embargo, una derrota no cambia el hecho de que son tenistas, aman su deporte y seguirán practicándolo hasta el final. Eso mismo se aplica a ti como estudiante de Medicina. Puedes analizar dónde están tus errores de preparación y de ejecución, y un suspenso no mata tu pasión por la Medicina ni te impedirá llegar a ser médico, si ese es tu sueño. Creencias negativas más corrientes del estudiante de Medicina Estas creencias son las que he encontrado en mi caso y en mi experiencia con estudiantes. En mi opinión, aparecen como consecuencia del miedo que desarrollamos a los exámenes, a la comparación con los compañeros y a la presión social existente en este ámbito. 1- “Para conseguir algo que merezca la pena hay que sufrir”.- Falso. Es una leyenda mítica extendida por las películas de Hollywood, y especialmente por esas películas de marines en las que el protagonista tiene que raparse el pelo o sufrir agujetas inmensas, o dejarse pegar una y otra vez por el sargento malote de turno, para al final de los 100 minutos de película salir victorioso… También es una leyenda extendida por los protas de Anatomía de Grey, todo el día llorando por las esquinas porque el jefe no les deja ayudar en una cirugía cardiaca… No hay que sufrir. “Sufrir” implica emociones y pensamientos negativos y falsos la mayor parte del tiempo. Hay que “esforzarse”. “ esforzarse”. Algunos tienen una facilidad especial para conseguir sus objetivos, de acuerdo. Pero la mayor parte de los triunfadores han tenido que esforzarse, y eso tienes que hacer tú en Medicina. “Esforzarse” significa sentarse a estudiar cuando no te apetece; dedicar más tiempo a estudiar cuando c uando se acerca el examen; retrasar el momento de ver tu serie favorita porque tienes que presentar un trabajo. Esforzarse es invertir tiempo y dedicación en aras a ras de un beneficio superior que te permitirá seguir avanzando en el camino de convertirte en médico.
“Sufrir” te trae emociones y pensamientos negativos y tiene est as consecuencias desfavorables: Que te cueste sentarte a estudiar con suficiente antelación. Sentarte a estudiar se asocia a esas ideas negativas, y naturalmente lo quieres evitar. Por
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qué berrinches se pilla cuando no le dejas ganar a lo que sea: el parchís, el fútbol, una carrera… Hablando con un Catedrático del Grado de Psicología de la UAM hace unos años me lo dejó bien claro: con las notas que exigen para entrar en Medicina, nadie que consiga entrar está falto de inteligencia. Como máximo está falto de métodos adecuados y de motivación. Una nota concreta significa qué proporción de preguntas conseguiste acertar un día determinado de una materia determinada. Nada más. Sacar menos nota que tus amigos amigo s en un examen significa que, en ese examen, acertaste menos preguntas y/o fallaste más preguntas que ellos ese día. Lo que a su vez significa que, en la preparación de ese examen, empleaste un tiempo y/o unos métodos menos eficaces que los de ellos. 3- “Si saco malas notas significa que seré mal médico”.- También es una creencia equivocada. Un buen médico es aquella persona que, después de su trabajo con un paciente, consigue diagnosticar y tratar acertadamente a dicho paciente; consigue comunicarse bien de modo que el paciente se siente bien atendido y reconfortado; y que sabe pedir ayuda a otros colegas cuando detecta que no está siendo capaz de ayudar al paciente por sus propios medios. Te aseguro que ninguno de mis pacientes más agradecidos me ha preguntado por el número de sobresalientes que saqué en la carrera. Los exámenes, como ya hemos dicho antes, son herramientas de control de calidad imperfectas e incompletas. ¿Qué son realmente los exámenes? Exámenes como herramienta formativa Los exámenes son una gran herramienta de aprendizaje. Esa es la realidad. Los exámenes bien redactados, sin preguntas retorcidas, nos permiten darnos cuenta de si hemos comprendido correctamente un concepto. En otras o tras ocasiones, nos desvelan que hemos entendido mal algún detalle. En muchos exámenes tipo test a lo largo de la carrera, fui capaz de aclarar pequeñas dudas que arrastraba del estudio de mis apuntes. *Por desgracia, casi ningún departamento nos permitía llevarnos el examen a casa ca sa para terminar de corregirlo y aprender de su contenido. Creo que, en este sentido, poco ha cambiado desde que estudié la carrera. ca rrera.
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Primero lo haces demasiado despacio porque te da miedo caerte, y resulta que la bici no gana impulso, y te caes a un lado. Lo vuelves a intentar y le das más fuerte, y entonces se te traba un pie con la cadena, se para la bici y te caes. En resumen, pruebas y fallas; pruebas y fallas; y repites este bucle hasta que te haces al peso de la bicicleta, la posición del sillín, la dureza de los pedales, las sensaciones en brazos y piernas, y sales por fin rodando. La preparación para un examen de la Facultad debería ser parecida a esto, pero no nos preparamos igual, ¿verdad? El examen consiste en una serie de preguntas que deben contestarse escogiendo la mejor opción (tipo test), o escribiendo una respuesta a mano, a veces una palabra o una frase (preguntas cortas), y a veces un ensayo (preguntas largas o de desarrollo). La forma más activa y específica de preparar un examen es hacer en tu mesa de estudio lo mismo que te pedirán en el pupitre de la Facultad. Contestar preguntas, reflexionar sobre las cuestiones difíciles e intentar i ntentar encontrar la mejor respuesta. Cuando intentas contestar preguntas de examen es cuando te das cuenta de si en realidad te sabes ese tema o no. Te das cuenta de que CREÍAS haber memorizado ese algoritmo de tratamiento, pero te ha faltado memorizar parte del mismo y no puedes responder una pregunta. O habías entendido mal un concepto, y leyendo una pregunta sobre ese concepto te das cuenta de eso y puedes enmendar el error. Si dispones de exámenes de años previos de tu Facultad, Facultad , tienes un verdadero tesoro que debes usar desde el principio para orientar tu estudio. También puedes aprovechar las recopilaciones de preguntas elaboradas por los estudiantes al salir del examen, y debes hacer las tuyas propias también. Más adelante (módulo 3) te enseñaré cómo.
¿Cuándo revisas exámenes de años previos?
⃝
Uno o dos días antes del examen, cuando ya he estudiado todo
⃝
Cuando empiezo a preparar el examen
⃝
¡En cuanto los consigo!
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más corriente en su país), practicando golpes con su entrenador y sin ver vídeos de sus competidores, para evitar sentir miedo. Dos días antes de empezar el torneo viaja a Wimbledon y el día antes del primer partido pelotea un rato en una pista de hierba. La pelota hace movimientos extraños, distintos a los que hace en tierra, pero ya es tarde. Al día siguiente juega contra un total extraño de quien sólo sólo conoce el nombre. Suena absurdo, ¿verdad? Conclusiones sobre los exámenes
Son una herramienta excelente para practicar y entrenarse para la prueba real final, el examen escrito
Nunca disponemos de exámenes suficientes como para cubrir toda la materia de la que tenemos que examinarno s. Por eso necesitamos “fabricar” nuestras propias preguntas de entrenamiento, las flashcards
El actual sistema de formación médica nos obliga a entrenarnos en la habilidad especial de superar exámenes escritos para poder llegar a la meta final. Esa habilidad puede mejorarse a través de técnicas orientadas a ese tipo concreto de prueba.
Las calificaciones altas traen como consecuencia más facilidad para conseguir becas, rotaciones en ciertos hospitales o Servicios, y producen mucha satisfacción personal. Sin embargo, unas calificaciones bajas no representan necesariamente un mal futuro
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4. Cómo introducir nuevos métodos de estudio
Respeta tus métodos de siempre Te han traído a donde estás ahora, que no es poco. Te han permitido superar la enseñanza Primaria y Secundaria, y llegar al nivel universitario. Eso indica que tienen una gran potencia. Para ganar eficiencia en la carrera, no tienes que reinventar la rueda. Sólo tienes que mejorar la eficiencia de los métodos que ya usas, y adquirir métodos nuevos de eficacia probada. Si toda tu vida has estado estudiando de una manera concreta, no puedes renunciar de golpe a todo ello el primer día. Si lo haces, en pocos días te empezarás a agobiar y a sentir inseguridad y acabarás por dejar todo lo nuevo y volver a lo de siempre. Desde la infancia has estado estudiando y superando exámenes. Al mismo tiempo, tus padres te elogian las buenas notas, te dan cobijo y comida y dinero para el ocio y las vacaciones.
De alguna manera, tu cerebro identifica “supervivencia” con “estudio”. Tu forma de estudiar es tu forma de sobrevivir. No puedes cambiarlo de golpe y porrazo. Seguro que ya lo has intentado alguna vez, y ¿qué ocurre? Que saltan las alarmas y a los pocos días vuelves a los hábitos de estudio de siempre. Puede que sean poco productivos y quieras aprender algo nuevo, pero son TUS métodos de estudio y te han traído donde estás ahora.
Introduce métodos nuevos con estrategia
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HAS LLEGADO AL FINAL DEL MÓDULO 1 ¡ENHORABUENA! HAS ENTENDIDO QUE PUEDES MEJORAR TUS PROCESOS DE ESTUDIO MEDIANTE UN ANÁLISIS REPOSADO DE CÓMO SON Y QUÉ RESULTADOS OBTIENES CON ELLOS. En esto has aprendido a imitar a los grandes deportistas de élite y su forma de analizar su rendimiento después de una competición exigente. También te has dado cuenta de que podrás seguir mejorando como persona y estudiante el resto de tu vida. En el MÓDULO 2 aprenderás las bases de la planificación y la organización del estudio, y haremos un análisis de las técnicas más populares de estudio y de cómo podemos mejorarlas ERES EL MAYOR EXPERTO EN TU PROPIA MENTE Y TU FORMA DE ESTUDIAR, DE MODO QUE ES ESENCIAL QUE ANOTES ABAJO TU PRIMER DIAGNÓSTICO DE LA SITUACIÓN ACTUAL
¿QUÉ HAS DESCUBIERTO QUE PUEDES MEJORAR A PARTIR DE HOY DESPUÉS DE HABER LEÍDO ESTE MÓDULO?
⃝ ¿sentirte valiente frente a un examen? ⃝ ¿entender tu forma de estudiar actual? ac tual? ⃝…
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MÓDULO 2
ORGANIZACIÓN Y PLANIFICACIÓN
Lección 1. Fases del estudio en la Facultad de Medicina Lección 2. Tus técnicas-estrella y sus puntos débiles Lección 3. Gestión de la energía Lección 4. Optimizar el tiempo
Lección 1. Fases del estudio en la Facultad de Medicina Es importante que te des cuenta de la diferencia que existe entre estudiar lo que te apetezca, y estudiar para aprobar exámenes. En el futuro, cuando seas médico, tu forma fo rma de estudiar será diferente. Estudiar para trabajar Cuando somos médicos médicos en activo, es necesario estudiar a menudo para mantenernos al día en nuestra profesión. La finalidad de nuestras horas de estudio es comprender nuevos comprender nuevos conceptos, teorías o protocolos de actuación en nuestros pacientes (protocolos tanto diagnósticos como terapéuticos, ya sean médicos o nuevos abordajes quirúrgicos). Por suerte, estudiamos sobre temas que nos apasionan (pues nos dedicamos a ellos), y podemos elegir el momento del día, de la guardia o del viaje en metro para leer un artículo o una revisión de nuestro campo de hiperespecialización. Nos enfocamos en comprender para comprender para saber cómo aplicar las novedades en nuestro
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Pero por el momento tienes t ienes exámenes que superar. De modo que debes organizar tu trabajo diario para poder llegar a cada examen con las mejores condiciones para ser capaz de contestar de memoria a memoria a un buen puñado de preguntas sobre la asignatura que corresponda en un día determinado. ¿Sabes lo bueno de todo esto? Que si lo haces bien, recordarás mucha Medicina para tus prácticas y para el futuro. Fases del estudio orientado a superar exámenes Estas fases son las que atravesamos a lo largo de un semestre o cuatrimestre lectivo. A principio de esas unidades de tiempo ti empo te encuentras en un estado X de aprendizaje (conocimiento “cero” o cercano al cero) que acabará llevándote al estado Y (mayores conocimientos y asignatura aprobada). Ten en cuenta que eres un novato o novicio en cada materia, es decir, que te enfrentas a cada asignatura prácticamente por primera vez en tu vida. Esto contrasta con los conocimientos de los profesores, que son expertos en la asignatura. Como tales, pueden ser víctimas del “sesgo del experto”, que consiste co nsiste en perder la perspectiva del novicio, y por tanto dar saltos de razonamiento al exponer la materia, saltos de razonamiento que el novicio no es capaz de seguir. Necesitas por tanto repasar la materia por tu cuenta para cubrir esos saltos lógicos. Fase 1. Contacto inicial En esta fase entras en contacto por primera vez en tu vida con las nuevas materias y con los temas que componen cada asignatura. Es mucho más dura los dos primeros años, ya que se aprenden miles de términos nuevos procedentes de Anatomía, A natomía, Histología, Fisiología, Bioquímica, Microbiología, etc.
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En algunas facultades la asistencia a clase es obligatoria. En muchas otras es optativa. Puede ser difícil decidir qué te conviene en tu caso particular. En términos generales, recomiendo asistir a clase en estas circunstancias: circunstancias:
Si estás en cursos iniciales, debido a que el nuevo vocabulario es muy amplio y puede resultarte más fácil conocer la asignatura si te la explican en lenguaje más o menos coloquial en una clase magistral Si tienes claro que aprendes más fácilmente cuando oyes una exposición oral sobre un tema antes de estudiarlo por tu cuenta
Puede resultarte más ventajoso faltar a clase si se cumplen estas condiciones: condiciones :
Asimilas mejor un tema o una serie de conceptos cuando lees sobre ellos en un libro o una comisión de apuntes Tus horas más productivas de estudio individual coinciden con las horas en las que están programadas tus clases
¡Cuidado! Algunos estudiantes dejan de asistir a clase, no porque tengan claro que no les ayuda, sino porque pierden el hábito de madrugar, o de estar sentados y concentrados 1
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reproducir su fisiología y cómo enferma el músculo cardiaco. En esta fase de comprensión, por tanto, ya puede producirse una memorización. De hecho, se produce casi involuntariamente. A partir del momento de comprensión, la única manera de mantener todos todos los conceptos frescos en tu memoria será repasarlos con la frecuencia adecuada de cara al examen. Una vez pasado el examen, tendrás que repasarlos periódicamente para mantenerlos activos. Si tienes suerte, podrás conservar conceptos importantes si haces prácticas clínicas regulares y de buena calidad. Fase 3. Memorización Esta fase suele concentrarse en las semanas / días previos al examen. Implica releer varias veces cada tema para asegurarnos de que recordamos la mayor parte de los conceptos. La forma de comprobarlo suele consistir en recitar mentalmente el concepto, con co n sus variantes de recitar en voz alta (hasta que se agotan tus cuerdas vocales) o reproducir por escrito, a través de palabras garabateadas o de dibujos y esquemas. Cuando te falta tiempo de repaso, solemos so lemos tirar de "recitado mental". Releemos cada párrafo y retiramos la vista para reflexionar y comprobar si sabríamos reproducirlo de memoria. Este proceso se repite en bucle a lo largo de las horas de estudio, y tiene un punto
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Lección 2. Tus técnicas-estrella y sus puntos débiles No se trata de que estas técnicas "fallen". Para ser más precisos, habría que decir que son insuficientes en insuficientes en Medicina, y en general, en muchas carreras que tengan una gran carga teórica o técnica. Quiero explicarte por qué te han funcionado toda tu vida de estudiante, desde tus primeros exámenes de Primaria, y por qué no bastan en Medicina. Se trata de estas tres: 1-Releer 2-Subrayado 3-Hacer resúmenes y/o esquemas Técnica estrella 1. Relectura masiva Releer es una de las técnicas más populares en todo el planeta y en todas las escuelas de Medicina. Según los expertos (1), es popular porque conlleva poco esfuerzo y ofrece una sensación inmediata de familiaridad con el texto.
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1. Entre la primera y la segunda lectura profunda de un tema pasa un tiempo excesivo que favorece el olvido de los conceptos aprendidos en la primera vuelta. 2. Ilusión de competencia.- cuando competencia.- cuando lees el texto por segunda vez, comienza a resultarte familiar. Esta tabla está colocada arriba a la derecha en esta hoja; aquel esquema está en la parte inferior de la siguiente hoja. El peligro de que te resulte familiar es que puedes llegar a creer que ya te lo sabes, sabes , y no siempre es así. 3. Dedicar igual tiempo a lo que sabes y a lo que no.no .- Al releer, repasas todo por igual. Aparentemente merece la pena porque es rápido y conlleva poco esfuerzo. Pero inevitablemente acabarás leyendo todo por igual, lo que ya has memorizado (y que por tanto no necesita repaso), y lo que aún no está memorizado (que necesita más repaso). Esto no sería un problema si tuvieras 30 hojas de apuntes para el examen (como en Secundaria). Pero sí que es un problema si la cantidad es 10 veces superior, porque entonces comienzan a acumularse esos minutos de más que dedicas a lo que YA te sabes. Aunque sea poco esfuerzo en cada tema, al cabo de las horas y de los días se va acumulando y te va fatigando.
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En un caso así, dejas de asimilar conceptos, pero sigues adelante porque crees erróneamente que estás aprendiendo algo. Pero no siempre subrayar es sinónimo de comprender o memorizar. memorizar . Cuando percibas que estás subrayando mecánicamente, te recomiendo que te detengas y te tomes un descanso. descanso . Procura que tus subrayados sean s ean siempre activos, activos , porque de lo contrario no servirán de nada. Riesgo 2. Pérdida de tiempo.-Ocurre tiempo.- Ocurre cuando usas muchos colores para subrayar. Tomar un rotulador, soltarlo, elegir otro, y así sucesivamente. En la manipulación de tantos rotuladores se va invirtiendo un tiempo que parece ridículo, pero… haz la suma al final de la semana. Riesgo 3. Pérdida de efecto de aislamiento.-Con aislamiento .-Con muchos colores, acabamos teniendo una página llena de frases y palabras marcadas con distintos colores, hasta el punto de que puedes no entender por qué subrayaste esto y no aquello a menos que leas detenidamente el texto. En ese momento, la misión del subrayado, aislar un significado importante, se diluye.
Voy a adelantarme un poco a la lección 4 (Optimizar el tiempo) y aprovechar que acabas de
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Farmacología y el infierno de los antibióticos. Puedes marcar penicilinas en azul, y distintos matices según subgrupos; aminoglucósidos en amarillo; rifampicina en naranja o rojo (según coloreen la orina); etc. Asignaturas clínicas: si elaboraste un código de colores para los antibióticos, cada vez que estudies la patología infecciosa de un sistema, el color correspondiente c orrespondiente puede ilustrar cada tratamiento. Así, de una ojeada sabrás que las penicilinas o las quinolonas son de elección para el tratamiento de ciertas neumonías, o infecciones musculoesqueléticas, etc.
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Lección 3. Gestión de la energía Aquí utilizo la palabra "energía" para referirme a esa percepción que tenemos del estado de nuestro cuerpo y mente que nos indica qué esfuerzo podemos acometer en los siguientes minutos u horas del día. Así, después de pasar la mañana en clases magistrales y prácticas, cuando regresas a casa puedes percibir que has gastado g astado mucha "energía", y que necesitas comer y descansar para llenar tus reservas de nuevo. Podemos hacerlo equivalente a la batería del móvil, en
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¿Qué sucesos o circunstancias influyen en tus niveles de energía a la hora de estudiar? Anótalos en esta tabla SUBEN MI ENERGÍA Mi asignatura favorita / salir a correr …
REDUCEN MI ENERGÍA Pelea familiar / suspenso reciente …
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Alimentación e hidratación El estudio es una actividad act ividad cognitiva que consume grandes cantidades de energía. La glucosa es el combustible principal, y el órgano donde se produce esta actividad cognitiva (el cerebro) puede considerarse como una masa gelatinosa g elatinosa compuesta de proteínas, lípidos ...y mucha agua. La lectura se produce a través de nuestros globos oculares, que deben hacer un esfuerzo suave, pero mantenido, para acomodar nuestro cristalino cristal ino a las hojas de apuntes y libros situados sobre la mesa.
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Sueño Los individuos poseen diferentes horarios de sueño, o cronotipos. El cronotipo de cada c ada individuo gobierna no sólo el sueño, sino que domina todas las funciones corporales, cor porales, desde la expresión de diversos genes, cambios en la temperatura corporal, co rporal, secreción de hormonas, hasta las funciones cognitivas. A la inversa, el cronotipo está condicionado por nuestros nuestros genes, por la activación y desactivación de múltiples genes y fluctuaciones del cóctel cóc tel de hormonas y transmisores que bañan todos nuestros tejidos. Es decir, no es una cuestión de disciplina personal.
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decaimiento, decaimiento, hacia valores propios del descanso y el sueño. La tensión arterial baja, las
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Haz en cada momento lo que toca hacer. Estudiar por bloques semanales
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algo activo (un resumen o repasar tus flashcards) o menos demandante (como visualizar un
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HAS LLEGADO AL FINAL DEL MÓDULO 2
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