HNBÍKNFM HIC FYIPZA PËONHA YBNHMH :0 Nbo. Disôs Flmbfmtukm Lumkíb IZNK ‖ YBVMMF 0:=?-N
FABXIBNHA •
•
•
Fnbikítnfm hic fuirpa rëonha ib ic pcmba Fnbikítnfm hic fuirpa rëonha ib ic ispmfna Fnbîtnfm hic fuirpa rëonha
FYIPZA PNONHA IB IC ZCMBA
MBMCNVNV HI UICAFNHMH
KAUNKNIBXA IB IC ZCMBA
KAUNKNIBXA IB IC ZCMBA
PAX PA XMFNAB MCPIHIHAP MCPIHIHAP HI YB IDI
MBMCNVNV PICMXNUM
OPMENFA
HI
UICAFNHMH
MZCNFMFNÖB :=
MZCNFMFNÖB :0
MZCNFMFNÖB :0
UICAFNHMH CNBIMC HI YB ZYBXA FYMC]YNIPM
UICAFNHMH PICMXNUM
HNMOPMKMV HI UICAFNHMH
MZCNFMFNÖB :6
MZCNFMFNÖB :6
MZCNFMFNÖB :6
MZCNFMFNÖB :8
MZCNFMFNÖB :8
ZPA@CIKM := Mpcnfmbha ic kîtaha oríenfa, hitirknbmr cms fmrmftirëstnfms fnbikítnfms hic pubta kihna hic iscm`öb 9 pmrm cm pasnfnöb kastrmhm, sn ic kifmbnska istm hn`udmha m isfmcm =49 y si sm`i qui 0 ; =.9 rmh/s ib sibtnha larmrna. Fabsnhiri mprapnmhmkibti 0 y 6.
ZPA@CIKM :=
VACYFNAB := Kihnhms ib virhmhirm kmobntuh4
= ; 9 :0 ; 9 x 8 ; 0: fk ; 9 x 9 ; 09 fk ; 9 x 5 ; 6: fk
VACYFNAB := Fmcfucmkas cm vicafnhmh ib M. UM ; 0 x :0 ; UM ; =.9 x 0: UM ; 6: fk/sio Mpcnfmkas ubm isfmcm fabvibnibti fabvibnibti 0 ; 9.
m ; 6:/9
ZACNOABA HI UICAFNHMHIV Ifumfnabis ricmtnvms pmrm cms vicafnhmhis4 UF ; UM + UFM UH ; U@ + UH@
PIVYCXMHAV •
Kihnkas hic hn`uda4
PIVYCXMHAV Fmcfucmkas cms iscm`abis 6 y 94
vicafnhmhis
mboucmris
ώ6 ;
UFM/MF ; 0?.?/09 ; =.=:
UH@/H@ ; =0.:9/6: ; :.8::rmh/sio (+) mbtnlarmrna
hi
cas
ZPA@CIKM :0 Ic kifmbnska kastrmha ib cm enourm tnibi A0M ; 0:kk, M@ ; 9:kk, MF ; 69kk y hisfibtrmha ; :.6< pucomhms. Ic íbouca hi cm kmbnvicm ib cm pasnfnöb kastrmhm is hi 68.6º y ic íbouca @MF ; 6<.5º. Ikpcimbha ic kîtaha oríenfa hi mbícnsns hi vicafnhmh, hitirknbi ώ6, UM, U@ y UF ib cm pasnfnöb kastrmhm fab ώ0 ; =9 rmh/s ib cm hnriffnöb kastrmhm.
ZPA@CIKM :0
VACYFNAB :0
A0
U@ ; UM + U@/M
U@/M U@
U M
U M;0: x =9 ; 6:: kk/s ; =:7 =: kk/s ; = kk vm ; 6: kk
Hic pacëoaba v` ; 0<.?0? kk U@ ; 0
Fmcfuca hi w6
ώ
U 0?8.5 ώ ; ∐ ;∐ ; ∐9.8 ∐9.8>0 >0 rmh/ rmh/ss M@ 9: . / / ( ))
UF ; UM + UF/ F/M M UF/M; 9.8>0 x 69 ; =>0.00kk/s ; =:7 =: kk/s ; = kk vm ; =>.000 kk
UF/M
U M UF
Hic pacëoaba vf ; =6.>65 kk UF ; =6>.65 kk/s
ZPA@CIKM :6 Ic kifmbnska kastrmha ib cm enourm tnibi C = ; 5=.>, C0 ; =9, C6 ; 89.<, C8 ; =<.=, C9 ; 06.= kk. μ0 ; 5<.6º ib ic snstikm hi faarhibmhms xy, ic fumc istm m ‖06.6º ib ic snstikm hi faarhibmhms \^. Cm fakpabibti \ hi A0F is hi 9>.0 kk.
ZPA@CIKM :6
UICAFNHMH HI HIVCNTMKNIBXA
FIBXPAV NBVXMBXÍBIAV HI UICAFNHMH •
•
Yb fibtra nbstmbtíbia hi vicafnhmh si hienbi faka ub pubta fakôb m has fuirpas ib kavnknibta pcmba qui tnibi cm knskm vicafnhmh nbstmbtíbim ib fmhm fuirpa.
Yb kifmbnska hi fumtra `mrrms tnibi 5 fibtras nbstmbtíbias, uba hi sins tnibi =9 y uba hi afla
PIOCM HI GIBBIH^ •
Xiarikm hi h i Mrablach-Gibbihy Mrablach-Gibbihy
PIOCM HI GIBBIH^ •
Zaca (=,6)
PIOCM HI GIBBIH^ •
Zaca (0,8)
FMVA FAPPIHIPM
FMVA KMBNUICM-FAPPIHIPM
FMVA KMBNUICMFAPPIHIPM
FMVA KMBNUICMFAPPIHIPM
FMVA CIU CIUM M VIOYNHAP VIOYNHAP •
Xiarikm hi Gibbihy
FMVA CIU CIUM M VIOYNHAP VIOYNHAP •
Piprisibtmfnöb Piprisibtmfnöb faka kifmbnska hi 8 `mrrms `mrrms
FMVA CIU CIUM-VIOYNHAP M-VIOYNHAP
MBMCNVNV HI UICAFNHMH FAB FN
ZPA@CIKM :8 Cm enourm kuistrm ubm `rmzm fab muta`caquia ib ubm pcmtmearkm qui si utncnzm ib kuiccis hi ik`mrqui. Vi pnhi4 •
•
Cafmcnfi tahas cas fibtras nbstmbtíbias hic kifmbnska hi 8 `mrrms. Hitirknbi cm vicafnhmh mboucmr hic iscm`ab 8, sn si sm`i qui ic iscm`ab 0 si icivm m ubm
8
0
6
VACYFNAB :8 •
Hnmormkm Hnmormkm fnbikítnfa y fibtras nbstmbtíbias (tiarikm hi Gibbihy)
VACYFNAB :8 •
Y`nfmfnöb hi tahas cas fibtras nbstmbtíbias
VACYFNAB :8 •
Hnmormkm Hnmormkm fnbikítnfa fab nbearkmfnöb hi cas fibtras nbstmbtíbias
VACYFNAB :8
VACYFNAB :8
VACYFNAB :8 •
Istm vicafnhmh mboucmr tmk`nîb si hitirknbm m pmrtnr hi cm vicafnhmh hic fibtra nbstmbtíbia (08), ym qui isti pubta si fabsnhirm pmrti hi cas iscm`abis 0 y 8. Vnb ik`mroa, risuctm hneëfnc vnsumcnzmr ic pubta qui onrm ib ricmfnöb fab ic iscm`öb 8.
ZPA@CIKM :9 Cm enourm kuistrm ub trnturmhar hi rafms. Vi pnhi4 •
•
Cafmcnzmr tahas cas fibtras nbstmbtíbias hi isti kifmbnska. Ib cm pasnfnöb kastrmhm, hitirknbmr cm vicafnhmh hic mrniti trnturmhar fumbha cm kmbnvicm onrm m ubm vicafnhmh fabstmbti hi 5: rpk ib sibtnha larmrna.
VACYFNAB :9 •
Hnmormkm fnbikítnfa y fibtras nbstmbtíbias (tiarikm hi Gibbihy)
VACYFNAB :9 •
Y`nfmfnöb hi tahas cas fibtras nbstmbtíbias
VACYFNAB :9 •
Hnmormkm Hnmormkm fnbikítnfa fab nbearkmfnöb hi cas fibtras nbstmbtíbias
VACYFNAB :9
ZPA@CIKM :5 Ic kifmbnska kastrmha ib cm enourm tnibi A0M ; 0:kk, M@ ; 9:kk, MF ; 69kk y hisfibtrmha ; :.6< pucomhms. Ic íbouca hi cm kmbnvicm ib cm pasnfnöb kastrmhm is hi 68.6º y ic íbouca @MF ; 6<.5º. Ikpcimbha ic kîtaha oríenfa hi fibtras nbstmbtíbias hi vicafnhmh, hitirknbi ώ6, UM, U@ y UF ib cm pasnfnöb kastrmhm fab ώ0 ; =9 rmh/s ib cm hnriffnöb kastrmhm.
ZPA@CIKM :5
VACYFNAB :5 Y`nfmkas tahas cas fibtras nbstmbtíbias hi vicafnhmh.
VACYFNAB :5 Zmrm cm vicafnhmh mboucmr4 UF
UM;0: x =9 ; 6:: kk/s w6 ; 6::/98.50> w6 ; 9.8>0 rmh/s (larmrna)
UM
w6
w6
VACYFNAB :5 vf
Mpcnfmkas ubm isfmcm4 ; =:7 =: kk/s ; = kk vm ; 6: kk
Hic pacëoaba4 vf ; =6.>6? kk UF ; =6>.6? kk/s
vm
VACYFNAB :5 Hic pacëoaba4 vf ; =6.>6? kk UF ; =6>.6? kk/s
VACYFNAB :5 vf •
Vioôb ic mbícnsns hi FN, pahikas hitirknbmr v` ib eubfnöb hi vf.
vf
v`
VACYFNAB :5 Hic pacëoaba4 v`; 0<.?0? kk U@ ; 0
MBMCNVNV HI MFICIPM MFICIPMFNÖB FNÖB
MFICIPMFNAB HI YB ZYBXA •
Mficirmfnöb Mficirmfnöb barkmc - tmboibfnmc
MFICIPMFNA MFICI PMFNAB B PIC PICM MXNU XNUM M •
Mficirmfnabis Mficirmfnabis ricmtnvms ricmtnvms barkmc y tmboibfnmc (@/M)
FABUIBFNAB HI VNOBAV •
Mficirmfnöb Mficirmfnöb hi ub iscm`öb ib ratmfnöb purm fab 0 pasntnvm y w0 biomtnvm
ZACNOABA HI MFICIPMFNABIV •
Vi a`tnibi kihnmbti ic usa hi cms ifumfnabis hic kavnknibta ricmtnva
ZACNOABA HI MFICIPMFNABIV •
Ifumfnabis hic kavnknibta ricmtnva4
MBMCNVNV OPMENFA HI CM MFICIPM MFICIPMFNÖB FNÖB •
Zmrm risacvir oríenfmkibti fumcqunir pra`cikm hi mbícnsns hi mficirmfnöb, si riqunirib söca tris ifumfnabis4
MBMCNVNV OPMENFA HI CM MFICIPMFNÖB Cm enourm kuistrm ub kifmbnska hi fumtra `mrrms ib ubm pasnfnöb pmrtnfucmr. Vi hisim ibfabtrmr cms mficirmfnabis 6, 8 y cms mficirmfnabis M M, M@, MF.
m@ ; mM + m@/M
mF ; mM + mF/ F/M M
KIFMBNVKAV HI 8 @MPPMV
KIFMBNVKA KMBNUICM-FAPPIHIPM
MFICIPMFNÖB HI FYMC]YNIP ZYBXA HI YB KIFMBNVKA
MFICIPMFNÖB MFICIPM FNÖB HI FAPNACNV •
Fumbha ubm dubtm hiscnzmbti istí prisibti ib ub iscm`öb ratmtarna, ubm fakpabibti mhnfnabmc hi cm mficirmfnöb istmrí prisibti, cm fakpabibti Farnacns.
MFICIPMFNÖB MFICIPM FNÖB HI FAPNACNV Cm vicafnhmh tatmc pasii has fakpabibtis4 uba is hi trmbsknsnöb y ic atra is hi hiscnzmknibta.
MFICIPMFNÖB MFICIPM FNÖB HI FAPNACNV Cm mficirmfnöb tatmc pasii fumtra fakpabibtis4 barkmc, tmboibfnmc, Farnacns y hiscnzmknibta.
MFICIPMFNÖB MFICIPM FNÖB HI FAPNACNV Cm fakpabibti hi Farnacns si ibfuibtrm ib cm mficirmfnöb ricmtnvm hi has pubtas fumbha si prisibtmb snkuctíbimkibti cms tris fabhnfnabis snounibtis4 c. Cas has pubtas sab fanbfnhibtis, pira si ibfuibtrmb ib hneiribtis iscm`abis7 0. Ic pubta sa`ri ub iscm`öb snoui ubm trmyiftarnm qui si ibfuibtrm sa`ri ic atra iscm`öb, y 6. Onrm ic iscm`öb sa`ri ic fumc si ibfuibtrm cm trmyiftarnm.
MFICIPMFNÖB MFICIPM FNÖB HI FAPNACNV •
Cm vicafnhmh mboucmr w hi`i sir cm hic iscm`öb qui fabtnibi cm trmyiftarnm trmyiftarnm hic pubta qui si hiscnzm.
MFICIPMFNÖB HI FAPNACNV
MFICIPMFNÖB MFICIPM FNÖB HI FAPNACNV •
Zacëoaba Zacëoaba hi mficirmfnabis
KIFMBNVKA KMBNUICM-FAPPIHIPM KIFMBNVKA NBUIPXNHA
ZPA@CIKM :? Mpcnfmbha ic kîtaha oríenfa, hitirknbmr cms fmrmftirëstnfms fnbikítnfms hic pubta kihna hic iscm`öb 9 pmrm cm pasnfnöb kastrmhm, sn ic kifmbnska istm hn`udmha m isfmcm =49 y si sm`i qui 0 ; =.9 rmh/s ib sibtnha larmrna. Fabsnhiri mprapnmhmkibti 0 y 6.
ZPA@CIKM :?
VACYFNAB :? Hi cm sacufnöb hic pra`cikm :=, fabafikas cas vmcaris hi ώ6 y ώ9. ώ6 ; =.=:
mbtnlarmrna mbtnlarmrna ώ9 ; :.8::rmh/sio (+) mbtnlarmrna mbtnlarmrna
VACYFNAB :? •
Ifumfnabis hic kavnknibta ricmtnva
•
Fmcfuca hi cms mficirmfnabis mficirmfnabis barkmcis
VACYFNAB :? •
Icionkas ubm isfmcm mprapnmhm ; >
VACYFNAB :? •
Zacëoaba Zacëoaba hi mficirmfnabis
VACYFNAB :? •
Pisuctmhas hi mficirmfnöb4 mficirmfnöb4
VACYFNAB :? •
Pisuctmhas hi mficirmfnöb mboucmr4
ZPA@CIKM :< Cm enourm kuistrm ub kifmbnska fab sus hnkibsnabis. Ysi ub kîtaha oríenfa pmrm fmcfucmr cms mficirmfnabis hi cas pubtas M, @ y F ib cm pasnfnöb kastrmhm, w0 ; 0: rmh/s.
ZPA@CIKM :<
ZPA@CIKM :> Cm enourm kuistrm ub kifmbnska hi ritarba rípnha fab sus hnkibsnabis. Ysi ic kîtaha oríenfa pmrm fmcfucmr cms mficirmfnabis hi cas pubtas M, @ y F ib cm pasnfnöb kastrmhm w0 ; =: rmh/s.
ZPA@CIKM :>
FYIPZA PNONHA IB IC IVZMFNA
FMVA OIBIPMC •
•
Fmsa oibirmc hi trmscmfnöb y ratmfnöb. Cms ifumfnabis viftarnmcis viftarnmcis sab cms knskms qui cms istuhnmhms ib ic fmsa hi kavnknibta pcmba.
FMVAV ZMPXNFYCMPIV •
Xrmscmfnöb purm
FMVAV ZMPXNFYCMPIV •
Patmfnöb purm
v ; ώ x r/ + v/ m ; ώ x r/ + ώ x (ώ x r/ )+0ώ x v/ + m/
MBMCNVNV HIC KAUNKNIBXA •
•
•
Ic viftar is fti Ic viftar is vmrnm`ci hi`nha mc kavnknibta hi Cm ratmfnöb risuctmbti4 risuctmbti4
; + ; + …()
MBMCNVNV HIC KAUNKNIBXA •
Hirnvmkas (n)4
; + + + •
Habhi4
; •
Piikpcmzmbha4
; + + ; + +
XIAPIKM HI IYCIP •
Vi mpcnfm pmrm cm ratmfnöb hi ub fuirpa rëonha mcrihihar hi ub pubta enda. Ifumfnabis viftarnmcis4
ZPA@CIKM =: Ic `rmza ra`ötnfa onrm ib tarba m su `msi fab ή ; < g rmh/s y ή ; 8g rmh/s0. Vnkuctíbimkibti ic `rmza fncëbhrnfa MA ; 5 k, onrm lmfnm mrrn`m fab ζ ζ ; ∐5d ζ ; ∐6d rmh/s0 y cm omrrm M onrm fab ώp ; 9g rmh/s, ζ rmh/s y p ; 9g rmh/s0, sn m ; 0 k, fumbha ; 96º, M si mcidm hi A fab > k/s y 5 k/s 0, msnknska @ si mcidm hi M fab ? k/s y 8 k/s 0, si pnhi fmcfucmr4
ZPA@CIKM =: •
•
•
•
•
Cm kmobntuh hi cm vicafnhmh hic pubta M (k/s) Cm kmobntuh hi cm mficirmfnöb hic pubta M (k/s 0) Cm kmobntuh hi cm mficirmfnöb mficirmfnöb hic pubta @ ib ic idi x (k/s 0) Cm kmobntuh hi cm mficirmfnöb hic pubta @ ib ic idi y (k/s 0) Cm kmobntuh hi cm mficirmfnöb mficirmfnöb 0
ZPA@CIKM == Ib cm enourm, cm pasnfnöb hi cm pubtm hi cm moudm M istm fabtracmhm par ic `rmza ra`ötnfa kastrmha. Ib cm pasnfnöb nbhnfmhm cm pubtm si kuivi m ubm vicafnhmh u ; =9: kk/s (fti) ricmtnvm mc sacibanhi @F. Mc knska tnikpa ic `rmza FH onrm m ubm rmpnhiz mboucmr ώ ; =.5 rmh/s (fti) fab rispifta m cm fakpabibti HIO. Vm`nibha qui ic `rmza ra`ötnfa onrm mcrihihar hic idi x m ubm rmpnhiz mboucmr ώ ; =.0 rmh/s (fti). Hitirknbmr cm vicafnhmh y mficirmfnöb hic pubta M.
ZPA@CIKM ==
ZPA@CIKM =0 Cm vmrnccm hi =09 fk istí fabiftmhm m cm farrihirm M, kihnmbti ubm rötucm y m @ kihnmbti ubm larqunccm, fumbha cm farrihirm pmsm par ic idi \, cm vicafnhmh y mficirmfnöb hi cm farrihirm M sab 89d fk/s y =9d fk/s 0, si pnhi fmcfucmr4 m) Cm kmobntuh hi cm vicafnhmh mboucmr hi cm `mrrm M@ (rmh/s) `) Cm kmobntuh hi cm c m mficirmfnöb mboucmr hi cm `mrrm M@ ib ic idi \ (rmh/s0) f) Cm kmobntuh hi cm c m mficirmfnöb mboucmr hi cm `mrrm M@ ib ic idi ^ (rmh/s0) h) Cm kmobntuh hi cm c m mficirmfnöb mboucmr hi cm `mrrm M@ ib ic idi T (rmh/s0)
ZPA@CIKM =0
ZPA@CIKM =6 Cm vmrnccm M@ istí ubnhm m M y @ kihnmbti has rötucms. Vn cm prayiffnöb hi cm vicafnhmh mboucmr y mficirmfnöb mboucmr sa`ri cm knskm is bucm, sm`nibha qui ic hnsfa F si kuivi fab =:d rmh/s y 5d rmh/s 0. Vi pnhi fmcfucmr4 m) Cm kmobntuh hi cm c m mficirmfnöb mboucmr hi cm `mrrm M@ `) Cm kmobntuh hi cm c m mficirmfnöb hic pubta M f) Cm kmobntuh hi cm c m mficirmfnöb mboucmr hi cm `mrrm M@ ib cms hnriffnabis \, ^, T
ZPA@CIKM =6
