Hcsfarma pdr Ycrtchcrds Ycrtchcrds 1. Djlctgvds< Hctcreg`ar ka cfuafgö` cxpcrgec`tak hc ka hcsfarma hc u` kåqughd a travçs hc u` vcrtchcrd. Hctcreg`ar ck fdcigfgc`tc hc hcsfarma para u` vcrtchcrd trga`mukar Hctcreg`ar cxpcrgec`takec`tc ka cfuafgö` y ck fdcigfgc`tc hc hcsfarma fdrrcspd`hgc`tc a u` vcrtchcrd trga`mukar. Cstuhgar ka kcy hc csfurrgegc`td hck amua pdr u` vcrtchcrd. Mraigfar ka furva Q vs B hck vcrtchcrd.
:. Earfd Xcörgfd< G`trdhuffgö`< Kds vcrtchcrds sd` cstrufturas quc tgc`c` apkgfafgö` euy
cxtc`hgha c` tdhd tgpd hc sgstceas ghr!ukgfds y cxprcsa` u`a fd`hgfgö` cspcfgak hc edvgegc`td `d u`gidrec c` u` traed fd` `dtdrga hgicrc`fga hc `gvck. "dreakec`tc hcscepc#a` iu`fgd`cs hc scmurghah y fd`trdk. Apkgfafgd`cs<
Kdmrar quc ck `gvck hc amua c` u`a d$ra hc tdea akfa`fc ck `gvck rcqucrghd para ck iu`fgd`aegc`td hc ka d$ra hc fd`huffgö`. %a`tc`cr u` `gvck fasg fd`sta`tc amuas arrg$a hc u`a d$ra hc tdea& pcregtgc`hd quc ck iku'd sd$rc ck fdrd`aegc`td hck vcrtchcrd sc hcsarrdkkc fd` u`a k!eg`a kåqugha hc cspcsdr kgegtahd. C` u`a d$ra hc tdea& ck vcrtchcrd sc fd`stgtuyc c` ck örma`d hc scmurghah hc eaydr gepdrta`fga& cvafua`hd kas amuas c` cxfcsd mc`crahas hura`tc kds cvc`tds hc e!xgeas frcfghas. (cregtgr ck fd`trdk hck iku'd d fauhak c` cstrufturas hc faåha& hgsgpahdrcs hc c`crmåa& tra`sgfgd`cs& cstrufturas hc c`traha y sakgha c` akfa`targkkas hc farrctcras& sgstceas hc akfa`targkkahd& ctf.
c b
; >.9= Fkasgigfafgö` pdr cspcsdr hc parch< ^arch hckmaha<
c b
≣ >.9= ^arch mrucsa d frcsta a`fa<
Fkasgigfafgö` pdr su idr!a< "crtchcrd Xrga`mukar hc parch hckmaha< Kds vcrtchcrds trga`mukarcs pcregtc` rcakg)ar u`a echgfgö` prcfgsa hck fauhak pucs hctcfta asta kas e!s eå`geas vargafgd`cs hc fauhak& mc`crakec`tc sd` tra)ahds c` pkafas ect!kgfas y cs utgkg)ahd u` trg!`mukd rcft!`mukd gsösfckcs.
1
Qghcak 5
2 13
: m ta`(
κ :
3
) B : *u cfuafgö` cs+
,,,..
-/
"crtchcrd Xrapc#dghak hc parch hckmaha d Fgpdkkctg< Cstc vcrtchcrd a sghd hgsc#ahd para hgseg`ugr ck cicftd hc kas fd`traffgd`cs quc sc prcsc`ta` c` u` vcrtchcrd rcfta`mukar fd` fd`traffgd`cs.
6
8 B Qghcak 5 : m 1 + ta`(β ) KB : 6 3 K :
*u cfuafgö` cs+
,,,.. ->/
"crtchcrd $cfta`mukar hc parch hckmaha sg` fd`traffgd`cs<
B
Qghcak 5
: 6
6
: m KB :
*u cfuafgö` cs+
,,,.. -1/
"crtchcrd $cfta`mukar hc parch hckmaha fd` fd`traffgd`cs<
B
:
Qghcak 5
: 6
6
: m ( K √ >.1 k`( B ) ) B :
*u cfuafgö` cs+
,,,.. -:/
"crtchcrd Fgrfukar< *c cepkca` rara vc)& dircfc` fded vc`ta'as ka iafgkghah hc fd`struffgö` y quc `d rcqugcrc` ck `gvckaegc`td hc ka frcsta.
>.:>_ eU ≨ H ≨ >.6>_ eU ? >.>=3 ;
B H
;1 Cfuafgö` scr! v!kgha para+
3
H B Qghcak 5 ω >.333 + + >.>81 H : 11> B H *u cfuafgö` cs+
,,,.. -6/
ω < fd`sta`tc hcpc`hgc`t c hc ka rckafgd`
B H
ikughds & fauhak cs ka fa`tghah hc ikughd quc fgrfuka a Fauhak< C` hg`!egfa hc ikughds& travçs hc u`a scffgö` hck huftd -tu$cråa& fa#cråa& dkcdhuftd& råd& fa`ak&.../ pdr u`ghah hc tgcepd. "dreakec`tc sc ghc`tgigfa fd` ck iku'd vdkueçtrgfd d vdkueçtrgfd d vdkuec` quc pasa pdr u` !rca haha c` ka u`ghah hc tgcepd. %c`ds ircfuc`tcec`tc& sc ghc`tgigfa fd` ck iku'd e!sgfd d easa quc pasa pdr u` !rca haha c` ka u`ghah hc tgcepd. hY e 6 Q 5 σ A 5 ht s Cst! hcig`ghd pdr+ Qr
,,,.. -8/
F H
(ara ka d$tc`fgö` hgrcfta hck hck iku'd d fauhak rcak sc kdmra a travçs hc ka echgfgö` hck tgcepd quc tdea ak iku'd kkc`ar u` rcfgpgc`tc hc vdkuec` fd`dfghd. *u rckafgö` fd` ck fdcigfgc`tc hc hcsfarma cs+
6
F H 5
Qr Q ..,,,. -3/
Fd`hgfgd`cs ghcakcs<
C` kas amuas arrg$a hck vcrtchcrd ck iku'd cs u`gidrec y ka prcsgö` varåa fd` ka prdiu`hghah hc afucrhd fd` ka ghrdst!tgfa. Ka supcrigfgc kg$rc pcrea`cfc drg)d`tak sg` rcea`sd `g hcprcsgö` asta ck pka`d hck vcrtchcrd y tdhas kas partåfukas quc pasa` sd$rc ck vcrtchcrd sc eucvc` drg)d`takec`tc. 9çmgec` kaeg`ar& kas k!eg`as d kå`cas hc iku'd sgmuc` traycftdrgas drhc`ahas d kaeg`arcs Ka prcsgö` a travçs hc ka k!eg`a hc kåqughd quc pasa sd$rc ka frcsta hck vcrtchcrd cs ka atedsiçrgfa. Kds cicftds hc ka vgsfdsghah y hc ka tc`sgö` supcrigfgak sd` hcsprcfga$kcs. 9çmgec` pcrea`c`tc d cstafgd`argd& cs hcfgr g`varga$gkghah c` ck tgcepd hc kds par!ectrds c` cstuhgd. Ck rd)aegc`td c`trc kas parchcs hck vcrtchcrd y kas kå`cas hc iku'd sd` hcsprcfga$kcs. "d ay fd`traffgö` hc ka vc`a kåqugha c` ka csfdtahura. %. F&kfukds<
Alustc ^dtc`fgak<
'( Echgha
>
1
:
6
) *f!+
.6
>
>.6
1
8.86=
2.>3:
13.63:
37.:
22.::8
%
,^$DE *f! -s+
8
11> 11> 1>> 1>>
i/> .6: /8:.36 $9 1
7> 2> => 9>
,
3> 8> 6> :> 1> > >.3
1
1.3
:
:.3
)
` 5 :.8263 ? r 5 >.7776 ? O 5 9.2171
Hck mraigfd sc d$tgc`c` kds hatds+ 3 2 Qr 5 F h : m ta`( ϓ ) B : 13 Hc ka cfuafgö` -/ y -3/+ Qr 5 OB `
,,,, -=/
Ka cfuafgö` -=/ puchc cxprcsarsc fded+
,,,, -2/
3
6
6.3
O 5 F h
2
: m ta`( ϓ )
13
Hc hd`hc+ κ ϓ 5 5 12.71¼ ? J 5 6.=>_ feU ? B 5 3.8>_ feU :
,,,, -7/
Hck cxpcrgec`td sc d$tgc`c` kds hatds+ F h 5 >.28 Hc -7/ hcspc'a`hd < h sc d$tgc`c+
∑ _( kdm O + `B g ) √ Qg U
V Q B 5
:
`√:
=csvgafgö` 2st&`har 7 -?<
,,,, -/ V Q B 5 19=.:2
V ` 5 V Q B
@
∑ ( : kdm( B )) √ ( ∑ kdm( B ))
@
:
,,,, ->/
=csvgafgö` 2st&`har 7 `< V `
5
t f 5
1>7.62
` √ :.3 V `
Fakfukd hck 2stah;stgfd + t f 5 1.31 Ý 1> √8
,,,, -1/
3. Fd`fkusgd`cs 5 rcfd!c`hafgd`cs< Fd`fkusgd`cs< .C` ka rcakg)afgö` egsea hck cxpcrgec`td `d sc prcsc`tard`
fd`tratgcepds hc `g`mu`a `aturakc)a ecf!`gfa& pcrd c` ka partc aprcfgatgva& qucha u` earmc` hc huha y crrdr.
C` ka hctcreg`afgö` hc ka cfuafgö` cxpcrgec`tak para ka hcsfarma pdr u` vcrtchcrd trga`mukar& kds hatds d$tc`ghds sc tdr`ard` $asta`tc ahcfuahds -aså kd hceucstra ck ckcvahd fdcigfgc`tc hc Hcsfarma/. (ara ka hctcreg`afgö` hck fdcigfgc`tc hc hcsfarma& kds hatds tae$gç` sgrvgcrd` hc $uc`a ea`cra& pucstd quc hgfd fdcigfgc`tc rcsuktd hc`trd hc kds kåegtcs cspcrahds& fd` u` earmc` hc crrdr pcquc#d. $cfd!c`hafgd`cs< Hura`tc ck cxpcrgec`td sc hc$c ea`c'ar fd` fughahd ck rcfgpgc`tc para `d ed'ar ck ka$dratdrgd. *c hc$c fddrhg`ar tdhas kas echgfgd`cs cfas -tgcepd& iku'd/. Ck usd hc $uc`ds eatcrgakcs puchc ayuhar c` d$tc`cr vakdrcs e!s aprdxgeahds a kds cspcrahds.
0. 4gjkgdmrai;a< MSGA HC CR^CZGEC@XDV HC IÅVGFA JÁVGFA GG. Icjd Ikdrcs ttps+??cs.;g5gpchga.drm?;g5g?0vcrtchcrds.phi
=