LEC IA 1 TO BE(a fi): afirmativ I am I’m You are You’re He is He’s She is She’s It is It’s We are We’re You are You’re They are They’re Expresii uzuale:
interogativ Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are you? Are they?
negativ I am not I’m not You are not You’re not He is not He’s not She is not She’s not It is not It’s not We are not We’re not You are not You’re not They are not They’re not
you aren’t he isn’t she isn’t it isn’t we aren’t you aren’t they aren’t
Who are you? I am Lavinia. What are you? I am a teacher.
ARTICOLUL NEHOT RÂT SINGULAR: a(un, o) - înaintea cuv. care încep cu o cons. ex: a doctor =un doctor an(un, o) - înaintea cuv. care încep cu o vocal ex: an engineer PLURAL: se formeaz ad ugând litera s ex: doctors = doctori În rom. se folos. „sunt doctor” i „sunt un doctor” iar în engl. doar „sunt un doctor” (sunt doctor se traduce în engl. cu sunt un doctor) (Sunt doctor = I am a doctor) - aceast diferen între engl. i rom se întâlne te numai la singular.
ARTICOLUL HOT RÂT SG.: the teacher = profesorul (the se pronun cu înaintea cons. i cu i înaintea vocalelor) PL: se adaug s the teachers = profesorii ________________________________________________________________ Exprimarea vârstei se face în englez cu vb. „a fi” nu cu vb. „a avea” ca în român . She is 5 years old = Ea are 5 ani. De asemenea culorile(Ce culoare au ochii t i? What colour are your eyes?) ________________________________________________________________________
1
LEC IA 2 sg.
THIS = acesta, aceasta THAT = acela, aceea
pl.
THESE = ace tia, acestea THOSE = aceia, acelea
Expresii uzuale: This is French That is a Russian It is Romanian ex: What books are those?
These are Those are Romanian ONES. They are Those are English books.;They are English ones.
ONE.
ÎNTREB RILE DISJUNCTIVE(nu-i a a?, a a-i?, nu?) am I? aren’t I? aren’t you? are you? (vezi can, may, must; isn’t he, she, it? is he, she, it? there is, there are) aren’t we, you, they? are we, you, they? Ex.: You are a teacher, aren’t you? Sunte i profesor, nu-i a a? ----------------------------------You aren’t a teacher, are you? În englez nu se folose te dubla nega ie Nu e ti profesor, nu-i a a? ca în român .
LEC IA 3 TO HAVE( a avea) I have (got) You have (got) He has (got) She has (got) It has (got) We have (got) You have (got) They have (got)
I’ve got You’ve got He’s got She’s got It’s got We’ve got You’ve got They’ve got
GENITIVUL(POSESIA) Pt. numele de fiin e se folose te de obicei genitivul cu apostrof ’s la singular: Tony is Mr. Clifford’s son.(Tony este fiul dl. Clifford) ’ la plural: Tony is the Cliffords’ son (Tony este fiul Clifforzilor)
Genitivul cu of se poate folosi cu orice categorie de substantive, inclusiv cu numele de fiin e, îns în mod obi nuit cu subs. care nu reprezint nume de fiin e. ex: The colour of my pullover(culoarea puloverului meu) Mai rar: În mod obi nuit:
The name of this boy is Tony. This boy’s name is Tony. 2
(Numele ac. b iat este Tony.)
LEC IA 4 CAN = a putea în sensul de: - capacitate, a ti - permisiunea pt. pers. 2 i 3 rar 1
Can your wife cook? Can I see your father? No, you cannot(can’t). Can she take your tape-recorder?
MAY = a putea în sensul de: -permisiunea pt. persoana 1 May I open the window? -posibil, probabil Why must we stay at home? ( De ce tb. s st m acas ?) Because Mr. Clifford may come. (ac iiune viitoare) (Pt. c s-ar putea s vin dl. Clifford) It may be difficult, but you must learn it.(O fi ea grea, dar tb. s o înve i.) He may be your friend, but...
MUST = trebuie I must read this book. probabil(în sensul de trebuie) He must be at school now.(Probabil c e la c. acum.) (ac iune început în trec. i contin. în prez. i posibil în viitor) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------STILL = înc ( în continuare) She’s still very prety.(E înc f. dr gu ) YET = înc (deja) Can your baby walk yet? (Copila ul t u poate deja s mearg ?) He can’t walk yet. (Nu poate s mearg înc .) (ac iune care nu a început dar poate începe oricând) (= totu i Ex.: And yet she was ready in time( i totu i a fost gata la timp)) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Întreb rile disjunctive cu can, may, must se formeaz respectând regula c în englez nu se folos. dubla nega ie ca în român . You cann’t sing this song, can you? Nu ti s cân i cântecul ac. nu-i a a?
LEC IA 5 ÎNTREB RILE CU DO I DOES(Prezentul Simplu) Do you smoke? Yes I do. No, I don’t.
Fumezi?
I, you, we, they do
Does he learn Russian? Înva ruse te? He, she, it does Yes, he learn Russian. Yes, he does. No he doesn’t. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LA at se folose te cu verbele de stare pe loc to se folose te cu verbele de mi care
(Tony is at school.) (Tony goes to school)
Particularitate: I am at home.
I go home.(la verbele de mi care nu se mai folose te to în expresii cu home). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
De regul dup „in, with, under, before, after, at, to” se folose te the i subs.: - I like to read in the garden. - I like to play with the boys. Excep ii: home, school, college... After the lesson the pupil go home. After school they want to go to the cinema. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------me = pe mine my = meu, mea, mei, mele you = pe tine your = t u him = pe el his = lui her = pe ea her = ei it = pe el us = pe noi our = nostru you = pe voi your = t u, ta, t i, tale, dtale, dvs them = pe ei, ele their= lor -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale: to be right = a avea dreptate ex.: Am I right? ( Am dreptate?) to be wrong = a nu avea dreptate You are wrong(N-ai dreptate)
LEC IA 6 IMPORTANT prezentul simplu i continuu: În general, în mod obi nuit
În momentul de fa
(always, every day...) I speak French You play the violin drink milk He speaks French She plays the violin drinks milk We speak French You play the violin They drink milk
(now...) I am You are He is She We You They
speaking French. playing the violin. drinking milk.
are
Am I speaking French? Interogativ: Do I,you,we,they Does he,she,it ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lavinia is singing Tony is reading They’re playing Lavinia is going Tony is coming They’re taking Spot
the garden the house the sitting-room
in into (deplasare,mi care,direc ie)
4
Expresii uzuale: There is a bottle of whisky on the table, insn’t there? (Este o sticl de w. pe mas , nu-i a a?) There are many cakes in the refrigerator, aren’t there? (Sunt multe ... ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale: neither...nor sau either...or (când vb. e afirmativ) (când vb. e negativ) - regula dublei nega ii Nu e nici din fier nici din aur. Nu tb. nici s cite ti prea mult i nici s te odihne ti prea mult.
It is neither iron nor gold. It isn’t either iron or gold. You must neither read too much nor rest too much. You musn’t either read too much or rest too much.
LEC IA 7 TO BE - past I was I was not(wasn’t) You were You were not(weren’t) He was She was It was We were You were They were -------------------------Ex: Were you at home last night? They were glad to see us.
Was I? Were you?
Was I not?(wasn’t I?) Were you not?(weren’t you?)
Ai fost acas asear ? S-au bucurat(au fost bucuro i) când ne-au v zut.
TO HAVE - past I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They had Ex: She had a pet when she was a little girl.(Ea a avut un animal favorit când era mic .) ---------------Have, had se mai folosesc în englez pt. : - a se distra: had a good time - a mânca, a bea : He had a lovely meal.; She had a glass of beer.; had dinner. - doar HAD se mai folose te pt.: a trebuit, trebuia(vezi lec ia 10) =trecutul lui „must”
CAN- past I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They
could
Ex.: He couldn’t go to school yesterday. 5
Se mai folose te în englez i cu vb. care arat o aptitudine. - Could you ride well at that time? (C l reai bine pe vremea aceea?) - Could he ski when he was young? ( tia s schieze când era tân r?) Yes, he could ski very well.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale: MUCH = mult, mult He never eats much. MANY = mul i, multe He hasn’t got many records. A LOT (OF) = mult, mult ,mul i,multe De obicei, se folose te a lot (of) în propozi iile afirmative în loc de much sau many: - He likes to eat a lot. - She has a lot of friends. ------------Se mai folosesc în expresii : cât, câte - Cât cost ? = How much is it? - Câte fiice avea? = How many daughters had he?
LEC IA 8 GRADELE DE COMPARA IE ALE ADJECTIVELOR 1. adjectivele de o silab formeaz superlativul ad ugând EST: high(înalt) tall(înalt) long(lung) -
higher(mai înalt) taller(mai înalt) longer
-
comparativul ad ugând ER
(the) highest(cel mai înalt) (the)tallest(cel mai înalt) (the)longest
i
:despre lucruri :despre persoane
2.adjectivele de o silab terminate într-o singur consoan precedat de o singur vocal dubleaz consoana final înainte de er i de est: big thin(sub ire)-
bigger thinner
- (the)biggest - (the)thinnest
3.adjectivele de o silab terminate în -e adaug numai -r ; -st: nice(dr gu , gustos) fine
- nicer - finer
- (the)nicest - (the) finest
4.adjectivele terminate în y precedate de o consoan schimb y cu i i se adaug er i est: dry(uscat) drier - (the) driest ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CONJUN II I EXPRESII UZUALE Tony is as young as me(John;I am) la fel de...ca i not so tall as nu a a de...ca i not as short as nu la fel de...ca i older than Mary(he is;them) mai...decât the younger of the two mai...din ei doi(câteodat i cel mai din doi) the tallest of the three cel mai...din (of us all;of you all;of all) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Adjectivele din mai multe silabe formeaz comparativul cu more i superlativul cu the most. (R nu se pronun când more este rostit izolat sau este urmat de un cuv. care începe cu o consoan ; dar se pronun când cuv. urm tor începe cu o vocal ex: more interesting) confortable more confortable (the) most confortable careless more careless (the) most careless neatent(neglijent) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unele adjective form. comparativul i superlativul în mod neregulat: much(mult,mult ) more(mai mult) - (the)most(cel mai mult) many(mul i,multe) good better (the) best bad(r u,prost) worse(mai r u) (the) worst(cel mai r u) ill(bolnav) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Folosirea prepozi iilor from(de,din,de pe) se folose te doar în propozi iile care nu exprim ideea de existen in, on, under, behind în celelalte propozi ii The dress in the wardrobe is blue. Rochia din dulap este albastr . She wants to take the dress from the wardrobe. Vrea s ia rochia din dulap. The mouse on the cheese looks very clever. oarecele de pe ca caval pare f. de tept. My mother wants to take the mouse from the cheese. Mama vrea s ia oarecele de pe The elephant under the bad is a toy elephant. Elefantul de sub pat este un elefant de j. My baby takes the elephant from under the bed. ia elefantul de sub pat. The cat behind the curtain is in fact a kitten. Pisica de dup perdea este de fapt o pisicu The cat is coming out from behind the curtain. Pisica iese de dup perdea. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expresii uzuale: It’s too dear. It’s quite cheap.
E prea scump( ). E destul de ieftin .
grow = a cultiva(legume), a cre te(hair, oranges); grown-ups=adul i
LEC IA 9 Expresii uzuale(din Viitorul Simplu): Will you please open the window? Vrei, te rog, s deschizi fereastra? Will you please come with me? Vrei, te rog, s vii cu mine? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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IMPORTANT:
PAST TENSE simple Ac iune terminat în trecut La verbele regulate se formeaz prin ad ugarea termina iei ed la forma de infinitiv(forma g sit în dic ionar; ex.:to like) ; la interogativ se folose te did; negativ: did not(didn’). Am cântat bine la pian? A muncit dl. Clifford mult(din greu) ieri? Did I play the piano well? Did Mr. Clifford work hard yesterday? Yes, you played it very well. Yes, he worked very hard. Yes, you did. No, he did not work very hard. No, you didn’t play it very well. La verbele neregulate se formeaz astfel: S+forma2 a vb.(lista cu vb. neregulate se înva pe de rost Engl. f r prof./p.358) În cazul condi ionalelor(if clause) trecutul simplu se poate traduce cu condi ionaluloptativ românesc „a cânta” iar T.P.S. cu „a fi cântat”(în principal se folose te would(should)=a ...sau would (should) have=a fi...(vezi lec ia 18)). Întreb rile disjunctive la past tense(cu did) I played tennis well, didn’t I? Am jucat tenis bine, nu-i a a? I didn’t play tennis well, did I? N-am jucat tenis bine, a a-i? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ATEN IE(din Andrei Banta ) Pt. c PrezentulPerf.S. i Trecutul S. se traduc la fel tb. precizat: Dac momentul(last months; three days ago) sau ac iunea este localizat sau dac textul este de domeniul unei relat ri, reportaj se folose te Trecutul S. Deci, Past Tense arat un moment determinat(terminat în trecut) al ac iunii de cele mai multe ori precizat prin adverbe de timp precis iar Present Perfect are ca func ie principal indicarea anteriorit ii(moment început în trecut i continuat i în prezent sau termin. f. recent). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expresii uzuale: always often = adesea ever = vreodat sometimes never seldom = (a)rareori ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IMPORTANT:
PARTICIPIUL TRECUT Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formeaz întocmai ca i trecutul lor. Part. trecut al vb. neregulate se înva din lista de vb. neregulate de la pg. 358. Ex.: There are many learned men in our country. Sunt mul i oameni înv a i în . ns. Many appreciated writers took part in the conference. Mul i scriitori aprecia i au luat parte la conferin . ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ADVERBUL Adverbul se formeaz de obicei prin ad ugarea termina iei ly adjectivului din care provin dar exist i adverbe care au aceea i form cu adjectivul c rora le corespunde. În cazul ad ug rii termina iei ly intervine o schimbare de sens. Ex.: hard= din greu, intens hardly= cu greu, de abia Adjectiv Adverb She is nice She writes nicely careless carelessly beautiful beautifully Adverbe cu aceia i form ca adjectivul:fast, hard, etc. The plaine is fast(Avionul este rapid) It goes fast(El merge repede)
LEC IA 10 IMPERATIVUL (FORMA NEGATIV ) Do not ask that! Don’t say it! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD se mai folose te în expresii pt.: TREBUIA, A TREBUIT (must = trebuie) Trebuia neap rat s ajung acolo la timp. I really had to be there in time A trebuit s fac baie în 10 min. She had to bath in ten minutes. A trebuit s te duci s -i vezi a a de târziu? Did you have to go and see them so late? Nu trebuia s -i spui. You didn’t have to tell her. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: LET Let’s go! S mergem! Let her take her dog away! S - i ia câinele de aici! Let her bath quickly! S fac baie repede! Let him speak! Las -l s vorbeasc ! Let me, him, her, it, us, them come;stay; read
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: HERE; THERE(iat ,am ajuns,poftim) Here he is. Iat -l(aici). Here is my friend Charlie. Iat -l pe prietenul meu Charlie(aici) Here he come. Uite-l c vine(aici). There he is. Iat -l(acolo). There are my neighbours. Iat -i pe vecinii no tri.(acolo)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: THERE MUST; THERE MAY There must be a misunderstanding. There may be trouble for you there.
Trebuie s fie o neîn elegere. S-ar putea s ai necazuri acolo.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: May I introduce my son to you? How do you do? Ce mai faci?,Bun ziua
9
I am glad to meet you. Îmi pare bine s v cunosc. It was nice meeting you. Mi-a f cut pl cere s v cunosc. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA I ORDINEA ÎN PROPOZI IE PT. PRONUMELE:
mie, ie, lui, ei, nou , lor
to me, you, him, her, us, them
Give me that book, please. D -mi, te rog, cartea aceea. Give it to me, not to my brother. D -mi-o mie, nu fratelui meu. Did he lend you the newspaper? i-a împrumutat ziarul? Did he lend the newspaper to you? ie i-a împrumutat ziarul? No, he didn’t. He lent it to my sister. Nu. I l-a împrumutat surorii mele.
LEC IA 11 IMPORTANT:
PAST TENSE continuous S + to be(trecut) + vb+ing Ex.: You were reading a magazine. Citeai o revist . Mrs. Clifford was sewing when Tony came. D-na. C. cosea când Tony a venit. I was sleeping when the rain started. Dormeam când ploaia a început. They were dancing while Lavinia was learning. Dansau în timp ce L. înv a. Was the sun shining when she looked out of the window? ÎNTREB RILE DISJUNCTIVE: The sun was shining in the sky, wasn’t it? The sun was not(wasn’t) shining in the sky, was it? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expresii uzuale:
so.....that
atât de.....încât
I was so tired last night that I slept like a log(bu tean). It is so late that I can’t call in at the butcher’s.(E atât de târziu încât nu pot trece pe la m cel rie) We are so busy that we can’t go to the cinema with you. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii: had(pt. trecut), must(pt. prez.) + past participle I had my hair done yesterday. M-am coafat ieri. Trebuia s m întâlnesc cu o veche prieten . I had to meet an old friend. You had your shoes mended, hadn’t you? i-ai reparat pantofii, nu? She had to have a new dress made. Trebuie s - i fac (s - i dea la f cut) o rochie nou . You must have your nails manicured. Trebie s v face i manichiura. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Numele unor magazine se formeaz prin ad ugarea ’s numelui profesiei: barber’s(hairdresser’s) = frizerie grocer’s = b c nie(zah r, f in , cafea) butcher’s = m cel rie confectioner’s = cofet rie chemist’s = farmacie tailor’s = croitor
10
LEC IA 12(SHALL and WILL)
VIITORUL SIMPLU(NEDEFINIT)
THE FUTURE INDEFINITE
Ex.: I shall begin now. Voi începe acum You will see him tomorow. Ai s -l vezi mâine. He will write her a letter. Îi va scrie o scrisoare. There will be plenty of fruit, won’t there? Vor fi fructe din bel ug, nu-i a a? I shall go by train We ’ll make a good impression shall not be late shan’t He will She ’ll It will not You won’t They --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ATEN IE: SHALL i WILL se pot inversa între persoanele I, II sau III pt. a exprima pt. pers I ideea de voin , promisiune, hot râre iar pt. pers. II i III ideea de necesitate, ordin, obliga ie. Ex.: I will do my best. Î i promit s fac tot posibilul. You shall drink that glass of milk, even if you don’t like it. Î i poruncesc s bei p... He shall tell her the truth. El trebuie s -i spun adev rul. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Will poate avea sensul de a vrea, a voi, a binevoi Ex.: Will you bring me that book? Vrei s -mi aduci cartea aceea? He won’t go to school Nu vrea s se duc la coal . I won’t explain him the rule again. Nu vreau s -i explic regula din nou. I won’t see him again. Nu vreau s -l mai v d. (aten ie: will nu shall) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TO BE GOING TO a. se poate folosi în locul viitorului cu shall i will: He is going to leave for London. Va pleca la Londra. It is going to rain. Are s plou . b. exprim inten ia: I am going to take one suit-case with me.(Am de gând s iau un sg. geamantan cu mine) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAN nu are viitor. La viitor se înlocuie te cu to be able to(a putea, a fi în stare) Ex.: I shall be able to visit you next week(Voi putea s v fac o vizit s pt mâna viitoare) MUST nu are viitor. La viitor se înlocuie te cu to have to(a trebui) Ex.: He will have to go there on Monday(Va trebui s se duc luni acolo). -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
SHALL ÎN ÎNTREB RI se traduce adesea prin conjunctivul românesc Ex.: Shall I ring you up tomorrow? S - i telefonez mâine? Shall I bring you the book? S - i aduc cartea?
LEC IA 13
PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU traducere: am citit în propozi ii lucreaz ;o are în fraze pt. exprimarea anteriorit ii vezi c r ile de liceu cls. X selec ii S+have/has+vb.(III) Ex.: Ai(a i) citit cartea aceasta? Have you read this book? N-au plecat înc , nu-i a a? They haven’t gone yet, have they? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aten ie: Prez. Perf. Simplu pt. to be i to have Forma III a vb. to be este been; a nu se confunda din acest motiv PPS cu alte timpuri. Ex.: De când sunt prieteni? How long have they been friends? Sunt prieteni de ani de zile. They have been friends for years.(since 1960) How long(since when) has she had that car? De când are ma ina aceea? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Se folose te cu FOR i SINCE -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aten ie: folosirea în fraze e în fc . de timpul din române te: Trecutul simplu(ac . termin. în trecut) She has had it since she graduated. O are de când a absolvit facultatea. She has had it since she has worked in this office. O are de când lucreaz în acest birou. Prez.Perf.Simplu(ac . încep. în trec. i cont. în prez.) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pt. diferen a dintre PPS i TS vezi ex. 247/p.208 din Engl. f r prof. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU S+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing
Ac iunea: început în trecut, continuat în prez. i posibil în viitor; Aten ie: se deosebe te de PPS datorit verbelor cu aspect progresiv continuu(a citi, a înv a, a preda,a conduce(ma ina), etc.) Ex.: What has he been doing since this morning? Ce face de azi diminea ? He has been revising for his exam. Înva pt. examen. How long have you been teaching in this school? De când predai... ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Important: pt. a vedea diferen a între PPS, PPC i TS (ex.249/p210): 1. De când înve i engleze te? PPC ac iune trecut,prez.,~viitor i verb progresiv cont. 2. Ce-ai f cut ieri diminea ? TS(did) ac . trecut încheiat i timpul precizat exact 3. Ce-ai f cut toat s pt mâna aceasta? PPS interval de timp înc neîncheiat etc. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale: big i large se refer la volum, capacitate sau cantitate iar great la importan This volume is very thick.It has many pages. thick = gros empty = gol(goal ) full = plin( ) The engine of a car is heavy. It is not light. greu; u or This question is difficult. It is not easy. greu: u or -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prepozi ii i expresii: There is a piece of cheese on a plate on the kitchen table. (Este o bucat de brânz , pe o farfurie, pe masa din buc t rie.) There are several chairs round the kitchen table.(În jurul mesei din buc t rie sunt mai multe scaune) Below(sub) the kitchen floor there is a cellar(pivni a) and above(deasupra) the kitchen ceiling, there is the garret(podul). The cupboard is against one of the kitchen walls and opposite the cupboard there is the clock. (Dulapul se afl lipit de unul dintre pere ii buc t riei i fa
în fa
cu dulapul se afl ceasornicul.)
below the clock = sub ceas under gas cooker = sub aragaz a butterfly comes through the window = un fluture intr pe(prin) fereastr it flies up to = zboar în sus throws the butterfly out of the window = arunc fluturele pe fereastr
LEC IA 14 alt, alt al i, alte cealalt celelalte
Another Other The other
book books book books
is are is are
is Another are Other is The other are others mine(a mea) your These French magazines are his hers This fat little dog is ours This bad tape-recorder is yours theirs altul, alta al ii, altele cel lalt, cealalt ceilal i, celelalte This old car is
on the table in front of you
here in the room on the floor It belongs to
me(mie) you They belong him to her It belongs to us you them
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13
Expresii uzuale: He can’t hear. He’s deaf. smell=miros; odour=miros (pl cut sau nepl cut) He can’t see. He’s blind. fragrance = miros pl cut(parfum) Can you smell the smell of roast chicken? No, I can’t. I have a cold(guturai).
Exprimarea faptului de a fi mirat i impresionat What a charming girl! Ce fat fermec toare! How pretty your house is! Ce dr gu e casa voast ! -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: which=pe care,care(din mai mul i(multe)); what = care Which of them shall I lend you? Pe care vrei s i-o ( i le) împrumut? Which book did you like best? Care carte i-a pl cut mai mult? My sons are twins. I don’t always know which is which. Nu îi deosebesc întotdeauna. What is your name? What is the capital of France? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Imperativul cu YOU exprim un ordin categoric sau precizeaz persoana: You stop that noise at once! Încetez imediat cu zgomotul! You boil the eggs while I toast the bred! Tu fiebe ou le în timp ce eu pr jesc pâinea. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: two of them= doi dintre ei both= amândoi I saw two of them in the street this morning. doi dintre ei The two of them(both of them) are very fat. amândoi
LEC IA 15 Compu ii lui some, any, no + thing, where, body, one (+ else) EXPRESII UZUALE: some: se folose te în propozi iile afirmative i se traduce prin ni te, ceva, câ iva, câteva, pu in( ). Ex.: There is some tea left(A mai r mas ni te(pu in) ceai). any: în prop. interogative i negative =ni te, câteva, câ iva, pu in( ), vreo respectiv=nu, nici un, nici o. Ex.: Is there any milk in that bottle? E pu in lapte în sticl ? any în prop. afirmative = oricare, orice Ex.:Take any record you like. no se folose te în propozi iile negative, cu verbul la form afirmativ i se traduce prin nu, nici un, nici o, ca i not any. Ex.. He has no new people(s). N-are nici un elev nou. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: somebody(someone) = cineva(prop. afirm.) anybody(anyone) = cineva(prop. inter.),nimeni(prop. neg., vb. neg.), oricine(prop. afirm.) nobody(no one) something = ceva somewhere = undeva anything = ceva(prop. interog.),nimic(prop. neg.,vb. la forma neg.),orice(prop. afirm.) anywhere = undeva,nic ieri,oriunde nothing = nimic nowhere = nic ieri 14
ATEN IE: CEVA: „something” în prop. afirm. i „anything” în cele interogative NIMIC: „nothing” când vb. e afirmativ i „anything” când vb. e negativ UNDEVA: „somewhere” în prop. afirm. i „anywhere” în prop. interog. NIC IERI: „nowhere” când vb. e afirmativ i „anywhere” când vb. e neg. ORIUNDE: „anywhere” în prop. afirm. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Somebody, someone, something, somewhere cât i formele lor pt. interogativ i negativ (anybody, nobody) pot fi înso ite de else = -alt Ex.: I saw somebody(someone) else there (Am v zut pe altcineva acolo). Pt. obi nuirea dintre prop. afirm. i cele inter. i neg. ex. 306/247 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
nici unul (una) any i none =dintre mai mul i either i neither = din doi any=vreunul Ex.:Have you met any of my pupils?(I-ai cun. pe vreunii dintre elevii mei?) any=nici unul Ex.: I don’t know any of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. neg.) none=nici unul Ex.: I know none of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. afirm.) either=vreunul Ex.: Have you met either ( vreuna ) of my two daughters? either = nici unul Ex.. I haven’t met either of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una. neither = nici unul Ex.. I’ve met neither of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S-A ÎNTÂMPLAT, DIN ÎNTÂMPLARE, ÎNTÂMPLAREA A F CUT S , ÎNTÂMPL TOR = It so happened that I I happened It so happened that we heard (didn’t hear) the telephone bell. (S-a întâmplat s auzim tel.) We happened to hear (not to hear) the telephone bell. The girl happened to be very pretty. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: You are wicked = E ti r u ( în general ) You are being wicked = E ti r u (în cazul de fa cu implica ia c de obicei nu este) Se folose te i cu : nasty(nesuferit), mean(urâcios,meschin) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------POLISEMIA LUI JOIN: - a uni A bridje joins the two banks(Un pod une te cele dou maluri) - a se întâlni - a se înscrie He is going to join our club.(Se va înscrie în clubul nostru) - a se al tura(la o petrecere, joc, conversa ie) - a se înrola (în armat ) He joined the army. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A A TEPTA to wait for - implic a teptare activ to expect - implic a teptare pasiv
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LEC IA 16 Când pronumele interogativ sau subs. precedat de un adjectiv interogativ este subiect, predicatul din propozi ia interogativ r mâne la forma obi niut (cea din propozi iile afirmative):What impressed you most? Whose (al cui, a c rui) horse came first? Când sunt complemente directe, interogativul se formeaz cu do, does sau did: What do you want? Whom = who(în scris i în vorbirea îngrijit ) = which Whom did you meet? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The man(driver, girl) whom(that) I saw is mad(cousin). Whom (that) se folose te cu persoane. whom = pe care, pe cine, c ruia The picture (statue, painting) which (that) I noticed was very expensive. Which (that) se folose te cu lucruri, animale. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself; ourselves; yourselves; themselves se folose te în diateza reflexiv în anumite expresii, i ca pronume de înt rire: M privesc în oglind = I am looking myself in the mirror. Vorbea singur = He was talking to himself. Am f cut-o eu însumi = I did it myself. Pronumele de înt rire se poate plasa dup subiect(I myself read it)când accentuiaz sensul sau la sfâr itul propozi iei(I read it myself) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: unul pe altul, unul pe cel lalt = each other = one another -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------diateza pasiv S + to be + past participle -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE:(neither(nor), either) Nici mie nu-mi place piperul. I don’t like pepper either. Neither do I like pepper. (aten ie se inverseaz ) Nici el nu poate comite astfel de erori. Neither (Nor) can he commit such errors. He can’t commit such errors either. Nici el nu este un om gelos. He isn’t a jealous man either. Neither (Nor) is he a jealous man. EXPRESIA: LA FEL I My parent’s bedroom is upstairs and so is mine. I like this scent(parfum) and so does my sister. I shall go to the library tomorrow and so will my friend. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESIA: DA, A A ESTE A fost obraznic. Da, a a este. He was cheeky. So, he was.
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LEC IA 17
ATEN IE CONCORDAN A TIMPURILOR ÎN FRAZE ROMÂNE TE 1. T - P 2. T- T 3. T-V 4. V-V
ENGLEZ TT TT Perf. Simplu sau Cont. T Simplu - Future in the Past V- P. Simplu
1. A. Îmi spuneai c vrei s te odihne ti un timp. aten ie You told me that you wanted to rest for a while. spuneai se traduce cu T.S nu B. Spera i c profesorul nu poate veni. spera i cu T.C. You hoped that the theacher couldn’t come. C. Mi-a spus c sora ei e la coal . He told me that her sister was at school. În rom. se poate folosi trecut - prezent( i t.-t.) dar în englez numai trecut - trecut. 2. A. I thought that Lavinia had finished the book. B. Speram c a f cut o bun impresie acolo. aten ie speram se trad. cu T.S. I hoped he had cut a good figure there. C. Ne-a spus c b trânul a fost c lcat de o ma in . She told us that the old man had been run over by a car. aten ie had been este TPS D. Le-am spus c -i vizitez pe p rin ii lor de mul i ani. I told them that I had been visiting their parents for many years. TPCont. Când în rom. se folose te trecut- trecut (sau trecut- prezent dar este o ac . trecut anterioar unei alte ac . trecute i neterminat ) în englez se folose te Trecut-Trecut Perfect Simplu sau Cont. Regula e u or de dedus pt. c prin astfel de fraze se exprim anterioritatea(pt. care se folos. TPS sau TPC)
3. A. Eram sigur c nu v va dezam gi. I was sure that he wouldn’t disapoint you. B. Spunea c va trebui s se coafeze. aten ie spunea, eram se trad. cu TS She said she would have to have her hair done. C. Ai promis c nu-l vei certa. You promised you wouldn’t scold him. În rom. se folose te trecut - viitor iar în engl. se folose te trecut - Future in the Past. 4. În englez , când în propozi ia principal se folose te viitorul, în propozi ia subordonat temporal (introdus prin when, whenever, till, until, as soon as, as long as, etc.) sau condi ional (introdus prin if ) se folose te prezentul. I shall see you when (if ) I have time (it is possible). -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
EXPRESII: for me, you, him, her, us, you, them O sa-i cump r m un cadou. We’ll buy a present for her. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FOLOSIREA LUI SEVERAL I MORE Mi-a spus c are mai multe romane engleze ti. several se folose te când poate fi She told me she had several English novels. înlocuit i cu câteva, câ iva Mi-a spus c are mai multe c r i române ti decât engleze ti. She told me she had more Romanian books than English books.
LEC IA 18 Exprimarea condi ionalului optativ din rom. „a mânca” se face cu should i would. În engleza contemporan „would” se poate folosi i la pers. I sg. i pl. Ex.: I would like a vrea s , mi-ar pl cea s We would be very glad am fi foarte bucuro i s El n-ar face una ca asta. He wouldn’t do such a thing. (El) ar putea s citeasc ac. carte Engl. He could read this English book. ATEN IE Ar putea s o piard . He might lose it. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF CLAUSE Dac
ar cânta ar fi cântat
PRINCIPALA
T.S. T.P.S.(had+vb.3)
ar...(would, should+vb.) (Future in the Past) aten ie: ar putea = could Pt. a ine minte regula : în mod normal ambele ar trebui s se formeze cu F. in the Past dar are prioritate principala. Am face o excursie în Italia dac am economisi destui bani. T.S. We should go on a trip to Italy if we saved enough money. Dac n-a fi v zut eu însumi, nu mi-a face griji. If I hadn’t seen it myself I shouldn’t worry. T.P.S. Se mai poate folosi urm toarea form : vezi tabelul de la sfâr itul lec iei
Aten ie pt. c la la unele prop. sensul e clar de viitor dar se exprim prin trecut : Ex.: Dac vremea ar fi frumoas ne-am duce la plimbare. If the weather were fine we should go for a walk. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AR TREBUI = I, You, He, She, We, You, They should (should not(shouldn’t) Ex.: You should go and see the film. Ar trebui s te duci s vezi filmul. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18
A PUTEA, AI PUTEA
I could, You could Ex.: N-am putea fi sup ra i pe ea. We couldn’t be angry with her. Ai putea cump ra aceast cravat pentru tata? Could you buy this tie for father. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AR PUTEA(în sensul de posibilitate) It might rain in the afternoon. S-ar putea s plou dup -amiaz . They might come any minute now. Ar putea sosi din clip în clip .
AR FI PUTUT (MIGHT HAVE VB3) He might have helped you. Te-ar fi putut ajuta. It might have snowed. S-ar fi putut s ning . They might have gone to the seaside. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI „a fi cump rat, ai fi cump rat...” should(would)+have+vb3 Ex.: Would you have bought that...? Ai fi cump rat acel... Yes, I should have bought it. Da, l-a fi cump rat. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESIA: ar fi trebuit S+should(la toate pers.)+have+vb3 Ex.: I should have given him a good thrashing, but I hadn’t the heart. (Ar fi trebuit s -i trag o b taie bun dar nu m-a l sat inima.) He shouldn’t have stolen them. (N-ar fi trebuit s le fure.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXPRESIA: „a fi putut, ai fi putut...” S+could+have+vb3 Ex.: I could have solved the problem. A fi putut rezolva problema. Could you have eaten all the cakes? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IF CLAUSE IF CLAUSE PRINCIPALA TPS(had+vb3) should(would)+have+vb3 dac a fi, ai fi...+vb. a fi, ai fi...+vb. aten ie: ar fi trebuit = had had ar fi putut = could have If the mud hadn’t been so deep, the wheels of the car wouldn’t have got stuck in it. Dac noroiul n-ar fi fost atât de mare, ro ile ma inii nu s-ar fi înpotmolit în el. We shouldn’t have missed the train if we had hurried a bit. N-am fi pierdut trenul dac ne-am fi gr bit pu in. Se mai poate folosi urm toarea form : Had we hurried a bit, we shouldn’t have missed the train. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ALT FORM A CONDI IONALEI IF CLAUSE Should(la toate pers.)+ vb.1
PRINCIPAL S+should(pers. 1)+ vb. 1 would Should they invite me to the party, I should refuse them. Dac m-ar invita la petrecere i-a refuza. Should you call on the Cliffords now you would meet Lavinia there.
LEC IA 19 Diferite excep ii: 1. Dup verbele to make i to let urmeaz infinitivul scurt (f r to): Ex.: He made her come with him. A pus-o s vin cu el. He let her come with him. A l sat-o s vin cu el. 2. Dup verbe ca to see, to hear, to watch, to feel urmez fie infinitivul scurt, fie forma în ing: Ex.: I heard her sing(ing). Am auzit-o cântând. She watched him eat(ing) L-a privit cum m nânc . 3. Dup verbe ca to want, to wish, to expect, to like poate urma un acuzativ+infinitivul cu to. Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea voia ca el s plece. They expected Mary to answer. Se a teptau ca Mary s r spund . Aceast construc ie se folose te atunci când ac iunea celui de-al doilea verb este f cut de alt persoan decât subiectul primului verb. Dac acuzativul se omite, se subîn elege c ac iunea celui de-al doilea verb este înf ptuit de subiect. Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea vroia ca el s plece. She wanted to go. Ea vroia s plece. 4. Dup verbe ca to belive, to consider, to think, to report se folose te aceea i construc ie (She belives him to be a good student) cu deosebirea c ideea poate fi exprimat i în felul urm tor: She belives that he is a good student. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------He is said to sing very well She was heard to speak English correctly The student happens to have a good English pronunciation. The girl seems is likely is sure prez. They are given some new book trecut The children were offered some picture postcards viitor The Browns will be lent pens ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Exprimarea unor lucruri generale (impersonale) diateza pasiv : Valuable archaelogic discoveries are made in our country nowadays. În zilele noastre se fac descoperiri arheologice pre ioase în ara noastr . Valuable archaelogic discoveries are being made in our country nowadays. În zilele noastre(chiar în momentul de fa ) se fac descoperiri arh. pre ioase în . ns. Many interesting opinions were put forward at the conference yesterday. La conferin a de ieri s-au expus multe p reri interesante. Modern blocks of flats have been built in Bucharest in the last few years. În ultimii ani s-au construit în Bucure ti blocuri moderne. He told me that new data about outer space had been obtained. Mi-a spus c s-au ob inut date noi în leg tur cu spa iul cosmic. Rich crops will be obtained this year. Anul acesta se vor ob ine recolte bogate.
Diat. pasiv se formeaz cu participiul trecut. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pt. accentuare se poate folosi do la imperativ i la indicativul prezent i trecut, în propozi iile afirmative: Do come here! Vino-ncoace (neap rat, te rog)! I do want it. O vreau (cu adev rat, neap rat). She did know it. O tia (cu siguran , f r îndoial ). aten ie vb.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
A face mai bine s , ai face mai bine s ...=I had better + vb.1 Ex.: He had better start learning. Ar face mai bine s înceap s înve e. ---------------------
A prefera s , ai prefera s ...=I had rather +vb.1 I would rather + vb.1 She had rather drink a glass of vermouth than one of lemonade. Ar prefera s bea un pahar de vermut decât unul de limonad . We would rather travel by plane than by train. Am prefera s c l torim cu avionul decât cu trenul. ------------------------Expresia Having + vb.(2, 3)= dup ce... deoarece...(se poate traduce i cu „as”) pt. m.m.c.p. românesc
Ex.:Having raised the tent, the two men congratulated one another. Dup ce au ridicat cortul cei doi b rba i s-au felicitat. Having seen the film, I refused the invitation to go with them to the cinema. (As I had seen the film, I refused their invitation to go with them to the cinema.) Deoarece v zusem filmul, am refuzat invita ia lor de a m duce cu ei la cinema.
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LEC IA 20 (rar întâlnit) ADJECTIVUL POSESIV(my, your, his, her, our, their) CU VB.+ING Ex.: Mother is proud of my speaking English so well. Mama e mândr c eu vorbesc engleze te atât de bine. I insisted on their staying a little longer. Am insistat ca ei s stea un pic mai mult. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI I SPA IULUI It’s a ten minutes walk to their villa. aten ie: „it’s” nu „there is” Sunt 10 minute de mers pân la vila lor. It’s ten miles to the next village. Sunt 10 mile pân la satul urm tor. Where shall we be in another twenty years? Unde vom fi peste al i 20 de ani? -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------For me, you, him, her, us, them (for-Infinitive construction) It is important for me to buy a house. She bought a magazine for me to read. B iatului îi este greu = It’s difficult for the boy = E greu pt. b iat -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pronumele relative whom, which(la acuzativ) se pot omite, prepozi ia care le precede plasându-se la sfâr it: Ex.: The man you’re talking about is a doctor. (The man about whom you’re talking is a doctor.) The book he’s looking for is here. (The book for which he’s looking is here.) EXPRIM RILE CONCENTRATE sunt specifice limbii engleze; reprezint de obicei condensarea a dou propozi ii: He shouted himself hoarse=He shouted until he became hoarse=A strigat pân a r gu it. She sang the baby to sleep. L-a adormit pe copil cântându-i. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to worth = a merita EXPRESII UZUALE is doing it aten ie: It isn’t worth reading that book - it isn’t, wasn’t i nu doesn’t wasn’t the trouble(osteneala) -dup worth urmeaz vb.+ing the money i nu infinitiv(to read) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------You ought to pay her a visit = S-ar cuveni s -i faci o vizit . You ought to have visited her from time to time = S-ar fi cuvenit s o vizitezi din când în când. You shouldn’t buy so many handkerchiefs = N-ar trebui s cumperi atâtea batiste. Tom shouldn’t have bought that tie = Tom, n-ar fi trebuit s cumpere cravata aceea.
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You shouldn’t have insisted = Nu trebuia s insi ti. The doctor must have been detained in the hospital = Dr. trebuie s fi fost re inut la spital. He has to learn his lesson = Trebuie s - i înve e lec iile. They will have to punish him = Vor trebui s -l pedepseasc .
He is to have a talk with the architect, isn’t he? Urmeaz s stea de vorb cu arhitectul, nu? They are to meet and have a talk about the plans for the house= Urmeaz s se întâlneasc i ... He was to go to the mountain = Trebuia(urma) s plece la munte. You don’t need to persuade me he is a good architect=Nu trebuie(nu e nevoie) s m convingi c el e un bun arhitect. You needn’t have driven me to the station = N-ar fi trebuit s m duci la gar cu ma ina. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SHALL, WILL + BE + vb.+ing What will you be doing tomorrow at this time of the day? Ce-o s face i mâine la ora asta? At eight o’clock tomorow we shall be taking leave of our neighbours. Mâine la ora 8 o s ne lu m r mas bun de la vecinii no tri. Today week they will be basking in the sun at the seaside. De azi într-o s pt mân vor face plaj la mare. When she is away he will be thinking about her. Când ea va fi plecat el se va gândi la ea. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unii vorbitori de limba englez , în vorbirea familiar , omit pronumele cu func ie de subiect. Ex.: Thought you’d gone without me. Am crezut c a i plecat f r mine. Seems rather tedious to me. Mi se pare cam plicticos.
VOCABULAR alluring = ademenitor, tentant to admitt = a recunoa te asleep = adormit awfully = îngrozitor(oare) bacon = costi to bake(a cake) = a coace(o pr jitur ) to bask = a se înc lzi(la soare);a face plaj to bath = a se sc lda, a face baie beard = barb besides = lâng ,pe deasupra, în afar de to bind,bound,bound = a lega boil = a fierbe careless = neatent(neglijent)
ham = unc hen = g in lend, lent = a împrumuta lettuce = salat verde (to speak) loud = (a vorbi) tare to live = a locui to mend = a repara novel = roman (to) pour = a turna, v rsa purse = pung quite(moderate) = cât se poate de (moderat) to race = a ambala(motorul) scold = a certa
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ceiling = tavan cheap = ieftin( ) chips = cartofi pai comb = pieptene confectioner’s = cofet rie cough = a tu i to count = a num ra, SOCOTI dear(car) = (ma in )scump( ) cel mai drag = dearest elbow = cot at first = la început fleas = purici fragrance = miros pl cut(parfum) freckles = pistrui fair, blond = blond fizzy = acidulat( ) gay = vesel grapes = struguri to greet = a saluta grow = a cultiva(legume), a cre te(hair, oranges); grown-ups=adul i Whom = pe care, pe cine, c ruia Which = pe care...
sentence = propozi ie to shedd leaves = a scutura frunzele sheet = cear af shelf = raft ship = vapor slices of bread = felii de pâine slipper = papuc to stirr = a amesteca, a agita stuffy = închis(aer) sum = adunare swear = a înjura tall(tree) = (copac)înalt thick(book) = (carte) groas tipsy = ame it de b utur utter = a rosti(cuvinte) waiter = chelner warm = cald wheel = volan whom = pe care, pe cine = who=which whose = al cui, a c rui weak = sl bit wrist-watch = ceas de mân pt. persoane se folose te cu lucruri, animale
GUSTURI: dulce=sweet; amar=bitter; s rat=salted,salt(y),saline; acru=sour,tart P R:blond=blond,fair-haired; brunet=brunette,dark-haired ; aten=chestnut,brown-haired HAINE: pantaloni=trousers; costum=suit; fust =skirt; rochie=dress; bluz =blouse; c ma =shirt; osete(b rb te ti)=socks; palton,hain =coat; canadian =sport coat familiar oficial five (minutes) past twelve 12.05 twelve five (a) quarter past five 5.15 five fifteen half-past one 13.30 thirteen thirty twenty-five (minutes) to seven 18.35 eighteen thirty-five (a) quarter to ten 21.45 twenty-one forty-five The second of January, nineteen seventy-one DATA: 2nd January 1971 23(r)d April 1996 The twenty-third of April, nineteen ninety-six ORA:
Expresii: to learn by heart = a înv a pe dinafar saving money = a strânge bani look out of the window = a se uita pe fereastr to cut a good figure = a face impresie bun to pay a visit = a face o vizit to sleep like a log = a dormi bu tean
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to call in at the = a trece pe la to take a taxi = a lua un taxi the taxi will take us = taxiul ne va duce to get on(into) the train = a se urca în tren to give a lift = a duce cu ma ina to ring up = a suna(la telefon) to iron the trousers = a c lca pantalonii to be out of order = a fi stricat at once = imediat students in English = studen i la englez which of all = care din to i(toate) to let him alone = a-l l sa în pace we shan’t(shall not) mind = nu ne sup r m(în sensul de viitor) serve me right = a a-mi trebuie to be run over by a car = a fi c lcat de o ma in to have a hangover = a fi mahmur(beat) bottle of scent = ap de colonie to get in time to = a ajunge la timp I can’t grumble = nu pot s m plâng what film is on there = ce film ruleaz acolo to pull my leg = a m p c li It isn’t worth the trouble = nu merit osteneala They are to leave on Monday = Urmeaz s plece luni. today three weeks = de azi în 3 s pt mâni; two months today; tomorrow three weeks to take leave = a- i lua r mas bun to leave for Italy = a pleca în Italia to have my tooth filled(participiu trecut) = s -mi plombez m seaua to have his hair cut = s se tund
proverbe: Barking dogs seldom bite=Câinii care latr rar mu c . There is no rose without thorns (ghimpi). Out of sight, out of mind = Ochii care nu se v d se uit . Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. to put off = a amâna No man is born wise. CONJUNC IE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care leag dou propozi ii într-o fraz sau dou cuvinte cu acela i rol sintactic într-o propozi ie PREPOZI IE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care exprim raporturi sinctactice de dependen între p r ile diferite ale unei propozi ii
de repetat ex.: 167/p.144; 169/147; 205/p.179;208/181; 247/208; 443/348 (interog., neg. cu did have,didn’t have) aten ie: had = a trebuit, trebuia trecut must = trebuie prezent There must be a mistake. Trebuie s fie o gre eal . expresie 25
C R ILE DE LICEU( i complet ri din Andrei Banta ) CLS. X(1997)
The Present Participle(participiul prezent) The Present Participle (ending in -ing) often corresponds to the Romanian „gerunziu”. It is also used in the continuous form of verbs. Ex.: Reading a long novel I fell asleep. (Citind...) Walking about the park I was listening to the birds which were singing merrily. The Present Participle is sometimes treated as a noun. In such cases it may be preceded by the definite or the indefinite article or by an adjective. Ex.: The learning of the grammar rules is absolutely necessary. (Înv area...) Building of our school took several months. The solid training of our team helped us win the match We saw a meeting taking place in the market-square. When it used after prepositions it corresponds to a sentence in Romanian: Ex.: M-am gândit s m- duc la un muzeu=I have thought of going to a museum. Î i mul umesc fiindc m aju i=Thank you for helping me.
The Present Perfect Tense Simple(traducere: am citit, merg) indic anterioritatea fa de prezent S+have/has+vb.(III) Se folose te în urm toarele cazuri: 1. cu adverbe care exprim un timp nedefinit sau o frecven ca: ever, never, always, sometimes, often, seldom, rarely, usuallly, frequently, repeatedly Ex.: L-am întâlnit adesea pe la expozi ii. I have often met him at some exhibitions. 2.când ac iunea nu este localizat d.p.d.v. al timpului sau locului I have read the book. Ex.. Am citit cartea. 3. când ac iunea este început în trecut i se continu i în prezent(eventual i în viitor) Ex.: De când îl cuno ti? How long have you known him? I have known him for five years/since 1970. Aten ie: în cazul verbelor cu aspect progresiv continuu se folose te Present perfect continuous(Ex.: De când înve i engleze te? How long have you been studying English? I have been learning English for four years/since 1971(since I entered this school). 4. când ac iunea men ionat s-a efectuat în cadrul unui interval de timp înc neîncheiat, care mai continu i în prezent( i eventual i în viitor); se folos. cu today, this week... Ex.: L-am v zut de dou ori s pt mâna/luna/prim vara asta.
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I have seen/met him twice this week/month/spring 5. când ac iunea s-a efectuat( i terminat) foarte de curând; se folos. cu: lately, just, recently, in the last few days/weeks, of late Ex.. Abia a sosit. He has just come/arrived În ultima vreme nu l-am prea v zut. I have not seen much of him lately. 6. când ac iunea(neprecizat în timp, dar desigur de domeniul trecutului, deci încheiat ) are rezultate, consecin e, efecte vizibile în prezent: Ex.: A plouat. It has rained. 7. situa ia atipic înlocuind viitorul II din român în secundarele temporare, în cadrul regulilor coresponden ei timpurilor Î i voi împrumuta/Î i împrumut cartea dup ce o voi fi citit/ o voi citi/ o citesc eu. I shall/will lend you the the book after/when I have read it. Evident, în vorbirea indirect prezent perfect se va transforma în past perfect dac principala va fi la un timp trecut: Mi-a spus c va pleca la plimbare dup ce va fi mâncat/ dup ce m nânc / dup ce va mânca. He told me (that) he would go for a walk after/ when he had finished dinner. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS S+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing The P. P. C. shows an action which started in the past, is continuing in the present and is likely to continue also in the future. Se folos. cu since i for Ex.: My friends have been living in this town(since 1970; for 5 years). Prietenii mei locuiesc în acest ora .
DIATEZELE DIATEZA ACTIV : ac iunea verbului este îndeplinit
chiar de subiectul gramatical(indiferent dac ea se r sfrânge asupra unui complement direct sau nu) Ex.: The boy is reading (a book). DIATEZA PASIV (THE PASSIVE VOICE): subiectul gramatical sufer ac iunea unui verb tranzitiv, îndeplinit de altcineva(subiectul logic) Se formeaz cu vb to be i participiul trecut. Ex.: A letter was written by the boy yesterday. DIATEZA REFLEXIV : r sfrângerea ac iunii îndeplinite de subiect chiar asupra lui(verbe reflexive) Ex.: The boy washed and combed himself properly for his sister’s wedding. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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PAST PERFECT (se poate traduce cu mai-mult-ca-perfectul românesc(mâncase)) anterioritatea unei ac iuni trecute fa 1. simplu
de o alt ac iune trecut
S + had + vb.(III) indicarea unei ac iuni sau st ri trecute începute i terminate înaintea unei alte ac iuni trecute ori a unui moment din trecut; se folos cu: hardly, scarcely, no sooner, before, when... Ex.: After he had eaten he went for a walk Dup ce mâncase/a mâncat a plecat la plimbare. Hardly had the teacher come into the room when the pupils surrounded him. S vb.(în constrruc iile cu hardly, scarcely, no sooner se schimb ordinea) Aten ie: TPS se traduce i cu a fi, ai fi...+vb. în condi ionale(în if clause)
2. continu(se poate traduce cu imperfectul românesc(înv
a) sau chiar prezent(locuiesc))
S + had + been + vb.+ing indicarea unei ac iuni începute înaintea unei alte ac iuni trecute i înc neterminat continuînd pân în momentul acela Ex.. When I arrived at Sinaia, it had been raining for three days. Când am ajuns la Sinaia ploua de 3 zile. He had been learning Bulgarian for two years when he went to specialize to Sofia. Înv a bulgara de 2 ani când s-a dus s se specializeze la Sofia. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES
Future-in-the-Past
A Past Tense is followed by a (should, would) to express a future action. Indic posterioritatea(ulterioritatea) fa de un moment trecut. Ex.: This made Harold think that the Normans would not come any longer that year. He had to swear that he would help William. (A trebuit s jure c îl va ajuta pe W.) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Formarea substantivelor din verbe: the suffix added to the verb to form the noun is sometimes -er, as in climber, sometimes -or, as in editor
Viitorul simplu(The future indefinite) Ex.: I shall begin now. Voi începe acum You will see him tomorow. Ai s -l vezi mâine. He will write her a letter. Îi va scrie o scrisoare. I shall go by train We ’ll make a good impression shall not be late shan’t
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He She It You They
will ’ll will not won’t
Viitorul continuu(Future Tense Continuous) S + shall(will) + be + vb.+ing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pu in important The Nominative with the Infinitive(to go)(Indefinite or Perfect) is a construction in which the subject of a certain verb which is used in the Passive Voice is also the subject of a second verb which is in that case in the infinitive and which immediately follows the first verb. This construction is used: 1. with verbs denoting sense perception, such as: to see, to hear, etc. and verbs denoting mental activity, such as: to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose... Ex.: The car was seen to disappear in the distance. Who is said to have lived 2. with the verbs: to say, to report and to make Ex.: The sword was said to have magic powers. 3. with the phrases to be sure and to be certain Ex.: The news is certain to please everybody. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TO WISH + SUBJUNCTIVE ROM.: CONJUNCTIVUL
PREZ.: S MERG PERF.: S FI MERS When the verb to wish is followed by an objective clause the verb in such a clause has to be in the Past Tense: Ex.: I wish I found a larger dictionary. A dori s g sesc un If that verb is To Be we have to use Past Subjunctive of the verb which is were for all persons singular and plural(I, he, she, it, we, you, they, were). Ex.: I wish I were a student sooner. A dori s fiu student mai repede. She wishes she were in the mountains now.
If I.
Pr. S. Pr. C. II. Past Tense III. Past P. T. Simple
Main Future. T. S. Future. T. C. Would(should) + VB. Future in the Past Would(should) + had + vb.(III)
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NOUN CLAUSES : alternatives with WHETHER = dac (îns nu condi ional) (aten ie:weather =vreme) Ex.: He doubted whether formal visits would be of much help. wondered the little girl told the truth. worried discussed FAIRLY (destul de, cât se poate de) - is used with a pleasant or positive idea Ex.: Your composition was fairly good. RATHER(mai degrab , de fapt) - unpleasant or negative idea Ex.: This exercise will be rather difficult. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Since poate avea în elesul câteodat de because Ex.: Since he did not get along very well with his brother, he set out to make his own way in the world. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 1. adjective + noun + -ed or -d Ex.: gentle-faced 2. noun + Past Participle middle-aged; man-made 3. adverb + Past Participle well meant(bine inten ionat); far-fetched(exagerat) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF + WOULD If you would like me to try = Dac dori i s încerc. We’d be very happy if you would come to us next Sunday. Would is used after if when we are interested in the listener’s „wish” or „will” -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------When wish is followed by a sentence the verb of the subordinate sentence is either in the Past Tense or the Past Perfect Tense: Ex.. I wish I could help them = A vrea s o pot ajuta. I wish I had helped them = A vrea s o fi ajutat. I wish I knew what is happening = A vrea s tiu ce s-a întâmplat. They wished they had stayed at home = Ar fi vrut s fi stat acas . When wish is followed by the verb to be in the subordinate clause to be is used in the Past Subjunctive, which is were in all persons: Ex.: I wish I were in the mountains. She wished she were a pianist. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Past Perfect Passive S+had been(past perfect(simple) of „to be”)+Past participle Ex.: he had been killed by ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Subjunctive Mood I, He, She, We, You, They + Should + vb. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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POSIBILITY Present She may be at home. She might be at home now(stronger doubt). She may have had an accident. Ar putea s aib un accident. Past She might have had an accident. Ar fi putut... PROBABILITY Present She must be at home now. She must have had an accident. Past
Trebuie s fi avut un accident.
IMPOSIBILITY Present She can’t be at home now. Nu poate fi acas acum. He couldn’t be at a snack-bar now. Nu ar putea fi la bar acum. She couldn’t have had any engine trouble. Nu ar fi putut s aib ... Past
VOCABULAR(începând cu cls. X, lec ia 10) above = deasupra account = istorisire to advertise = a face reclam apprentice = a da la ucenicie astonish = uimit augment = a spori avenue = alee, bulevard aware = con tient beam = raz beyond = dup beware = a se p zi, a se feri bind, bound = a lega bounce = a rico a bound = limit , hotar; a s ri, legat broad = întins, larg, lat to cease = a înceta core = nucleu, miez defiant = sfid tor deputy = reprezentant descend = a coborî despise = a dispre ui development = dezvoltare, perfec ionare dot = punct dumb = mut earnest = serios emphasis = accent fatigue = oboseala
manage = a administra, a reu i mere = simplu merely = numai, doar, cu totul merry = fericit mock = a ridiculiza nay = ba mai mult occure = a avea loc, a se petrece occure to = a trece prin minte outstrip = a întrece pearl = pic tur presently = imediat proper = cum se cuvine, respectabil rather = mai degrab remote = îndep rtat, de la distan retort = replic roar = vuiet rob = a fura, a jefui scorn = dispre , batjocor skull = craniu skyscrapers = zgârie-nori slang = argou, jargon to slice = a t ia(felii) slightly = pu in snow-flakes = fulgi de z pad squared = la p trat stove = sob stretch out = a întinde (mâna)
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feebly = slab former = cel dintâi fulfill = a executa, a îndeplini furthermore = în plus glance = privire fugar hasty = gr bit hence = de aceea, de acum încolo, de aici inexhaustible = inepuizabil kite = zmeu de hârtie ladder = scar leak = sp rtur lest = ca s nu, ca nu cumva (eye)lids = pleoape loaves of breds = pâini întregi lobby = hol
to stun = a ului swift = grabnic, repede threaten = a amenin a thus = astfel trend = direc ia to twinkle = a lic ri, a clipi to urge = a îndemna to utter = a rosti valiant = brav, curajos to vanish = a disp rea vengeful = r zbun tor to weld = a suda welfare = bun stare wheel = roata wide = lat, larg wit = iste ime within = cuprins în, în interior
EXPRESII: to get along = a se împ ca(cu cineva) strong-willed = hot rât on the verge = pe punctul
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