CURS PRACTIC DE LIMBA ENGLEZA - VERBUL Asist uni. Georgeta Obilisteanu Lect.univ. Marioara Patesan
1. CUVÂNT INAINTE 2. LECTIA I - TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV 3. LECTIA II - CONCORDANTA TIMPURILOR 4. LECTIA III - MODUL CONDITIONAL SI FRAZELE CONDITIONALE 5. LECTIA IV - VORBIREA DIRECTA SI INDIRECTA 6. LECTIA V - DIATEZA PASIVA 7. LECTIA VI - VERBELE MODALE 8. LECTIA VII - MODUL SUBJONCTIV 9. LECTIA VIII - MODURILE NEPERSONALE SI CONSTRUCTIILE VERBALE
10. LECTIA IX - CHEIA EXERCITIILOR 10.1 Timpurile modului 10.2. Exercitii cu concordanta timpurilor 10.3. Exercitii cu fraze conditionale 10.4. Exercitii cu vorbirea directa si indirecta 10.5. Exercitii cu diateza pasiva 10.6. Exercitii cu verbe modale 10.7. Exercitii cu modul subjonctiv 10.8. Exercitii cu constructii verbale 11. LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE
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CUVÂNT INAINTE Verbul constituie coloana vertebrala a unei limbi. Cartea „Curs practic de limba engleza – verbul" (cu exercitii si cheie) cuprinde o parte teoretica – prezentarea clara si sistematica a modurilor, timpurilor, concordantei timpurilor, verbelor modale si a altor probleme legate de verbul englez (cu exemple si traducere), precum si o parte practica cu exercitii la fiecare capitol si la sfârsitul cartii au fost incluse cheia exercitiilor si lista verbelor neregulate intâlnite in cadrul exemplelor si exercitiilor. Prezentarea teoretica a problemelor este facuta in limba româna. Cursul se adreseaza studentilor incepatori si intermediari din anii I si II de studiu, precum si cursantilor adulti, cu conditia ca acestia sa aiba cunostinte anterioare, chiar sumare, de limba engleza.
LECTIA I TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV Exista doua aspecte in limba engleza: simplu si continuu. In general, timpurile simple se folosesc atunci când accentul se pune pe actiunea propriu-zisa, iar timpurile continue se folosesc atunci când accentul se pune pe durata actiunii, pe perioada de timp in care aceasta are loc. In explicarea intrebuintarii timpurilor continue se va intâlni formularea „actiune in plina desfasurare". Aceasta inseamna ca actiunea a inceput inainte de momentul la care se face referire si va continua dupa acel moment. Exista un numar de verbe in limba engleza care nu se folosesc la forma continua, deoarece ideea de durata e inclusa in continutul lor semantic. Ex. to want, to like, to dislike, to understand, to owe, to matter, to love, to hate, to belong, to believe, to remember, to know.
A. Present Tense Simple Afirmativ Negativ I work I do not (don’t) work You work You do not (don’t) work He/she/it works He/she/it does not (doesn’t) work We work We do not (don’t) work You work You do not (don’t) work They work They do not (don’t) work
Interogativ
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Do I work? Do we work? Do you work? Do you work? Does he/she/it work? Do they work? Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune regulata, obisnuita, in perioada
prezenta. Ex. What do you do? (Cu ce te ocupi?) I am a student. What time do you usually have breakfast?
Present Tense Continuous
Se conjuga verbul „to be" la timpul prezent si se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ I am working We are working. You are working You are working He/she/it is working They are working
Negativ I am not working. You are not (aren’t) working. He/she/it is not (isn’t) working. We are not (aren’t) working. You are not (aren’t) working. They are not (aren’t) working.
Interogativ Am I working? Are we working? Are you working? Are you working? Is he/she/it working? Are they working? Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune in plina desfasurare in
momentul prezent. Ex. Where are you going? I am going to school.
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De asemenea poate arata o actiune care se desfasoara pe timp limitat in perioada prezenta. Ex.: I go to school by bus this week. My father is taking me in his car . Uneori se poate folosi timpul Present Tense Continuous cu adverbul always, pentru a arata o actiune repetata. In acest caz, exista o conotatie afectiva (nemultumire) sau actiunea respectiva este caracteristica pentru acea persoana. Ex. You are always losing your things. You are always grumbling when I ask you to help me in the kitchen.
Exercitii cu Present Simple si Present Continuous 1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Simple) la interogativ si negativ:
Nota: Verbul „to have", atunci când nu inseamna „a avea, a poseda", ci este parte dintr-o expresie (to have breakfast, to have a shower, to have a party), formeaza negativul si interogativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului „to do". 1. I lov lovee my my brot brothe her. r. 2. She She tal talks ks too too muc much. h. 3. I unde unders rsta tand nd you. you. 4. You play play the the pia piano no very very wel well. l. 5. I alwa always ys bel belie ieve ve you you.. 6. He rem remem embe bers rs my phone phone numb number. er. 7. They They live live in Bucha Buchares rest. t. 8. He has a hot hot bat bathh every every day. day. 9. I tru trust st my frie friend nd.. 10. I have lunch lunch at one one o’clock. o’clock. 2. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Continuous) la negativ si interogativ:
1. It is rai raini ning ng.. 2. I am am havi having ng a wal walk. k. 3. He is is tel telli ling ng the the trut truth. h. 4. You You are are typ typin ingg a let lette ter. r. 5. They They are are swim swimmi ming ng in in the the river. river. 6. My friend friend is wearing wearing a new new dress. dress. 7. My mo moth ther er is resti resting ng.. 8. We are stud studyi ying ng Eng Engli lish. sh. 9. Ann Ann is knit knitti ting ng.. 10. The child child is learning to play play the piano.
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3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Present Simple sau la Present Continuous:
1. I (not (not go) go) shop shoppin pingg becaus becausee it (rain). (rain). 2. What What you you (do) (do) on Sund Sunday ays? s? 3. He usuall usuallyy (drink) (drink) coffe coffeee but now now he (drink (drink)) tea. tea. 4. In Eng Engla land nd itit ofte oftenn (rai (rain) n).. 5. I (no (nott lik like) e) that that boy. boy. 6. He usually usually (speak) so quickly quickly that I (not understand) understand) him. him. 7. You You (lik (like) e) thi thiss book book?? 8. You You (dre (dream am)) at nig night ht?? Yes, I (dream) every night. 9. I can’t can’t answe answerr the phon phonee now becau because se I (cook) (cook).. 10. How you usually usually (get) (get) to work? I usually (go) by bus, but now I (take) a taxi because I am late. 11. The manager can’t receive receive you now as he (have) an interview. interview. 12. You (write) (write) to to John now? now? Yes, I (be). I always (write) to him on his birthday. 13. Where you (hurry)? (hurry)? To the theatre, as I (not want) to miss the first act. 14. She always always (borrow) books from me and never (remember) (remember) to give them back. 15. You (go) to work every every day? day? Yes, of course, except Saturdays and Sundays. 16. Why you you (smoke) (smoke) so much? much? 17. Who you you (wait) (wait) for? I (wait) for John, but he is late, as usual. 18. I always always (have) a rest after after lunch. lunch. 19. What you you (think) (think) of? I (think) of my mother just now. 20. You (know) what what time time is it? 4. Traduceti in limba engleza:
1. Iar Iarna ninge nge. 2. Dumini Duminica ca el el nu nu se scoala scoala devre devreme. me. 3. Eu nu stud studie iezz sea seara ra.. 4. Ce faci? faci? Cite Citesti sti sau sau privest privestii la telev televizo izor? r? 5. Secret Secretara ara tocma tocmaii bate bate la masin masinaa un refer referat. at. 6. Ea merg mergee la cumpar cumparatu aturi ri sâmb sâmbata ata.. 7. Acum imi fac temele temele la engleza engleza.. 8. Nu-m Nu-mii plac placee cafe cafeau aua. a. 9. Ce cart cartee cit cites esti ti?? 10. La ce ora se scoala scoala John dimineata? dimineata? 11. Ce faci tu tu in zilele zilele libere? libere? 12. Cui iiii telefonez telefonezi? i? 13. El nu merge la scoala scoala cu metroul, metroul, merge pe jos. 5
14. De ce deschizi deschizi fereastra fereastra?? 15. Adesea citesc citesc carti englezesti englezesti.. 16. Ea isi face bagajul bagajul.. 17. Cât de des le scrii parinti parintilor lor tai? 18. Când merg la mare imi imi place sa inot mult. mult. 19. Clientul Clientul tocmai tocmai isi alege o pereche de pantofi.
B. Past Tense Simple
Past Tense Simple se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei – ed in cazul verbelor regulate. Ex. to work – worked Daca verbul este neregulat, Past Tense trebuie invatat din tabelul de verbe neregulate care indica cele trei forme de baza ale verbului: forma I – infinitiv, forma II- Paste Tense, forma III – participiul trecut. Ex. to speak – spoke – spoken
Afirmativ worked I/you/he/she/it/we/they spoke
Negativ work I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not speak
Interogativ work? Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they speak? Forma prescurtata a lui did not este didn’t (I didn’t work). Past Tense Simple arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp trecuta, terminata. Este timpul de naratiune. Se traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus. Ex. Yesterday I went for a walk.
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(Ieri am mers al plimbare.) Last year I travelled to England. (Anul trecut am calatorit in Anglia.)
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Past Tense Continuous Se formeaza prin conjugarea verbului „to be" la trecut (Past Tense) si adaugarea formei -ing a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ I was working We were working You were working You were working He/she/it was working They were working
Negativ I was not working We were not working You were not working You were not working He/she/it was not working They were not working Formele prescurtate sunt: was not – wasn’t I wasn’t working. were not – weren’t They weren’t working.
Interogativ Was I working? Were we working? Were you working? Were you working? Was he/she/it working? Were they working? Arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment din trecut. Se traduce, de obicei, cu imperfectul. Ex. This time yesterday, I was watching TV. (Ieri pe vremea asta priveam la televizor.) Adesea, in aceeasi fraza, este posibil sa apara un verb folosit la Past Continuous si un verb folosit la Past Simple. In acest caz, verbul la Past Continuous (tradus cu imperfectul), reprezinta fundalul de timp pe care se petrece actiunea exprimata de Past Simple (tradus cu perfectul compus). Ex. While I was crossing the street, I met John. Este, de asemenea, posibil sa apara intr-o fraza timpul Past Continuous in mod repetat. In aceasta situatie, ambele verbe se traduc cu imperfectul, ele aratând actiuni paralele, in plina desfasurare, intr-un moment trecut.
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Ex. While John was reading, his sister was watching TV. (In timp ce John citea, sora lui privea la televizor.)
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Exercitii cu Past Tense Simple si Continuous
1. Puneti Puneti verbele verbele din urmato urmatoarel arelee propoziti propozitiii la Past Tense Tense Simple: Simple:
1. I sleep sleep until until 9 o’clo o’clock ck every every day. day. 2. He me meet etss John John on Sunda Sundays ys.. 3. You You spe speak ak Engl Englis ishh wel well. l. 4. You You dri drink nk too too muc much. h. 5. You You ask ask too too many many ques questi tion ons. s. 6. I pla playy foot footba ball ll.. 7. I own own two two um umbr brel ella las. s. 8. I like like to to have have a coff coffee ee in the mornin morning. g. 9. That That sou sounds nds inte intere rest stin ing. g. 10. I always make make cakes on Sundays. Sundays. 1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarel urmatoarelee propozitii propozitii la negativ negativ si interogativ: interogativ:
1. He tho thoug ught ht abo about ut you you.. 2. They They drank drank all all the the wine wine.. 3. I hate ated hi him. 4. He chang changed ed his his libra library ry book book every every day. day. 5. I so sold my my car car.. 6. We work worked ed very very hard hard.. 7. He came came home home late late.. 8. I enj enjoy oyed ed trav travel elli ling ng.. 9. He trans transla late tedd the the tex text. t. 10. He forbade forbade her to do this. 1. Puneti Puneti verbele verbele din parant paranteze eze la Past Past Tense Simple Simple sau sau Continuou Continuous: s:
1. When When you you (come (come in), in), I talk talk on the the phone phone.. 2. When When I first first (meet (meet)) him, him, he (work) (work) in a bank. bank. 3. While While he (learn (learn)) to drive, drive, he (have (have)) an accide accident. nt. 4. As I (wri (write te), ), some someone one (ri (ring ng up). up). 5. Where Where you you (go) (go) when when I (meet (meet)) you? you? 6. What What you you (do) (do) this this time time yest yesterda erday? y? 7. When I (enter) (enter) the the classroom, classroom, the teacher teacher (write) (write) on on the blackboard. blackboard. 8. When When I (arrive (arrive), ), she she (have) (have) dinn dinner. er. 9. This This time time last last Sunday Sunday,, I (watch (watch)) a film film on TV. 10. He suddenly (realize) (realize) that he (not wear) his glasses. glasses. 1. Traduc Traducet etii in limba limba eng englez leza: a:
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1. Soare Soarele le nu nu a apus apus la la ora 8 asea aseara. ra. 2. Ai dormit dormit bine bine noapt noaptea ea trecu trecuta? ta? 3. Ieri nu am am mers mers la la bazin bazinul ul de de inot. inot. 4. M-am M-am scula sculatt târzi târziuu ieri ieri dimi dimineat neata. a. 5. Dumini Duminica ca trecut trecutaa prieten prietenii ii mei mei au jucat jucat sah. sah. 6. Ieri Ieri pe vreme vremeaa asta asta plou ploua. a. 7. Ce faceai faceai mart martea ea trecut trecutaa la ora 7 dimin dimineat eata? a? 8. Ma preg pregate ateam am sa sa merg merg la la facul facultat tate. e. 9. In timp timp ce imi imi cautam cautam pasaportul pasaportul am am gasit gasit aceasta aceasta fotografi fotografiee veche. 10. Baietii jucau carti când l-au auzit pe tatal tatal lor intrând intrând in casa. 11. Ei au ascuns imediat imediat cartile si si-au scos manualele manualele de scoala. 12. Când te-ai te-ai intors intors de la munte? munte? 13. Când ai cumparat cumparat acest televizor? televizor? 14. Ieri mi-am pierdut pierdut manusile. manusile. 15. Batea un vânt puternic puternic când am iesit iesit din casa. 16. Unde ti-ai petrecut petrecut concediul concediul vara trecuta? 17. Ieri m-am sculat devreme, mi-am mi-am luat micul dejun dejun si apoi am plecat la scola. 18. Acum doua zile zile am cazut si mi-am rupt rupt piciorul. piciorul. 19. Saptamâna Saptamâna trecuta am fost bolnav bolnav si nu am mers la scoala. 20. El a dat primul examen examen saptamâna saptamâna trecuta. trecuta. 21. Cine a câstigat câstigat meciul alaltaieri alaltaieri?? 22. In timp ce ploua, ploua, eu conduceam masina masina spre Sinaia. Sinaia.
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C. Present Perfect Simple Timpul Present Perfect Simple se formeaza prin conjugarea verbului „to have" la prezent, la care se adauga forma a treia (participiul trecut) a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ I have worked We have worked You have worked You have worked He/she/it has worked They have worked
Negativ I have not (haven’t) worked. He/she/it has not (hasn’t) worked.
Interogativ Have I worked? Has he/she/it worked? Timpul Present Perfect este un timp de relatie. El arata o legatura intre trecut si momentul prezent. Timpul Present Perfect Simple se foloseste in urmatoarele situatii: •
arata o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua pâna in prezent. Cu acest sens se folosesc de obicei prepozitiile since (din, incepând din) si for (de, timp de). Ex. I haven’t seen John for two months. (Nu l-am vazut pe John de doua luni.) I haven’t seen John since September. (Nu l-am vazut pe John din septembrie.) I have known John for two years. (Il cunosc pe John de doi ani.) I have known John since 1990. (Il cunosc pe John din 1990.)
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arata o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp neterminata. In acest caz, folosirea lui este insotita de adverbe precum: today, this week, this month, this year. Ex. I have seen two films this week. (Am vazut doua filme saptamâna aceasta.) 12
Daca adverbul de timp este „this morning", folosirea timpului verbal este conditionata de momentul in care se face afirmatia; daca aceasta este in cursul diminetii (pâna la ora 12) sau dupa amiaza. Ex. ora 10 a.m. I haven’t got up early this morning. ora 2 p.m. I didn’t get up early this morning. Traducerea celor doua propozitii in limba româna este identica. Nu m-am sculat devreme azi dimineata. •
arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, care are rezultate in prezent sau care, dintr-un motiv sau altul, intereseaza in prezent. Ex. Have you seen Hamlet? (Ai vazut Hamlet?) I have lost my umbrella . I must buy a new one. (Mi-am pierdut umbrela. Trebuie sa-mi cumpar una noua.)
© Trebuie precizat faptul ca, daca se mentioneaza momentul trecut trecut in care a avut loc actiunea care intereseaza in prezent sau care are rezultate in prezent, nu mai poate fi folosit timpul Present Perfect. In acest caz, se foloseste Past Simple. Ex. I lost my umbrella yesterday. I must buy a new one. © De asemenea, daca se pune o intrebate referitoare la trecut care incepe cu „when", nu se poate folosi timpul Present Perfect, intrucât „when" reprezinta un moment precizat in trecut. Ex. When did you see Hamlet? I saw it last week. © Timpul Present Perfect nu poate fi folosit cu un adverb de timp precizat in trecut. Se foloseste cu adverbe de timp neprecizat care leaga trecutul de prezent. Adverbe de timp neprecizat care se aseaza intre auxiliar si verb: often, never, seldom, always, ever, already, just. Ex. Have you ever been to England? (Ai fost vreodata in Anglia?) No, I have never been to England. Yes, I have often been to England. Adverbe de timp neprecizat care stau la sfârsitul propozitiei: lately, yet (in propozitii negative). Ex. He hasn’t returned home yet. (El nu s-a intors inca acasa.) I haven’t seen him lately. (Nu l-am vazut in ultimul timp.) Dupa cum se poate observa, timpul Present Perfect Simple se traduce in româneste fie cu prezentul, fie cu perfectul compus, in functie de context. 13
Present Perfect Continuous
Se formeaza cu Present Perfect Simple al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ I have been working We have been working You have been working You have been working He/she/it has been working They have been working
Negativ I have not (haven’t) been working. He has not (hasn’t) been working.
Interogativ Have I been working? Has he been working? Timpul Present Perfect Continuous arata o actiune in plina desfasurare, cu accent pe durata, intre un moment trecut si prezent. Ex. I am tired because I have been working all day. (Sunt obosit pentru ca am muncit toata ziua.) De asemene, poate arata probabilitatea ca actiunea inceputa in trecut, care continua in prezent, sa continue si in viitor. Ex. It has been raining for three hours. If it doesn’t stop soon, we shall have floods. (Ploua de trei ore. Daca nu se opreste in curând, vom avea inundatii.) Ca si Present Perfect Simple, se poate traduce cu prezentul sau cu perfectul compus din limba româna.
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Exercitii cu Present Perfect Simple si Continuous
1. Folositi Present Perfect Simple in locul infinitivelor din paranteze: 1. Where Where you you (be)? (be)? I (be) (be) to the market market.. 2. You You (wat (water er)) the the flow flower ers? s? 3. He jus justt (lea (leave ve)) home home.. 4. I (lend (lend)) him him some some mone moneyy toda today. y. 5. There isn’t isn’t any any train train service service because because the engine – drivers drivers (go) on on strike. strike. 6. Woul Wouldd you you like like a cak cake? e? 7. No, No, than thankk you, you, I just just (hav (have) e) one. one. 8. I alre already ady (see) (see) thi thiss film film.. 9. He (not (not come come)) hom homee yet yet.. 10. I (not be) to the the seaside this this year. year. 11. I (buy) a new house. house. You must must come and see it. it. 12. You (visit) (visit) the Village Village Museum? Museum? 13. You ever ever (eat) caviar? 14. I (not write) write) to my friend for three three months. 15. It (not rain) rain) since December December.. 16. You ever ever (drive) (drive) a car? 17. He always always (rely on) his his friend. 18. You (read) (read) Sorescu’s last last book? 19. You (pay) (pay) the telephone telephone bill? bill? 20. He (not go) go) to bed yet. 21. How long you (live) (live) here? 22. I (live) (live) here for one one year. year. 1. Folositi Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous Continuous in locul locul infinitivel infinitivelor or din paranteze:
1. He (fish) (fish) for for two hours hours but but he (catc (catch) h) nothin nothingg yet. yet. 2. We (kno (know) w) each each other other for for severa severall years. years. 3. The radi radioo (play) (play) since since 7 a.m. a.m. I’m I’m tire tiredd of it. it. 4. I (shop) (shop) all all day day and I want to have have a rest rest now. now. 5. How How long long you you (we (wear) ar) gla glasse sses? s? 6. I (coo (cook) k) all all the the morn mornin ing. g. 7. How How many many dishe dishess you you (coo (cook)? k)? 8. Why you (be) in the the garden garden so long? long? 9. I (wa (wate ter) r) the the flo flowe wers. rs. 10. He (sleep) (sleep) for 10 hours now. It’s time time we woke him up. 11. I (ask) you to clean your room for two two days. When are you going to do it? it? 12. Ever since that woman came came to work here, she (try) to make trouble. trouble.
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1. Folositi Present Perfect Perfect Simple Simple sau sau Continuous Continuous sau sau Past Tense Simple Simple in locul infinitivelor:
1. I (lose) (lose) my my pen. pen. You (not (not see) see) itit anywher anywhere? e? No, I haven’t. When you (use) it last? 2. Your Your ever ever (try) (try) to give give up smok smoking ing?? Yes, I (try) last year but I (not succeed). 3. You (see) (see) your your mother mother this this week? week? No, she (leave) for Brasov a week ago. 4. You You (be) (be) out out of of wor workk lon long? g? 5. I am not not out of work work now. now. I (get) (get) a job job last last month month.. 6. I (wear) (wear) my hair hair long long since since I (be) (be) a littl littlee girl. girl. 7. She (chan (change) ge) a lot since since I (see) (see) her last last.. 8. I (do) a lot of work work since since I (get (get up) up) in the the morni morning. ng. 9. The child child (play (play)) the piano piano since since I (return) (return) from from school school.. 10. It (rain) since since we (leave) Bucharest. Bucharest. 11. He (be) very ill since since the holidays holidays (begin). (begin). 1. Traduceti in limba limba engleza engleza folosind folosind Past Tense Simple Simple sau Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous:
1. Cine Cine te-a invat invatat at sa vorbest vorbestii engleza engleza atât atât de bine? bine? 2. Unde Unde ti-ai ti-ai petr petrecu ecutt vacant vacantaa anul acesta acesta?? 3. M-am M-am gândit gândit adese adeseaa sa-mi sa-mi iau carne carnett de conduc conducere. ere. 4. De cât cât tim timpp inve inveti ti eng engle leza? za? 5. Vremea Vremea s-a s-a inca incalzi lzitt in ultimu ultimull timp. timp. 6. El est estee mini minist stru ru de de doi doi ani ani.. 7. Traduc Traduc un text text de de doua ore ore si nu nu l-am term terminat inat inca. inca. 8. El a scris scris numai numai doua scrisori de când când a plecat plecat in strainatate. strainatate. 9. Un copil copil a spart spart geamu geamul. l. Trebui Trebuiee sa-l inlo inlocui cuim. m. 10. Ninge Ninge de doua doua ore. 11. Am mers pe jos 10 km pâna acum. acum. 12. Mergem pe jos de la la ora 3. 13. De când mi-am cumparat masina, masina, am mers arareori pe jos la slujba. 14. La ce te-ai te-ai uitat? uitat? 15. A fost un accident. accident. 16. Cu cine ai votat la ultimel ultimelee alegeri? 17. Nu am mers la vot. Am stat acasa acasa si nu am regretat nici nici o clipa. 18. Ai vazut vazut ziarul ziarul de azi? azi? 19. A plecat plecat John? John? 20. Da, a plecat acum o ora. 21. Ti-ai luat luat deja micul micul dejun? 22. Da, l-am l-am luat la la ora 8. 23. Ai mai fost in in acest oras? oras? 24. Da, am petrecut petrecut o luna aici, acum doi ani. ani. 25. Ei lucreaza lucreaza la aceasta casa de un an si nu au terminat-o terminat-o inca.
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D. Past Perfect Simple Se formeaza cu verbul „to have" la Past Tense Simple, la care se adauga forma III (past participle) a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ I had worked.
Negativ I had not (hadn’t) worked.
Interogativ Had I worked? Acest timp are aceeasi forma la toate persoanele. Este, ca si Present Perfect, un verb de relatie, dar, in acest caz, este vorba de o relatie intre doua momente trecute. Arata o actiune trecuta care a avut loc inaintea unei alte actiuni sau a unui moment din trecut. Ex. Yesterday at 9 o’clock I had had breakfast. (Ieri la ora 9 luasem micul dejun.) When you rang me up, I had finished writing my homework. (Când mi-ai telefonat, terminasem de scris temele.) Ca sens, echivalentul in limba româna al acestui timp este mai mult ca perfectul. Se poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul sau perfectul compus.
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Past Perfect Continuous
Se formeaza cu Past Perfect Simple al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ I had been working.
Negativ I had not (hadn’t) been working.
Interogativ Had I been working? Aceste forme se pastreaza la toate persoanele. Timpul Past Perfect Continuous arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intre doua momente trecute. De asemenea, când in aceeasi fraza in propozitia principala se afla un verb la Past Tense, Past Perfect Continuous poate prelua functiile lui Present Perfect Cotinuous in propozitia secundara. Ex. When he entered the room, she had been typing for one hour. (Când el a intrat in camera, ea batea la masina de o ora.) After John had been watching TV for 10 minutes, he got bored. (Dupa ce John privise (a privit) la televizor 10 minute, s-a plictisit.) He said it had been raining for three days. (El a spus ca ploua de trei zile.) Dupa cum se observa, acest timp se poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul, perfectul compus sau imperfectul din limba româna.
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Exercitii cu Past Simple si Continuous
1. Puneti Puneti verbele verbele din din parant paranteze eze la Past Past Perfect Perfect Simple Simple::
1. After After they (fini (finish) sh) dinner dinner,, they drank drank some coffe coffee. e. 2. She said said she she alread alreadyy (be) (be) to to Engla England. nd. 3. He asked asked me me whethe whetherr I (meet (meet)) John before before.. 4. She discov discovere eredd her child child (not (not tell tell)) the truth truth.. 5. He told told me me he (catc (catch) h) some some fish fish on that that day. day. 6. At 3 o’clo o’clock ck on Frida Friday, y, I (retur (return) n) from from school school.. 7. The house house was was much smal smaller ler then then he (thin (think) k) at first first.. 8. The fire fire (spread) (spread) to the next next building building when when the firemen firemen arrived. arrived. 9. We were were shocke shockedd to hear hear she (not pass) pass) the the exam. exam. 10. The child (eat) all the cakes before his mother became aware of it. 1. Puneti Puneti verbele verbele din din parantez parantezee la Past Perfec Perfectt Continuou Continuous: s:
1. When When I left left hom home, e, itit (rain (rain)) for one hour. hour. 2. When we we met them, they (wait) for the the bus for for half half an hour. hour. 3. When When I arrived arrived home, home, moth mother er (cook) (cook) for for two hours. hours. 4. When she she sat for the the exam, exam, she (study) (study) the the subject subject for for a week. week. 5. When When I rang her her up, she (wri (write) te) lett letters ers for for one hour. hour. 6. When she she decided decided to have have a rest, rest, she she (clean) (clean) and (dust) (dust) for for 5 hours. hours. 7. After After Jane (swim (swim)) for half half an hour, hour, she felt felt chilly. chilly. 8. When I called called on her unexpectedly, unexpectedly, I realized realized she (have) (have) a party. party. 9. When When we reach reached ed the the top, top, we (cli (climb) mb) for for 7 hours. hours. 10. When we arrived at Sinaia, Sinaia, somebody told us it (rain) for hours. 1. Puneti verbele verbele din paranteza paranteza la Past Perfect Simple sau sau Continuous Continuous sau sau la Past Past Tense Simple:
1. The professor professor (speak) for 10 minutes minutes when when I (enter) (enter) the hall. hall. 2. After John John (listen (listen to) the news bullet bulletin, in, he (go) (go) downstairs downstairs to have have dinner. dinner. 3. He (tell (tell)) me he (be) (be) to the the theatr theatree the day day before. before. 4. We (ask) (ask) him what what countr countries ies he (visi (visit). t). 5. He (learn) (learn) English English for two two years before before he (go) (go) to England England for for the first first time. time. 6. She just just (go) (go) out out when when I (call (call at) at) her her house. house. 7. The river river became became deeper deeper after after it (rain) (rain) heavily heavily for a few few hours. hours. 8. After After John (leave), (leave), she she (tell) (tell) me they they (be) (be) friends friends for five years. 9. After After we (walked (walked)) for an hour, hour, we (realize) (realize) we (lose) our way. way. 10. When I (find out) he (get married), I (ring up) him and (congratulate) him.
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1. Traduceti in limba limba engleza engleza folosind folosind Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous Continuous sau Past Tense Simple:
1. Mi-a Mi-a parut parut rau rau ca ilil jign jignis isem em.. 2. El mi-a mi-a multum multumit it pentru pentru ceea ceea ce facusem facusem pent pentru ru el. 3. De indata indata ce a terminat terminat de scris lucrarea lucrarea,, a inmânat-o inmânat-o profesor profesorului. ului. 4. El nu facu facuse se nimic nimic inaint inaintee de a-mi a-mi cere cere mie sfatu sfatul.l. 5. De indat indataa ce au plecat plecat musafi musafirii rii,, am mers la la culcare culcare.. 6. Când am ajuns ajuns la stati statiaa de autobuz, autobuz, mi-am mi-am dat seama seama ca imi imi lasasem lasasem poseta acasa. acasa. 7. Secretara Secretara mi-a spus ca direct directorul orul vorbea vorbea la telefon telefon de o jumata jumatate te de ora. ora. 8. Ei mi-a mi-auu spus ca ca locui locuiau au in Frant Frantaa din 1980. 1980. 9. Nu ti-am ti-am telefonat telefonat pentru ca am crezut crezut ca ca plecasesi plecasesi in in strainatat strainatate. e. 10. Ei au calatorit in in multe tari dupa ce s-au casatorit.
E. Future Tense Simple Se formeaza cu shall sau will la persoana I, will la persoana II si III, la care se adauga infinitivul verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ I (shall) will go We (shall) will go You will go You will go He/she/it will go They will go
Negativ I (shall) will not go We (shall) will not go You will not go You will not go He/she/it will not go They will not go Forma scurta pentru „shall not" este shan’t , iar pentru „will not" este won’t .
Interogativ Shall I go? Shall we go? Will you go? Will you go? Will he/she/it/ go? Will they go? Trebuie remarcat faptul ca la interogativ persoana I, se foloseste numai „shall". Acest timp arata o actiune viitoare obisnuita. Se traduce cu viitorul din limba româna.
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Ex. I (shall) will meet him next week. (Il voi intâlni saptamâna viitoare.)
Future Continuous
Se formeaza cu viitorul simplu al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ I (shall) will be going. You will be going. He/she/it will be going. We (shall) will be going. You will be going. They will be going.
Negativ I (shall) will not be going. You will not be going. He/she/it will not be going. We (shall) will not be going. You will not be going. They will not be going.
Interogativ Shall I be going? Shall we be going? Will you be going? Will you be going? g oing? Will he/she/it be going? Will they be going? Acest timp arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment viitor. Ex. At three o’clock, I will be travelling to England. (Mâine la ora trei voi calatori spre Anglia.) Se traduce cu viitorul din limba româna.
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Future Perfect Simple
Se formeaza cu shall sau will , la care se adauga infinitivul trecut al verbului de conjugat. (have + forma III).
Afirmativ I (shall) will have gone. You will have gone. He/she/it will have gone. We (shall) will have gone. You will have gone. They will have gone.
Negativ I (shall) will not have gone. You will not have gone. He/she/it will not have gone. We (shall) will not have gone. You will not have gone. They will not have gone.
Interogativ Shall I have gone? Shall we have gone? Will you have gone? Will you have gone? Will he/she/it have gone? Will they have gone? Acest timp arata o actiune anterioara unei alte actiuni sau unui moment viitor. Se traduce cu timpul viitor anterior din limba româna. Ex. By three o’clock tomorrow, I will have reached Predeal. (Mâine pâna la ora trei voi fi ajuns la Predeal.)
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Future Perfect Continuous Se formeaza cu Future Perfect al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat. Ex. I (shall) will have been going. When you come home, I will have been studying for three hours. Când vei veni tu acasa, voi studia (voi fi studiat) de trei ore. Arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intre doua momente viitoare. Se traduce cu viitorul simplu sau cu viitorul anterior din limba româna. Este un timp rar folosit.
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Future-in-the-Past Simple Se formeaza cu should (persoana I) sau would (toate persoanele), la care se adauga infinitivul verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ I (should) would go We (should) would go You would go You would go He/she/it would go They would go
Negativ I (should) would not go We (should) would not go You would not go You would not go He/she/it would not go They would not go Forma scurta de la „should not" este shouldn’t , iar cea de la „would not" este wouldn’t . Acest timp este folosit in concordanta timpurilor pentru a arata o actiune posterioara unui moment sau unei actiuni din trecut. Ex. He said he would be late. (El a spus ca va intârzia.) Intrucât nu poate fi intâlnit decât in propozitii secundare (dupa un verb la timpul trecut in propozitia principala), nu se pune problema folosirii lui a interogativ decât in intrebari disjunctive.
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Future-in-the-Past Continuous Se formeaza cu Future-in-the-Past Simple al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat. I should (would) be going. Este un timp sestul de rar folosit. Preia functiile lui Future Tense Continuous intr-o propozitie secundara, atunci când in principala se afla un verb la trecut.
Ex. He said that at 3 o’clock, the next day, he would be travelling to England. (El a spus ca in ziua urmatoare, la ora 3, va calatori spre Anglia.)
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Alte mijloace de exprimare a viitorului •
Present Simple + adverb de timp viitor. Intr-un astfel de context, arata un program precis, bine stabilit. Ex. I leave for London tomorrow. (Plec/voi pleca la Londra mâine.) Present Continuous + adverb de timp viitor. Arata o intentie, un aranjament prealabil pentru viitorul apropiat.
•
Ex. I am meeting John this morning. (Il intâlnesc/il voi intâlni pe John in dimineata aceasta.) •
Expresia „to be going to" + infinitiv. Arata de asemenea o intentie sau o probabilitate. Ex. I am going to read this book. (Voi citi/am de gând sa citesc aceasta carte.) It is going to rain.
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Exercitii cu timpurile „Future" 1. Puneti Puneti verbele verbele din din parantez parantezee la timpul timpul Future Future Simple Simple::
1. I (know) (know) the the resul results ts in three three days days’’ time. time. 2. You You (be) (be) in in Lond London on tom tomorr orrow. ow. 3. You (recogni (recognize) ze) him him when when you see him? him? 4. I (reme (remembe mber) r) this this day day all all my life life.. 5. I am sure sure you you (lik (like) e) thi thiss book book.. 6. He (be) (be) pleased pleased if you you invi invite te him. him. 7. I am am sure sure I (suc (succe ceed ed). ). 8. You (rememb (remember) er) to post post my my lett letter? er? 9. I hop hopee I (pass) (pass) the the exa exam. m. 10. You (not find) a solution if you don’t know the whole whole truth. 1. Puneti Puneti verbele verbele din paran paranteze teze la la timpul timpul Future Contin Continuous uous::
1. This This time time next next month month,, I (swim) (swim) in in the sea. sea. 2. When When you reac reachh Sinaia Sinaia,, it proba probably bly (rai (rain). n). 3. Don’t Don’t ring ring her up up at 8 o’clo o’clock ck p.m. p.m. She (watc (watch) h) TV. 4. You (need (need)) the vacuum vacuum clean cleaner er tomorro tomorrow w or may I borrow borrow it? it? 5. I am sure sure when when I arriv arrivee home, home, the the baby baby (cry). (cry). 6. Let’s Let’s hurry hurry to the the beach. beach. The The sun (rise) (rise) in in 10 minut minutes. es. 7. He (st (stud udy) y) all all day day tom tomorr orrow ow.. 8. This This time time next day, day, we we (climb (climb)) the mount mountain ain.. 9. Tomorro Tomorrow w morning morning at 8 o’clo o’clock, ck, I (have) (have) breakf breakfast ast.. 10. Don’t expect me home for dinner, I (work) at the office office till late at night. 3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Perfect Simple sau Continuous:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
In a week’s week’s time, time, we (take) (take) our exam. exam. I (finis (finish) h) readin readingg the newspa newspapers pers by by lunch lunch time time.. Next Next year, year, they they (be (be marrie married) d) for for 25 years years.. If we don’t hurry, the sun sun (rise) (rise) before before we reach the the beach. beach. By the end end of the the season, one hundred hundred thousand thousand people people (spend) their their holidays holidays at the seaside. 6. By the the time time you you come come home, home, I (cook) (cook) for two two hours. hours. 7. When I take the the exam, exam, I (read) (read) all the books books on the the bibliogra bibliography phy list. list. 8. By the the beginning beginning of next week, week, I (work) (work) on this paper paper for for a month. month. 9. By 5 o’clock, o’clock, you you (see) all the exhibit exhibitss in the museum. museum. 10. By the end of the month, month, I (pay off) all all my debts. 4. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind unul din tipurile de viitor:
1. Pâna anul anul viitor viitor pe vremea aceasta aceasta,, vor fi economisit economisit 5 milioane. milioane. 2. Ce faci faci mâine mâine dimin dimineat eataa la ora 11? 27
3. Voi vizita vizita târgul târgul intern internati ational onal.. 4. Am cumpa cumparat rat o masin masinaa de scris scris si voi invat invataa sa bat. bat. 5. Pâna la sfârsitul sfârsitul lunii, lunii, voi fi vazut acest acest film film de 5 ori. 6. Trenul Trenul va fifi plecat plecat inai inainte nte de a ajun ajunge ge noi la la gara. gara. 7. Pâna Pâna la ora 1, 1, ea va fi termin terminat at curate curatenia nia in casa. casa. 8. Vineri, Vineri, intre intre orele 12 si 1, 1, ei vor vor avea ultima ultima ora de engleza. engleza. 9. El va studia studia in in biblio bibliotec tecaa luni luni de la la ora 1 la la 5. 10. Din cauza grevei soferilor de autobuze multa lume va merge pe jos la la slujba, mâine. 11. Uite ce am cumparat cumparat la o licitatie! licitatie! 12. E un obiect frumos. frumos. Unde Unde il vei pune? pune?
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LECTIA II CONCORDANTA TIMPURILOR Concordanta timpurilor se aplica, desigur, nu in propozitii, ci in fraze. Ea consta in aceea ca folosirea unui anumit timp in propozitia principala obliga la folosirea unui timp adecvat in propozitia secundara. Ce inseamna „un timp adecvat" se va vedea in continuare.
Propozitia principala 1. un timp timp „pre „prese sent nt" "
Present Tense Simple, Present Tense Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous
Propozitia secundara Orice timp cerut de sens
Propozitia principala 2. un timp „past"
Past Tense Simple, Past Tense Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous
Propozitia secundara Orice alt timp „past" a) Past Tense – actiune simultana – Past Tense
He said he was ill. (El a spus ca este bolnav.) He said he was going to school. (El a spus ca merge la scola.) b) Past Tense – actiune anterioara – Past Perfect
He said he had returned home a week before. (El a spus ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamâna inainte.) I arrived home after it had stopped raining. (Am ajuns acasa dupa ce incetase ploaia.) Nota 1: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat.
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Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses. (Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.) c) Past Tense – actiunea posterioara – Future-in-the-Past
He said he would leave the next day. (El a spus ca va pleca a doua zi.) She promised her mother she would help her. (Ea i-a promis mamei sale ca o va ajuta.)
Nota 2: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care una este temporala sau conditionala. Future-in-the-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in temporala sau conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect (pentru anterioritate).
Ex. He said he would come to see me when he had time. (El a spus ca va veni sa ma vada când va avea timp.) He said he would come to see me after he had finished work. (El a spus ca va veni sa ma vada dupa ce va termina lucrul.) He said he would buy a car if he had money. (El a spus ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani.) 1. un timp timp „fut „futur ure" e"
Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu exceptia propozitii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include un verb la viitor. Situatiile cel mai des intâlnite sunt urmatoarele: a. Future Future – acti actiune une simult simultana ana – Prese Present nt I will read this book when I have time. (Voi citi aceasta carte când voi avea timp.) I will have finished studying when you come home. (Voi fi terminat de studiat când vei veni tu acasa.) b. Future Future – acti actiune une anter anterioa ioara ra – Present Present Perf Perfect ect I will go to England after I have received a visa. (Voi merge in Anglia dupa ce voi obtine viza.)
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Exceptii de la concordanta timpurilor 1. când propozit propozitia ia secundara secundara exprima exprima un adevar adevar general general valabil. valabil. Ex. The teacher told the pupils water boils at 100 oC. Profesorul le-a spus elevilor ca apa fierbe la 100 oC. 2. când când propozi propozitia tia secu secundar ndaraa este atri atribut butiva iva.. Ex. The book I am reading now was given to me by my brother. Cartea pe care o citesc acum mi-a fost data de fratele meu. 3. Când Când propozi propoziti tiaa secundar secundaraa este comp compara arativ tiva. a. Ex. Last year I worked more than I have done this year. Anul trecut am muncit mai mult decât anul acesta. Nota: In limba engleza contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta timpurilor atunci când verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut. Se poate intâlni, de exemplu, o formulare de tipul: „He said he loves me". Este posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa ajunga regula. Pentru moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii români de limba engleza sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum sunt prezentate mai sus.
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Exercitii cu concordanta timpurilor 1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect ( Past Tense Simple sau Continuous ), având in vedere simultaneitatea actiunilor din propozitia principala si cea secundara:
1. It was was clear clear they they (talk) (talk) busi business ness again. again. 2. I beli believed eved you (be) at the the seasi seaside. de. 3. I unders understo tood od you you (be) (be) a pain painte ter. r. 4. They They didn’ didn’tt know know that that I (play) (play) foot footbal ball.l. 5. He reali realized zed he (not (not rememb remember) er) John’s John’s phon phonee number. number. 6. I was was not not sure sure if if you you (spea (speak) k) Engl English ish.. 7. Looking Looking out of the the window, window, she saw saw the sun (shine) (shine) bright brightly. ly. 8. He asked asked me me if I usual usually ly (read (read)) that that newspap newspaper. er. 9. You didn’ didn’tt tell tell me you you (have (have to) type type this this report report.. 10. He was in a hurry because because he (want) to catch the train. train. 1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect ( Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous ), tinând seama de relatia de anterioritate exprimata de verbul din propozitia principala sau din cea secundara:
1. She told told me his his name name after after he (leav (leave). e). 2. She didn’ didn’tt even even say thank thank you you after after all all I (do) for for her. her. 3. After After I (hear) (hear) the news news,, I congra congratul tulate atedd him. him. 4. When When I arrived, arrived, the the conce concert rt alread alreadyy (begin (begin). ). 5. When it started started to rain, rain, we (dig) in the the garden garden for an hour. hour. 6. He didn’ didn’tt admit admit that that he he (steal (steal)) the book. book. 7. He just just (leave (leave)) home home when when he came came acros acrosss John. John. 8. Yesterday Yesterday I bought a new umbrella umbrella because because I (lose) my my old old one. 9. When he finall finallyy reached reached London, London, he was tired tired because because he (travel) (travel) for for three days. days. 10. I didn’t think that book to be a nice birthday present for you because I (read) it and I (not enjoy) it. 1. Puneti verbele din paranteze paranteze la timpul timpul Future-in-the Future-in-the-Past, -Past, având având in vedere vedere faptul ca propozitia secundara exprima o actiune posterioara celei din principala:
1. They said they (remain) (remain) at the seaside seaside for another another week. 2. He hoped hoped he (fini (finish) sh) readi reading ng the the book in in two days. days. 3. I though thoughtt you you soon soon (have) (have) a holida holiday. y. 4. I was not not sure sure I (rema (remain) in) at at home home that that evenin evening. g. 5. He beli believe evedd the strike strike (end) (end) very soon. soon. 6. He prom promis ised ed he (driv (drive) e) me me home home.. 7. We all all believ believed ed he (win (win)) the comp competi etitio tion. n. 8. As wages wages had had gone up, up, we suppose supposedd prices prices (go (go up), too. too. 9. He was sure he (pass) the the exam and he promised promised he (give) (give) a party party afterward afterwards. s. 10. When I heard the main main actor was ill, ill, I was sue the the performance (be cancelled). 32
1. Puneti verbele verbele din paranteze paranteze la timpul timpul Present Present Simple sau Present Present Perfect Perfect Simple:
1. I will will pay my my debts debts after after I (receiv (receive) e) my salar salary. y. 2. We shall shall star startt dinner dinner as soon soon as the the guests guests (arri (arrive). ve). 3. By the time time you (finish) (finish) translat translating ing the text, text, I shall have have typed all all the letters. letters. 4. After After he (repai (repair) r) the car, car, he wil willl drive drive to Sinai Sinaia. a. 5. I will will buy a car when when I (have (have)) enough enough money money.. 6. You will will be surprised surprised when when you (see) how how well well she she (look). (look). 7. You will will be surprised surprised when when you (see) how how much much she (change). (change). 8. As soon as the holida holidays ys (begin), (begin), this this beach beach will will become become very crowded. crowded. 9. I will will go on playing playing the piano till till he (tell) (tell) me to stop. stop. 10. After she (learn) (learn) to type, she will take a job as a secretary. 11. He will write write to me after after he (arrive) in England. England. 12. The train will have have left before we (reach) the station. station. 13. When their first baby (be born), they will have been married for five years. 14. When I (finish) (finish) the book, I will lend lend it to you. 15. I will never forget forget what you you just (tell ) me. 16. Your mother mother will be upset when she (notice) you (break) (break) the vase. 17. You will get a shock shock when you (see) the mess mess in that room. 18. You won’t be able to speak about this this book till you (read) it. 19. It is said that that one Englishman will will not speak to another before they (be) introduced. 20. After you (drink) (drink) a coffee, you will feel feel better. 5. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, tinând seama de exceptiile de la concordanta timpurilor:
1. I didn’t didn’t know know at what temperature temperature this metal metal (melt). (melt). 2. The teacher teacher told told the the pupils pupils what the capital capital of Mexico Mexico (be). (be). 3. I wasn’t wasn’t aware aware German German (be) (be) such a diff difficu icult lt langua language. ge. 4. In 1998, 1998, the Romani Romanians ans travelled travelled less than than they they (do) this this year. year. 5. Last year year you you spoke English English less fluentl fluentlyy than you (do) (do) now. 6. Last Last night night I (read) (read) the the book book which which you (rea (read) d) now. now. 7. Last night I met the couple couple who who soon soon (move) (move) next next door door to me. 8. Last year year I earned earned more more money money than than I (earn) (earn) in the the next five years. 9. The book book I (read) (read) in the the last last few days was was lent lent to me me by John. John. 10. I found out that yoga yoga (be) a very useful useful practice. practice. 6. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul corect, respectând toate regulile de concordanta a timpurilor, precum si exceptiile:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
I will will come come as as soon soon as I (finis (finish) h) my work. work. He tol toldd me he he neve neverr (see) (see) the the sea. sea. He told told me hiberna hibernatin tingg animal animal (not (not eat) in wint winter. er. They (know) (know) each other for for a long time time before before they finally finally got married. married. I hoped hoped it (not rain) rain) when when I (arriv (arrive) e) at the the beach. beach.
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6. When we (go) (go) to see them last last night, night, they they were listeni listening ng to music, music, they said they they (listen to) music since 5 o’clock. 7. When you you asked asked me where where I (spend) (spend) my holidays, holidays, I (not (not decide) decide) yet. yet. 8. I will will do do it when when I (want (want)) to, not before before.. 9. He was was very very upset upset becau because se I (be) (be) late. late. 10. I did not know that you (wear) glasses since since childhood. childhood. 11. I was surprised that his son (fail) the exam, exam, he (trust) his son and he (not expect) such a thing to happen. 12. When I finally arrived home, I (be) very hungry because I (not eat) anything anything all day. 13. He said he (have to) to) write down my address as he (not remember) it otherwise. 14. You will never never know how much I (suffer). (suffer). 15. A week ago, he decided decided he (change) (change) his job. job. 16. He discovered discovered to his horror that he (eat) the worms in the cherries. 17. After having visited Italy, my friends friends told me there (be) many small houses and narrow streets in Padua. 18. I hoped the company company where I (work) (not go) bankrupt. bankrupt. 19. After we have finished finished dinner, we (drink) (drink) coffee and brandy. 20. He was very tired and he (hope) he (have) time to rest that afternoon. afternoon. 7. Traduceti in limba engleza:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Nu mi-am mi-am amint amintit it ca ne cunos cunoscuse cusem m cu un an inai inainte nte.. Nu am stat stat acasa acasa sa te te astept astept pentru pentru ca nu stiam când vei vei veni. veni. Secret Secretara ara mi-a mi-a spus spus ca direct directorul orul este este ocupa ocupat.t. Stia Stiam m ca est estii in Buc Bucure urest sti. i. Era foarte foarte suparat suparat ca isi pierduse pierduse dictionarul dictionarul si nu era sigur sigur ca va gasi unul nou in librarii. 6. I-am promi promiss ca ii voi voi scrie scrie când voi voi ajunge ajunge la la Londra. Londra. 7. Hotul nu si-a dat seama seama ca polit politia ia il urmarea de o saptamâ saptamâna. na. 8. Iti voi voi spune spune adevar adevarul ul dupa dupa ce il voi voi afla afla eu insami insami.. 9. Tata Tata imi va da un un cadou cadou dupa dupa ce voi voi lua lua examen examenul. ul. 10. Masina pe cae o voi cumpara va fi importata importata din Germania. Germania. 11. M-a intrebat câte litere litere sunt in alfabetul alfabetul chinez si nu am putut sa-I raspund. 12. Politistul ma va intreba ce am vazut in timpul accidentul.
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LECTIA III MODUL CONDITIONAL SI FRAZELE CONDITIONALE Present Conditional (conditional prezent) Se formeaza cu should si would la persoana I si would la persoanele II si III, la care se adauga infinitivul prezent al verbului de conjugat.
Afirmativ I should/would go We should/would go You would go You would go He/she/it would go They would not go
Negativ I should/would not go We should/would not go You would not go You would not go He/she/it would not go They would not go Forme prescurtate: shouldn’t, wouldn’t.
Interogativ Should I go? Should we go? Would you go? Would you go? Would he/she/it go? Would they go? Se traduce cu conditionalul prezent din limba româna (as merge, ai merge, ar merge etc.).
Past Conditional (conditional trecut) Se traduce cu should/would la care se adauga infinitivul trecut (have + forma III a verbului de conjugat).
Afirmativ I should/would have gone You would have gone He/she/it would have gone We should/would have gone You would have gone They would have gone
Negativ
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I should/would not have gone You would not have gone He/she/it would not have gone We should/would not have gone You would not have gone They would not have gone
Interogativ Should I have gone? Should we have gone? Would you have gone? Would you have gone? Would he/she/it have gone? Would they have gone? Se traduce cu conditionalul trecut din limba româna (as fi mers, ai fi mers, ar fi mers etc.).
Frazele conditionale (If-Clauses) Exista trei tipuri de fraze conditionale: Tipul 1 Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara Future Present cu Present Tense I will go to the seaside if the weather is fine.
(Voi merge la mare daca vremea va fi buna.) I will stay at home if it rains. (Voi sta acasa daca va ploua.) Tipul 2 Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara Present Conditional Subjonctiv cu forma de Past Tense I would go to the seaside if the weather were fine.
(As merge la mare daca vremea ar fi buna.) I would stay at home if it rained. (As sta acasa daca ar ploua.)
Nota 1: Trebuie sa se tina seama ca subjonctivul folosit in propozitia secundara are forma lui Past Tense Simple la toate verbele, cu exceptia verbului „to be", unde se intâlneste forma „were" la toate persoanele. Tipul 3 Propozitia principala Propozitia secundara Past Conditional Subjonctiv cu forma de Past Perfect
I would have gone to the seaside if the weather had been fine. (As fi mers la mare daca vremea ar fi fost buna.)
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I would have stayed at home if it had rained. (As fi stat acasa daca ar fi plouat.)
Nota 2: – if poate poate fi inlocuit de provided (that), providing, supposing, suppose, in case.
What shall we do, supposing he is late? (Ce vom face presupunând ca el intârzie?) o
if not poate poate fi inlocuit cu unless
I won’t go shopping unless you come with me. I won’t go shopping if you don’t come with me.
Nota 3: should + infinitiv poate fi folosit la tipul 1, in loc de Present Simple, atunci când actiunea din secundara este posibila, dar improbabila. Acest tip de secundara este adesea combinat cu imperativul. In acest caz, should se traduce cu: in caz ca, daca s-ar intâmpla ca.
Ex. If she should ring up, tell her I am out. In caz ca telefoneaza, spune-I ca nu sunt acasa. De asemenea, should poate fi folosit in secundara la tipul 2 de fraza conditionala. Ex. If the police should find out the truth, we would be fined. (In caz ca politia ar afla adevarul/ Daca s-ar intâmpla ca politia sa afle adevarul, noi am fi amendati.)
Nota 4: Atunci când if este urmat de un verb auxiliar (ex. were, had, should), este posibila omiterea lui if, si in acest caz se inverseaza ordinea subiect – auxiliar.
Ex. – if he were here – were he here – if it had rained – had it rained – if he should come – should he come
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Exercitii cu fraze conditionale 1. Puneti verbele verbele din paranteze paranteze la timpul timpul corect, corect, tinând tinând seama de faptul faptul ca fraza conditionala este de tipul 1:
1. If I see see him him,, I (gre (greet et)) him. him. 2. If you you don’ don’tt hurry hurry,, you you (be) (be) late late.. 3. If she find findss out what what has happ happene ened, d, she (be) (be) very very angry angry.. 4. I (lend) (lend) you the the book if you promise promise to return return itit in time. time. 5. If I tell tell you you something something,, you (promise) (promise) to keep keep it a secret? secret? 6. Unless Unless you you study study more, more, you you (not pass) pass) the the exam. exam. 7. If itit (go on) on) rainin raining, g, we shal shalll have have floods. floods. 8. If you you (take) (take) a dog, dog, you will will have have to to look afte afterr it. 9. If I lik likee the the dres dress, s, I (bu (buy) y) it. it. 10. Unless you you come at 6, you (not find) find) me at home. 1. Puneti verbele verbele din paranteze paranteze la timpul timpul corect, corect, tinând tinând seama de faptul faptul ca fraza conditionala este de tipul 2:
1. If I (know) (know) his his phone-nu phone-numbe mber, r, I would would ring ring him him up. 2. If I (move) (move) to the the countrycountry-side side,, would would you visit visit me? me? 3. You (buy) (buy) this this house house if you you had had money money?? 4. If he were were more caref careful, ul, he (not (not make) make) so many many mistakes mistakes.. 5. What What would would you do ifif you (be) (be) Prime Prime Mini Ministe ster? r? 6. If I (give (give up) up) smokin smoking, g, I woul wouldd be nervo nervous. us. 7. If I won the lotter lottery, y, I (buy) (buy) a car. car. 8. Should Should he have have a headach headache, e, he (take) (take) a pill. pill. 9. Were Were I in in your your plac place, e, I (not do) this. this. 10. Where you you (go) if you you had a holiday? holiday? 1. Puneti verbele verbele din paranteze paranteze la timpul timpul corect, corect, tinând tinând seama de faptul faptul ca fraza conditionala este de tipul 3:
1. 2. 3. 4.
If you you had known known English, English, you (read) (read) Shakespeare Shakespeare in the the original. original. If I (work) (work) harde harder, r, I woul wouldd have have succee succeeded. ded. If you you had taken my advice, advice, you (not (not get) get) into into trouble trouble.. If I (know) (know) you had had no driving driving licence, licence, I wouldn’ wouldn’tt have come come with you you in your your car. 5. He would would have been been arrested arrested if if he (try) (try) to leave the the country. country. 6. I wouldn wouldn’t ’t have have come come unle unless ss you you (invit (invite) e) me. me. 7. Had I learned learned English English grammar, grammar, I (not (not make) make) so many mistake mistakess in my translat translation. ion. 8. If he (real (realize ize)) it was was so late, late, he would would have have gone gone home. home. 9. If I (not (not tell tell)) him, him, he would would neve neverr have have known. known. 10. Had I been at home, home, I (answer) (answer) the phone.
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1. Puneti verbele verbele din paranteze paranteze la timpul timpul corect, corect, tinând tinând seama ca se poate intâlni oricare dintre cele 3 tipuri de fraze conditionale:
1. It (be) better better if you had waited waited.. 2. If I (be) (be) you, you, I woul wouldd go home home imme immediat diately ely.. 3. I (answe (answer) r) your your questio questionn if I can. can. 4. He (tel (tell) l) you you if if you you had had asked asked him. him. 5. If you you (drive) (drive) more carefully, carefully, you you wouldn’t wouldn’t have an accident. accident. 6. If the the child child is good, good, he (get) (get) a bar bar of chocol chocolate ate.. 7. He will will be at at the airp airport ort in time time if if he (leav (leave) e) now. now. 8. If I (see) (see) him, him, I would would spea speakk to him. him. 9. If he had had writt written en a lett letter er to me, me, I (answe (answer) r) it. it. 10. You (be) sick sick if you eat so so much. 1. Traduc Traducet etii in limba limba eng englez leza: a:
1. Daca Daca va ploua, ploua, strazil strazilee vor vor fi ude. 2. Daca Daca ar ploua, ploua, strazi strazile le ar ar fi fi ude. ude. 3. Dacaar Dacaar fi fi plouat plouat,, strazi strazile le ar fi fi fost fost ude. ude. 4. Vei prinde prinde trenu trenull daca daca vei vei lua lua un taxi. taxi. 5. Ai fi fi prins prins trenu trenull daca daca ai fi fi luat luat un taxi taxi.. 6. Ai prinde prinde trenu trenull daca daca ai ai lua lua un un taxi. taxi. 7. Te vei vei supara supara daca daca iti iti voi voi lua lua creion creionul? ul? 8. Te-ai Te-ai supara supara daca daca ti-as ti-as lua lua crei creionu onul? l? 9. Te-ai Te-ai fi supara suparatt daca daca ti-as ti-as fi luat luat creion creionul? ul? 10. Ce vei face daca il vei vei intâlni intâlni pe John? 11. Ce-ai face face daca l-ai intâlni intâlni pe John? 12. Ce-ai fi facut facut daca l-ai fi intâln intâlnit it pe John? 1. Traduc Traducet etii in limba limba eng englez leza: a:
1. Il vei vedea vedea daca daca ilil vei vei astept astepta. a. 2. Daca Daca un cerse cersetor tor ti-ar ti-ar cere cere bani, bani, I-ai I-ai da? 3. Ce s-ar s-ar fi intâm intâmpla platt daca ai fi condus condus cu cu viteza viteza mare? mare? 4. Nu vom vom merge merge la la plimba plimbare re daca daca nu va sta sta ploa ploaia. ia. 5. Mi-ar Mi-ar placea placea mai mai mult mult piesa piesa daca daca ar fi mai mai scurta scurta.. 6. Daca cina cina nu va fi gata gata la timp, timp, voi voi mânca mânca la un un restaurant. restaurant. 7. Daca Daca n-ai fi inchi inchiss fereast fereastra, ra, mi-ar mi-ar fi fost fost frig. frig. 8. As mai mai croseta croseta un pulov pulover er daca daca as mai mai avea avea lâna. lâna. 9. Mamaia Mamaia ar fi un loc ideal ideal pentru pentru o vacanta vacanta daca n-ar n-ar fi atât atât de multi multi oameni oameni acolo. acolo. 10. Voi fi dezamagit dezamagit daca nu voi afla afla adevarul.
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LECTIA IV VORBIREA DIRECTA SI INDIRECTA
Vorbirea directa: John said: „She is not at home" Vorbirea indirecta: John said she was not at home.
Pentru a trece o propozitie de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea indirecta, trebuie respectate o serie de reguli. 1. Atunci când verbul verbul din propozi propozitia tia principal principalaa este la trecut, trecut, ceea ceea ce se intâmp intâmpla la in majoritatea cazurilor, in propozitia secundara se schimba timpurile dupa cum urmeaza: Present past Present perfect past perfect Past past perfect Future future-in-the-past Ex. – He said „I am ill". He said he was ill. o o o
He said „I have been working hard. He said he had been working hard. He said „I was ill". He said he had been ill. He said „I will do the exercise". He said he would do the exercise.
1. Se schim schimba ba pronum pronumele ele,, in funct functie ie de sens. sens. Ex. He said: „She gave me a book". He said she had given him a book. 2. Se schimb schimbaa o serie serie de cuvint cuvintee in funct functie ie de sens. sens. Ex. today that day yesterday the day before/the previous day the day before yesterday two days before tomorrow the next day/the following day the day after tomorrow in two days’ time next week the next/the following week two years ago two years before now then this that 40
these those here there Ex. He said: „I’ll be at home today". He said he would be at home on that day. He said: „I am going to do this traslation tomorrow". He said he was going to do that translation the next day. 3. Frazele Frazele conditionale conditionale sunt sunt trecute trecute la vorbirea vorbirea indirect indirectaa in modul modul urmator: urmator: o
tipul 1 devine tipul 2: "If it rains, I will stay at home." He said if it rained he would stay at home.
o
tipurile 2 si 3 nu se schimba: "If it rained, I would stay at home." He said if itrained he would stay at home. "If it had rained, I would have stayed at home." He said if it had rained he would have stayed at home.
1. Verbele Verbele modale modale would, should, should, ought ought to, to, could, could, might ramân neschimba neschimbate te la vorbirea indirecta. Ex. He said: „I might be late" He said he might be late.
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Modalitati de introducere a propozitiilor secundare in vorbirea indirecta
1. Afirmatii: cu that (care se poate omite) Ex. He said: „I am ill". He said (that) he was ill. 2. Comenzi: cu infinitivul (afirmativ sau negativ) Ex. He said „Go out". He told me to go out. He said „Don’t go out" He told me not to go out. 3. Intrebari : Exista doua tipuri de intrebari: generale si speciale. Intrebarile generale sunt cele care incep cu un verb, iar raspunsul poate fi da sau nu. Ex. Where have you been? I’ve been away, on holiday. Intrebarile generale se introduc cu if sau whether (daca). Ex. He asked me if I liked music. Intrebarile speciale se introduc cu cuvântul interogativ respectiv. Ex. He asked me where I had been. In cazul intrebarilor speciale trecute la vorbirea indirecta, trebuie acordata atentie ordinei cuvintelor din propozitia secundara. Intrucât aceasta propozitie incepe cu un cuvânt interogativ, exista tentatia de a folosi ordinea cuvintelor din propozitiile interogative, ceea ce este o greseala. Ex. He asked me: „What is the time?" Corect: He asked me what the time was. Incorect: He asked me what was the time.
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Exercitii cu vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta 1. Treceti urmatoarele afirmatii de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea indirecta (verbul introductiv este la trecut):
Model :
He said „I will leave for London tomorrow". He said (that) he would leave for London the next day. 1. The weathe weatherr was was fine fine yest yesterda erday. y. 2. I saw saw thi thiss fil film m a wee weekk ago. ago. 3. I will will go go shopp shoppin ingg righ rightt now. now. 4. Last Last year year I spent spent my holida holidayy at the the seasid seaside. e. 5. I think think it’s it’s going going to rain rain tomorro tomorrow. w. 6. I don’t don’t rememb remember er where where I have bought this dictionary. dictionary. 7. I am am very very busy busy toda today. y. 8. John left left for for Sinai Sinaiaa two two days days ago. ago. 9. I went went to to Engl Englan andd two two years years ago ago.. 10. I am going to to have a nap this this afternoon. afternoon. 11. If I have enough money, money, I will buy a car next year. year. 12. If I had been at home, I would have have answered the phone. phone. 2. Treceti urmatoarele comenzi la vorbirea indirecta (verbul introductiv este la trecut) Model :
He said: „Come in!" He told (asked, ordered) me to come in. 1. Don’ Don’tt dri drive ve so so fas fast! t! 2. Open Open the the door door,, plea please! se! 3. Read Read the the tex text, t, plea please! se! 4. Write Write me a letter letter when when you you get get to Engl England and!! 5. Don’t Don’t cross cross the street street on on a red red light light!! 6. Be car caref eful ul with with my books! books! 7. Don’ Don’tt smo smoke ke so so muc much! h! 8. Take Take this his pi pill! 9. Don’t Don’t inte interrup rruptt me when when I am speak speaking ing!! 10. Ring me up when when you arrive arrive home! 3. Treceti urmatoarele intrebari generale la vorbirea indirecta (verbul introductiv este la trecut): Model :
„Will you be at home tomorrow?" He asked me if I would be at home the next day. 43
1. Will Will you you help help me, me, ple pleas ase? e? 2. Can you come come to tea this this after afternoon noon?? 3. Has Has the the trai trainn lef left? t? 4. Do you know what what this this word means? means? 5. Was Was your your mo moth ther er at at hom home? e? 6. Did you buy this this book book yester yesterday day?? 7. Did you drink drink coff coffee ee every every day? day? 8. Were Were you you at the library library yester yesterday day?? 9. Do you you live live in in London London for a long long time time?? 10. Can you you speak English? English? 11. Would you you like like a cake? 12. Could you you lend me a book, book, please? please? 4. Treceti urmatoarele intrebari speciale la vorbirea indirecta (verbul introductiv este la trecut): Model :
He said: „When did you come back?" He asked me when I had come back. 1. How long long have have you you been been learn learning ing Engl English ish?? 2. What What are are you you going going to do do tomo tomorrow rrow?? 3. How long long does does it take take you you to reach reach your your offic office? e? 4. When When will will you you be be bac back? k? 5. Where Where will will you you spend spend you yourr weeken weekend? d? 6. Who is thi this man man?? 7. Why Why is it so dark dark in thi thiss room room?? 8. When When did did the the rain rain stop stop?? 9. Which Which of of these these cakes cakes do do you you prefe prefer? r? 10. How did did you travel? travel?
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LECTIA V Pasivul se formeaza conjugând verbul to be la timpul cerut de sens, la care se adauga forma III (participiul trecut) a verbului de conjugat. Ex. I am asked. I have been asked. I was asked. I had been asked. I will be asked. In limba româna, trecerea de la diateza activa la diateza pasiva se face prin transformarea complementului direct in subiect. Ex. Activ: Directorul m-a chemat pe mine. Pasiv: Eu am fost chemat de director. In limba engleza, exista trei tipuri de complemente care pot deveni subiect in transformarea de la activ la pasiv: complementul direct, complementul indirect si, in unele cazuri, complementul prepozitional . Ex. Activ: I gave him a book. Unde complementul direct este a book , iar complementul indirect este him. Ambele complemente pot deveni subiecte in cazul trecerii la pasiv. Desigur, subiectul va fi trecut la cazul nominativ. Complement direct Subiect A book was given to him. (by me) Complement indirect Subiect He was given a book. (by me) In propozitia: In this office they insist on punctuality, punctuality este un complement prepozitional, care, de asemenea, poate deveni subiect in cazul folosirii diatezei pasive: In this office punctuality is insisted on (by them). Un alt exemplu de complement prepozitional care poate deveni subiect. Activ: She looked after the child. Pasiv: The child was looked after (by her). In multe cazuri, pasivul se foloseste atunci când nu este important cine face actiunea. In aceste situatii, se omite formularea by, de la sfârsitul propozitiei. Ex. In this office punctuality is insisted on.
Nota: Se poate folosit aspectul continuu al diatezei pasive numai la Present Tense si Past Tense. Ex. While I am in hospital, my flat is being painted. While I was in hospital, hosp ital, my flat was being painted.
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Exercitii cu diateza pasiva
1. Treceti Treceti urmato urmatoarel arelee propozit propozitii ii la diatez diateza a pasiva: pasiva:
1. They They will will fini finish sh the the work work today. today. 2. He has has foun foundd you yourr bag. bag. 3. I will will invite invite my frie friend nd to to a part party. y. 4. Someon Someonee has found found the the missi missing ng chil child. d. 5. A speci speciali alist st will will repair repair my my TV TV set. set. 6. His coworke coworkers rs must must do someth something ing for for him. him. 7. People People play play footba football ll all all over over the world. world. 8. The The nois noisee fri fright ghtene enedd me. me. 9. They They are buil buildin dingg a new hous housee round round the corn corner. er. 10. They were building a new supermarket in that district district last month, when I passed by. 2. Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la diateza pasiva in doua feluri, transformând atât complementul direct cât si cel indirect in subiecte:
1. The docto doctorr prescri prescribed bed some some pills pills to to the pati patient ent.. 2. They They have have given given me me a nice nice presen present.t. 3. The police policeman man will will show show us us the the way. way. 4. I teac teachh them them Eng Engli lish sh.. 5. I have have len lentt John John two two of of my books books.. 6. The jury jury awarded awarded the Romani Romanian an film film director director the Great Great Prize. Prize. 7. The guid guidee showed showed the the museum museum to the the touris tourists. ts. 8. They They wil willl give give me me a rewa reward. rd. 9. My frie friend nd doesn’t doesn’t alwa always ys tell tell me the the truth truth.. 10. The teacher asked me a difficult difficult question. question. 3. Treceti la pasiv urmatoarele propozitii care cuprind combinatii verb+prepozitie:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
They They didn’t didn’t look look after after the chil children dren prope properly rly.. We call called ed for for the the doc docto tor. r. We could couldn’t n’t acco account unt for for his his odd behav behaviou iour. r. Burgl Burglar arss broke broke int intoo the the house house.. Don’t Don’t spea speakk until until some someone one speak speakss to you you.. He hasn hasn’t ’t slep sleptt in his his bed. bed. We laug laughe hedd at at Joh John. n. We obj objec ecte tedd to his his prop propos osal al.. They They set fire fire to to the the she shed. d.
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4. Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la diateza pasiva:
1. Has Has someo someone ne repai repaired red the the TV set set?? 2. Will Will you you writ writee the the lett letter er in in ink? ink? 3. Haven’ Haven’tt they they told told you you to be here here at 6 o’cl o’clock ock?? 4. Did Did the the torna tornado do fri frigh ghte tenn you? you? 5. Will Will some someone one tell tell him the detail details? s? 6. Have Have you you fed fed the the dog dog?? 7. Did the sight sight of of the the accide accident nt shock shock him? him? 8. Did they they tell tell you you about about the the meet meeting? ing? 9. Do you you think think they they will will turn turn down down your your request request?? 10. Would you have finished your work sooner if your colleagues hadn’t interrupted interrupted you? 5. Treceti urmatoarele propozitii de la diateza pasiva la diateza activa. Gasiti subiecte acolo unde este necesar:
1. This This book book wil willl soon soon be forgo forgotte tten. n. 2. These These book bookss must mustn’t n’t be taken taken away away.. 3. Englis Englishh is spoken spoken all all over over the world. world. 4. This painti painting ng is admired admired by all all the visit visitors ors of the the museum. museum. 5. This This house house has been been built built out out of stone stone and and cement cement.. 6. A recep receptio tionn was was held held in in his his honou honour. r. 7. The pupi pupils ls wil willl be told told where where to sit. sit. 8. I was was recom recommen mended ded a very good doctor doctor.. 9. The climber climber was finall finallyy discovered discovered by the the rescue rescue party. party. 10. He hates hates being made made fun of. of. 6. Traduceti in limba engleza:
1. In acest acest hote hotell se vorbe vorbesc sc limb limbii strai straine. ne. 2. Ni s-a ceru cerutt sa aratam aratam pasap pasapoart oartele ele.. 3. Ni s-au spus spus lucruri lucruri foarte foarte interesant interesantee la conferinta. conferinta. 4. Evenim Eveniment entul ul a fost come comenta ntatt de toate toate ziarele ziarele.. 5. Scrisoar Scrisoarea ea va fi pusa pusa la posta posta cât mai mai curând curând posib posibil il.. 6. Nu s-a auzit nimic despre el de când a plecat la Constant Constanta. a. 7. Aceasta Aceasta informa informatie tie treuie treuie tratat tratataa confiden confidential tial.. 8. Sensurile Sensurile cuvinte cuvintelor lor noi noi trebuie trebuie cautate cautate in dictionar. dictionar. 9. Când Când a ajuns acasa acasa si-a si-a dat seama seama ca I se furase furase portofe portofelul lul.. 10. Cursul profesorului a fost ascultat de toti studentii. 11. Ni se vor da instructiuni detaliate in in privinta referatului. 12. Se construiesc construiesc multe blocuri blocuri noi in cartierul nostru. nostru. 13. Muzeul a fost inchis inchis pentru reparatii. reparatii. 14. Acest timbru timbru nu a fost bine lipit lipit pe plic. 15. America a fost fost descoperita la sfârsitul secolului al XV-lea.
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LECTIA VI VERBELE MODALE
Can, could, may, might, must, need, should, ought to, shall, will, would. Caracteristici generale •
Nu primesc to inaintea lor si dupa ele:
Ex. Can is a model verb. I can do this. (Pot sa fac aceasta.) Spre deosebire de: I want to do this. (Vreau sa fac aceasta.) Nu primesc s la persoana III singular, prezent.
•
Ex. He can speak English. •
Nu formeaza negativul si interogativul cu „to do". Ex. He cannot (can’t) speak English. •
Nu au toate timpurile. Se folosesc inlocuitori.
Can 1. are se sensul sul de de a putea, a fi in stare Ex. I can make this traslation. Can = infinitiv, prezent Negativ: cannot, can’t Ex. I cannot (can’t) make this translation. Interogativ: Can I? Can you? etc. Ex. Can you make this translation? Could=Past Tense, conditional prezent al verbului can Negativ: could not (couldn’t) Interogativ: Could I ? Could you? etc. Ex. I couldn’t come to you yesterday. N-am putut sa vin la tine ieri. Could you help me? Ai putea sa ma ajuti?
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Pentru conditionalul trecut se foloseste could + infinitivul trecut Ex. He could have been here in time. Ar fi putut sa fie aici in timp. Pentru celelalte timpuri se foloseste inlocuitorul to be able to. Ex. I will be able to come to you tomorrow. Voi putea veni la tine mâine. I haven’t been able to ring you up this week. N-am putut sa-ti telefonez saptamâna aceasta. 2. Arata o anumita anumita abilitat abilitatee fizica fizica sau intele intelectual ctuala. a. Se traduce traduce cu a sti sa. Ex. I can swim. (Stiu sa inot.) I can speak English. (Stiu sa vorbesc engleza.) Cu acest sens, timpurile se folosesc ca la punctul 1 (could pentru Past Tense si conditionalul prezent, inlocuitorul to be able to pentru celelalte timpuri.). Ex. I will tbe able to drive a car after I have taken a few lessons. Voi sti sa conduc masina dupa ce voi lua câteva lectii. 3. In vorbirea vorbirea familia familiara, ra, can poate poate fi folosit folosit cu cu sensul lui lui may de „a avea avea permisiunea". Ex. Father, can I take your car? Tata, pot/am permisiunea sa iau masina ta? 4. Can’t/ Can’t/cou couldn ldn’t ’t – nu se poat poatee sa, nu e posib posibil il sa. Ex. It can’t/couldn’t be 9 o’clock. The sun hasn’t set yet. Nu se poate sa fie ora 9. Soarele nu a apus inca. Pentru a reda ideea de trecut cu acest sens, se foloseste infinitivul trecut. Ex. You can’t/couldn’t have seen John in the street. He is abroad. Nu se poate sa-l fi vazut pe John pe strada. El e in strainatate.
May 1. are sensu sensull de a putea, putea, a avea avea permis permisiun iunea ea Ex. May I smoke in this room? Pot/am permisiunea sa fumez in aceasta camera? Yes, you may. (Da, poti.) Negativ: may not, mayn’t Interogativ: May I? May you? May = infinitiv, prezent Cu acest sens exista timpul might care reda ideea de trecut, dar se foloseste numai dupa
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un alt verb la trecut (vorbire indirecta). Ex. He said I might smoke in that room. permitted to. Pentru celelalte timpuri se folosesc inlocuitorii: to be allowed to, to be permitted to. Ex. I was allowed/permitted to smoke in that room. Am putut/mi s-a permis sa fumez in camera aceea. I will be allowed/permitted to smoke in that room. Voi putea/mi se va permite sa fumez in camera aceea.
2. May/Might – s-ar s-ar putea sa Ex. Take your umbrella. It may/might rain. Ia-ti umbrela, s-ar putea sa ploua. Ring up John. He may/might be at home now. Telefoneaza-I lui John. S-ar putea sa fie acasa acum. Cu acest sens, ideea de trecut este redata prin adaugarea infinitivului trecut. Ex. Why didn’t you take your coat? You may/might have caught a cold. De ce nu ti-ai luat haina? S-ar fi putut sa racesti.
3. May/might pot exprima un repros. Ex. You may/might help me when I am in need. Ai putea sa ma ajuti când sunt la nevoie. Pentru redarea ideii de trecut, se adauga infinitivul trecut. Ex. You might have written me a letter when you were in England. Ai fi putut sa imi scrii o scrisoare când erai in Anglia.
Must 1. A trebui Ex. It’s got late. I must go home. S-a facut târziu. Trebuie sa plec acasa. Negativ: must not, mustn’t Interogativ: Must I? Must you? Must = infinitiv, prezent Nu are alte timpuri. Se foloseste inlocuitorul to have to. Ex. I had to finish the traslation yesterday. A trebuit sa termin traducerea ieri. I will have to finish the translation tomorrow. Va trebui sa termin traducerea mâine. Trebuie mentionat faptul ca inlocuitorul lui must, to have to formeaza interogativul si negativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului to do. Ex. I didn’t have to finish the translation yesterday.
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2. De asem asemen enea ea,, poate poate ave aveaa sensul sensul probabil ca: Ex. It must be late. Let’s go home. Probabil ca e târziu. Hai sa mergem acasa. John must be at home now. Let’s call on him. Probabil ca John e acasa acum. Hai sa-l vizitam. Cu acest sens, ideea de trecut se reda prin adaugarea infinitivului trecut. Ex. I was asleep when you arrived home last night. It must have been late. Eu dormeam când ai venit tu aseara. Probabil ca era târziu.
Need Exista doua verbe: •
To need : verb obisnuit, notional, cu sensul de a avea nevoie
Ex. He doesn’t need this book. El nu are nevoie de aceasta carte. •
Need: verb modal, cu sensul de a fi nevoie
Ca verb modal, need se foloseste numai la interogativ si negativ. Ex. Need I be here at one o’clock? E nevoie sa fiu aici la ora 1? No, you needn’t. Nu, nu e nevoie. Pentru a raspunde afirmativ la intrebarea de mai sus, se foloseste verbul must. Ex. Need I be here at one o’clock? Yes, you must! (Da, trebuie!) Pentru exprimarea ideii de trecut a verbului need, exista 2 posibilitati: •
Daca actiunea nu era necesara, dar a fost facuta, se foloseste needn’t + infinitivul trecut.
Ex. You needn’t have watered the flowers. Couldn’t you see it was going to rain? Nu era nevoie sa uzi florile. N-ai vazut ca urma sa ploua? •
Daca actiunea nu era necesara si nu a fost facuta, se foloseste didn’t need + infinitivul
Ex. We didn’t need to do this exercise. The teacher told us it was too easy for us. Nu a fost nevoie sa facem acest exercitiu. Profesorul ne-a spus ca e prea usor pentru noi.
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Nota: Nu trebuie confundat need not cu must not. Need not se traduce cu „nu e nevoie". Must not se traduce cu „nu trebuie".
Ex. You needn’t drive so fast; we have enough time. Nu e nevoie sa conduci atât de repede; avem destul timp. You mustn’t drive so fast; there is a speed limit here. Nu trebuie sa conduci atât de repede; aici e limita de viteza.
Should, Ought to Ambele verbe indica o actiune corecta, o obligatie morala, o recomandare. Se traduc cu: ar trebui sa, ar fi cazul sa, ar fi bine sa.
Ex. You should/ought to help your mother with housework. Ar trebui sa o ajuti pe mama ta la treburile casei. Pentru a reda ideea de trecut, se adauga infinitivul trecut. Ex. You should not/ought not to have been so rude to him. Nu ar fi trebuit sa fii atât de nepoliticos cu el.
Shall Folosit cu persoana I, shall indica viitorul. Folosit cu persoana I, interogativ, poate indica, de asemenea, solicitarea unui sfat, o oferta sau o sugestie. Ex. Which dress shall I buy? Ce rochie sa cumpar? Shall I wait for you? Sa te astept? Shall we meet at one o’clock? Sa ne intâlnim la ora 1? Folosit cu persoanele II si III, shall poate arata o promisiune, o obligatie sau o amenintare care provin de la cel care vorbeste. Ex. Mother to child: You shall have a bicycle if you pass the exam. Mama spune copilului: Vei avea o bicicleta daca vei lua examenul. Mother to child: You shall not get any pocket-money if you don’t pass the exam. Mama spune copilului: Nu vei mai primi nici un ban de buzunar daca nu vei lua examenul.
Will, Would •
Formula de politete, cerere politicoasa:
Will you/would you sit down? Will you/would you help me with my translation, please? 52
•
A voi (cu sens extins la obiecte):
This child will/would not do what I say. Acest copil nu vrea sa faca ce-I spun. This radio won’t work. •
Actiune Act iune repe r epetata tata :
- in perioada prezenta My mother will sit for hours watching TV. Mama mea obisnuieste sa stea ore intregi privind la televizor. o
in trecut
When I was a child, my mother would read me fairy tales. Când eram copil, mama obisnuia sa-mi citeasca povesti. •
Presupune Pres upunere re: se traduce tradu ce in limba româna rom âna cu o fi.
This girl looks very much like Jane. She will be her sister. Aceasta fata seamana foarte bine cu Jane. O fi sora ei. Se poate folosi cu infinitivul trecut: He will have reached Paris by now. O fi ajuns la Paris pâna acum. Nota: In afara de „would", ideea de actiune repetata in trecut se poate exprima cu „used to".
Ex. When I was a child, my mother used to read me fairy tales. Used to eate un verb semi-modal, care are numai forma de trecut. Un alt verb semi-modal este dare (a indrazni) care se conjuga la afirmativ ca un verb obisnuit, in timp ce la interogativ si negativ se poate conjuga atât ca un verb obisnuit cât si ca modal.
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Exercitii cu verbe modale
1. Treceti urmatoarele urmatoarele propozitii propozitii la Past Past Tense Simple si Future Future Tense Simple, folosind inlocuitorii verbelor modale respective, acolo unde este necesar:
1. He can can swi swim m very very wel well. l. 2. I mu must st go soon soon.. 3. You You may may leave leave earl earlie ier. r. 4. She She can can len lendd you you that that book. book. 5. This This chil childd may may have have anothe anotherr cake. cake. 6. You You may may not not smoke smoke in thi thiss room. room. 7. I cannot cannot transl translate ate ten pages pages a day. day. 8. Can Can you you hel help me? me? 9. You You mus mustn tn’t ’t do this this . 10. May I walk on the grass? 11. He may not come come in wearing dirty dirty boots. 12. I must learn English. English. 13. You may not speak speak to your mother mother like that. 14. I must look up the words words in the dictionary. dictionary. 15. She can play play the piano piano very well. well. 16. Can Jane type type very quickly? quickly? 17. Can you you speak Chinese? Chinese? 18. Everybody Everybody may borrow books from this this library. library. 19. Must you you be so rude? 20. She can read and and write at the the age of five. five. 1. Redati ideea ideea de trecut in in urmatoarele urmatoarele propozitii propozitii folosind infinitivul infinitivul trecut in loc de infinitivul prezent:
1. John John mu must st be ill. ill. 2. It can’ can’tt be be too too lat late. e. 3. It migh mightt rain rain.. 4. He must must be dela delayed yed at the the offi office. ce. 5. You might might writ writee to me more often. often. 6. You shoul shouldd visit visit your your sick sick friend friend in in hospita hospital.l. 7. He ough oughtt to tel telll me the the trut truth. h. 8. You might might change change you yourr mind mind about about that. that. 9. He ma mayy be be at at hom home. e. 10. It can’t be be easy to learn learn Chinese. Chinese. 11. He should go go to school everyday everyday.. 12. You can’t be pleased pleased with this this piece of news. news. 13. You might pay pay more attention attention to your work. work. 14. You needn’t needn’t do do this. this.
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15. You can’t see a bear in this this part of the country. country. 16. He needn’t buy milk; milk; there is plenty plenty in the fridge. 17. He must be in the garden garden at this time of the the day. 18. It must be difficult difficult to climb climb this mountain. 19. You shouldn’t shouldn’t go to to bed so late. 20. John could could be a winner. winner. 1. Completati spatiile goale cu can sau can’t: 1. Man …travel …travel through through space now. now. 2. He …reach …reach the the Moon and and walk walk there. there. 3. He …even drive on its surface. 4. But one still …breathe without extra oxygen and one certainly …stay there very long. 5. When we … fly there as easily as we fly to other countries of the world, holidays will be very different. 1. Reformulati urmatoarele propozitii folosind must + infinitivul prezent sau infinitivul trecut:
Model :
He probably speaks English well. He must speak English well. You probably forgot to lock the door. You must have forgotten to lock the door. 1. He prob probab ably ly thi think nkss I am wron wrong. g. 2. He is is probabl probablyy older older than than he looks. looks. 3. You proba probably bly left left your your umbrel umbrella la in the the shop. shop. 4. She is proba probably bly a very very good good doctor doctor.. 5. It probably probably took a long time to finish finish this translation translation.. 6. He probabl probablyy came came hom homee very very early. early. 7. This is is probably probably the best best Romania Romaniann film film of the year. year. 8. You probab probably ly knew knew the the lesson lesson very very well well to get get a 10. 9. He was was pro proba babl blyy lat late. e. 10. You have probably probably forgotten forgotten his address. address. 5. Reformulati urmatoarele propozitii folosind may + infinitivul prezent sau infinitivul trecut:
Model :
Perhaps it snows in the mountains. It may/might snow in the mountains. Perhaps it snowed in the mountains It may/might have snowed in the mountains. 1. Don’t Don’t wait. wait. It It is possib possible le for for her to be be very late late.. 2. I have bough boughtt his late latest st book; book; perhap perhapss it is a good good one. one. 3. Take Take your your umbrel umbrella; la; perha perhaps ps it wil willl rain. rain. 55
4. It is is possib possible le that that I come come home home early. early. 5. I thin thinkk she was was angry angry with with you you.. 6. A good knowledge knowledge of English English is likely likely to help you you a lot in your career. career. 7. It is possib possible le that that he was was right right but but I don’t don’t think think so. 8. Perhaps he has done the the exercise exercise correct correctly, ly, but but I doubt it. 9. Perhaps she she has returned returned the the book to you you and you you have lent lent it to to someone else. else. 10. Perhaps she was was out when you you rang her up. 6. Reformulati urmatoarele propozitii folosind can’t + infinitivul prezent sau infinitivul trecut:
Model :
I don’t believe you are right. You can’t be right. I don’t believe you were right. You can’t have been right. 1. I don’t don’t believ believee itit is is his his faul fault.t. 2. I don’t don’t believ believee it was his fault. fault. 3. I don’t don’t beli believe eve that that he he has passe passedd the exam. exam. 4. I don’t don’t believ believee she has got so fat. fat. 5. I don’t don’t thin thinkk the the weathe weatherr will will change change.. 6. I don’t don’t think think he is at at the offi office ce so late late at at night. night. 7. I don’t don’t believe believe she has has learnt learnt Englis Englishh in two month months. s. 8. I don’t don’t believ believee she has has married married that that awful awful man. man. 9. I don’t don’t think think this this is a true true story story.. 10. I don’t think you will miss miss the train ifif you hurry. 1. Completati spatiile goale cu mustn’t sau needn’t : 1. You … take take an umb umbrel rella. la. The The sky sky is clear. clear. st 2. I … retu return rn the the book bookss befo before re the the 1 of September. 3. You …mak …makee a noise noise or the the baby baby will will wake wake up. up. 4. You…wa You…water ter the the flowers flowers,, it will will soon start start raini raining. ng. 5. The visi visitor torss … feed feed the the animal animalss in the the Zoo. Zoo. 6. People People … spea speakk durin duringg the the conce concert. rt. 7. One …buy …buy a ticket ticket for for a slow slow train train in in advanc advance. e. 8. One … travel travel by by bus with without out payi paying ng the the fare. fare. 9. You … take sleeping sleeping pills pills too too often; often; they they are addicti addictive. ve. 10. You … worry about money. I’ll give you as much as as you want. 1. Completati spatiile goale cu should sau would: 1. 2. 3. 4.
You …not …not go to bed bed so so late late at at night night.. … you you help help me solve solve this this prob problem lem?? When When I was was young, young, I …wear …wear my hair hair long. long. I …hurry …hurry up up in order order not not to to miss miss the train. train. 56
5. My chil childd …play …play with with the the cat cat for hours hours on end. end. 6. …y …you ou be so so kind kind and pass pass me me the salt salt,, please please?? 7. He always always made made mistakes mistakes because he …never …never take take any any advice. advice. 8. You …not …not eat so many sweets if you you don’t want to to get fat. fat. 9. You …not …not expec expectt everyb everybody ody to obey obey you you.. 10. When I was a teenager, teenager, I …read …read one book a day. day. 9. Completati spatiile goale cu shall sau will:
1. He …rea …readd for for hours hours on end. end. 2. …y …you ou tell tell me the truth, truth, for once? once? 3. This This …b …bee John’ John’ss hous house. e. 4. Go to sleep, sleep, I prom promise ise you you not not …be disturbe disturbed. d. 5. If you you win the the contes contest,t, you…g you…get et a nice nice present present.. 6. You …do this this whethe whetherr you like like it or not. not. 7. She …writ …writee an article article for for this maga magazin zinee every week week.. 8. This This door door … not unloc unlock. k. 9. … you you correct correct my exercis exercise, e, plea please? se? 10. This letter is full of mistakes; mistakes; you …re-type it. it. 10.Completati spatiile goale cu didn’t need to sau needn’t have + forma III a verbului:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
I …(answer) …(answer) the the question questions, s, which which was very conven convenien ient.t. I …(answer) …(answer) the the questions, questions, which which would would have have saved me a lot lot of work. I …(buy) …(buy) a new new map map of London London as I alre already ady had had one. one. You …(lend) …(lend) him him so many many books; books; he will never read read them all. We …(wa …(wait) it) too long; long; he was was back back soon. soon. I …(see) …(see) him him for for that. that. I wrot wrotee him a letter letter.. I …(get …(get up) so so early early today today,, but I forgot forgot itit was Sunday Sunday.. You …(wa …(wait) it) for for me. me. I am sorry sorry you you wasted wasted your your time. time. The student student …(write) …(write) such such a long composi composition, tion, because because the the teacher teacher won’t have time to read it all. 10. You …(buy) …(buy) so much bread. It’ll It’ll get stale. stale. 11. Completati spatiile goale cu must, can’t sau needn’t + infinitivul trecut: 1. It …(ra …(rain in)) here; here; the the road road is is dry. dry. 2. I haven’t haven’t got got my bag bag with with me; me; I …(leave …(leave)) it on the the bus. bus. 3. The child child … (leave) (leave) home. home. I locked locked the the door and took took the key with with me. 4. You …(see) …(see) Anna Anna yest yesterd erday. ay. She She is is away. away. 5. John …(do) …(do) such such a thin thing; g; he he is a nice nice boy. boy. 6. He …(swim …(swim)) across across the Danube Danube;; he is a very poor poor swimm swimmer. er. 7. I didn’t didn’t hear hear the the phone. phone. I …(be) …(be) in in the garden. garden. 8. You…(l You…(lend end)) him your your text text – book. book. He has has one of of his own. own. 9. He …(be) …(be) at at home. home. The The light light was was on in in his room room.. 10. It …(take) …(take) you a long time to knit knit this dress. 12. Incercati sa gasiti un sens urmatorului dialog:
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"Do you think he will?" "I think he might." "His family consider he should." "Yes, but he himself believes he needn’t." 1. Traduceti Traduceti in limba limba engleza, engleza, folosind folosind verbe verbe modale modale sau sau inlocuitori inlocuitori ai ai acestora: acestora:
1. Toti studentii studentii pot si trebuie trebuie sa scrie scrie aceasta aceasta lucrare. lucrare. 2. Va trebu trebuii sa ma ma ajuti ajuti mai mult mult astazi astazi.. 3. Sunt sigur sigur ca voi voi putea putea gasi gasi timp timp sa sa te ajut ajut.. 4. Profesorul Profesorul mi-a mi-a spus spus ca pot sa sa lipsesc lipsesc de la ora urmatoare. urmatoare. 5. Stiam Stiam sa cânt cânt la pian pian când când eram eram copil copil.. 6. Nu stiu stiu sa cros croset etez ez.. 7. Ai putea putea sa-mi sa-mi telefo telefonezi nezi mai mai des când stii ca sunt sunt bolnav. bolnav. 8. Ar trebui trebui ca ca toti toti copiii copiii sa faca faca trebu treburi ri in casa. casa. 9. Ar fi trebuit trebuit sa citesc citesc bibliograf bibliografia ia pentru pentru acest acest seminar. seminar. 10. Toata lumea lumea sa fie prezenta prezenta la sedinta. 11. Va trebui trebui sa plec plec curând. 12. Nu e nevoie sa-ti cari singura bagajul in gara; te-ar putea ajuta un hamal. 13. Trebuie sa-mi schimb pantofii când intru in casa pentru ca sunt plini de noroi. 14. E nevoie sa urcam urcam la cabana cabana pe jos? 15. Nu, putem lua autobuzul autobuzul sau telefericul telefericul.. 16. Nu a fost nevoie sa-I telefonez lui Jane ca sa vorbesc cu ea pentru pentru ca urma sa vina la mine peste o jumatate de ora. 17. Nu era nevoie sa-mi faci cafea, cafea, am baut deja doua astazi. 18. Nu a fost nevoie sa spun „multumesc" când am aflat ora exacta formând 958 intrucât stiam ca informatia e inregistrata pe banda. 19. Nu se poate ca profesorul sa fi fost multumit multumit de acest raspuns. raspuns. 20. Nu se poate sa fifi fost acasa aseara. Ti-am telefonat si nu a raspuns nimeni. 21. Probabil Probabil ca eram inca la facultate. facultate. 22. Am cerut sa vorbesc cu directorul, dar el nu a vrut sa vina la telefon. 23. Ar fi trebuit trebuit sa insisti. insisti. 24. De ce ai vorbit vorbit atât de tare? tare? 25. Iti promit promit ca vei avea cartea mâine. mâine. 26. Nu se poate sa fi gasit usa usa deschisa, o incuiasem incuiasem chiar chiar eu. 27. Unde mergem acum? 28. Mâine va trebui trebui sa pun scrisoarea scrisoarea la posta. 29. Vreti, Vreti, va rog, sa astepti câteva câteva minute? minute? 30. Nu aveti voie sa vorbiti vorbiti in timpul examenului. examenului.
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LECTIA VII MODUL SUBJONCTIV
In engleza contemporana, subjonctivul nu are formele lui proprii. El apare cu forme de infinitiv, de Past Tense si de Past Perfect. De asemenea, exista echivalenti de subjonctiv care constau in verbele should, may, might, would + infinitiv. 1. Subjon Subjoncti ctivv cu forma forma de de infi infinit nitiv iv
a. Apare in in propozitii propozitii exclama exclamative, tive, exprimând exprimând o lozinca lozinca,, o urare, o dorinta dorinta sau un blestem. Ex. Long live the king! Traiasca regele. Come what may. Fie ce-o fi. God forgive you! Fie ca Domnul sa te ierte! Curse this fog! Blestemata fie aceasta ceata! b. Poate fi intâln intâlnit it in poezia poezia clasica, clasica, in situatii situatii in care, care, in engleza engleza contemporana, contemporana, ar fi fi inlocuit cu prezentul. Ex. Shakespeare: „If this be error"… If this is error Byron: „Though the hart be still as loving" …the heart is c. Poate Poate fi folosit folosit ca o moda modalit litate ate de de a da ordin ordine. e. Ex. Everybody leave the hall. Toata lumea sa paraseasca sala. Somebody bring me a glass of water. Cineva sa-mi aduca un pahar cu apa. d. Dupa constructi constructiii de tipul: tipul: it is impossibl impossiblee that, it is is desirable desirable that, it is is necessary that, it is likely that. Ex. It is necessary that you be present. E necesar ca tu sa fii prezent. It is desirable that we finish the translation first. 59
Este de dorit ca noi sa terminam intâi traducerea. It is impossible that he do this. Este imposibil ca el sa faca aceasta. e) Dupa verbe ca: to propose, to suggest, to insist, to demand, to urge, to recommend, to order Ex. I recommended that his proposal be accepted. Am recomandat ca propunerea lui sa fie acceptata. The doctor insisted that I keep indoors. Doctorul a insistat ca eu sa stau acasa. 1. Subjon Subjoncti ctivv cu forma forma de Past Tense Tense sau sau Past Perfe Perfect: ct:
Apare dupa urmatoarele expresii: a. I wish (mi-as dori, bine ar fi sa) •
Daca dorinta se refera la momentul prezent, se foloseste subjonctivul cu forma de Past Tense.
Ex. I wish I were in England now. Mi-as dori sa fiu in Anglia acum. Nota: Verbul to be la subjonctivul du forma de Past Tense, apare ca were la toate persoanele. •
Daca dorinta se refera la un moment anterior, se foloseste subjonctivul cu forma de Past Perfect.
Ex. I wish I had been born in England. Mi-as dori sa ma fi nascut in Anglia. •
Daca dorinta se refera la un moment viitor, se foloseste would , ca echivalent de subjonctiv.
Ex. I wish it would stop raining. Mi-as dori sa inceteze ploaia. b) If only – are aproximativ acelasi sens cu I wish Ex. If only I lived to be a hundred! Bine ar fi sa traiesc pâna la o suta de ani! c) As if/though (ca si cum, de parca) even if/even though (chiar daca) Ex. You speak English as if you were an Englishman. Vorbesti engleza de parca ai fi englez. You speak English as if you had lived in England. Vorbesti engleza ca si cum ai fi trait in Anglia. 60
d)It is time. (E timpul.)
(Era de mult timpul.) Ex. It is time the child went to bed. E timpul sa mearga copilul la culcare. It is high time you began to study seriously. Era de mult timpul sa incepi sa studiezi serios.
It is high time.
a. I would sooner/rather (as prefera sa…) Ex. I would sooner you stayed at home tonight. As prefera sa stai acasa in seara asta. In exemplul de mai sus, persoana care isi exprima preferinta este diferita de cea care face actiunea. In cazul in care persoana care isi exprima preferinta este aceeasi cu cea care face actiunea, se poate folosi fie subjonctivul cu forma de Past Tense, fie cel cu forma de infinitiv. Ex. I would sooner I stayed at home tonight. I would sooner stay at home tonight. 1. Echi Echiva valen lenti ti de de subjo subjonc ncti tivv
a. should – ca si subjonctivul cu forma de infinitiv (1-d) se poate folosi dupa constructii de tipul: It is impossible that, it is necessary that. Ex. It is necessary that you should be present. It is desirable that we should finish the translation first. It is impossible that he should do this. Acest tip de constructii se traduc la fel (vezi 1-d), fie ca se foloseste in limba engleza subjonctivul cu forma de infinitiv, fie ca se foloseste should ca echivalent de subjonctiv. Exista o situatie in care nu se poate folosi subjonctivul cu forma de infinitiv,ci este necesara introducerea lui should. Este vorba de cazul când propozitia secundara exprima o actiune anterioara celei din principala. Ex. It is impossible that he should have done this. Este imposibil ca el sa fi facut aceasta. Dupa cum se observa, in aceasta situatie should este urmat de infinitivul trecut. •
De asemenea, la fel ca si subjonctivul cu forma de infinitiv (vezi 1-e), should poate aparea dupa verbe ca: to propose, to suggest, to insist, to demand, to urge, to recommend.
Ex. I recommend that his proposal should be accepted. The doctor insisted that I should stay indoors. •
Dupa conjunctia lest (ca nu cumva sa)
Ex. Hurry up lest you should miss the train. Grabeste-te ca nu cumva sa pierzi trenul. 61
I am afraid lest he should fail the exam. Mi-e teama ca nu cumva sa piarda examenul. Nota: In engleza contemporana exista tendinta de a se omite should dupa lest si de a se folosi subjonctivul cu forma de infinitiv.
Ex. Hurry up lest you miss the train. •
Intrebari introduse prin how, why, where,when, fie in vorbirea direca, fie in vorbirea indirecta.
Ex. How should I know where he is now? De unde sa stiu unde este el acum? I don’t see why you should be so rude to him. Nu vad de ce sa fii atât de nepoliticos cu el. a. may, mi might
Ca si subjonctivul cu forma de infinitiv, may poate aparea in lozinci si urari: Ex. May success attend you! Fie ca succesul sa fie cu tine! May you live long and be happy! Fie sa traiesti mult si sa fii fericit. •
Dupa to hope, to be afraid
Ex. I hope that he may pass the exam. Sper ca el sa treaca examenul. I was afraid that he might fail the exam. Mi-era teama sa nu cada la examen. Dupa cum reiese din exemplele de mai sus, daca verbul din propozitia principala este la timpul prezent, in secundara se foloseste may, iar daca verbul din propozitia principala este la timpul trecut, in secundara se foloseste might . •
Dupa so that, in order that
Ex. Study hard so that/in order that you may pass the exam. Invata serios ca sa treci examenul. I studied hard so that/in order that I might pass the exam. Am invatat serios ca sa trec examenul. •
Dupa whoever, whenever, wherever, however, whichever, whatever sau dupa formulele echivalente no matter who, no matter when, etc.
Ex. Whoever you may/might be, you have no right to do this. No matter who you may/might be, you have no right to do this. Oricine ai fi, nu ai dreptul sa faci asta. Wherever I may/might be, I will ring you up. Oriunde as fi, iti voi telefona.
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•
Dupa it is possible, it was possible
Ex. It is possible that he may be here in time. Este posibil ca el sa ajunga aici la timp. It was possible that he might be here in time. Era posibil ca el sa fi ajuns aici la timp.
Nota: Dupa cum se poate observa, echivalentii de subjonctiv sunt la origine verbe modale. Exisa situatii când se pot folosi si alte verbe modale decât cele expuse in acest capitol ca echivalenti de subjonctiv, iar in aceste cazuri, verbele respective aduc in propozitie si sensul lor initial.
Ex. I wish I could speak English. Mi-as dori sa pot vorbi engleza/sa fiu in stare sa vorbesc engleza. I wish I might borrow your car. Mi-as dori sa pot/sa am permisiunea de a imprumuta masina ta.
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Exercitii cu modul subjonctiv
1. Transformati Transformati urmatoarele urmatoarele propoziti propozitii, i, astfel incât sa inceapa cu I wish + Past Tense (afirmativ sau negativ):
Model: I am sorry/I regret the weather isn’t fine. I wish the weather were fine. 1. I am sorry sorry my my fri frien endd is ill. ill. 2. I am sorry sorry I don’t don’t live live in Buchare Bucharest. st. 3. I regre regrett I am not not a stu stude dent nt.. 4. I regret regret I can’t can’t go to to the the concer concert.t. 5. I am sorry sorry I can’t can’t play play the the pian piano. o. 6. I am sorr sorryy you you liv livee so far far awa away. y. 7. I regre regrett I have have onl onlyy one one chil child. d. 8. I regre regrett I hav havee no child children ren.. 9. I am sorry sorry book bookss are so so expen expensi sive. ve. 10. I am sorry it rains rains so often. often. 1. Transformati Transformati urmatoarele urmatoarele propoziti propozitii, i, astfel incât sa inceapa cu I wish + Past Perfect (afirmativ sau negativ):
Model: I am sorry I lost my umbrella. I wish I hadn’t lost my umbrella. 1. I am sorr sorryy you you had had an an acci acciden dent. t. 2. I was sorry sorry you you were were out out when when I call called. ed. 3. I regrett regretted ed the weat weather her was was bad when when I was was on holida holiday. y. 4. I regrett regretted ed you coul couldn’ dn’tt come come to me yest yesterda erday. y. 5. I am sorry sorry you you were were delaye delayedd at the the offic office. e. 6. I am sorry sorry I was late late for for the the party party.. 7. I regret regret you you didn’ didn’tt win win the comp competi etitio tion. n. 8. I am sorry sorry I had no no money money to to buy that that pain painti ting. ng. 9. I was was sorry sorry you you had had got got a fin fine. e. 10. I am sorry I didn’t win win the Great Prize. Prize. 1. Transformati urmatoarele propozitii, astfel incât sa inceapa cu I wish + would + infinitiv scurt:
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Model: I am sorry he will not take my advice. I wish he would take my advice. 1. I regret regret you you won’t won’t come come on holi holiday day wit withh me. 2. I am sorry sorry he won’ won’tt accep acceptt my proposal proposal.. 3. I regret regret I won’ won’tt spend spend my holida holidayy in Engla England. nd. 4. I am sorry sorry he he will will be away away for for such such a long long time time.. 5. I am sorry sorry they they will will not sign sign the the contra contract. ct. 6. I regret regret he he will will stay stay in hosp hospita itall so long. long. 7. I am sorry sorry you you won’t won’t take take a driv driving ing lice licence nce.. 8. I am sorry sorry I will will get get fat when when givin givingg up smokin smoking. g. 9. I regret regret I won’t won’t be able able to to read Goet Goethe he in the the origin original. al. 10. I regret I won’t have have a phone in my new flat. flat. 1. Puneti Puneti verbele verbele din paran paranteze teze la la forma corect corecta a de subjonct subjonctiv: iv:
1. You be behave as if you (own) the place. 2. Don’ Don’tt trea treatt me me as if I (be) a child. 3. I would rather you (not waste) your time! 4. I am co cold, I would rather you (close) that window. 5. It is high time you (start) studying for your exam. 6. It’s time we (go) home. 7. I’d rather I (stay) at home and (watch) TV. 8. If only I (be) in Italy now! 9. I wish I (enter) the faculty last year. 10. If only my telephone (work)! 11. I wish I (not catch) a cold on the trip yesterday. 12. He wishes he (have) a good English teacher in the next academic year. 13. I would would marry marry you you even if you (be) a pauper. 14. I would rather he (tell) me the truth. 15. He would rather his daughter (not get married) so young. 16. 16. It’s It’s high time he (take) a job and (stop) living on his parents. 17. If only I (not forget) his phone number! 18. He wishes his book (become) a best-seller! 19. If only I (become) a millionaire. 20. It’s time I (get) a promotion! 5. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind subjonctivul cu forma de Past Tense sau Past Perfect:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Bine ar ar fi sa sa nu fi facut atâtea atâtea greseli greseli la lucrarea lucrarea de control. control. Mi-as dori sa incetezi incetezi cu zgomotu zgomotull acela acela chiar in acest acest moment. moment. Mi-as dori dori sa incetezi incetezi sa te mai vaicaresti vaicaresti pentru pentru ca am si eu necazurile necazurile mele. mele. Bine Bine ar ar fi sa sa fii fii mai mai ordo ordonat nata! a! Ce pacat pacat ca ploua! Daca n-ar ploua, ploua, am putea merge la plaja! plaja! Ti-ai dori sa sa fi fost invitata invitata la petrecerea petrecerea lui lui John? John? 65
7. Ce pac pacat at ca ca nu ma maii sunt sunt tâna tânar! r! 8. As pref prefera era sa te te scoli scoli mai devreme devreme.. 9. As pref prefera era sa ma scol scol mai devreme devreme.. 10. As prefera prefera sa mergi la teatru. teatru. 11. As prefera prefera sa merg la la teatru. teatru. 12. E timpul sa-mi inapoiezi banii pe care ti I-am imprumutat. 13. Era demult timpul sa incepi sa citesti cartile cerute pentru examenul de literatura româna. 14. E ora 10! Nu crezi ca era demult timpul sa te scoli si sa te apuci de lucru? 15. Ea arata de parca parca ar fi manechin. manechin. 16. Vorbesti Vorbesti ca si cum ai fi suparata suparata pe mine. 17. Ea se poarta cu el el de parca ar fi sotul sotul ei. ei. 18. El mi-a vorbit ca si cum nu se intâmplase nimic intre intre noi. 19. Jane si-ar dori sa-mi petrec petrec sfârsitul sfârsitul de saptamâna cu ea. 20. Stiu ca tu ti-ai dori sa-ti petreci petreci vacanta intr-o tabara, dar eu prefer sa mergi la bunicul, la tara. 6. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind subjonctivul cu forma de infinitiv sau echivalentul de sobjonctiv should + infinitivul prezent sau trecut:
1. Este Este imposib imposibil il ca el el sa se intoa intoarca rca atât atât de devrem devreme. e. 2. Este Este imposib imposibil il ca el el sa se fi intors intors atât atât de devrem devreme. e. 3. Este Este import important ant ca ca tu sa stii stii englez englezaa bine. bine. 4. Este necesar sa fii fii informat informat despre ce ce se intâmpla intâmpla in in tara. tara. 5. Era ciud ciudat at ca el el sa nu fi cit citit it aceast aceastaa carte. carte. 6. Este enervant ca tu sa fi uitat sa-mi aduci cartea inapoi. inapoi. 7. Este Este probabi probabill ca fiul fiul meu meu sa fi luat luat exame examenul nul.. 8. Este foarte foarte importa important nt ca acest acest contract contract sa fie semnat foarte foarte curând. curând. 9. Vrei sa sa spui ca este probabil probabil sa ne petrecem petrecem concediul concediul in in Bucuresti? Bucuresti? 10. Este necesar necesar sa fiu prezent la aceasta aceasta sedinta? sedinta? 7. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind subjonctivul cu forma de infinitiv sau echivalentul de subjonctiv should + infinitivul prezent:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Mama Mama a hota hotarât rât ca noi noi sa sa stam stam acasa acasa.. Profesor Profesorul ul sugerea sugereaza za ca noi sa citim citim aceast aceastaa carte. carte. Directorul Directorul a cerut ca toata toata lumea lumea sa fie prezent prezentaa la ora 8. Priete Prietenul nul meu meu a insista insistatt sa merg merg cu el la conc concert ert.. Direct Directorul orul a propu propuss ca eu sa lucre lucrezz in alt alt sector. sector. El a suger sugerat at ca noi noi sa cump cumpara aram m aceasta aceasta casa. casa. Insist Insist ca tu sa accept acceptii aceast aceastaa slujba slujba.. Am sugerat sugerat sa-l alegem alegem presedi presedinte nte..
8. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind subjonctivul cu forma de infinitiv sau echivalentul de subjonctiv may sau might + infinitivul prezent:
1. El a intrat intrat in casa fara zgomot, zgomot, astfel incât sa sa nu-l aud eu. 2. Da-te la la o parte parte ca sa vad (astfel (astfel incât incât sa pot vedea) vedea) ecranul. ecranul. 66
3. Vorbeste Vorbeste mai tare ca sa te aud (asfel (asfel incât incât sa te te pot auzi). auzi). 4. Orice Orice mi-a mi-aii spune, spune, nu te te pot pot crede crede.. 5. Oricât te-ai stradui, stradui, nu poti poti câstig câstigaa un astfel astfel de concurs. concurs. 6. Oricând Oricând te vei vei intoarce, intoarce, eu eu voi fifi acasa acasa si te voi astepta astepta.. 7. Oricine Oricine ti-ar ti-ar fi spus spus asta despre mine, mine, nu ar fi trebuit trebuit sa crezi. crezi. 8. Am facut facut un imprumut imprumut ca sa (astfel incât sa) pot sa-mi cumpar cumpar casa. casa. 9. Este Este posibil posibil ca ca ea sa fie plec plecata ata din din oras. oras. 10. Oricare Oricare ar fi motivul, motivul, nu ar trebui sa ma minti. minti. 1. Inlocuiti Inlocuiti infinitivele infinitivele din din paranteze paranteze cu cu unul dintre tipurile de subjonctiv subjonctiv sau cu un echivalent de subjonctiv:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
I closed closed the the window window so that that itit (not (not get) get) too cold. cold. I closed closed the window window lest lest (get (get)) too too cold. cold. It is desirab desirable le that that they (divo (divorce rce)) immediat immediately ely.. It is impossible impossible that that my sister (tell) (tell) this to you you yesterday. yesterday. No matter matter how/howeve how/howeverr absent – minded minded you (be), you you should should remember remember your own phone number. 6. I propose propose that that we (leave (leave)) by the the 9 o’clock o’clock trai train. n. 7. I wish wish my my car car (not (not break break down down)) last last week. week. 8. He throw throwss money money away away as ifif he (be) (be) a rich rich man. man. 9. She speak speakss about about her her son as as if he he (be) (be) a genius. genius. 10. I’d rather rather you (retire) (retire) as soon as possible. 11. It is strange that she (leave) the lights on when she left the the town. 12. I have to work hard so that my company company (prosper). (prosper). 13. The road is wet; drive carefully lest you (have) an accident. 14. I’ve told you everything so that you you (understand) my position. 15. I suggested suggested that we (take) (take) a taxi. taxi. 16. The doctor recommended recommended that the patient (have) an operation. operation. 17. All success success (attend) (attend) you! you! 18. I wish I (be) there there when it happened. happened. 19. I have such a boring job; I wish wish I (find) another. another. If only I (have) a brother or a sister!
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LECTIA VIII MODURILE NEPERSONALE SI CONSTRUCTIILE VERBALE
In limba engleza, modurile nepersonale sunt urmatoarele: infinitivul, forma -ing (gerunziul si participiul prezent) si participiul trecut. Infinitivul poate avea aspect, diateza si timpuri. Diateza activa o o o o
infinitiv prezent simplu: to call infinitiv prezent continuu: to be calling ca lling infinitiv perfect simplu: to have called infinitiv perfect continuu: to have been calling
Diateza pasiva o o
infinitiv prezent simplu: to be called infinitiv perfect: to have been called
Forma -ing. Atât participiul prezent cât si gerunziul se formeaza prin adaugarea
terminatiei -ing la infinitivul verbelor (to call – calling). Participiul prezent si gerunziul pot avea timpuri si diateza. Diateza activa o o
nedefinit: calling perfect: having called
Diateza pasiva o o
nedefinit: being called perfect: having been called
Participiul trecut se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ed la verbele regulate; in
cazul verbelor neregulate, el reprezinta forma a III-a: o o
to call – called – called to go – went – gone
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Constructii cu infinitivul 1. Acuza Acuzati tivv cu cu inf infin init itiv iv
Consta dintr-un verb urmat de un pronume sau substantiv in acuzativ + un verb la infinitiv. Ex. I want you to go now. (Vreau ca tu sa pleci acum.) Exista câteva tipuri de verbe care accepta acest tip de constructii: a. Adverbe exprimând exprimând dorinta dorinta sau vointa: vointa: to want, to to wish, to to like, to to dislike, dislike, to hate. hate. Ex. I’d like him to come with me. (As vrea ca el sa vina cu mine.) I want John to do this. (Vreau ca John sa faca aceasta.) b. verbe exprimând exprimând percept perceptia ia senzoriala: senzoriala: to to see, to hear, hear, to feel, feel, to to watch. Aceste Aceste verbe sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt (fara to). Ex. I saw him leave the room. (L-am vazut ca paraseste camera/parasind camera.) c. verbe exprimân exprimândd un ordin, ordin, o permisiune permisiune sau o cauzalitat cauzalitate: e: to make, make, to cause, to allow, to order. Verbele to make si to let sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt (fara to). Ex. I made him study English. (L-am facut sa invete engleza.) I let him go out and play. (L-am lasat sa iasa afara sa joace fotbal.) He ordered the door to be locked. (El a ordonat sa se incuie usa.) d. verbe exprimând exprimând percept perceptia ia mentala: mentala: to think, to to suppose, suppose, to expect, expect, to consider consider,, to understand, to know, to believe. Ex. I consider him to be a good student. (Consider ca el este un bun student.)
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I expected him to come in time. (M-am asteptat ca el sa vina la timp.) e. verbe verbe declarat declarative: ive: to to state, state, to decla declare, re, to admi admit.t. Ex. He admitted the news to be false. (El a recunoscut ca stirile erau false.) They declared him to be the man of the year. (Ei l-au declarat a fi omul anului.) f. cu anumite anumite verbe verbe urmate urmate de prepozitii prepozitii obligat obligatorii: orii: to rely rely upon/on, upon/on, to count upon/on . Ex. I rely on you to do this. (Ma bazez pe tine sa faci aceasta.) 1. Nomi Nominat nativ iv cu inf infin init itiv iv
Consta dintr-un subiect in nominativ + un verb la diateza pasiva sau activa + un verb la infinitiv. a. folo folosi sitt cu cu ver verbe be la diateza pasiva: to see, to hear, to know, to say, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to make, to consider. Ex. He is said to be a good writer. (Se spune ca el este un bun scriitor.) Sunt situatii in care Nominativul cu Infinitivut exprima o formulare pasiva a Acuzativului cu Infinitiv: Ex. I made him study English. He was made to study English. I consider him to be a good student. He is considered to be a good student. He considered the news to be false. The news was considered to be false. They declared him to be the man of the year. He was declared to be the man of the year. b. cu verbele: verbele: to to happen, happen, to prove, prove, to to turn out, out, to to seem, to appear appear o
la diateza activa:
Ex. He proved to be a good journalist. (El s-a dovedit a fi un bun jurnalist.) I happened to meet him in the street. (S-a intâmplat sa-l intâlnesc pe strada.)
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If I happen to meet him, I will tell him where you are. (Daca se va intâmpla sa-l intâlnesc, ii voi spune unde esti.) Nota: Trebuie remarcat faptul ca expresia impersonala din limba româna se intâmpla sa este, de obicei, tradusa cu o expresie personala in limba engleza.
a. cu expresi expresiile ile:: to be sure / like likely ly / unlike unlikely ly / certai certainn Ex. She is sure to come in time. (E sigur ca ea va veni la timp.)
Nota: Din nou avem in limba engleza o expresie personala care se traduce in româneste cu o expresie impersonala. Daca vrem sa traducem expresia personala: „Ea e sigura ca va veni la timp" o redam in modul urmator: „She is sure the she will come in time". 1. For – phrase rase
Consta din propozitia for + un substantiv sau pronume in acuzativ + un verb la infinitiv. Ex. It is easy for me to do this. (E usor sa fac asta.) This remains for him to decide. (Aceasta ramâne sa o decida el.) It is impossible for him to come. (Este imposibil ca el sa vina.) It is necessary for me to go there. (Este necesar ca eu sa merg acolo.)
Nota: Ultimele doua propozitii se se pot reda in limba engleza si cu ajutorul subjonctivului.
Ex. It is impossible that I (should) come. It is necessary that I (should) go there.
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Constructii cu participiul present
1. Acuza Acuzati tivv cu cu part partic icip ipiu iu
Se foloseste cu verbe exprimând perceptie senzorial: to see, to hear, to watch, to smell, precum si cu verbele to find, to leave. Ex. I saw him leaving (L-am vazut plecând.) I heard her singing. (Am auzit-o cântând.) I left / found her crying. (Am lasat-o / gasit-o plângând.) In cazul verbelor de perceptie, aceasta constructie este asemanatoare cu Acuzativul cu Infinitiv. Diferenta de sens intre cele doua constructii este urmatoarea: folosirea acuzativului cu infinitiv pune accentul pe actiunea propriuzisa, in timp ce acuzativul cu participiu arata actiunea in desfasurare. Astfel: I saw her leave s-ar putea traduce Am vazut-o ca pleaca sau Am vazut-o plecând . In timp ce I saw her leaving se poate traduce numai Am vazut-o plecând .
2. Nomi Nominat nativ iv cu Par Parti tici cipiu piu
Este pasivul constructiei Acuzativ cu Participiu: Ex: He was seen leaving. (El a fost vazut plecând.) She was heard singing. (Ea a fost auzita cântând.) 3. Nomi Nomina nati tivu vull abso absolu lut t
Este o constructie participiala care are un subiect al ei propriu. Ex: The classes being over, we went home. (Orele fiind terminate, am mers acasa.) Weather permitting, we shall go to the beach. (Daca vremea va permite, vom merge la plaja.)
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Constructie cu participiul trecut
Este formata din verbul to have sau to get + un complement + participiul trecut. Ex: I must have/get mz shoes repaired. (Trebuie sa-mi dau pantofii la reparat.) I will have my hair done. (Voi merge sa ma coafez.) Aceasta constructie arata ca actiunea este facuta de catre altcineva spre avantajul sau la ordinul persoanei reprezentate de subiect. Este de asemenea sa apara situatii in care actiunea exprimata de participiul trecut este facuta de altcineva in detrimentul persoanei exprimate de subiect. Ex. She had two sons killed in the war. I-au fost ucisi doi fii in razboi. I had my bedroom window broken. Cineva mi-a spart geamul din dormitor.
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Exercitii cu constructiile verbale
1. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind constructia Acuzativ cu Infinitiv sau Acuzativ cu Participiu:
1. M-am M-am aste astepta ptatt sa vii mai devreme devreme.. 2. El voia voia ca eu sa-l sa-l aju ajut. t. 3. Ea m-a m-a facut facut sa inte inteleg leg ce se intâm intâmpla plase. se. 4. Cred Cred ca el e un un sot sot bun. bun. 5. Am auzitauzit-oo cert certându ându-si -si copilu copilul.l. 6. John a recun recunoscu oscutt ca vina vina era era a lui. lui. 7. Ma bazez bazez pe pe tine tine sa-mi sa-mi impr imprumu umuti ti niste niste bani bani.. 8. I-am I-am priv privit it juc jucând ând fot fotba bal. l. 9. L-am vazut vazut vorbi vorbind nd cu cu priete prietena na lui. lui. 10. Mama ar vrea ca eu eu sa devin doctor. doctor. 11. Inteleg Inteleg ca ea e o profesoara profesoara foarte foarte buna. 12. Stiam ca ca el e un om foarte foarte ocupat. 13. Am vazut câtiva câtiva copii jucându-se jucându-se in parc. parc. 14. Presupuneam Presupuneam ca el stie sa conduca conduca masina. 15. El m-a facut facut sa pierd trenul. trenul. 2. Reformulati urmatoarele propozitii folosind constructia „for-phrase":
Model :
This translation is easy. I cam make it. This translation is easy for me to make. 1. This This problem problem is too too diffi difficul cult. t. I can’t can’t solve solve it. it. 2. This This is a good good book. book. You You should should read it. 3. This fact fact is is important important.. You should should bear it in in mind. mind. 4. This is is a valuabl valuablee piece piece of advice. advice. You should take it. it. 5. The time time has has come. come. We shoul shouldd have a heart heart to to heart heart talk. talk. 6. The people people were were impati impatient. ent. The The match match was about to begin. begin. 7. I have closed closed the window. window. I don’t want you you to catch catch a cold. 8. This This is the the main main thing. thing. We We should should do do it now. now. 9. I ordered ordered a taxi. taxi. I didn’ didn’tt want want her to to miss miss the trai train. n. 10. This is a strange thing. thing. I can’t believe believe she said that. 3. Reformulati urmatoarele fraze cu modul subjonctiv folosind constructia „for phrase":
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Model :
It is important that I should know the truth. It is important to know the truth. 1. It is is necess necessary ary that that he be prese present. nt. 2. It is recom recommen mendab dable le that that you shoul shouldd read this this book. book. 3. It’s It’s time time we we met met agai again. n. 4. It’s It’s time you you started started learni learning ng foreign foreign langu languages ages.. 5. It is possib possible le that that the the plane plane might might be dela delayed yed.. 6. It is impo impossi ssible ble that that he he should should have have said that that.. 7. It is is possib possible le that that I might might buy buy a car. 8. It is is advisa advisable ble that that you you shoul shouldd resign resign.. 9. It is important important that that you should come to to the office office,, at once. once. 10. It is necessary that you should study the matter seriously. 4. Reformulati urmatoarele fraze cu modul subjonctiv folosind constructia Nominativ cu Infinitiv. Folositi drept subiect pronumele subliniate:
Model :
Her parents thought she was a gifted child. She was thought to be a gifted child. 1. It is expe expect cted ed that that he will arrive at 2 o’clock. 2. They he heard him repeat it several times. 3. It seem seemed ed that hat she was satisfied with me. 4. Ever Everyb ybod ody. y. Exp Expect ected ed that that he would resign. 5. It was was pro prove vedd tha thatt she was a liar. 6. They said she was ill. 7. Peop People le beli believ eved ed he was a brilliant surgeon. 8. I th thought she was unable to win the contest. 9. It is sure they have had an argument. 10. It happene happenedd that she made three spelling mistakes in her letter. 5. Treceti la pasiv urmatoarele constructii Acuzativ cu Participiu, transformându-le in Nominativ cu Participiu:
Model:
I heard the dog barking. The dog was heard barking. l. I saw the plane landing. 2. She heard the baby crying. 3. I found the boy breaking the window. 4. I could hear her typing. 5. I saw her lying on the beach. 6. I saw her fainting. 7. I saw the peasants working in the field. 8. I heard the child breaking the vase.
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9. I found her digging in the garden. 10. She heard the hunters shooting. 6. Traduceti in limba româna urmatoarele propozitii cu constructia Nominativul absolut:
1. Weather permitting, we shall climb to the top of the mountain. 2. The rain having stopped, I went shopping. 3. The concert being over, the audience left the hali. 4. The plane having taken off, I stopped smoking. 5. The decision being taken in my favour, I went home relaxed. 6. The river having risen in the night, we were seared about having floods. 7. Everybody being at home, we sat down to dinner. 8. The mud having ruined my shoes, I had to change them. 9. The letter being written, I went to post it. 10. The sun having risen, we hurried to the beach.
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CHEIA EXERCITIILOR LECTIA I TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV
Exercitii cu Present Simple si Continuous
Exercitiul l: 1. I don’t love. Do I love? 2. She doesn’t talk. Does she talk? 3. I don’t understand. Do I understand? 4. You don’t play. Do you play? 5. I don’t always believe. Do I always believe? 6. He doesn’t remember. Does he remember? 7. They don’t live. Do they live? 8. He doesn’t have. Does he have? 9. I don’t trust. Do I trust? 10. I don’t have. Do I have?
Exercitiul 2: l. It isn’t raining. Is it raining? 2. I am not having. Am I having? 3. He isn’t telling. Is he telling? 4. You aren’t typing. Are you typing? 5. They aren’t swimming. Are they swimming? 6. My friend isn’t wearing. Is my friend wearing? 7. My mother isn’t resting. Is my mother resting? 8. We aren’t studying. Are we studying? 9. Ann isn’t knitting. Is Ann knitting? 10. The child isn’t learning. Is the child learning?
Exercitiul 3: l. I am not going, it is raining. 2. do you do? 3. drinks, is drinking. 4. it often rains. 5. 1 don’t like. 6. speaks, don’t understand. 7. Do you like? 8. Do you dream? I dream 9. 1 am cooking. 10. Do you usually get, go, am taking. 11. he is having. 12. Are you writing, am, write. 13. are you hurrying? I don’t want. 14. always borrow/is always borrowing, remembers. 15. Do you go? 16. Do you smoke? 17. are you waiting? I am waiting. 18. I always have. 19. are you thinking? I am thinking. 20. Do you know?
Exercitiul 4: l. It snows in winter. 2. On Sundays, he doesn’t get up early. 3. I do not study in the evening. 4. What are you doing? Are you reading or watching TV? 5. The secretary is just typing a report. 6. She goes shopping on Saturdays. 7. Now I am doing my homework in English. 8. I don’t like coffee. 9. What book are you reading? 10. At what time does John get up in the morning? 11. What do you do on your free days? 12. Whom are you ringing up? 13. He doesn’t go to school by underground, he walks. 14. Why are you opening the window? I5. I often read English books. 16. She is packing her luggage. 17. How often do you write to your parents? 18. When I go to the seaside, I like to swim a lot. 19. The customer is just choosing a pair of shoes. 20. What are you speaking about?
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Exercitii cu Past Tense Simple si Continuous
Exercitiul 1: 1. I slept. 2. He met. 3. You spoke. 4. You drank. 5. You asked. 6. I played. 7. I owned. 8. 1 liked. 9. That sounded. 10. I always made.
Exercitiul 2: 1. He didn’t think. Did he think? 2. They didn’t drink. Did they drink? 3. I didn’t hate. Did I hate? 4. He didn’t change. Did he change? 5. I didn’t sell. Did I sell? 6. We didn’t work. Did we work? 7. He didn’t come. Did he come? 8. I didn’t enjoy. Did I enjoy? 9. He didn’t translate. Did he translate? 10. He didn’t forbid. Did he forbid?
Exercitiul 3: 1. you came in, I was talking. 2. 1 first met, he was working. 3. he was-learning, he had. 4. I was writing, someone rang up. 5. were you going, I met. 6. were you doing? 7. I entered, the teacher was writing. 8. I arrived, she was having. 9. I was watching. 10. he realized, he wasn’t wearing.
Exercitiul 4: 1. Last night, the sun didn’t set at 8 o’clock. 2. Did you sleep well last night? 3. Yesterday, I didn’t go to the swimming pool. 4. I got up late yesterday morning. 5. Last Sunday, my friends played chess. 6. This time yesterday it was raining. 7. What were you doing last Tuesday, at 7 o’clock in the morning? I was preparing to go to the faculty. 8. While I was looking for my passport, I found this old photo. 9. The boys were playing cards when they heard their father entering the house. They hid the cards away and took out their school books. 10. When did you return from the mountains? 11. When did you buy this TV set? 12. Yesterday I lost my gloves. 13. A strong wind was blowing when I left the house. 14. Where did you spend your holiday last summer? 15. Yesterday I got up early, I had breakfast and then I left for school. 16. Two days ago I fell and I broke my leg. 17. Last week I was ill and 1 didn’t go to school. 18. He sat for his first exam last week. 19. Who won the match the day before yesterday? 20. While it was raining, I was driving to Sinaia. Exercitii cu Present Perfect Simple si Continuous
Exercitiul 1: l. Have you been? I have been. 2. Have you watered? 3. He has just left. 4. I have lent. 5. the engine – drivers have gone. 6. I have just had. 7. I have already seen. 8. He hasn’t come. 9. I haven’t been. 10. I have bought. 11 . Have you visited? 12. Have you ever eaten? 13. I haven’t written. 14. 1t hasn’t rained. I5. Have you ever driven? 16. He has always relied. 17. Have you read? 18. Have you paid? 19. He hasn’t gone. 20. Have you lived? I have lived.
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Exercitiul 2: l. He has been fishing, he has caught. 2. We have known. 3. The radio has been playing. 4. I have’ been shopping. 5. have you been wearing? 6. I have been cooking, have you cooked? 7. have you been, I have been watering. 8. He has been sleeping. 9. I have been asking. 10. she has been trying.
Exercitiul 3: I. I have lost; haven’t you seen? did you use? 2. Have you ever tried? I tried, I didn’t succeed. 3. Have you seen? she left. 4. Have you been; I got. 5. I have been wearing, I was. 6. She has changed, I saw. 7. I have been doing, I got up. 8. The child has been playing, I returned. 9. It has been raining, we left. 10. He has been, began.
Exercitiul 4: 1. Who has taught you to speak English so well? 2. Where have you spent your holiday this year? 3. I have often thought of taking a driving licence. 4. How long have you been learning English? 5. The weather has got warmer lately. 6. He has been a Minister for two years. 7. I have been translating a text for two hours and I haven’t finished it yet. 8. He has written only two letters since he went abroad. 9. A child has broken the window. We must replace it. 10. It has been snowing for two hours. 11. We have walked 10 km so far. 12. We have been walking since 3 o clock. 13. Since I bought a car, I have seldom walked to my office. 14. What did you look at? It was an accident. 15. Who did you vote for at the last elections? I didn’t go to vote. I stayed at home and I haven’t regretted it for a moment! 16. Have you seen today’s newspaper? 17. Has John left? Yes, he left an hour ago. 18. Have you already had breakfast? Yes, I had it at 8 o’clock. 19. Have you been to this town before? Yes, I spent a month here, two years ago. 20. They have been working on this house for a year and they haven’t finished it yet. Exercitii cu Past Perfect Simple si Continuous
Exercitiul 1: 1. they had finished. 2. she had already been. 3. I had met. 4. had not told. 5. he had caught. 6. I had returned. 7. he had thought. 8. had spread. 9. she had not passed. 10. had eaten.
Exercitiul 2: 1. it had been raining. 2. they had been waiting. 3. had been cooking. 4. she had been studying. 5. she had been writing. 6. she had been cleaning and dusting. 7. had been swimming. 8. had been having. 9. had been climbing. 10. it had been raining.
Exercitiul 3: 1. had been speaking, I entered. 2. had listened, he went. 3. he told, he had been. 4. we asked, he had visited. 5. he had learned/he had been learning, he went. 6. She had just 79
gone out, I called. 7. it had been raining. 8. had left, she told, they had been. 9. we had been walking, we realized, we had lost. 10. I found out, he had got married, I rang him up, congratulated.
Exercitiul 4: 1. I was sorry I had hurt him. 2. He thanked me for what I had done for him. 3. As soon as he had finished writing the paper, he handed it to the teacher. 4. He hadn’t done anything before he asked for my advice. 5. As soon as the guests had left, I went to bed. 6. When I arrived at the bus stop, I realized I had left my bag at home. 7. The secretary told me the manager had been speaking on the phone for half an hour. 8. They told me they had been living in France since 1980. 9. I didn’t phone you because I thought you had gone abroad. 10. They travelled to many countries after they had got married. Exercitii cu timpurile „Future"
Exercitiul 1: 1. I shall/will know. 2. You will be. 3. Will you recognize? 4. I shall/will remember. 5. You will like. 6. He will be. 7. I shall/will succeed. 8. Wil1 you remember? 9. I shall/will pass. 10. You will not/won’t find.
Exercitiut 2: 1. I shall/will be swimming. 2. it will probably be raining. 3. She will be watching. 4. Will you be needing? 5. will be crying. 6. wilt be rising. 7. He will be studying. 8. will/shall will be climbing. 9. I shall/will be having. 10. I shall/will be working.
Exercitiul 3: 1. We shall/will have taken. 2. I shall/will have finished. 3. they will have been married. 4. will have risen. 5. will have spent. 6. I shall/will have been cooking. 7. I shall/will have read 8. I shall/will have been working. 9. You will have seen. 10. I shall/will have paid off.
Exercitiul 4: 1. By this time next year, I shall/will have saved five million lei. 2. What will you be doing tomorrow morning at 11 o’clock? I shall/will be visiting the international fair. 3. I have bought a typewriter and I shall learn to type. 4. By the end of the month I shall/will have seen this film 5 times. 5. The train will have left before we arrive at the station. 6. By 10 o’clock she will have finished cleaning the house. 7. On Friday, between twelve and one o’clock, they will be having their last English class. 8. Because of the strike of the bus – drivers, many people will be going to work on foot tomorrow. 9. He will be studying in the library on Monday from one to five o’clock. 10. Look what I have bought at an auction! It’s a very beautiful object. Where will you put it?
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LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE to be
was, were
been
to bear
bo re
borne, born
to beat
beat
beaten
to become
became
become
to begin
began
begun
to bend
bent
bent
to bite
bit
bitten
to blow
blew
blown
to break
broke
broken
to bring
brought
brought
to build
built
built
to burn
burnt
burnt
to burst
burst
burst
to buy
bought
bought
to catch
caught
caught
to choose
chose
chosen
to come
came
come
to cost
cost
cost
to creep
crept
crept
to cut
cu t
cut
to deal
dealt
dealt
to dig
du g
dug
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to do
did
don e
to draw
drew
drawn
to dream
dreamt
dreamt
to drink
drank
drunk
to drive
drove
driven
to eat
ate
eaten
to fall
fell
fallen
to feed
fe d
fed
to feel
felt
felt
to fight
f ough t
fought
to find
f o und
found
to fly
flew
flown
to forbid
forbade
forbidden
to forget
forgot
forgotten
to forgive
forgave
forgiven
to freeze
froze
frozen
to give
gave
given
to go
we n t
gon e
to grow
grew
grown
to hang
hu ng
hun g
to have
had
had
to hear
heard
heard
to hide
hid
hidden
to hit
hit
hit
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to hold
held
held
to hurt
hurt
hurt
to keep
kept
kept
to kneel
knelt
knelt
to know
kn e w
kno w n
to lay
laid
laid
to lead
led
led
to lean
leant
leant
to learn
learnt, learned
learnt, learned
to leave
left
left
to lend
lent
lent
to let
let
let
to lie
lay
lain
to lose
lost
lost
to make
made
made
to mean
meant
meant
to mow
m ow e d
mown
to meet
met
met
to pay
paid
paid
to put
pu t
put
to read
r ea d
re a d
to ride
rode
ridden
to ring
r a ng
r u ng
to rise
rose
risen
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to run
r an
ru n
to say
said
said
to see
saw
s ee n
to seek
sought
sought
to sell
sold
sold
to set
set
set
to sew
sewed
s ew n
to shake
shook
shaken
to shine
shone
shone
to shoot
shot
shot
to show
showed
s h ow n
to shrink
shrank
shrunk
to shut
shut
shut
to sing
s a ng
s ung
to sink
s a nk
sunk
to sleep
slept
slept
to slide
slid
slid
to smell
smelt
smelt
to sow
sowed
s ow n
to speak
spoke
spoken
to spell
spelt
spelt
to spend
spent
spent
to spill
spilt
split
to spread
spread
spread
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to stand
stood
stood
to stea1
stole
stolen
to stick
stuck
stuck
to stride
strode
stridden
to strike
struck
struck
to strive
strove
striven
to swear
swore
sworn
to sweep
swept
swept
to swim
swam
s w um
to take
t ook
taken
to teach
taught
taught
to tell
told
told
to think
t houg h t
thought
to throw
threw
thrown
to understand
understood
understood
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One form
to bet
bet
bet
to broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
to cast to cost to cut to forecast to hit to hurt to knit to let to put to rid to set
c as t cost cut forecast hit hurt knit / knitted let put rid / ridded set
c as t cost cut forecast hit hurt knit / knitted let pu t rid / ridded set
to shed
shed
shed
to shut to slit to split to spread to thrust to upset to wet
shut slit split spread thrust upset wet
shut slit split spread thrust upset wet
a paria a transmite(prin radio), a difuza a arunca a costa a taia a prevedea a lovi a rani, a vatama a tricota a permite a a pune a libera, a scapa de a aseza, apune a lasa sa cada, a varsa (lacrimi) a inchide a crapa a despica a intinde a imbranci a rasturna a uda
Two forms
to abide to awake
a bod e a w ok e
to beat to become to behold to beseech to bend to bind to bleed
beat became beheld besought bent b ou nd bled
abode a w ok e awa k e d beaten become beheld besought bent bo und bled
a locui a se trezi a implora a deveni a deveni a zari a bate a indoi a l e ga a sangera 87
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